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Life History of Podisus Maculiventris (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) Adult Females Under Different Constant Temperatures

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Life History of Podisus Maculiventris (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) Adult Females Under Different Constant Temperatures PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY Life History of Podisus maculiventris (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) Adult Females Under Different Constant Temperatures JESUSA CRISOSTOMO LEGASPI USDAÐARSÐCMAVE, Florida A&M UniversityCenter for Biological Control, 6383 Mahan Drive, Tallahassee, FL 32308 Environ. Entomol. 33(5): 1200Ð1206 (2004) ABSTRACT Life table analysis was performed on Podisus maculiventris (Say) adult females at constant temperatures of 16, 26, 30, and 36ЊC. Survivorship curves were linear type II, with steeper rates of decline at higher temperatures. Longevityat 16 ЊC (47.2 d) was signiÞcantlylonger than that at 26ЊC (14.3 d) or 30ЊC (12 d). Adults under the 36ЊC survived only4.9 d and laid no eggs. Percentage of eggs that hatched was relativelyconstant at Ϸ or about 40% at 16, 26, and 30ЊC. Numbers of egg clutches (ranging from 5.9 to 9.4), eggs per clutch (13.6Ð14.6), and eggs in the Þrst clutch (9.0Ð15.1) did not differ signiÞcantlyat these three temperatures. However, preoviposition period was signif- icantlylonger at 16 ЊC (20.3 d) than at 26ЊC (6.3 d) and 30ЊC (4.9 d). Number of eggs laid was related to bodyweight bythe equation E ϭϪ139.1 ϩ 3.49w, where E is number of eggs laid per female lifetime, and w is the weight of the predator female. Life table analysis of P. maculiventris female adults showed Њ that both net reproductive rate (R0) and gross reproductive rate (GRR) were highest at 26 C, estimated at 47.8 and 156.0 females per female, respectively. However, the shorter generation times at 30ЊC(T ϭ 42.2 d) resulted in higher values for the intrinsic rate of increase (r ϭ 0.09), the Þnite rate of increase (␭ ϭ 1.09), and doubling time (DT ϭ 7.7 d). Analysis of cumulative egg production suggests that 26ЊC maybe more suitable for maintaining colonies of P. maculiventris because of the sustained levels of egg production over a longer period, compared with the 30ЊC treatment. KEY WORDS Podisus maculiventris, life history, life table THE SPINED SOLDIER BUG, Podisus maculiventris (Say) predator, and how theymaybe affected bytemper- (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), is endemic throughout ature. North America and has been recorded in various Life table analysis is a standard ecological method crops, including soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr.; al- for estimating demographic parameters related to falfa, Medicago sativa L.; and corn, Zea mays L. P. population dynamics. Computational methods for maculiventris is a polyphagous predator known to feed constructing life tables and estimating keyreproduc- on Ͼ75 insect species (McPherson 1980, McPherson tive parameters date back several decades (Birch et al. 1982), several of which are important pests 1948). Numerous published examples illustrate the (Waddill and Shepard 1975, Lopez et al. 1976). A practical use of life table analyses (Maia et al. 2000). considerable bodyof knowledge has been developed More speciÞcally, life tables facilitate the analysis and on the effects of different feeding regimens on its life understanding of insect population dynamics and the history, its reproduction, and trade-offs that occur effects of external factors, such as biological control under both laboratoryand Þeld conditions (Legaspi agents (Wittmeyer and Coudron 2001). In this study, and OÕNeil 1993, Wiedenmann et al. 1996, Legaspi and I present life table analyses of P. maculiventris female Legaspi 1998). Research has included both theoretical adults under four constant temperatures using as prey aspects of predator search and functional response the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (L.) (Lep- (Wiedenmann and OÕNeil 1991, 1992), as well as prac- idoptera: Pyralidae). tical use of P. maculiventris in applied biological con- trol programs (OÕNeil et al. 1996, OÕNeil 1997). How- Materials and Methods ever, limited information exists on life tables of this Effects of Temperature on Survivorship and Lon- gevity. P. maculiventris used in the experiment were The use of trade, Þrm, or corporation names in this publication is obtained from a laboratorycolonyat USDAÐARSÐ for the information and convenience of the reader. Such use does not constitute an ofÞcial endorsement or approval bythe USDA or the CMAVE/Florida A&M UniversityCenter for Biolog- ARS of anyproduct or service to the exclusion of others that maybe ical Control in Tallahassee, FL. Newlyemerged to suitable. 3-d-old P. maculiventris adult females were placed October 2004 LEGASPI:LIFE HISTORY OF P. maculiventris 1201 Fig. 1. (A) Survivorship curve of adult P. maculiventris as affected bytemperature. (B) Effect of temperature on longevity (F ϭ 17.3; df ϭ 3, 36; R2 ϭ 0.59; P Ͻ 0.01). Different letters indicate means are signiÞcantlydifferent at P ϭ 0.05 (TukeyÕs HSD). individuallyinto petri dishes (15 cm in diameter) lined was placed into each dish for a period of 3Ð4 d each with Þlter paper, and starved for 24 h before the start week to permit mating. Numbers of eggs laid and P. of the experiment. Theywere then provided daily maculiventris females dying were recorded daily until with Þve fourth to Þfth instars of G. mellonella (Rain- all females had died. All egg masses were removed, bow Mealworms & Crickets Co., Compton, CA) as counted, and held until hatching at laboratoryambi- prey. The average weight of the prey was 321.96 Ϯ ent temperature of 24Ð25ЊC. Egg hatch occurred on 11.59 (SE) mg and the mean length was 2.62 Ϯ 0.05 average after 5 d. Numbers of eggs that hatched were (SE) cm. A water source consisted of a cotton ball recorded and percentage hatching was calculated. dipped in water and placed in a small dish (3.5 cm in Each petri dish containing a single female was con- diameter). Bodyweights were recorded at the start of sidered one replicate. Ten replicates were used for the experiment byusing a Sartorius analyticalbalance each of four temperatures: 16, 26, 30, and 36ЊC. Con- (model BP221S, Sartorius Corp., Edgewood, NY) with stant temperature conditions were maintained inside a precision of Ϯ0.0001 g, and weights were recorded ThermoForma model 3740 growth chambers (Ther- at 5-d intervals until death. A young male (5Ð10 d old) moForma, Marietta, OH) with a photoperiod of 14:10 1202 ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 33, no. 5 Fig. 2. (A) Effect of temperature (ЊC) on bodyweight (milligrams) of adult female P. maculiventris. (B) Final mean body weight (ϮSE) bytemperature ( F ϭ 4.35; df ϭ 3, 36; R2 ϭ 0.27; P ϭ 0.01). Means with different letters are signiÞcantlydifferent at P ϭ 0.05 (TukeyÕs HSD). (L:D) h and mean of 60% RH. Temperature and rel- n ative humidityinside each chamber were monitored ϭ ͸ R0 lxmx [1] byHOBO recorders (Onset Computer Corp., Bourne, xϭ0 MA). Life Table Calculations. Numerical methods for cal- where x is age group, lx is probabilityof surviving to culating life historyparameters maybe obtained from age x, mx is age-speciÞc fecundity, and n is the number standard biological texts (Southwood and Henderson of age groups. In this study, number of eggs laid at each 2000, Begon et al. 1990) and have been applied for age group was divided by2, to estimate number of eggs manyinsect species (Medeiros et al. 2000). The net that would result in females. This is probablya con- reproductive rate (R0) is the mean number of female servative estimate of female sex ratio, because Þeld progenyproduced bya single female during its mean studies suggest that natural populations are Ϸ65% fe- lifetime and was calculated as follows: male (Legaspi et al. 1996). The Gross reproductive October 2004 LEGASPI:LIFE HISTORY OF P. maculiventris 1203 rate (GRR), also expressed in units of number of females per female, was calculated as follows: n ϭ ͸ GRR mx [2] xϭ0 The generation time (T) is an estimate in days of the mean period between birth of the parents and that of the offspring and was calculated as follows: n T ϭ ͩ͸ xl m ͪͲ R [3] x x 0 xϭ0 An approximate estimate for the intrinsic rate of increase (r), expressed in numbers of females per Fig. 3. Total number of eggs laid as a function of adult female per day, was calculated as follows: female bodyweight E ϭϪ139.1 ϩ 3.49w, where E is number ͑ ͒ of eggs laid per female lifetime, and w is the weight of the ln R0 ϭ ϭ 2 ϭ Ͻ r ϭ [4] predator female (F 9.2; df 1, 28; R 0.25; P 0.01). T Dotted lines represent 95% CL. The Þnite rate of increase, also expressed in females Њ per female per day, was estimated as follows: its effect on longevityand development. At 16 C, body weight increases slowly, but at a sustained rate be- ␭ ϭ exp͑r͒ [5] cause survival is longest at this temperature (Fig. 2A). In contrast, bodyweight seems to increase at a higher Doubling time (DT) is the estimated time in days rate at 26ЊC and 30ЊC, but the increase is not sustained required for the population to double and was calcu- because individuals do not survive for as long at these lated as follows: temperatures. The slow and short duration increase in ln͑2͒ weight at 36ЊC indicates this temperature is too high DT ϭ [6] for P. maculiventris females to either survive or de- r velop for anysigniÞcant period. Mean bodyweight at Statistical Analyses. All statistical tests were per- 36ЊC is signiÞcantlylower than the other temperature formed using Systat 10 software (Systat Software, Inc., treatments because the females were not able to sur- Richmond, CA). The effects of temperature on lon- vive and develop at this temperature extreme (Fig. gevity, numbers of egg clutches, eggs per clutch, eggs 2B). in the Þrst clutch laid, preoviposition period, and per- The pooled data on numbers of eggs laid as a func- centage of egg hatch were analyzed using one-way tion of bodyweight shows that heavier females also lay analysis of variance.
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