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Olga Miriam Przyby³owicz* the Architecture of the Church and Cloister of Nuns of the Order of St. Clare in Stary S¹cz in the L

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Olga Miriam Przyby³owicz* the Architecture of the Church and Cloister of Nuns of the Order of St. Clare in Stary S¹cz in the L Olga Miriam Przyby³owicz* The architecture of the church and cloister of nuns of the Order of St. Clare in Stary S¹cz in the light of written sources and literature of the subject The issues of architecture of the cloister of nuns of the However, the subject of my interest is focused on the Order of St. Clare, in particular the ones referring to architecture of one of the cloisters – a convent complex of the Poor Ladies cloisters, which were endowed in the terri- the nuns of the Order of St. Clare in Stary S¹cz. The objec- tory of Poland in the Middle Ages, have been discussed only tive of this article is to present the existing written sources marginally so far [11], [30], [40, p. 174–178], [41 col. which allow – despite the fact that there are no archeolog- LXXXIV–LXXXVI], [66], [73]. These issues have been ical or architectural examinations of the object – to throw considered by historians as well as by other researchers who light on the stages of building the cloister and compare represent various branches of science but in comparison them with the current state of research investigations. with other research examinations on monastic communities, The convent of nuns of the Order of St. Clare in Stary their achievements appear to be meager [3], [4], [19], [21], S¹cz – the third one in the history of cloisters in the terri- [22], [42], [43], [54], [69], [79], [81], [82]1. The issues of tory of Poland (apart from those in Zawichost and architecture of the St. Clare cloister – definitely more often Wroc³aw) was founded in 1280 by Princess Kinga’s concerning churches than convents – were most often pre- Foundation, the daughter of Bela IV the King of Hungary sented on the margin of research examinations concerning and the wife of Prince Boles³aw Wstydliwy. Kinga, who the architecture of époques, styles of buildings and finally took the habit several years before her death (D³ugosz monographs of towns in which cloisters of St. Clare nuns mistakenly claims that she did so some days after her hus- were situated (Zawichost, Wroc³aw, Ska³a, Stary S¹cz, band’s death [25, p. 207]) and she took vows, was a bene- Gniezno, Strzelin, G³ogów) [9], [10], [31], [45], [68], [77]. factress of S¹decka Land. The Princess not only founded So far, the only authors who have covered the issues of and financed the cloister but she also founded the town architecture of Franciscan monasteries in Poland are itself (between the years 1257 and 1273) [31, p. 45, 67, M. Kutzner [38] and P. Pencakowski [51], [52]. M. Kutzner 68], [63, p. 34, 44, 122]. Kinga made foundations as presented an outline of the state of research examinations on a sovereign Lady of S¹decka Land which had been given Polish and European Franciscan architecture in the Middle to her by her husband as an expression of his thanks for Ages putting emphasis on showing the peculiarity of the her previous financial help. The Princess founded the Polish model of Franciscan cloister architecture. The main S¹decka Community six months after her husband Prince goal of his research was a comparative analysis of Polish Boles³aw died and she issued a foundation document on Franciscan churches but he marginally refers to the architec- July 6, 1280. It is probable that the decision about the ture of the female branch of the Franciscan monastery. foundation was still made during the life of the Prince P. Pencakowski presented stylistic features of the Mediaeval who was a protector of the Order St. Francis (he founded churches of St. Francis monasteries in Ma³opolska. Franciscan cloisters in Zawichost and Nowy Korczyn and he generously supported the convent in Cracow where he was buried) and together with his saintly wife took the * Institut of Archaeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of vows of chastity. Princess Kinga handed over civitatem Sciences in Warsaw. 1 This is a list of the literature on the subject concerning the Cis- Sandecz cum theloneo et omni questu et utilitate ipsius tercian Monastery in [47] and therefore, for the purposes of this article, [32, v. II 487] to the nuns of the Order of St. Clare and I present only the key items which refer to different monasteries. donated 28 villages, seven of which: Podolin, £¹cko, 20 Olga Miriam Przyby³owicz Fig. 1. Plan of the monastic ground floor by M. M. Kornecki, [12 fig. 4, p. 30] Bieczyce, O³bina, Podegrodzie, Moszczenica i Go³kow- the problem of the stages of building the cloister was ice were known from the previous documents of not clarified in details at all. Ma³opolska princes, whereas 21 villages formed new There have been no historical sources about the centers on the map of S¹decka Land of the 13th century architecture of the St. Clare nuns’ Holy Trinity church, [63, p. 52]. The Stary S¹cz Community received the which was mentioned for the first time in 1285 in the greatest funds from among six Mediaeval convents of document issued by the archbishop Jakub Œwinka [32, nuns of the Order of St. Clare founded in the Middle Ages v. III, no. 145]. The absence of any archeological in the territory of Poland and in Silesia which was the rea- research examinations makes it impossible to give an son why this Community was in possession of the great- answer to the question whether the present arrange- est funds in comparison with other convents (Zawichost, ment of the church with two oldest rooms which con- Wroc³aw, Gniezno, Strzelin and G³ogów). stitute the part of the cloister – a convent choir on the The area, which was donated to build a convent and upper storey and a chapter-house on the ground storey a church on it, was situated in the north-east part of ‘the situated in the main part of the temple –comes from the chess arrangement’ of a non-standard spacious arrange- first stage of designing and building the church – from ment (Beiersdorf and Krasnowolski see Hungarian and the 13th century or from the second stage – a 14th cen- Czech analogies [10, p. 303–305], [12, p. 22–26]) of the tury reconstruction [11]. W. £uszczkiewicz [40, foundation town [35, p. 180–188]2 above the flooding p. 174], [41,col. LXXXIV–LXXXVI]3 claimed that the scarp of Poprad. original church which was used by nuns and friars (?)4 The literature on the subject concerning the archi- was wooden and ‘provisional’. This view was rejected tecture of the complex in Stary S¹cz in comparison by the majority of researchers with the exception of with the studies referring to architectural issues of other P. Pencakowski [52, p. 85]. £uszczkiewicz claims that temples of St. Clare convents is of considerable vol- the block of the presbytery was built in 1332, whereas ume. In the former publications, unfortunately, the the aisles, on the basis of the vault analysis, were built issue of the stages of building the church was not set- even at the end of the fifteenth century [40, tled explicitly [11], [12, p. 28–36], [33], [34], [40], p. 174–178]. [41], [51], [52], [66], [73], and what is most important, 3 His information was also given in the Catalogue [26, p. 328], 2 The author mistakenly claims that Kinga held the office of which was described in the following way: “probably wooden”. abbess, p. 184. 4 See information about his topic on p. 4. The architecture of the church and cloister of nuns of the Order of St. Clare in Stary S¹cz 21 Fig. 2. Bird’s eye view of the monastery and interior viridarium in the enclosure building from clock tower (photo: O.M. Przyby³owicz) In the above mentioned document of the archbishop The pronoun ipsarum indicates a female gender, which Jakub Œwinka from May 1285 we can find some informa- means that the temple belonged to the nuns of the Order tion concerning the construction of a new temple and of St. Clare; this fact does not certainly exclude the pres- granting of 40 days of indulgence for the following peo- ence of Franciscans who took care of the nuns’ spiritual ple: [...] qui ad opus ecclesiae de novo ibidem construen- needs, they were their confessors, lectors, witnesses of dae, manum porrexerint adiutricem [32, v. III, no. 145]. legal activities and moreover, they were their attorneys in This information cannot only mean the continuation of the court. One of the Franciscan friars about whom we know temple construction but it can also refer to a new invest- from the documents (1312–1317) is Florian who is also ment – if we accept the existence of the original wooden known as an attorney5. building. The latter variant gives rise to a question about There are no sources either as to any other location of the place for the foundation of the wooden temple. A St. Clare nuns’ church than the location on the plot of land wooden church cannot have been built at the same place given by Kinga. What is more, at the end of the 13th cen- where the present stone-wall temple is situated. If it had tury we still do not have any well documented situation of been pulled down, nuns and friars – who lived in the the parish church in Stary S¹cz under the invocation of St. north-west part of town – would not have had any possi- Elizabeth which was built as a result of foundation of the bility to celebrate a service and say prayers according to town, but after several years from the foundation the the observance which constituted the essence of the con- church was destroyed by fire (it is not known to what templative way of life, especially for nuns.
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