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Vol. 10 No. 1 Mar. 1995 Sect 3 Page 39 This article was downloaded by: [The Library, University of Witwatersrand] On: 26 September 2013, At: 08:10 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Disability & Society Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cdso20 From Self-help to Charity in Disability Service: the Jairos Jiri Association in Zimbabwe PATRICK DEVLIEGER Published online: 16 Jul 2010. To cite this article: PATRICK DEVLIEGER (1995) From Self-help to Charity in Disability Service: the Jairos Jiri Association in Zimbabwe, Disability & Society, 10:1, 39-48, DOI: 10.1080/09687599550023714 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09687599550023714 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/page/ terms-and-conditions Disability &Society, Vol.1 0,No.1 ,1995 39 FromSelf-helptoCharityin DisabilityService:theJairosJiri AssociationinZimbabwe PATRICKDEVLIEGER University ofIllino is atUrbana-Champaign, USA ABSTRACT Intoday’sZimbabwe,anextendednetwork ofinstitutions whichserv epersonswith disabilitiesare th elegacy of Jairos Jiri, one of thegreatestA fricanph ilanthropists. Starteda s apersonalinitiativeto helpA fricans withd isabilities, it becamepart of alarger self-help movement in colonialRhodesia.T hism ovement wascha racterizedbytheid eato establish independent African-controlledschools a ndb lack-run businessventur esin aneffortto uplift Africans. Jiri’sactivitiessta rteda searly as1945but gainedm omentum intheearly 1950swith theestablishment ofaleathershopfollow edb yinstitutionalexpansion all overthecountry.The period19 50±60is ch aracterizedby Ja iros Jiri’seffortto buildA fricanconsciousnessandthe solicitation of ®nancialsupport for Africansw ithdisa bilities.In thisproces s, the® nancial contributions from non-Africansandfrom overseas, institutionalexpansion,andtheid eain the 1960thatpoliticalcontrol would uplift AfricansovershadowedJiri’ sself-help philosophy. Inthe 1980sand1 990s, disability advocatesportrayedthe A ssociation intermsofcharity ratherth an self-helpth us underestimating theliberating role Jairos Jiri playedprior to independence. This articlecha llenges theassumption thattheJairos Jiri Association ism erely aninstitutional effort, devoidof thelibera ting philosophy of thedisability movement. Introduction Manypeople in Zimbabwespontaneously linkthethoughtofhandicap ordisability to`Jairo sJiri’.This indicatesth at then ameofthefounder ofw hat becamea movementis muchp art ofZimbabweanp ublic discourse.In contrast, professionals andadvocatesrec ognize andsometimescritic ize Jairos Jiri asan `institutional’ effort Downloaded by [The Library, University of Witwatersrand] at 08:10 26 September 2013 which favors an attitudeofcharity aso pposedtothe m uchyo unger disability movementwhich advocatesan integrated community-basedapp roach.R eferringto JairosJiri, it wasre cently statedby adisabilityadvocate that the`ro le ofin stitutions is toh elp usbycontrollingus,n otliberatingusfromall that holdsusdown’ (Charlton,1993). Suchstatementsre ¯ectan enormousdigressionfro m`self-help’, theideathat people with disabilitiesdothings forthemselvesandare self-suf®c ient contributorsto th eir communities,thevery foundation ofJairosJiri’ smovement. In this article,I explore theevolutionfromself-help toc harity. My®ndings are forthemostp art basedon n ewspaperarticleswhich appearedbetween1950± 60 in 0968-7599/95/010039-10 Ó 1995 JournalsOxford Ltd 40 P.Devlieger the Bantu Mirror .First, Iconsider thec harismaofthe m an JairosJiri. Second,I outline theidea ofself-h elp in thec olonial context.T hird, Iinterpret theshift from self-help toch arity bylookingat thein terfacebetweenself-help, raceandinstitu- tional development. Jairos Jiri Theb eginnings ofthe Jairo sJiri movementcould hardly bedescribedwithoutalso givingcredit tothe charis maofthem an.Virtually uneducatedan donly havingheld several menial jobs,th epitifulsight ofthe`cripple sandblindpersonshesaw go a-beggingin Bulawayo fromstore tos tore tobe give namorseloffoodandat other timesto be kick edaw ay likeunwanteddogs’[1] perhaps precipitatedJairo sJiri’ s interestin thep light ofthe sep eople.A bouthis motives,hesaid `It wasa pain Ifelt in mychestw henIsawth esep eople andit becameworseevery timeIsawan other’ (Farquhar, 1987, p.18). JairosJiri’suniquepersonality characteristics contributedmuchto his success. The® rst,u ndoubtedly, wasa great amountofstu bbornness.D espiteon going dif® culties,® nancial asw ell asprob lemsoflo yalty in thefo rmation oftheo rganiza- tion,Jiri stubbornly continuedtod owhat hethought hehad tod o.T heothertrait washis ability tore ach outtoau diencesandgain support, which hesuccessfully usedas a fund-raiser for theo rganization.Moreover, noimmediate personal gain resultedfromJiri’sactivities.T othecontrary, his biographyreveals that JairosJiri’ s attachmenttohis activitiesresultedin several divorcesandthat hen everenriched his family (Farquhar, 1987). Becauseof this lack ofs eekingpersonal advantage he wasd escribedby onejournalist asthe `the u nassumingandunknightedgallan tof Southern Rhodesia’ [2]. Othersd escribedhim asth econtinent’smostfam ous African philanthropist (Iliffe, 1987). Self-help Asan initiative forAfricansbyAfricans,the Jairo sJiri activitiesbecamepart ofa larger movementofself-help in thecolonial context ofthe1950 s.T hemovement wasm ostly characterized bythedevelopmentofind ependentAfrican-controlled institutionsandservices,esp ecially in the® eldo feducation.TheN yatsimeCollege scheme,conceivedb yStanlake Samkange,is an example ofthemostsuccessfuland ambitiouseducational project(W est,1990). Theration ale for suchd evelopment Downloaded by [The Library, University of Witwatersrand] at 08:10 26 September 2013 centeredo nelevatingAfricanseconomically. Only after the1960s would political control becomeacondition forAfrican independence. Theideaofself-h elp applied equally in the® eldof philan thropy. Philanthropy is understoodhereas the goo dnessonepersondoesto an other personw ithout assuminganydirectgain.This more inclusive de®n ition mustbedistinguishedfrom amore narrowde®nition which stressesuponth ebuildingandsupportingofa ®nancial andadministrative systemin support ofphilanthropic activities.Jairos Jiri wassu ccessfulin both interpretationsandhis movementthusformedanotable exception in thetrendofself-help initiativesin philanthropy. West(1990) notesthat FromSelf-h elpto C harity 41 attemptsto ® nancepro jectsof a philanthropic nature were generally more notable fortheir attemptsthan for what theyactually accomplishedfo rtworeasons:(a) the generally lowdisposable incomesof A fricans,an d(b) then on-existenceo fa non-kinship philanthropic traditionamongAfricansin SouthernR hodesia.Jairos Jiri built his movementonexten sive kinship networks andobtainedthevo luntary cooperationofpe ople suchasa basketmakerandacobbler who helpedtrain the people with disabilitieswhomJairos Jiri wantedto he lp (seeF arquhar 1987, p.23). Referringtoself-h elp,theJiri movementp laceditself within thefram eof political dependence.A letter tothe C hief Native Commissioner reads:`T he South-Rhodesian Governmenthas donetremendouswork fortheAfrican in many ways.Toshowappreciationandgratitudeforthis work, Ifeelthe A frican himself at this stage mustd osomethingin thew ay ofhe lpinghimself andthusrelievingthe Government,by ahundredth ofth egoodw ork theyhave sofar done,are doingat presentandwill doin future fortheblack man’[3]. Asan African philanthropic initiative forpersonswith disabilitiesrelyingonthe idea ofs elf-help,theJairos Jiri Associationmeta favorable colonial climate.T he depressiono fthe1930s andthepolitical urgency fromriots in theWestIndiesled tothe establ ishmentofaSocial Welfare Committeecolonial of®ce bythelate 1930s. PatternedalongSouth African lines,the d evelopmentofsocial welfare servicesin Southern Rhodesia limiteds ervicesto n on-Africans.A nideology ofcommunity developmentreplacedthesoc ial welfare motif in the1940s. Britishadministratorsin Africa promotedthis idea toen courage untrainedA frican initiative rather than dependontrainedpro fessionalEuropeansoc ial workers.It was`constructive’ rather than `remedial’,active andvigo rousrather than patientandgradual
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