Worship: Towards the Renewal of Korean Presbyterian Worship and Liturgy
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어울림(“Oullim”) Worship: Towards the Renewal of Korean Presbyterian Worship and Liturgy by Taek Jin Won A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Knox College and the Graduate Centre for Theological Studies of the Toronto School of Theology. In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Theology awarded by the University of St. Michael’s College. © Copyright by Taek Jin Won 2019 어울림(“Oullim”) Worship Taek Jin Won Doctor of Philosophy in Theology University of St. Michael’s College 2019 Abstract This study proposes principles and practices of Oullim Worship as a model of Korean liturgical inculturation directed towards the renewal of Korean Presbyterian worship and liturgy. Previous studies in liturgical inculturation for Korean churches have tended to be highly theoretical, culturally impractical, or limited in scope. This study employs the Korean concept of Oullim (어울림) as an indigenous ethos and cultural context within which holistic principles of Korean liturgical inculturation can function with integrity. The origins of Korean Presbyterian worship in 19th century North American evangelical revivalism are examined in order to expose an individualistic and instrumentalist alienation of Korean Christians from their own cultural ethos. Hymnological history and musical trends offer further insights into how to enable Korean Christian participation in worship with deeper theological awareness and greater cultural sensitivity. In particular, the methods of liturgical inculturation proposed by Asian liturgical theologian Anscar J. Chupungco offer means of dynamic equivalence, creative assimilation and organic progression in communality, feasting and participation for baptismal and eucharistic practices as well as general worship planning and liturgical participation—all understood as preliminary principles and practices of Oullim Worship and its dynamic balance of unity and diversity in liturgical and cultural harmony. ii Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor Prof. William Kervin for his continuous support of my study and research, for his patience, motivation, and knowledge. His guidance helped me throughout the entire journey of the research and writing of this thesis. I cannot imagine having a better advisor and mentor for my study. Besides my advisor, I would like to thank a number of people to whom I owe a great debt: Prof. Nam Soon Song, Prof. John D. Dadosky, and Prof. Swee Hong Lim, for their encouragement and insightful comments during my program, and for the kind of questions which led me to widen the scope of my study. I am also grateful to Holy Mountain Korean Presbyterian Church in Toronto, Wooridle Church in Korea and Woncheon Church in Seoul. Without their financial and spiritual support, this work could not have been completed. Nobody has been more important to me in the pursuit of this study than the members of my family. I would like to thank my mother, whose love and support are with me wherever I go. Most importantly, I wish to thank my loving wife, Yeonju Kim, who provides unending love, support and inspiration. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................................................ iii INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................................1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................1 Methodological Considerations .........................................................................................................6 CHAPTER ONE: THE ORIGINS OF KOREAN PRESBYTERIAN LITURGY IN THE PROTESTANT MISSIONARY ERA .........................................................................................................20 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................20 Samuel A. Moffett ............................................................................................................................22 The Theology of Samuel A. Moffett ...........................................................................................22 The Liturgy of Samuel A. Moffett ...............................................................................................26 Charles A. Clark ...............................................................................................................................31 The Theology of Charles A. Clark ..............................................................................................31 The Liturgy of Charles A. Clark ..................................................................................................33 The Dominance of Moffett’s Evangelical Model .............................................................................38 The Evangelical Tendencies of Korean Presbyterian Churches ..................................................38 The Liturgical Ethos of Korean Presbyterian Churches ..............................................................42 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................................44 CHAPTER TWO: PERSPECTIVES ON MUSIC IN KOREAN WORSHIP ........................................47 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................47 Korean Presbyterian Music in Worship ...........................................................................................49 The Influence of 19th Century Hymnody on Korean Churches .................................................50 The Influence of the Praise and Worship Genre on Korean Churches ........................................57 Historic and Contemporary Responses .......................................................................................65 i John W. Nevin ........................................................................................................................................ 66 ii Marva J. Dawn ........................................................................................................................................ 70 iii Continuing Developments in Hymnody and Music ............................................................................... 74 Implications .................................................................................................................................80 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................................87 CHAPTER THREE: ANSCAR J. CHUPUNGCO AND LITURGICAL INCULTURATION .............91 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................91 Anscar Chupungco on Liturgical Inculturation ................................................................................94 Chupungco’s Method of Liturgical Inculturation ........................................................................98 iv i Liturgical Sources ................................................................................................................................... 98 ii Cultural Patterns ................................................................................................................................... 101 iii Three Models ........................................................................................................................................ 103 Summary ...................................................................................................................................107 Implications for the Worship and Liturgy of Korean Presbyterian Churches ................................108 A. Western Churches and Indigenous Culture ...............................................................................109 B. Chupungco and Korean Presbyterian Churches ........................................................................ 113 Some Areas of Liturgical Inculturation for Korean Churches .................................................. 118 i Towards a Korean Christian Year ......................................................................................................... 118 ii Towards a Korean Tradition of Liturgical Music ................................................................................. 120 Analysis ..........................................................................................................................................121 A. Evangelical Ethos of Korean Presbyterian Churches ................................................................122 i Instrumentalism .................................................................................................................................... 122 ii The Purpose and Meaning of Worship ................................................................................................. 127 iii Beyond Conversion as a Prompt Decision ........................................................................................... 129 B. Liturgical Ethos of Korean Presbyterian Churches ...................................................................131 Conclusions ....................................................................................................................................135