Events African Studies Program Indiana University Summer 2008
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Adult Authority, Social Conflict, and Youth Survival Strategies in Post Civil War Liberia
‘Listen, Politics is not for Children:’ Adult Authority, Social Conflict, and Youth Survival Strategies in Post Civil War Liberia. DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Henryatta Louise Ballah Graduate Program in History The Ohio State University 2012 Dissertation Committee: Drs. Ousman Kobo, Advisor Antoinette Errante Ahmad Sikianga i Copyright by Henryatta Louise Ballah 2012 ii Abstract This dissertation explores the historical causes of the Liberian civil war (1989- 2003), with a keen attention to the history of Liberian youth, since the beginning of the Republic in 1847. I carefully analyzed youth engagements in social and political change throughout the country’s history, including the ways by which the civil war impacted the youth and inspired them to create new social and economic spaces for themselves. As will be demonstrated in various chapters, despite their marginalization by the state, the youth have played a crucial role in the quest for democratization in the country, especially since the 1960s. I place my analysis of the youth in deep societal structures related to Liberia’s colonial past and neo-colonial status, as well as the impact of external factors, such as the financial and military support the regime of Samuel Doe received from the United States during the cold war and the influence of other African nations. I emphasize that the socio-economic and political policies implemented by the Americo- Liberians (freed slaves from the U.S.) who settled in the country beginning in 1822, helped lay the foundation for the civil war. -
Liberian Studies Journal
VOLUME XIV 1989 NUMBER 2 LIBERIAN STUDIES JOURNAL r 8 °W LIBERIA -8 °N 8 °N- MONSERRADO MARGIBI MARYLAND Geography Department 10 °W University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown 8oW 1 Published by THE LIBERIAN STUDIES ASSOCIATION, INC. PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor Cover map: compiled by William Kory, cartography work by Jodie Molnar; Geography Department, University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown. PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor VOLUME XIV 1989 NUMBER 2 LIBERIAN STUDIES JOURNAL Editor D. Elwood Dunn The University of the South Associate Editor Similih M. Cordor Kennesaw College Book Review Editor Dalvan M. Coger Memphis State University EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Bertha B. Azango Lawrence B. Breitborde University of Liberia Beloit College Christopher Clapham Warren L. d'Azevedo Lancaster University University of Nevada Reno Henrique F. Tokpa Thomas E. Hayden Cuttington University College Africa Faith and Justice Network Svend E. Holsoe J. Gus Liebenow University of Delaware Indiana University Corann Okorodudu Glassboro State College Edited at the Department of Political Science, The University of the South PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor CONTENTS THE LIBERIAN ECONOMY ON APRIL 1980: SOME REFLECTIONS 1 by Ellen Johnson Sirleaf COGNITIVE ASPECTS OF AGRICULTURE AMONG THE KPELLE: KPELLE FARMING THROUGH KPELLE EYES 23 by John Gay "PACIFICATION" UNDER PRESSURE: A POLITICAL ECONOMY OF LIBERIAN INTERVENTION IN NIMBA 1912 -1918 ............ 44 by Martin Ford BLACK, CHRISTIAN REPUBLICANS: DELEGATES TO THE 1847 LIBERIAN CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION ........................ 64 by Carl Patrick Burrowes TRIBE AND CHIEFDOM ON THE WINDWARD COAST 90 by Warren L. -
Politics and Popular Culture: the Renaissance in Liberian Music, 1970-89
POLITICS AND POPULAR CULTURE: THE RENAISSANCE IN LIBERIAN MUSIC, 1970-89 By TIMOTHY D. NEVIN A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FUFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2010 1 © 2010 Timothy Nevin 2 To all the Liberian musicians who died during the war-- (Tecumsey Roberts, Robert Toe, Morris Dorley and many others) Rest in Peace 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my parents and my uncle Frank for encouraging me to pursue graduate studies. My father’s dedication to intellectual pursuits and his life-long love of teaching have been constant inspirations to me. I would like to thank my Liberian wife, Debra Doeway for her patience in attempting to answer my thousand and one questions about Liberian social life and the time period “before the war.” I would like to thank Dr. Luise White, my dissertation advisor, for her guidance and intellectual rigor as well as Dr. Sue O’Brien for reading my manuscript and offering helpful suggestions. I would like to thank others who also read portions of my rough draft including Marissa Moorman. I would like to thank University of Florida’s Africana librarians Dan Reboussin and Peter Malanchuk for their kind assistance and instruction during my first semester of graduate school. I would like to acknowledge the many university libraries and public archives that welcomed me during my cross-country research adventure during the summer of 2007. These include, but are not limited to; Verlon Stone and the Liberian Collections Project at Indiana University, John Collins and the University of Ghana at East Legon, Northwestern University, Emory University, Brown University, New York University, the National Archives of Liberia, Dr. -
Sub-State Actors and Leadership in the Evolution of the African State
SUB-STATE ACTORS AND LEADERSHIP IN THE EVOLUTION OF THE AFRICAN STATE A thesis presented to the Faculty of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF MILITARY ART AND SCIENCE by SAMBA TALL, CPT, SENEGAL B.A. University Mohammed V, Fez, Morocco, 1985 Fort Leavenworth, Kansas 1998 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. MASTER OF MILITARY ART AND SCIENCE THESIS APPROVAL PAGE Name of Candidate: CPT Samba Tall, Infantry Commando, Senegal Thesis Title: Sub-state Actors and Leadership in the Evolution of the African State Approved by: , Thesis Committee Chairman LTC Karl E. Prinslow. USA , Member John T. Fishel, Ph.D. , Member CH (MAJ) Lawrence J. Conway, III, Ph.D. Accepted this 5th day of June 1998 by: , Director, Graduate Degree Programs Philip J. Brookes, Ph.D. The opinions and conclusions expressed herein are those of the student author and do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Army Command and General Staff College or any other governmental agency. (References to this study should include the foregoing statement.) ii ABSTRACT SUB-STATE ACTORS AND LEADERSHIP IN THE EVOLUTION OF THE AFRICAN STATE by CPT Samba Tall, Senegal, 84 pages. This study investigates the role of sub-state actors and leadership in the stabilization, the collapse or the renewal of the African state. Understanding the root causes of the mutations occurring in today’s African states will help to build legitimacy for future Internal Security Assistance Programs and Military Operations Other Than War. The study explains how the emergence or the empowerment of traditional, civil-society, and religious leaders loosens the states’ authority, by atomizing the centers of decision. -
Liberia: How Diplomacy Helped End a 13-Year Civil War
Liberia: How Diplomacy Helped End a 13-Year Civil War Alan J. Kuperman The end of Liberia’s long running civil war in 2003 reveals that smart diplomacy is at least as important as military intervention if the international community seeks to save lives under the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine. This article, drawing on field interviews in Liberia and Washington, finds that enlightened diplomacy succeeded in Liberia for two main reasons. First, unlike in several other recent conflicts, the international community refused to reward Liberia’s rebels for provoking a humanitarian emergency. Instead, diplomats threatened the rebels with prosecution unless they halted their offensive, and peacekeepers were deployed to prevent their advance. This mitigated the “moral hazard of humanitarian intervention” that has emboldened rebels and escalated violence in other conflicts. Second, the international community refrained from demands that Liberia’s leaders surrender all power or face quick elections or prosecution. Instead, negotiators promised asylum to Liberia’s president and a share of power to his political circle, thereby averting a potentially violent backlash from the regime. Proponents of R2P should incorporate these lessons in future international efforts to protect civilians. The end of Liberia’s long running civil war in 2003 demonstrates that smart diplomacy is at least as important as military intervention if the international community seeks to save lives under the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine. Indeed, the nuanced international action in Liberia stands in stark contrast to typical calls for military intervention to help rebels overthrow vilified regimes, which has backfired miserably in other 155 Alan J. -
Migration in Ghana Migration in Ghana
This publication has been co-financed by the EU MMigrationigration in Ghana A COUNTRY PROFILE 2009 Democratic Republic of Congo 17 route des Morillons CH-1211 Geneva 19, Switzerland Tel: +41 22 717 9111 • Fax: +41 22 798 6150 E-mail: [email protected] • Internet: http://www.iom.int The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Organization for Migration (IOM). The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this working draft do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. Omissions and errors remain responsibility of the authors. IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants. This publication was made possible through the financial support provided by the European Union, the Swiss Federal Office for Migration (FOM) and the Belgian Development Cooperation. The opinions expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union, the Swiss Federal Office for Migration (FOM), nor the Belgian Development Cooperation. Publisher: International Organization for Migration 17 route des Morillons 1211 Geneva 19 Switzerland Tel: +41.22.717 91 11 Fax: +41.22.798 61 50 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.iom.int _____________________________________________________ ISBN 978-92-9068-557-9 © 2009 International Organization for Migration (IOM) _____________________________________________________ All rights reserved. -
By TAHIYA MCCOY NYAHUMA (10175875)
University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh Engendering National Public Policy through Global Governance: An Assessment of Ghana’s Domestic Violence Legislation as a Trans-Sovereign Transnational Issue By TAHIYA MCCOY NYAHUMA (10175875) THIS THESIS IS SUBMITTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF GHANA, LEGON IN FULFILLMENT FOR THE AWARD OF THE DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (PhD) POLITICAL SCIENCE DEGREE MARCH, 2015 University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DECLARATION i University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh DEDICATION TO MY FAMILY FOR THEIR GENEROUS, KIND, LOVING SUPPORT OF ALL OF MY LIFE ENDEAVORS AND THROUGHOUT MY ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL CAREER I dedicate this to my parents the Late Edward S. McCoy and the Late L. Mae McCoy for their love and for passing their belief in lifelong learning to me; I dedicate this to my husband, Dr. Mujahid B.W. Nyahuma for his unconditional love and for supporting my dream of completing the Ph D degree at the University of Ghana, Legon; I dedicate this to my children Jawanza Nyahuma and Naledi Nyahuma for their precious love, encouragement and undaunting belief in their mother. ii University of Ghana http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh ACKNOWLEGEMENTS I want to thank the University of Ghana, Legon for the unique and academically rewarding opportunity to undertake my studies for the Ph. D. in the Department of Political Science. During my studies, I met and studied with some of the most renowned academicians starting with the Chair of my Dissertation Advisory Committee, Emeritus Professor Kwame A. Ninsin. Professor Ninsin set the bar high and demanded excellence. -
The Case of Liberia Peacebuilding Operation and ECOWAS Intervention
SOSYAL VE BEŞERİ BİLİMLER ARAŞTIRMALARI DERGİSİ JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES RESEARCHES Güz/Autumn 2015-Sayı/Issue 35 The Role of Regional Organizations in Humanitarian Intervention: The Case of Liberia Peacebuilding Operation and ECOWAS Intervention Burak Toygar HALİSTOPRAK İİBF Fakültesi, Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü [email protected] Abstract Humanitarian intervention has been a controversial but also one of the most frequently used instruments of world politics. The literature on the subject is abundant of studies both written in a critical tone and also aiming at proposing a better framework for humanitarian intervention. On that sense, the identity of the intervening body is an important part of the debates on the humanitarian intervention. According to a line of argument in the literature, the interventions in which regional international organizations play significant roles give much more effective results for consolidating a long-lasting peace and security compared to the interventions conducted solely by broader international bodies. Addressing to this debate, this article focuses on the case of intervention to Liberian civil war and the role played by ECOWAS, a regional international organization established by West African countries, in this operation. Throughout the article, it is suggested that ECOWAS's regional identity facilitated the acceptance of the operation by both the peoples and the political figures in the country. With this aspect, the article underlines that the case of Liberia presents many lessons for international community in order to practice more effective and fruitful interventions. Keywords: Humanitarian intervention, peacebuilding, Liberia, regional organizations, international organizations, ECOWAS, Africa, local ownership. İnsani Müdahalede Bölgesel Kurumların Rolü: Liberya Barış inşaası Operasyonu Örneği ve ECOWAS Müdahalesi Öz İnsani müdahale dünya politikasının hem en tartışmalı hem de en sıklıkla kullanılan araçlarında biridir. -
Writing and Publishing Documenting and Preserving Language
Writing and Publishing Heritage and Tourism Karin Barber, Chair: Esi Sutherland-Addy, editor of Africa: Journal of the University of Ghana International African Institute Alex Asiedu, Emmanuel Akyeampong, University of Ghana editor of the Journal of African Kwaku Boakye, History University of Cape Coast 10:30 Break Kofi Akpabli, Travel and tourism writer 11:00 to 12:30 Adelaide Kastner, Workshops II (concurrent sessions) University of Ghana Documenting and 3:30: Break Preserving Language Chair: Judy Irvine, 4:00 to 5:30 University of Michigan Workshops IV (concurrent sessions) Jeff Heath, Media and Heritage University of Michigan Chair: Mark Horton, Kofi Agyekum, Bristol University University of Ghana Mark Horton, Community Initiatives Bristol University Chair: Ray Silverman, Jacqueline Maingard, University of Michigan Bristol University Ray Silverman, Writing and Publishing University of Michigan Karin Barber, Nana Baffour Asare Twi editor of Africa: Journal of the Brempong II, International African Institute Adontenhene of Techiman Emmanuel Akyeampong, Ciraj Rassool, editor of the Journal of African University of Western Cape History Gyan Apenteng, Cultural Initiatives Project, 5:30 Break Ghana The conference is free of charge and open to 12:30: Break the public. 2:00 to 3:30 Organized and funded by the Institute of African Workshops III (concurrent sessions) Studies, University of Ghana; the International African Institute; and the African Studies Center, Digitizing Heritage University of Michigan. Chair: Ama Dadson, University of -
Developments in the Resolution of the Liberian Conflict Kofi Oteng Kufuor
American University International Law Review Volume 10 | Issue 1 Article 4 1994 Developments in the Resolution of the Liberian Conflict Kofi Oteng Kufuor Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/auilr Part of the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Kufuor, Kofi Oteng. "Developments in the Resolution of the Liberian Conflict." American University International Law Review 10, no. 1 (1996): 373-396. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Washington College of Law Journals & Law Reviews at Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in American University International Law Review by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ American University Washington College of Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DEVELOPMENTS IN THE RESOLUTION OF THE LIBERIAN CONFLICT Kofi Oteng Kufuor INTRODUCTION On March 7, 1994, a transitional government was sworn in to admin- ister war-torn Liberia.' The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS or Community),2 the main warring factions, and the United Nations formed this new government after repeated efforts to effect a lasting solution to the conflict that began in December 1989.? This Article reviews the peace process and explores the question of why five years of negotiations have still not managed to bring about lasting peace in Liberia. Throughout the negotiations, the ECOWAS placed most of the blame for its inability to end the war on the main rebel army, the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL). These allegations were valid to the * LL.M., London School of Economics and Political Science; B.A. -
US Covert and Overt Operations in Liberia, 1970S to 2003
ASPJ Africa & Francophonie - 3rd Quarter 2014 US Covert and Overt Operations in Liberia, 1970s to 2003 NIELS HAHN, PHD* Introduction and Background ith support from the US Navy, the American Colonization Soci- ety founded Liberia as an American colony in 1822 with the in- tention of sending rebellious blacks who were formerly slaves “back to Africa.”1 To reduce the administration cost of the colony and limit the responsibility of the US government (USG), Liberia was granted independence in 1847.2 The constitution was written at Harvard University, and W 3 the flag adopted was similar to that of the United States but with only one star. Although Liberia had all of the outward features of an independent state, the American Colonization Society and the USG de facto governed it indirectly. As former research director and president of the US Foreign Policy Association Ray- mond Leslie Buell puts it, Liberia survived “through visits of United States war- ships to Liberian ports and through more urbane gestures, the United States has posted a keep-off-the-grass sign on Liberian soil.”4 Liberia became a foothold of the USG in Africa during European colonial- ism, a place from where it could project its interests into other parts of the conti- nent. In 1926 the Firestone Company established one of the world’s largest rub- ber plantations in Liberia as a response to the British rubber monopoly.5 In the following decades, the USG put in place a number of military facilities such as a deep-sea port, an airport, and numerous military bases and training camps. -
Liberian Studies Journal
VOLUME XXV 2000 Number 1 LIBERIAN STUDIES JOURNAL Published by THE LIBERIAN STUDIES ASSOCIATION, INC. PDF compression, OCR, web optimization using a watermarked evaluation copy of CVISION PDFCompressor LIBERIAN STUDIES JOURNAL Editorial Policy The Liberian Studies Journal is dedicated to the publication of original research on social, political, economic, scientific, and other issues about Liberia or with implications for Liberia. Opinions of contributors to the Journal do not necessarily reflect the policy of the organizations they represent or the Liberian Studies Association, publishers of the Journal. Manuscript Requirements Manuscripts intended for consideration should not exceed 25 typewritten, double-spaced pages, with margins of one-and-a-half inches. The page limit includes graphs, references, tables and appendices. Authors must, in addition to their manuscripts, submit a computer disk of their work, preferably in WordPerfect 6.1 for Windows. Notes and references should be placed at the end of the text with headings, e.g., Notes; References. Notes, if any, should precede the references. The Journal is published in June and December. Deadline for the first issue is February, and for the second, August. Manuscripts should include a title page that provides the title ofthe text, author's name, address, phone number, and affiliation. All works will be reviewed by anonymous referees. Manuscripts are accepted in English and French. Manuscripts must conform to the editorial style of either the Chicago Manual of Style (the preferred style), or the American Psychological Association (APA) or Modern Language Association (MLA). All manuscripts intended for consideration should be mailed to: Amos J. Beyan, Editor; Liberian Studies Journal; Department of History; West Virginia University; 221E Woodburn Hall; Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6306.