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Small Science on Big Machines: Politics and Practices of Synchrotron Radiation Laboratories

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Small Science on Big Machines: Politics and Practices of Synchrotron Radiation Laboratories Small science on big machines: Politics and practices of synchrotron radiation laboratories Hallonsten, Olof 2009 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Hallonsten, O. (2009). Small science on big machines: Politics and practices of synchrotron radiation laboratories. 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LUND UNIVERSITY PO Box 117 221 00 Lund +46 46-222 00 00 Friends, you know who you are, you know I’m grateful Small science on big machines Small science on big machines Politics and practices of synchrotron radiation laboratories Olof Hallonsten Lund Studies in Research Policy 1 Research Policy Institute Lund 2009 Small science on big machines Politics and practices of synchrotron radiation laboratories Lund Studies in Research Policy 1 Research Policy Institute, Lund University, Sweden © 2009 Olof Hallonsten ISBN 978-91-628-7790-3 Cover image: Tove Lindström Printed by Media-Tryck AB, Lund, Sweden, June 2009 Contents Summaries in English, Swedish and Czech vi Introduction xi 1 * Shaping a laboratory 1 2 * The rise and fall of big physics 35 3 * Synchrotron radiation and synchrotron radiation laboratories 75 4 * Synchrotron radiation at Stanford – from parasitic to symbiotic and back 109 5 * MAX-lab – The laboratory that was never intended to be 155 6 * Bureaucracy and power at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility 207 7 * Politics and practices 255 Appendix: List of synchrotron radiation user facilities around the world 301 References 305 Index 333 Summary Synchrotron radiation laboratories are large scientific facilities where vari- ous scientific experiments are carried out by the use of radiation produced by particle accelerators. Research with synchrotron radiation emerged in the 1960s and 1970s as a peripheral activity at particle physics laboratories. It has since expanded and taken over facilities from particle physics, and developed specialized accelerators of its own, gradually becoming an important resource for a variety of scientific disciplines, foremost for different types of studies of materials on atomic and molecular level. This thesis is a study of the institu- tionalization of synchrotron radiation – its scientific and technological, but also political and sociological, development. Three case studies, chosen to complement each other, highlight different as- pects of this process. TheStanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource in Menlo Park, California, was a pioneering laboratory in the early days of synchrotron radiation. MAX-lab in Lund, Sweden, originated as a small scale university project and expanded gradually to become a national and international user facility. The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in Grenoble, France, is a multinational collaborative European project and one of the world’s largest synchrotron radiation laboratories. The analysis is organized around three themes: the changing dynamics of science, changes in science policy, and the identification of scientific entrepre- neurs – actors with particularly strong roles in the institutionalization. In re- cent decades, science has encountered increased demands for accountability and social and economic returns, resulting in disciplinary and organizational restructurings and internal sociological changes. These include the collectiv- ization of scientific research and the sophistication of scientific instrumenta- tion. The thesis identifiessynchrotron radiation laboratories as manifestations of these trends; they are a new type of ‘big science’, sustaining small scale sci- ence in various fields –small science on big machines. It is argued that both the laboratories and the scientific activities they host are particularly well adapted to the new social and political conditions. vi Sammanfattning på svenska Synkrotronljuslaboratorier är stora vetenskapliga anläggningar vid vilka olika typer av vetenskapliga experiment bedrivs genom utnyttjandet av strålning som produceras av partikelacceleratorer. Forskning med synkrotronljus startade som perifer verksamhet vid partikelfysiklaboratorier på 1960- och 70-talen och har sedan dess kraftigt expanderat, tagit över laboratorieresurser från partikelfysiken, och även utvecklat egna specialiserade acceleratorer. Synkrotronljus har gradvis blivit en viktig resurs på många vetenskapliga ämnesområden, främst för olika typer av studier av material på atomär och molekylär nivå. Denna avhandling är en studie av synkrotronljusets institutionalisering – dess vetenskapliga och tekniska, men också politiska och sociologiska, utveckling. Tre fallstudier, utvalda för att komplettera varandra, belyser olika aspek- ter av processen. Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource i Menlo Park, Kalifornien, var tidigt en föregångare inom forskning med synkrotronljus. MAX-lab i Lund, Sverige, började som ett småskaligt universitetsprojekt och har gradvis expanderat till en nationell och internationell användarfa- cilitet. European Synchrotron Radiation Facility i Grenoble, Frankrike, är ett multinationellt europeiskt samarbetsprojekt och ett av världens största synkrotronljuslaboratorier. Analysen är organiserad kring tre huvudteman: vetenskapens förändrade dynamik, forskningspolitiska förändringar, och betydelsen av vetenskapliga entreprenörer – aktörer med särskilt tydliga och viktiga roller i institutiona- liseringen. De senaste decennierna har allt större krav på produktivitet och samhällelig och ekonomisk nytta ställts på vetenskapen. Detta har medfört disciplinära och organisatoriska omstruktureringar och interna sociologiska förändringar, till exempel kollektivisering av vetenskapligt arbete och så kallad sofistikering av vetenskaplig instrumentation. Avhandlingen visar att synkro- tronljuslaboratorier tydligt manifesterar dessa trender, genom att de utgör en ny typ av ‘storforskning’ som i själva verket understöder småskalig forskning på olika områden – avhandlingens titel översätts följaktligen med småforsk- ning på stora maskiner. I avhandlingen framträder såväl laboratorierna som forskningen de står värd för som särskilt anpassade till vetenskapens nya so- ciala och politiska omständigheter. vii Souhrn v cestineˇ ˇ ˇ Synchrotronové radiační laboratoře jsou velká vědecká zařízení, v nichž jsou prováděny různé vědecké experimenty s použitím radiace vydávané částicovými akcelerátory. Výzkum synchrotronového záření začal v 60. a 70. letech jako okrajová aktivita v laboratořích fyziky částic. Od té doby došlo k jeho rozmachu, převzetí zařízení dříve se zabývajících fyzikou částic a k vývoji vlastních akcelerátorů; postupně se stal významným zdrojem poznání pro řadu vědeckých disciplin, v první řadě pro různé typy výzkumu materiálů na atomové a molekulární úrovni. Tato práce se zabývá zkoumáním institu- cionalizace výzkumu synchrotronového záření – jeho vědeckého a technolog- ického, ale také politického a sociologického vývoje. Tři případové studie, vybrané tak, aby se navzájem doplňovaly, osvětlují různé aspekty tohoto procesu. Laboratoř Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource ve městě Menlo Park, Kalifornie, byla v počátcích výzkumu syn- chrotronového záření průkopnickou laboratoří. Laboratoř MAX-lab v Lundu, Švédsko, vznikla jako universitní projekt malých rozměrů a postupně se rozšiřovala, až se stala zařízením vyhledávaným švédskými i zahraničními uživateli. European Synchrotron Radiation Facility v Grenoblu, Francie, je mnohonárodnostní projekt evropské spolupráce a jedna z největších světových synchrotronových laboratoří. Analýza je uspořádána do tří témat: měnící se dynamika vědy, změny ve vědecké politice a identifikace podnikatelů ve vědě – hráčů, kteří v institucio- nalizaci mají zvláště významnou úlohu. V posledních dekádách věda čelí zvýšeným požadavkům na odpovědnost a sociální a ekonomickou návrat- nost, vedoucí k restrukturalizaci disciplin a organizace a k interním socio- logickým změnám. K těm patří kolektivizace vědeckého výzkumu a sofistiko- vanost vědeckého vybavení. V této práci jsou identifikovány synchrotronové radiační laboratoře jako manifestace těchto trendů; jsou novým typem ‘velké vědy’ podporující v různých odvětvích vědu v malém měřítku – odtud název práce, který vysvětluje malou vědu na velkých strojích. Obhajuje myšlenku, že jak laboratoře, tak vědecké aktivity, které se v nich konají, jsou velmi dobře přizpůsobeny novým sociálním a politickým podmínkám. viii Thanks Ralf Nyholm – for endless patience and invaluable contributions. Ingolf Lindau; all MAX-lab, SSRL and ESRF staff; the SLAC archives and library; and everyone listed on pages 305-308 – for your kind hospitality, time and effort. Junichi Toyota – for
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