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Chapter One: Introduction
CHANGING PERCEPTIONS OF IL DUCE TRACING POLITICAL TRENDS IN THE ITALIAN-AMERICAN MEDIA DURING THE EARLY YEARS OF FASCISM by Ryan J. Antonucci Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the History Program YOUNGSTOWN STATE UNIVERSITY August, 2013 Changing Perceptions of il Duce Tracing Political Trends in the Italian-American Media during the Early Years of Fascism Ryan J. Antonucci I hereby release this thesis to the public. I understand that this thesis will be made available from the OhioLINK ETD Center and the Maag Library Circulation Desk for public access. I also authorize the University or other individuals to make copies of this thesis as needed for scholarly research. Signature: Ryan J. Antonucci, Student Date Approvals: Dr. David Simonelli, Thesis Advisor Date Dr. Brian Bonhomme, Committee Member Date Dr. Martha Pallante, Committee Member Date Dr. Carla Simonini, Committee Member Date Dr. Salvatore A. Sanders, Associate Dean of Graduate Studies Date Ryan J. Antonucci © 2013 iii ABSTRACT Scholars of Italian-American history have traditionally asserted that the ethnic community’s media during the 1920s and 1930s was pro-Fascist leaning. This thesis challenges that narrative by proving that moderate, and often ambivalent, opinions existed at one time, and the shift to a philo-Fascist position was an active process. Using a survey of six Italian-language sources from diverse cities during the inauguration of Benito Mussolini’s regime, research shows that interpretations varied significantly. One of the newspapers, Il Cittadino Italo-Americano (Youngstown, Ohio) is then used as a case study to better understand why events in Italy were interpreted in certain ways. -
Consensus for Mussolini? Popular Opinion in the Province of Venice (1922-1943)
UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM SCHOOL OF HISTORY AND CULTURES Department of History PhD in Modern History Consensus for Mussolini? Popular opinion in the Province of Venice (1922-1943) Supervisor: Prof. Sabine Lee Student: Marco Tiozzo Fasiolo ACADEMIC YEAR 2016-2017 2 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the PhD degree of the University of Birmingham is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of my words. 3 Abstract The thesis focuses on the response of Venice province population to the rise of Fascism and to the regime’s attempts to fascistise Italian society. -
The Power of Images in the Age of Mussolini
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2013 The Power of Images in the Age of Mussolini Valentina Follo University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the History Commons, and the History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons Recommended Citation Follo, Valentina, "The Power of Images in the Age of Mussolini" (2013). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 858. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/858 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/858 For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Power of Images in the Age of Mussolini Abstract The year 1937 marked the bimillenary of the birth of Augustus. With characteristic pomp and vigor, Benito Mussolini undertook numerous initiatives keyed to the occasion, including the opening of the Mostra Augustea della Romanità , the restoration of the Ara Pacis , and the reconstruction of Piazza Augusto Imperatore. New excavation campaigns were inaugurated at Augustan sites throughout the peninsula, while the state issued a series of commemorative stamps and medallions focused on ancient Rome. In the same year, Mussolini inaugurated an impressive square named Forum Imperii, situated within the Foro Mussolini - known today as the Foro Italico, in celebration of the first anniversary of his Ethiopian conquest. The Forum Imperii's decorative program included large-scale black and white figural mosaics flanked by rows of marble blocks; each of these featured inscriptions boasting about key events in the regime's history. This work examines the iconography of the Forum Imperii's mosaic decorative program and situates these visual statements into a broader discourse that encompasses the panorama of images that circulated in abundance throughout Italy and its colonies. -
Farestoria Gennaio – Giugno 2019
NUOVA SERIE, ANNO I, N. 1 GENNAIO – GIUGNO 2019 Questo numero mira a indagare il rapporto tra il fascismo e la violenza, nella duplice accezione di violenza fascista e di violenza “nel” fascismo, di violenza agita e di violenza rappresentata. Ereditata, praticata, celebrata, esaltata, teorizzata, osannata, raccontata, mitizzata ed infine negata, la violenza si situa alle origini del fascismo stesso, quando lo squadrismo ne fece in maniera inedita uno strumento e un linguaggio politico dirompente. Lungo tutto l’arco dell’esperienza storica del movimento mussoliniano, da piazza San Sepolcro al crepuscolo della RSI, la violenza è stata un elemento centrale, declinato in forme diverse e rinnovatosi più volte, tanto dell’ideologia che della prassi politica del GENNAIO – GIUGNO 2019 fascismo, sia come movimento politico che come Stato. Quali e quante furono le sue forme specifiche, gli ambiti di azione e le sue DI: CON IL CONTRIBUTO STAMPATO DI RISPARMIO CASSA FONDAZIONE E PESCIA DI PISTOIA declinazioni in epoca fascista? Quali equilibri si realizzarono storicamente fra gli obiettivi politici ricercati attraverso la violenza e la propensione connaturata dei fascisti e del fascismo al suo esercizio? Che bilancio storiografico possiamo trarne oggi? FASCISMO E VIOLENZA FARESTORIAPERIODICO DELL’ISTITUTO STORICO DELLA RESISTENZA ISSN 2612-7164 € 5,00 FARESTORIA E DELL’ETÀ CONTEMPORANEA IN PROVINCIA DI PISTOIA Il presente numero è stato stampato con il contributo della Fondazione CARIPT Copyright © 2019 by ISTITUTO STORICO DELLA RESISTENZA E DELL'ETÀ CONTEMPORANEA IN PROVINCIA DI PISTOIA Sede legale: Piazza S. Leone 1 - 51100 Pistoia Ufficio, archivio e biblioteca: Viale Petrocchi, 159 - Pistoia 51100 Tel e Fax 0573 359399 In copertina: Fascisti in marcia a Monsummano in via Cesare Battisti nei pressi della Casa del Fascio, foto archivio Matteo Grasso proprietà di Luigi Lenzi. -
La Mostra 23 Marzo 1919 È Inserita in Un Ciclo Di Tre Incontri Organizzati
La mostra 23 marzo 1919 è inserita in un ciclo di tre incontri organizzati dal Comune di Milano (Gabinetto del Sindaco e Presidenza del Consiglio Comunale) e dall’Università degli Studi di Milano, in collaborazio- ne con l’Istituto nazionale "Ferruccio Parri", la Fondazione Isec, l’Istituto lombardo di storia contempo- ranea, la Fondazione Milano e la Fondazione Anna Kuliscioff. Gli eventi centrali dell’immediato primo dopoguerra si svolsero tutti, nell’arco di poche settimane, a Milano. Il 5 gennaio 1919, nel corso del suo viaggio verso Parigi per partecipare alla Conferenza della pace, Mi- lano tributava un’accoglienza trionfale al presidente degli Stati Uniti d'America. Per l’occasione, Woo- drow Wilson venne ricevuto dal sindaco socialista Emilio Caldara a Palazzo Marino. L’11 gennaio 1919 a Leonida Bissolati, convinto wilsoniano, che proponeva di rinunciare al Tirolo, alla Dalmazia e al Dodecaneso in nome di una nuova Europa democratica, venne impedito di parlare al Tea- tro della Scala da una gazzarra organizzata da Mussolini con il concorso di arditi e futuristi. Il 23 marzo 1919 sempre Mussolini dava vita, in piazza San Sepolcro, ai fasci di combattimento, che negli anni successivi il regime avrebbe considerato atto fondativo del fascismo. Il 15 aprile 1919 l’assalto alla sede del quotidiano socialista Avanti! in via san Damiano 16 rappresentava il primo atto di squadrismo in Italia. Questa mostra, presentata il 23 marzo 2019 all’interno della corte del commissariato di piazza San Se- polcro, è stata realizzata nell’ambito delle attività del Master in Public History promosso dal Dipartimen- to di Studi Storici dell’Università degli Studi di Milano e dalla Fondazione Giangiacomo Feltrinelli. -
Law and Order Do Not Always Go Together. Vigilantism As Citizens Attempt to Enforce Order Outside the Law Is Rising
“Law and order do not always go together. Vigilantism as citizens attempt to enforce order outside the law is rising. Comprehensive studies about the phe- nomenon have been lacking. The 17 case studies and the conceptual and com- parative discussion by the editors go a long way to fill the void. A must read in these times of rising populism and xenophobia.” - Prof. em. Alex P. Schmid, Editor-in-Chief of ‘Perspectives on Terrorism’ and former Officer-in-Charge of the Terrorism Prevention Branch of UNODC. “Theoretically astute, empirically sound, this volume is the authoritative source on the growing phenomena of vigilantism around the world. This study is essential reading for anyone who is interested in understanding the changing nature of coercion, and the shifting relations of social and political order in the 21st century.” - James Sheptycki, York University, Canada. “Vigilantism poses a serious threat to democracy. It is therefore an important, yet understudied phenomenon in criminology. This edited volume raises important issues regarding the conditions under which different kinds of vigilantism emerge. Using case studies from different countries, this edited volume provides challenging new insights which are of importance to both academics and policy makers.” - Prof. Lieven Pauwels, Ghent University, Belgium. “This book is richly researched and extremely timely. The spread of vigilantism in our increasingly fractured world should stimulate debate about the nature and significance of state power, whether ‘private’ vigilante actors are in fact detached from their governments, and when right-wing vigilantism becomes a necessary component of state Fascist operations.” - Prof. Martha K. Huggins, Tulane University (emerita), USA. -
Old and New Fascism: Race, Citizenship, and the Historical and Intellectual Context of Casapound Italia
Old and New Fascism: Race, Citizenship, and the Historical and Intellectual Context of CasaPound Italia by Caitlin Hewitt-White A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Social Justice Education University of Toronto © Copyright by Caitlin Hewitt-White 2015 Old and New Fascism: Race, Citizenship, and the Historical and Intellectual Context of CasaPound Italia Caitlin Hewitt-White Masters of Arts Social Justice Education University of Toronto 2015 Abstract CasaPound Italia is a contemporary fascist movement in Italy. An anti-capitalist movement, CasaPound has emerged under neoliberal conditions of youth unemployment and privatization of education. Although CasaPound uses tactics not typically associated with the extreme right, it shares several features with traditional Italian fascism. Like past fascist movements, CasaPound claims to offer an alternative to capitalism, communism, and the limits of a corrupt political spectrum. It also shares with past fascist movements a populist opportunism that feeds on the middle class's real frustrations, and rearticulates these in anti-immigrant racism. Despite these similarities, CasaPound denies that it is racist. This thesis argues that CasaPound's conscious inheritance of the legacies of Ezra Pound, Giovanni Gentile, and Julius Evola undermines its claims to be non-racist. Its activism further undermines these claims. This thesis also argues that CasaPound's emergence has been made possible by exclusionary and racialized citizenship practices central to hegemonic liberal democracy. ii Acknowledgments Thank you to the administrative staff at OISE for helping me navigate the institution's various policies, forms, and deadlines. Thank you to my classmates and instructors at OISE for feedback on earlier versions of chapters of this thesis, and for lively discussions we had in class. -
Paramilitary Violence and Fascism: Imaginaries and Practices of Squadrismo, 1919–1925
Contemporary European History (2020), page 1 of 20 doi:10.1017/S0960777319000390 ARTICLE Paramilitary Violence and Fascism: Imaginaries and Practices of Squadrismo, 1919–1925 Alessandro Saluppo Dipartimento di Scienze Storiche, Geografiche e dell’Antichità DiSSGeA - Università degli Studi di Padova, Via del Vescovado, 30, 35141 Padova PD, Italy [email protected] This article examines the violent imaginaries and practices of squadrismo in the period preceding the establishment of the Italian fascist dictatorship. Based on the examination of newly accessible documen- tary sources at provincial state archives, the article sheds light upon the ways in which squadristi imagined, performed, justified and ascribed meanings to their violent actions and the disintegrative impact of violence on local communities. The article concludes with a reflection on Blackshirt violence in the after- math of the March on Rome and the persistence of the ideological and cultural fabric of squadrismo in the years of the dictatorship. In early 1921 fascist paramilitary squads in Italy embarked on a ferocious campaign of destruction, violence and brutality that sent large areas of the country into states of disarray and confusion. Starting in the Lower Po Valley the offensive convulsively spread around the northern and central regions and then down the peninsula and the islands, radiating into the tablelands of Apulia and the coastal Sicilian provinces of Syracuse and Ragusa. The relentless nature and appalling toll of destructive raids against and beatings -
War Veterans and Fascism in Interwar Europe'
H-War Braam on Alcalde, 'War Veterans and Fascism in Interwar Europe' Review published on Friday, September 22, 2017 Ángel Alcalde. War Veterans and Fascism in Interwar Europe. Studies in the Social and Cultural History of Modern Warfare Series. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017. xiii + 314 pp. $99.99 (cloth), ISBN 978-1-107-19842-5. Reviewed by Kevin Braam (US Army) Published on H-War (September, 2017) Commissioned by Margaret Sankey Following the end of World War I, armies across Europe demobilized and many units downsized. Veterans of the Great War returned to their home country hoping to start life where they had left off. Political and economic changes affected Allied countries as well as those of the Central powers. Veterans’ organizations provided comradery for former soldiers and a voice in the fight for veterans’ rights and unrealized promises. In his book War Veterans and Fascism in Interwar Europe, Ángel Alcalde describes how fascist movements used veteran groups to help achieve a desired political end state. The relationship of fascists and veterans is focused primarily on Italian politics, but also described is the transference of ideas from Italy to such countries as Germany, France, and Spain. To better understand veteran mobilization in Italy, Alcalde presents a new argument that goes beyond the “brutalization” theory. The brutalization theory maintains that veterans of the Great War were numb to the effects of warfare thus making them susceptible to political influence. Alcalde argues that Italian fascists capitalized on this, but they also sought to elevate the status of veterans by showing their significance within society and by conveying that veterans were above the fray and deserved special treatment compared to the regular citizenry. -
Italian Communists, the Cold War, and West-East Migration from Venezia Giulia, 1945-1949
Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2019 Liberation by Emigration: Italian Communists, the Cold War, and West-East Migration from Venezia Giulia, 1945-1949 Luke Gramith West Virginia University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Part of the European History Commons, Intellectual History Commons, Labor History Commons, Political History Commons, and the Social History Commons Recommended Citation Gramith, Luke, "Liberation by Emigration: Italian Communists, the Cold War, and West-East Migration from Venezia Giulia, 1945-1949" (2019). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 3914. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/3914 This Dissertation is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Dissertation in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Dissertation has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LIBERATION BY EMIGRATION: ITALIAN COMMUNISTS, THE COLD WAR, AND WEST-EAST MIGRATION FROM VENEZIA GIULIA, 1945-1949 Luke Gramith Dissertation submitted to the Eberly College of Arts and Sciences at West Virginia University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History Joshua Arthurs, Ph.D., Chair Katherine Aaslestad, Ph.D. -
Tyrolean Militarism, Catholicism, and the Heimwehr Movement
The University of Southern Mississippi The Aquila Digital Community Dissertations Fall 12-1-2017 A Legion of Legacy: Tyrolean Militarism, Catholicism, and the Heimwehr Movement Jason Engle University of Southern Mississippi Follow this and additional works at: https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations Part of the Cultural History Commons, European History Commons, Political History Commons, and the Social History Commons Recommended Citation Engle, Jason, "A Legion of Legacy: Tyrolean Militarism, Catholicism, and the Heimwehr Movement" (2017). Dissertations. 1474. https://aquila.usm.edu/dissertations/1474 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by The Aquila Digital Community. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of The Aquila Digital Community. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A LEGION OF LEGACY: TYROLEAN MILITARISM, CATHOLICISM, AND THE HEIMWEHR MOVEMENT by Jason Christopher Engle A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School, the College of Arts and Letters, and the Department of History at The University of Southern Mississippi in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2017 A LEGION OF LEGACY: TYROLEAN MILITARISM, CATHOLICISM, AND THE HEIMWEHR MOVEMENT by Jason Christopher Engle December 2017 Approved by: ________________________________________________ Dr. Andrew Wiest, Committee Chair Professor, History ________________________________________________ Dr. Brian LaPierre, Committee Member Associate -
The Battle for Post-Habsburg Trieste/Trst: State Transition, Social Unrest, and Political Radicalism (1918–23)
Austrian History Yearbook (2021), 52, 182–200 doi:10.1017/S0067237821000011 ARTICLE The Battle for Post-Habsburg Trieste/Trst: State Transition, – . Social Unrest, and Political Radicalism (1918 23) Marco Bresciani Department of Political and Social Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy Email: [email protected] Abstract In spite of the recent transnational turn, there continues to be a considerable gap between Fascist studies and the new approaches to the transitions, imperial collapses, and legacies of post–World War I Europe. This https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms article posits itself at the crossroads between fascist studies, Habsburg studies, and scholarship on post- 1918 violence. In this regard, the difficulties of the state transition, the subsequent social unrest, and the ascent of new forms of political radicalism in post-Habsburg Trieste are a case in point. Rather than focusing on the “national strife” between “Italians” and “Slavs,” this article will concentrate on the unstable local rela- tions between state and civil society, which led to multiple cycles of conflict and crisis. One of the arguments it makes is that in post-1918 Trieste, where the different nationalist groups contended for a space character- ized by multiple loyalties and allegiances, Fascists claimed to be the movement of the “true Italians,” iden- tified with the Fascists and their sympathizers. Accordingly, while targeting the alleged enemies of the “Italian nation” (defined as “Bolsheviks,”“Austrophiles,” and “Slavs”), they aimed