Keynes's Theory and Inflation
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The Principle of Effective Demand and the State of Post Keynesian Monetary Economics
The University of Adelaide School of Economics Research Paper No. 2008-04 The Principle of Effective Demand and the State of Post Keynesian Monetary Economics Colin Rogers The principle of effective demand and the state of post Keynesian monetary economics Colin Rogers (Revised 20/08/08) School of Economics University of Adelaide Introduction Keynesians of all shades have generally misunderstood the theoretical structure of the General Theory. What is missing is an appreciation of the principle of effective demand. As Laidler (1999) has documented, Old Keynesians largely fabricated the theoretical basis of the Keynesian Revolution and retained the `classical' analysis of long-period equilibrium. Old Keynesians generally took Frank Knight's (1937) advice to ignore the claim to revolution in economic theory and interpreted the General Theory as another contribution to the theory of business cycles. This is most obvious from the Old Keynesian reliance on wage rigidity to generate involuntary unemployment. But for Keynes (1936, chapter 19), wage and price stickiness is the `classical' explanation for unemployment to be contrasted with his explanation, in terms of the principle of effective demand, where the flexibility of wages and prices cannot automatically shift long-period equilibrium to full employment. New Keynesians have continued the `classical' vision by providing the microeconomic foundations for the `ad hoc' rigidities employed by Old 1 Keynesians. Generally, New Keynesians do not question the underlying `classical' vision. Post Keynesians have always questioned the `classical' vision but have not succeeded as yet in agreeing on what the principle of effective demand is1. There should, however, be no grounds for misunderstanding of the principle of effective demand given Keynes's exposition in the General Theory and Dillard's (1948) synopsis. -
Chapter 19 the Theory of Effective Demand
Chapter 19 The theory of effective demand In essence, the “Keynesian revolution” was a shift of emphasis from one type of short-run equilibrium to another type as providing the appropriate theory for actual unemployment situations. Edmund Malinvaud (1977), p. 29. In this and the following chapters the focus is shifted from long-run macro- economics to short-run macroeconomics. The long-run models concentrated on factors of importance for the economic evolution over a time horizon of at least 10-15 years. With such a horizon the supply side (think of capital accumulation, population growth, and technological progress) is the primary determinant of cumulative changes in output and consumption the trend. Mainstream macro- economists see the demand side and monetary factors as of key importance for the fluctuations of output and employment about the trend. In a long-run perspective these fluctuations are of only secondary quantitative importance. The preceding chapters have chieflyignored them. But within shorter horizons, fluctuations are the focal point and this brings the demand-side, monetary factors, market imper- fections, nominal rigidities, and expectation errors to the fore. The present and subsequent chapters deal with the role of these short- and medium-run factors for the failure of the laissez-faire market economy to ensure full employment and for the possibilities of active macro policies as a means to improve outcomes. This chapter introduces building blocks of Keynesian theory of the short run. By “Keynesian theory”we mean a macroeconomic framework that (a) aims at un- derstanding “what determines the actual employment of the available resources”,1 including understanding why mass unemployment arises from time to time, and (b) in this endeavor ascribes a primary role to aggregate demand. -
Questions and Answers
Intermediate Microeconomics 2nd Year Dr. Eman Gamal El-Din M. Chapter 4 Part 1 Questions and Answers Chapter4 Q1: MCQ Explaining Macroeconomic Trends and Fluctuations 1) The AS/AD model studies the relationship between A) the price level and unemployment. B) the price level and real GDP. C) unemployment and real GDP. D) nominal GDP and inflation. Answer: B 2) By using only the aggregate demand curve, we can determine A) only the price level. B) only the quantity of real GDP. C) both the price level and quantity of real GDP. D) neither the price level nor the quantity of real GDP. Answer: D 3) In short-run macroeconomic equilibrium A) real GDP equals potential GDP and aggregate demand determines the price level. B) the price level is fixed and short-run aggregate supply determines real GDP. C) real GDP and the price level are determined by short-run aggregate supply and aggregate demand. D) real GDP is less than potential GDP. Answer: C 4) The economy is in its short run equilibrium at the point where the A) price level is stable. B) SAS curve intersects the LAS curve. C) AD curve intersects the LAS curve. D) AD curve intersects the SAS curve. Answer: D 9) In the short run, the equilibrium level of real GDP A) is necessarily less than potential GDP. B) is necessarily equal to potential GDP. C) is necessarily greater than potential GDP. D) could be less than, equal to, or greater than potential GDP. Answer: D 10) In the short run, the intersection of the aggregate demand and the short-run aggregate supply curves, A) determines the equilibrium price level. -
Demand Composition and the Strength of Recoveries†
Demand Composition and the Strength of Recoveriesy Martin Beraja Christian K. Wolf MIT & NBER MIT & NBER September 17, 2021 Abstract: We argue that recoveries from demand-driven recessions with ex- penditure cuts concentrated in services or non-durables will tend to be weaker than recoveries from recessions more biased towards durables. Intuitively, the smaller the bias towards more durable goods, the less the recovery is buffeted by pent-up demand. We show that, in a standard multi-sector business-cycle model, this prediction holds if and only if, following an aggregate demand shock to all categories of spending (e.g., a monetary shock), expenditure on more durable goods reverts back faster. This testable condition receives ample support in U.S. data. We then use (i) a semi-structural shift-share and (ii) a structural model to quantify this effect of varying demand composition on recovery dynamics, and find it to be large. We also discuss implications for optimal stabilization policy. Keywords: durables, services, demand recessions, pent-up demand, shift-share design, recov- ery dynamics, COVID-19. JEL codes: E32, E52 yEmail: [email protected] and [email protected]. We received helpful comments from George-Marios Angeletos, Gadi Barlevy, Florin Bilbiie, Ricardo Caballero, Lawrence Christiano, Martin Eichenbaum, Fran¸coisGourio, Basile Grassi, Erik Hurst, Greg Kaplan, Andrea Lanteri, Jennifer La'O, Alisdair McKay, Simon Mongey, Ernesto Pasten, Matt Rognlie, Alp Simsek, Ludwig Straub, Silvana Tenreyro, Nicholas Tra- chter, Gianluca Violante, Iv´anWerning, Johannes Wieland (our discussant), Tom Winberry, Nathan Zorzi and seminar participants at various venues, and we thank Isabel Di Tella for outstanding research assistance. -
The Structuralist Growth Model
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS Working Paper The Structuralist Growth Model by Bill Gibson Working Paper 2009-01 UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS AMHERST The Structuralist Growth Model Bill Gibson∗ Abstract This paper examines the underlying theory of structuralist growth models in an effort to compare that framework with the standard approach of Solow and others. Both the standard and structuralist models are solved in a common mathematical framework that emphasizes their similarities. It is seen that while the standard model requires the growth rate of the labor force to be taken as exogenously determined, the structuralist growth model must take investment growth to be determined exogenously in the long run. It is further seen that in order for the structuralist model to reliably converge to steady growth, considerable attention must be given to how agents make investment decisions. In many ways the standard model relies less on agency than does the structuralist. While the former requires a small number of plausible assumptions for steady growth to emerge, the structuralist model faces formidable challenges, especially if investment growth is thought to be determined by the rate of capacity utilization. 1 Introduction The structuralist growth model (SGM) has its roots in the General Theory of Keynes (1936), Kalecki (1971) and efforts by Robinson (1956), Harrod (1937), Domar (1946), Pasinetti (1962) and others to extend the Keynesian principle of effective demand to the long run. The central concept of growth models in this tradition is the dual role played by investment, both as a component of aggregate demand and as a flow that augments the stock of capital. -
2012-2 Milton Friedman's Contributions to Macroeconomics and Their Nfluei Nce David Laidler
Western University Scholarship@Western Economic Policy Research Institute. EPRI Working Economics Working Papers Archive Papers 2012 2012-2 Milton Friedman's Contributions to Macroeconomics and Their nflueI nce David Laidler Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/economicsepri_wp Part of the Economics Commons Citation of this paper: Laidler, David. "2012-2 Milton Friedman's Contributions to Macroeconomics and Their nflueI nce." Economic Policy Research Institute. EPRI Working Papers, 2012-2. London, ON: Department of Economics, University of Western Ontario (2012). Milton Friedman's Contributions to Macroeconomics and Their Influence by David Laidler Working Paper # 2012-2 February 2012 Economic Policy Research Institute EPRI Working Paper Series Department of Economics Department of Political Science Social Science Centre The University of Western Ontario London, Ontario, N6A 5C2 Canada This working paper is available as a downloadable pdf file on our website http://economics.uwo.ca/centres/epri/ Milton Friedman's Contributions to Macroeconomics and their Influence* by David Laidler JEL Classifications: B22, E20, E30, E40, E50 Keywords: Friedman, macroeconomics, Keynes, Keynesianism. monetarism, money, inflation, cycle, depression, monetary policy, consumption. Abstract. Milton Friedman's contributions to and influence on macroeconomics are discussed, beginning with his work on the consumption function and the demand for money, not to mention monetary history, which helped to undermine the post World War II "Keynesian" consensus in the area. His inter-related analyses of the dynamics of monetary policy's transmission mechanism, the case for a money growth rule, and the expectations augmented Phillips curve are then taken up, followed by a discussion of his influence not only directly on the monetarist policy experiments of the early 1980s, but also less directly on the regimes that underlay the "great moderation" that broke down in the crisis of 2007-2008. -
Some Issues in Monetary Economics January 1970
Some Issues in Monetary Economies* By DAVID I. FAND Public policies are continuously sought which will assist in guiding the economy between the perils of inflation and the dangers of unemployment and under-production. During the last five years the perils of inflation have become increasingly apparent, and during the past year stabilization actions have been taken to reduce the rate of advance of the price level. At the present time there is growing concern that these actions may lead the economy into a recession, What are the vehicles and avenues of stabilization policy which can best restore the econ- oniy to a satisfactory course, that is, a high and rising level of output and employment with a reasonably stable price level? Unfortunately, students of this problem are not in ~ubstan- tial agreement on an answer. Economists have tended to fall into two conflicting schools of thought regarding economic stabilization — the income-expenditure approach and the modern quantity theory of money approach. Until recently, the dominant school has been the modern version of the income-expendi- ture theory which has evolved from the work of John Maynard Keynes in the 1930’s. Policy- makers in the 1950’s and 1960’s generally adopted the theoretical framework of this school for the formulation of economic stabilization actions. Primary emphasis was given to fiscal actions — Federal government spending and taxing programs — in guiding the economy be- tween inflation and unemployment. During the last two decades, proponents of the modern quantity theory of money have increasingly challenged the basic propositions of the income- expenditure school. -
Keynes and Marx by Claudio Sardoni University of Rome “La Sapienza”
Keynes and Marx by Claudio Sardoni University of Rome “La Sapienza” I. Introduction Soon after the publication of The General Theory, Keynes manifested his dissatisfaction with the ‘final product’ of the intellectual process which had started in 1931-32 and he stated an intention to re-cast his ideas in a clearer and more satisfactory way. Joan Robinson thought that starting from Marx, rather than orthodox economics, would have saved Keynes ‘a lot of trouble’ (1964: 96). The object of this chapter is to inquire into the possibility that Keynes could have re-written The General Theory by giving Marx more attention and more credit than he did in the 1936 edition of the book. The interest in this issue does not derive, however, from any evidence that Keynes changed his opinion of Marx after 1936: it remained highly critical. Such interest rather derives from the fact that, in the quest for a clearer formulation of his fundamental ideas, Keynes, in my opinion, could have chosen to go, at least partly, ‘back’ to the approach that he had followed earlier on in the process which led to the publication of The General Theory. In fact, at a relatively early stage (1933) of this process, Keynes’s analysis of a capitalist economy and his critique of the orthodox view had come close to Marx’s approach. Keynes soon abandoned his 1933 approach and, in The General Theory, he formulated the critique of orthodox economics in a different way from Marx. In the chapter, I argue that the reason for the change may be found in the fact that the economic theory criticised by Keynes was significantly different from the Ricardian theory to which Marx referred. -
Aggregate Or Targeted Demand?
A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Tcherneva, Pavlina R. Working Paper Keynes's approach to full employment: aggregate or targeted demand? Working Paper, No. 542 Provided in Cooperation with: Levy Economics Institute of Bard College Suggested Citation: Tcherneva, Pavlina R. (2008) : Keynes's approach to full employment: aggregate or targeted demand?, Working Paper, No. 542, Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, Annandale-on-Hudson, NY This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/31663 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu Working Paper No. 542 Keynes’s Approach to Full Employment: Aggregate or Targeted Demand? by Pavlina R. Tcherneva The Levy Economics Institute of Bard College August 2008 The Levy Economics Institute Working Paper Collection presents research in progress by Levy Institute scholars and conference participants. -
Keynes After Sraffa and Kaldor: Effective Demand, Accumulation and Productivity Growth Alcino F. Camara-Neto and Matías Verne
DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS WORKING PAPER SERIES Keynes after Sraffa and Kaldor: Effective demand, accumulation and productivity growth Alcino F. Camara-Neto and Matías Vernengo Working Paper No: 2010-07 University of Utah Department of Economics 260 S. Central Campus Dr., Rm. 343 Tel: (801) 581-7481 Fax: (801) 585-5649 http://www.econ.utah.edu 1 Keynes after Sraffa and Kaldor: Effective demand, accumulation and productivity growth Alcino F. Camara-Neto Dean, Law and Economic Sciences Center, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Matías Vernengo University of Utah Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Abstract This paper analyzes to what extent John Maynard Keynes was successful in showing that the economic system tends to fluctuate around a position of equilibrium below full employment in the long run. It is argued that a successful extension of Keynes’s principle of effective demand to the long run requires the understanding of the contributions by Piero Sraffa and Nicholas Kaldor. Sraffa provides the basis for the proper dismissal of the natural rate of interest, while the incorporation by Kaldor of the supermultiplier and Verdoorn’s Law allows for a theory of the rate of change of the capacity limit of the economy. Keywords: History of Macroeconomic Thought, Macroeconomic Models JEL Classification: B24, E10 Acknowledgements: The authors thank Thomas Cate for his careful reading and comments to a preliminary version of the paper. 2 Introduction One of the most controversial propositions in macroeconomics is that the economy is driven by demand. In The General Theory , Keynes clearly argued that the system would fluctuate in the long run around a position considerably below full employment. -
Explaining the Aggregate Price Level with Keynes's Principle of Effective Demand
A Service of Leibniz-Informationszentrum econstor Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre Make Your Publications Visible. zbw for Economics Hartwig, Jochen Working Paper Explaining the aggregate price level with Keynes's principle of effective demand KOF Working Papers, No. 95 Provided in Cooperation with: KOF Swiss Economic Institute, ETH Zurich Suggested Citation: Hartwig, Jochen (2004) : Explaining the aggregate price level with Keynes's principle of effective demand, KOF Working Papers, No. 95, ETH Zurich, KOF Swiss Economic Institute, Zurich This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/50880 Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Documents in EconStor may be saved and copied for your Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. personal and scholarly purposes. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle You are not to copy documents for public or commercial Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich purposes, to exhibit the documents publicly, to make them machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. publicly available on the internet, or to distribute or otherwise use the documents in public. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, If the documents have been made available under an Open gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort Content Licence (especially Creative Commons Licences), you genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. may exercise further usage rights as specified in the indicated licence. www.econstor.eu Konjunkturforschungsstelle Swiss Institute for Business Cycle Research Arbeitspapiere/ Working Papers Jochen Hartwig Explaining the Aggregate Price Level with Keynes’s Principle of Effective Demand No. -
Advanced Book Template
Introduction Barack Obama is now in the second half of his term as president of the United States. A good time, perhaps, to stand back and take stock of his presidency. Articles in this issue of World Socialist Review offer a range of socialist perspectives on Obama’s life and political career and examine the policy of his administration in various areas – health insurance reform, the economy, the environment, the space program, Afghanistan. Other articles place Obama within the context of an American political system that in many ways remains undemocratic and within the broader context of a world economic system based on profit – the wasteful, cruel, and crisis-ridden system that we call capitalism. We have nothing against Obama personally. We do not accuse him of going into politics solely in pursuit of fame and fortune. On the contrary, he seems to have started out with the best of intentions, hoping that one day he might be able to do something to make the world a better place. Our aim is to show how the capitalist class, who exercise real power in our society, corrupt and coopt well-intentioned young people like Obama. To show how capitalism works to frustrate and corrode even the noblest aspirations. We also invite you, the reader, to ponder the narrow limits of the “politics of the lesser evil.” We invite you to consider whether it might not in fact be more realistic to “demand the impossible” – or, rather, what is wrongly supposed to be impossible. That is, a new social system based on human needs and democratic control of the means of life.