Name: ______Block: ____ Date: ____ Mrs. Stone

Study Guide: Chapter 11 Prentice Hall Biology

Directions: On a separate piece of paper, answer the following questions in complete sentences.

Section 11-1 1. Define genetics. 2. What type of plant did Mendel use in his studies? 3. Define fertilization. 4. What is self-pollination? 5. What does it mean to be true-breeding? 6. What is a trait? Give one example of a trait that Mendel studied.

7. Define P, F1 and F2 generations. 8. What are hybrids? 9. What are genes? 10. Define alleles. 11. What is the principal of dominance?

12. Look at figure 11-4, what proportion of the F2 plants had a trait controlled by a dominant allele? 13. What did Mendel conclude determines biological inheritance?

14. What did Mendel observe in the F2 generation? 15. Explain the concept of segregation. What is segregation, and what happens to alleles during segregation? 16. What is a gamete?

Section 11-2 17. Define probability. 18. What is the probability that a tossed coin will come up tails twice in a row? 19. What is the probability that a rolled die will land with 2 up? 20. Define Punnett square. 21. What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous? 22. Compare and contrast genotype and phenotype. 23. Look at figure 11-8. If you crossed the two plants pictured in figure 11-8, would their offspring be tall or short?

24. An F1 plant that is homozygous for shortness is crossed with a heterozygous F1 plant. What is the probability that a seed from the cross will produce a tall plant? Use a Punnett square to explain

your answer and compare the probable genetic variations in the F2 plants. 25. How are the principles of probability used to predict the outcomes of genetic crosses? 26. Imagine that you came upon a tall pea plant similar to those Mendel used in his experiments. How could you determine the plant’s genotype with respect to height? Draw two Punnett squares to show your answer. Name: ______Block: ____ Date: ____ Mrs. Stone Section 11-3 27. What is the principle of independent assortment? 28. Look at figure 11-9. How is the genotype of the offspring different from that of the homozygous dominant parent? 29. How did Mendel’s second experiment different from his first? 30. In your own words summarize the principles of genetics that Mendel helped to discover. 31. Define incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles and polygenic traits and give an example of each. 32. On a separate piece of paper, construct a genetics problem to be given as an assignment to a classmate. The problem must test incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, or polygenic traits. Your problem must have an answer key that includes all of your work (write your answer key on the back of your paper).

Section 11-4 33. What two things do Mendel’s principles of genetics require? 34. Review your notes: what is a chromosome? 35. What is a homologous chromosome? 36. How many chromosomes does a human body cell (somatic cell) have? A human sex cell (gamete)? 37. Compare and contrast haploid and diploid. 38. The book uses the symbol 2N to describe a diploid cell. Explain why. 39. Define meiosis. 40. What is the result of meiosis? 41. Define tetrad. 42. What is the importance of crossing-over? 43. How does meiosis I differ from mitosis? 44. Draw a cell with a diploid number of 6. Draw and label that cell going through each step of meiosis. Make sure that the appropriate number of chromosomes are in each step. 45. Compare and contrast meiosis in males and females. 46. Compare and contrast the overall processes of meiosis and mitosis. 47. What are some ways that genetic shuffling occurs in meiosis and when do those events occur in meiosis? 48. In asexual reproduction, mitosis occurs but not meiosis. Which type of reproduction, sexual or asexual, results in offspring with greater genetic variation? Explain your answer.