Using Big Science to Answer Big Questions
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Running Cures Blind Mice Exercise Combined with Visual Stimulation Helps to Quickly Restore Vision in Unused Eye
NATURE | NEWS Running cures blind mice Exercise combined with visual stimulation helps to quickly restore vision in unused eye. Simon Makin 27 June 2014 Tetra Images/Corbis Mice with 'lazy eye', a partial blindness caused by visual deprivation early in life, improved faster if they were exposed to visual stimuli while running on a treadmill. Running helps mice to recover from a type of blindness caused by sensory deprivation early in life, researchers report. The study, published on 26 June in eLife1, also illuminates processes underlying the brain’s ability to rewire itself in response to experience — a phenomenon known as plasticity, which neuroscientists believe is the basis of learning. More than 50 years ago, neurophysiologists David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel cracked the 'code' used to send information from the eyes to the brain. They also showed that the visual cortex develops properly only if it receives input from both eyes early in life. If one eye is deprived of sight during this ‘critical period’, the result is amblyopia, or ‘lazy eye’, a state of near blindness. This can happen to someone born with a droopy eyelid, cataract or other defect not corrected in time. If the eye is opened in adulthood, recovery can be slow and incomplete. In 2010, neuroscientists Christopher Niell and Michael Stryker, both at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), showed that running more than doubled the response of mice's visual cortex neurons to visual stimulation2 (see 'Neuroscience: Through the eyes of a mouse'). Stryker says that it is probably more important, and taxing, to keep track of the environment when navigating it at speed, and that lower responsiveness at rest may have evolved to conserve energy in less-demanding situations. -
Innovation from Big Science: Enhancing Big Science Impact Agenda
INNOVATION FROM BIG SCIENCE: ENHANCING BIG SCIENCE IMPACT AGENDA Erkko Autio, Imperial College Business School MARCH 2014 Innovation from Big Science: Enhancing Big Science Impact Agenda Contents Executive Summary.............................................................................................................. 4 Aims of the Study ............................................................................................................... 4 Findings ............................................................................................................................. 4 Big-Science Impact Agenda: Recommendations .................................................................... 5 Summary for Innovation ....................................................................................................... 7 Economic Impact of Big Science .......................................................................................... 7 Management and Governance Issues .................................................................................. 8 Case Study Evidence .......................................................................................................... 9 Research Agenda Going Forward ........................................................................................ 9 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 11 Big-Science Context .......................................................................................................... -
MAIN INJECTOR Photo by Reidar Hahn
FN EE RW MS I FERMILAB AU.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY LABORATORY SPECIAL ISSUE MAIN INJECTOR Photo by Reidar Hahn Volume 22 INSIDE: Tuesday, June 1, 1999 2 It Takes a Laboratory Number 11 6 Building the Main Injector f 8 Main Injector 10 On Time, On Budget 12 The Rundown on the Main Injector 14 The Science of Run II It Takes a Laboratory… by Sharon Butler Rome wasnÕt built in a day, and neither was the Main Injector. It took seven long years of planning, designing, estimating, calculating, budgeting, digging, razing, connecting, guiding, and finetuning to pull together the $260-million machine that will usher in a new era of particle physics at Fermilab. Needless to say, no one person took the project from dream to finish. Raising the Main Injector was the work of an army of Laboratory personnel Ñmanagers and technicians, secretaries and physicists, truckers and engineers. Space does not begin to allow us to name them all. Here are just a few. CIVIL CONSTRUCTION One was Dixon Bogert, associate head of the Beams Division, who oversaw the civil constructionÑthe excavation of the ground, the laying of the tunnel floor, the placement of one concrete block after another to create the two-mile tunnel for the Main Injector, the digging of cooling ponds, the building of a Photo by Reidar Hahn new substation, the creation of new service Dixon Bogert buildings. Working with Bogert were not only the contractors who handled the demolition and construction work but Fermilab workers who got their hands very dirty. More than 100 workers, for example, emptied out the magnets, pipes, cables, trays, buses, stands and radiofrequency modules from what is known as the F0 area of the old Main Ring so that the 638-foot tunnel space could be reconfigured to allow room for the new beamline from the Main Injector. -
The Minutes Were Approved
The Regents of the University of California COMMITTEE ON OVERSIGHT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY LABORATORIES November 20, 2014 The Committee on Oversight of the Department of Energy Laboratories met on the above date at UCSF–Mission Bay Conference Center, San Francisco. Members present: Regents Atkins, De La Peña, Kieffer, Newsom, Pattiz, Reiss, and Sherman; Ex officio members Napolitano and Varner; Advisory member Gilly In attendance: Regents Engelhorn, Island, Leong Clancy, Makarechian, Ortiz Oakley, Pérez, Ruiz, Saifuddin, and Torlakson, Regents-designate Davis, Gorman, and Oved, Faculty Representative Hare, Secretary and Chief of Staff Shaw, General Counsel Robinson, Chief Compliance and Audit Officer Vacca, Provost Dorr, Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer Brostrom, Senior Vice Presidents Dooley and Stobo, Vice Presidents Budil, Duckett, Lenz, and Sakaki, Chancellors Block, Blumenthal, Gillman, Hawgood, Katehi, Wilcox, and Yang, and Recording Secretary McCarthy The meeting convened at 11:15 a.m. with Committee Chair Pattiz presiding. He informed the Regents that Bret Knapp, recently Interim Director of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), former Principal Associate Director of the Los Alamos National Laboratory, and longtime UC employee, passed away November 18. Mr. Knapp was an exceptional leader and a renowned national expert in stockpile stewardship; his loss will be felt deeply. 1. APPROVAL OF MINUTES OF PREVIOUS MEETING Upon motion duly made and seconded, the minutes of the meeting of September 18, 2014 were approved. 2. UPDATE ON THE DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY LABORATORIES AND PRESENTATION ON LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ON A MISSION [Background material was provided to Regents in advance of the meeting, and a copy is on file in the Office of the Secretary and Chief of Staff.] Committee Chair Pattiz stated that on October 21 United States Secretary of Energy Moniz visited the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). -
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory Panel Session
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory F-Conf-93/‘282 Panel Session- Part I In Flux-Science Policy and the Social Structure of Big Laboratories, 1964-1979 Catherine Westfall Michigan State University CEBAF, Newport News, Virigina Fermilab History Collaboration, P.O. Box 500, Batauia, Illinois 60510 Panel Session-Part II Some Sociological Consequences of High Energy Physicists’ Development of the Standard Model, 1964-1979 Mark Bodnarczuk National Renewable Energy Laboratory The University of Chicago Fermilab History Collaboration, P.O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510 September 1993 To be published in the Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on the History of Particle Physics: the Rise of the Standard Model, SLAC, June 1992 $ Operated by Universities Research Association Inc. under Contract No. DE-ACW76CH030W wih the United States Department of Energy Dwclaimer This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Gouernment. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof: The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. -
How Little Science Became Big Science in the U.S.A. E
HOW LITTLE SCIENCE BECAME BIG SCIENCE IN THE U.S.A. E. Goldwasser To cite this version: E. Goldwasser. HOW LITTLE SCIENCE BECAME BIG SCIENCE IN THE U.S.A.. Journal de Physique Colloques, 1982, 43 (C8), pp.C8-345-C8-355. 10.1051/jphyscol:1982823. jpa-00222383 HAL Id: jpa-00222383 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00222383 Submitted on 1 Jan 1982 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE CoZZoque C8, suppZe'ment au no 12, Tome 43, de'cenzbre 1982 page C8-345 HOW LITTLE SCIENCE BECAME BIG SCIENCE IN THE UnSnAn E.L. Goldwasser University of IZZinois, 107 CobZe Road, 801 South Wright Street, Champaign, IL 61820, 1I.S.A. How did little science become big science in the U.S.A. during the past half century? That question is really only one of a perplexing set of related questions which are of concern to most of us. Others are: Can science, as we have known it, survive the evolution from "little" to "big"? Has the character of science been changed? If it has, has it changed for the better or for the worse? And what has happened and what will happen to the creative scientist in the world of large and expensibe facilities, equipment, research, and research groups? These are all questions with which many of us have been concerned. -
Open Source Silicon Microprobes for High Throughput Neural Recording
Open source silicon microprobes for high throughput neural recording Long Yang1,*, Kwang Lee1,*, Jomar Villagracia1 and Sotiris C. Masmanidis1 *Equal contribution Affiliations 1Department of Neurobiology and California Nanosystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. Address for correspondence Sotiris Masmanidis, 650 Charles E Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. E-mail: [email protected] ORCID numbers: Long Yang: 0000-0001-8317-8768 Kwang Lee: 0000-0002-2689-0350 Jomar Villagracia: 0000-0002-6920-1543 Sotiris C. Masmanidis: 0000-0002-8699-3335 Abstract Objective. Microfabricated multielectrode arrays are widely used for high throughput recording of extracellular neural activity, which is transforming our understanding of brain function in health and disease. Currently there is a plethora of electrode-based tools being developed at higher education and research institutions. However, taking such tools from the initial research and development phase to widespread adoption by the neuroscience community is often hindered by several obstacles. The objective of this work is to describe the development, application, and open dissemination of silicon microprobes for recording neural activity in vivo. Approach. We propose an open source dissemination platform as an alternative to commercialization. This framework promotes recording tools that are openly and inexpensively available to the community. The silicon microprobes are designed in house, but the fabrication and assembly processes are carried out by third party companies. This enables mass production, a key requirement for large-scale dissemination. Main results. We demonstrate the operation of silicon microprobes containing up to 256 electrodes in conjunction with optical fibers for optogenetic manipulations or fiber photometry. -
UC Irvine ICTS Publications
UC Irvine ICTS Publications Title Harnessing neuroplasticity for clinical applications. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8zc3z9zk Journal Brain : a journal of neurology, 134(Pt 6) ISSN 1460-2156 Authors Cramer, Steven C Sur, Mriganka Dobkin, Bruce H et al. Publication Date 2011-06-10 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California doi:10.1093/brain/awr039 Brain 2011: 134; 1591–1609 | 1591 BRAIN A JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY REVIEW ARTICLE Harnessing neuroplasticity for clinical applications Steven C. Cramer,1 Mriganka Sur,2 Bruce H. Dobkin,3 Charles O’Brien,4 Terence D. Sanger,5 John Q. Trojanowski,4 Judith M. Rumsey,6 Ramona Hicks,7 Judy Cameron,8 Daofen Chen,7 Wen G. Chen,9 Leonardo G. Cohen,7 Christopher deCharms,10 Charles J. Duffy,11 12 13 14 6 15 Guinevere F. Eden, Eberhard E. Fetz, Rosemarie Filart, Michelle Freund, Steven J. Grant, Downloaded from Suzanne Haber,11 Peter W. Kalivas,16 Bryan Kolb,17 Arthur F. Kramer,18 Minda Lynch,15 Helen S. Mayberg,19 Patrick S. McQuillen,20 Ralph Nitkin,21 Alvaro Pascual-Leone,22 Patricia Reuter-Lorenz,23 Nicholas Schiff,24 Anu Sharma,25 Lana Shekim,26 Michael Stryker,20 Edith V. Sullivan27 and Sophia Vinogradov20 http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/ 1 Departments of Neurology and Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92967, USA 2 Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA 3 Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA 4 Departments -
Agenda Final STP V2
Structural Plasticity in the Mammalian Brain Sunday March 21 3:00 pm Check-in 6:00 pm Reception 7:00 pm Dinner 8:00 pm Introduction and Welcome: Tobias Bonhoeffer 8:05 pm Session 1: Keynote Address Dmitri Chklovskii, Janelia Farm Research Campus/HHMI Does neuronal structure matter? 1 Structural Plasticity in the Mammalian Brain Monday March 22 7:30 am Breakfast 9:00 am Session 2: Development Chair: Yi Zuo 9:00 am Hollis Cline, The Scripps Research Institute Combined in vivo time-lapse imaging and serial EM construction reveals the relation between branch dynamics and synapse dynamics in vivo 9:30 am Jeff W. Lichtman, Harvard University Connectivity gradients in the developing neuromuscular system 10:00 am Barbara Chapman, University of California, Davis The role of neuronal activity in the development of connections in the visual system 10:30 am Break and Group Photo 11:00 am Session 3: Imaging functional plasticity Chair: Josh Trachtenberg 11:00 am David Fitzpatrick, Duke University Medical Center Experience-guided construction of cortical circuits: Visual motion and the development of direction selectivity 11:30 am Michael P. Stryker, University of California, San Francisco Plasticity in layer 2/3 of developing visual cortex 12:00 pm Axel Nimmerjahn, Stanford University Functional signaling and structural plasticity of glial networks 12:30 pm Lunch 1:00 pm Tour (optional) 2:15 pm Session 4: Structural plasticity and motor learning Chair: David Linden 2:15 pm Wenbiao Gan, New York University Stably-maintained dendritic spines support -
Neurons in the Mouse Deep Superior Colliculus Encode Orientation/Direction Through Suppression and Extract Selective Visual Features
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/092981; this version posted December 9, 2016. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Title: Neurons in the mouse deep superior colliculus encode orientation/direction through suppression and extract selective visual features Abbreviated title: Visual responses in the deep superior colliculus Authors: Shinya Ito1, David A. Feldheim2, Alan M. Litke1 1Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064 2Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064 Corresponding author: Shinya Ito, Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064, [email protected] Number of pages: 43 Number of figures: 8 Number of tables: 1 Number of multimedia: 0 Number of 3D models: 0 Number of words for Abstract: 249 Number of words for Introduction: 635 Number of words for Discussion: 1499 Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no competing financial interests. Acknowledgements: This work was supported by the Brain Research Seed Funding provided by UCSC and from the National Institutes of Health Grant NEI R21EYO26758 to D. A. F. and A. M. L. We thank Michael Stryker for training on the electrophysiology experiments and his very helpful comments on the manuscript, Sotiris Masmanidis for providing us with the silicon probes, Forest Martinez- McKinney and Serguei Kachiguin for their technical contributions to the silicon probe system, Jeremiah Tsyporin for taking an image of neural tissues and the training of mice, Jena Yamada, Anahit Hovhannisyan, Corinne Beier, and Sydney Weiser, for their helpful comments on the manuscript. -
Cult of the Machine” Than the Scientific Results
INSIGHTS | BOOKS Ernest Lawrence poses in front of Big Science a domed building designed to house Ernest Lawrence and the his 184-inch particle accelerator Invention That Launched the known as the cyclotron, c. 1950s. Military-Industrial Complex Michael Hiltzik Simon and Schuster, 2015. 549 pp. embarrassing flop. Instead of describing a new phenomenon that overturned the laws of physics, Lawrence instead broadcast to the world that the Radiation Laboratory couldn’t keep its samples clean. Lawrence’s problem, as diagnosed by his contemporaries, was that he was more in- terested in the “cult of the machine” than the scientific results. A French visitor once ridiculed the laboratory for having “a ma- nia for gadgets or a post-infantile fascina- tion for scientific meccano [sic] games.” The number of major discoveries that the HISTORY OF PHYSICS Radiation Laboratory ought to have stum- bled across, had it been watching for them, is a long one: The existence of the positron and the neutron were discovered during Cult of the machine on September 3, 2015 this time by using more modest tools and A major player in 20th-century physics, Ernest Lawrence staffs, for example, as were the phenomena of induced radioactivity and nuclear fission. helped usher in an era of big-budget research projects Yet the funding continued to pour in, in part because of what Lawrence would at By Alex Wellerstein tion of Big Science, in particular its deep his- one point dub “the vaudeville”—his ability torical connections to military research. to project boundless enthusiasm and confi- igh above the hills of the University What kind of scientist was Ernest Law- dence to nonscientific audiences. -
Michael Paul Stryker
BK-SFN-NEUROSCIENCE_V11-200147-Stryker.indd 372 6/19/20 2:19 PM Michael Paul Stryker BORN: Savannah, Georgia June 16, 1947 EDUCATION: Deep Springs College, Deep Springs, CA (1964–1966) University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, BA (1968) Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, PhD (1975) Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, Postdoctoral (1975–1978) APPOINTMENTS: Assistant Professor of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco (1978–1983) Associate Professor of Physiology, UCSF (1983–1987) Professor of Physiology, UCSF (1987–present) Visiting Professor of Human Anatomy, University of Oxford, England (1987–1988) Co-Director, Neuroscience Graduate Program, UCSF (1988–1994) Chairman, Department of Physiology, UCSF (1994–2005) Director, Markey Program in Biological Sciences, UCSF (1994–1996) William Francis Ganong Endowed Chair of Physiology, UCSF (1995–present) HONORS AND AWARDS (SELECTED): W. Alden Spencer Award, Columbia University (1990) Cattedra Galileiana (Galileo Galilei Chair) Scuola Normale Superiore, Italy (1993) Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (1999) Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2002) Member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences (2009) Pepose Vision Sciences Award, Brandeis University (2012) RPB Stein Innovator Award, Research to Prevent Blindness (2016) Krieg Cortical Kudos Discoverer Award from the Cajal Club (2018) Disney Award for Amblyopia Research, Research to Prevent Blindness (2020) Michael Stryker’s laboratory demonstrated the role of spontaneous neural activity as distinguished from visual experience in the prenatal and postnatal development of the central visual system. He and his students created influential and biologically realistic theoretical mathematical models of cortical development. He pioneered the use of the ferret for studies of the central visual system and used this species to delineate the role of neural activity in the development of orientation selectivity and cortical columns.