Part II the LIST of BIRDS of COLOMBIA Order TINAMIFORMES

Home , Crypturellus, Malpelo Island

R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 343

Part II

THE LIST OF BIRDS OF COLOMBIA

Order TINAMIFORMES

Family TINAMIDAE - THE TINAMOUS

Key

A. Hind part of tarsus rough . a B. Hind part of tarsus smooth . b

a. Hind part of tarsus very rough and prickly. Hind part of tarsus lumpy...... 3

1. GEneral plumage grey .... 'I'iruuruis tao General plumage brown. 2

2. Wing over 200 mrn .... T'ituimus major Wing under 200 mm . T'inamus ituttatus

3. General plumage brown, throat whte . Nothocercus julius General plumage brown, throat cinnamon. Nothocercus bonapartei

b. Wing over 160 mm ·····.······· 4 Wing under 160 mrn . 10

4. Plumage .ashy grey or blackish .... 5 Plumage for the most part some shade of brown . 6

5. Plumage uniform ashy brown, crown and hind neck tinged rufous . Crippturellus cinereus cinereus Plumage uniform blackish ashy brown, crown and hind neck blackish . Crupturellus einereus berlepschi 6. Upper parts broadly barred...... 7 Upper parts unbarred, or vermiculated. . . 8 344 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N9 22

7. Back barred rufous-brown and white, throat white . Crypturellus columbianus Back barred rufous and black, throat grey . Crypturellus kerriae '2 Lower back barred black and buffy white . Crypturellus idoneus

8. Throat white . Crypturellus utuiulatus Throat grey . . 9

9. Dorsal surface bright chestnut . Crypturellus obsoletus Dorsal surface dark vinaceous-brown .. Crypturellus kerriae ~;

10. Upper surface banded . Crypturellus variegatus Upper surface not banded, plain or slightly vermiculated . Crypturellus soui

Tinamus tao septentrionalis Brabourne and Chubb NORTHERN GREY TINAMOU Ann. Mag. Nat. Rist., (8), 12, p. 578, 1913 (Cumana, Venezuela). Range oj the species.-From British Guaiana to Colombia and southward to Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Known from "Bogota" collections, and by a single specimen from San Antonio, SUbtropical Zone of the eastern slope of the western Andes. The bird from the latter locality is only tentatively referred to this race. [British Guiana, northern Venezuela.]

~. Tinamus major zuliensis Osgood and Conover ZULIA TIN AMOU Field Mus. Nat. Rist., Zool. Ser., 12, p. 24, 1922 (Rio Cogollo, Pertja, Venezuela). Range oj the species.-From southeastern Mexico southward to M8,ttO Grosso and northern Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of the Santa Marta region (Valpa- raiso, Cacagualtto, La Tigrera, Las Vegas, Pueblo Viejo). [Venezuela north oj the Orinoco, and eastward to the rio Caura.]

'" Tinamus major saturatus Griscom SATURATED TINAMOU Bull. Mus. Compo Zool., 69, pp. 150, 152, 1929 (Cana, Darien, Panama) . COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of northwestern Colombia eastward to the middle Magdalena Valley (rio Jurad6, rio Truand6, rio Salaqui, Mur indo: "Medellin", Puerto Valdivia, Remedios). [Eastern Panama.]

.:. Tinamus major latifrons Salvadori ECU ADORIAN TIN AMOU Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 506, 1895 (Balzar, western Ecuador). COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of western Colombia from the Baudo Mts. and the headwaters of the rio Atrato, southward through Narifio

" Asterisk before scientific name dena 2S C:lombian specimens In the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 345

(Alto del Buey 900 m., Baudo, rio Andagueda Malaguita La Costa Munchique, rio Mechengue; Barbacoas). [Western Ecuador.] ,

* Tinamus major ruficeps Sclater and Salvin RUFOUS-CROWNED TINAMOU Nomencl. Av. Neotrop., PP. 152, 162, 1873 (Rio Napo, Ecuador). COLOMBIA.-TroiJical Zone. The Caqueta region of southeastern Colombia (Morelia). [Eastern Ecuador, eastern Peru.]

:~ Tinamus guttatus Pelzeln WHITE-THROATED TINAMOU Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wein, 13, pp. 1126, 1128, 1863 (Borba, rio Madeira, Brazil). Range of the species.-From southeastern Colombia and south- western Venezuela southward to northern Bolivia, and through Ama- zonia to Para. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of southeastern Colombia (Morelia).

* Nothocereus bonapartei bonapartei (G. R. Gray) BONAPARTE'S TINAMOU Tinamus bonapartei, List Spec. Bds. Brit. MUS., 5, p. 97, 1867 (Valley of Aragua, Venezuela). Range of the species.-Costa Rica southward to western Venezuela and eastern Ecuador. COLOMBIA.-Subtropical Zone, mostly between 1500 and 1800 m., of the Eastern and Central Andes, southward to the headwaters of the Magdalena (Sierra Negra, Sierra de Perij a, "Bogota", Aguadita, "rio Naya", Andalucia: La Palma, EI Isno, La Plata). [Western Ve- nezuela.]

Notllocerclls bonapartei discrepans Friedmann FRIEDMANN'S TINAMOU Caldasia, 4, no. 20, p. 472, Sept. 1, 1947 (Melgar, 430 m., Tolima, colombi.a) . COLOMBIA.-The Tropical Zone at both the east and west bases of the Eastern Andes (Villavicencio; Melgar). Dr. Friedmann kindly compared my specimen from EI Isno with his specimens of discrepans and states that it belongs to typical bonapartei .

.., Nothocercus bonapartei intercedens Salvadori ANTIOQUIA TIN AM au Cat. Bds. Brit. MUS., 27, p. 513, 1895 (Frontino, Antioquia, Co- lumbia) . COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical and Subtropical Zones ~f both slopes of the western Andes from Frontino southward to the no Mechengue 346 CALDASIA, VOL. V, NQ 22

(Frontino, Concordia, Pueblorrico, La Selva, San Antonio 1980 m., Munchique, La Costa, rio Munchique, rio Mechengue 1000 m.).

':'Nothocercus julius julius (Bonaparte) VERREAUX'S TINAMOU Tinamus julius, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 38, p. 663, 1854 (Colombia) . Range of the species.-Western Colombia to western Venezuela southward to eastern Ecuador. COLOMBIA.-Temperate and Subtropical Zones of both slopes of the Eastern and Central Andes ("Bogota", above Choachi 2600-2800 m.; Toche 2200 m., Laguneta 3090 m., Almaguer). [Ecuador.] Nothocercus julius venezuelensis Cory probably occurs in eastern Norte de Santander (Paramo de 'I'arna on the Venezuelan border).

Nothocercus julius fuscipennis Chapman DUSKY-WINGED TINAMOU

Amer. Mus. Novit., 18, p. 1, 1921 (Western Andes of Colombia, west of Popayan) . COLOMBIA.-Known only from the Subtropical and Temperate Zones of the Western Andes (San Antonio, El Tambo 1700 m., Saba- neta, Andes west of Popayan 3100 m., Munchique).

Crypturellus cinereus cinereus (Gmelin) CINEREUS TINAMOU Tetrao cinereus, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 768, 1789 (Cayenne). Range of the species.-From the Guianas west to the base of the East Colombian Andes and south through Amazonia to Peru and northern Bolivia. Western Colombia, western Ecuador. • COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone east of the Eastern Andes (Barrig6n, Ma.ipures; Morella, Tres Esquinas). [Range at the species east at the Andes.] '.' Crypturellus cinereus berlepschi (Rothschild) BERLEPSCH'S TINAMOU Crypturus berlepschi, Bull. Brit. Om. Cl., 7, p. v, 1897 (Cachavi, western Ecuador). COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone west of the Western Andes from the Baudo Mts. southward (Upper rio Baudo 450 m., Pizarro, N6vita, Po- ted6; Barbacoas). [Western Ecuador.] Addi tional records: rio Anchicaya 900 m

Crypturellus soui mustelinus (Bangs) SANTA MARTA PILEATED TINAMOU Crypturus soui musteiinus, Proc. BioI. Soc. Wash., 18, p. 151, 1905 (Mountains near Santa Marta, Colombia). Range at the species.-From Oaxaca and Vera Cruz, Mexico, southward through Central America to Bolivia and southern' Brazil. The island of Trinidad and the Pearl Islands. R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA

COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of northern and northeastern Colom- bia and the eastern slope of the northern section of the Eastern Andes In Norte de Santander and Boyaca (Donama, Pueblo Viejo Minca, Bonda, Cincinnati, Riofrio, Vista de Nieve, Don Diego; Los Peridales: Gramalote 1020 m., Palmar). [Extreme northwestern Venezuela.]

Crypturellus soui soui (Hermann) PILEATED TINAMOU

Tinamus soui, Tab. AfL Anim., p. 165, 1783 (Cayenne). COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone east of the Eastern Andes in Meta and Vaupes (Villavicencio; Mitu) . [Venezuela to the Guianas and south to the rio Solimoes.]

'.' Crypturellus soui harterti (Brabourne and Chubb) HARTERT'S PILEATED TINAMOU Crypturus soui harterti, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (8), 14, p. 321, 1914 (Vaqueria western Ecuador). COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone west of the Western Andes. Not yet recorded from Narifio (Bautata, Jurad6, Dabeiba, Poted6, Jimenez, "Heights of Caldas"). [Eastern Panama, western Ecuador.]

Crypturellus soui caucae (Chapman) CAUCA PILEATED TINAMOU

Crypturus soui caucae, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 31, p. 141, 1912 (San Antonio, western Andes of Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Tropical and lower Subtropical Zones of the Siriu, middle Magdalena, and Cauca Valleys and the west slope of the western Andes in the region about Lomitas (Fusagasuga, EI Tambor, La Palmita; Malena, Medellin, Puerto Valdivia; Jaraquiel; Riofrio, Yumbo, Lomitas, San Antonio 2000 m., Guabas). Additional records.-Palestina (Caldas) 1800 m.

"- Crypturellus soui caquetae (Chapman) CAQUETA PILEATED TINAMOU

Crypturus soui caquetae, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 34, p. 635, 1915 (Florencia, Caqueta, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Known only from the Caqueta region (Florencia, Mo- relia) . More material of both caucae and caquetae is needed to settle their status. Conover points out that birds from the Cauca and Magdalena Valleys may not be the same.

Crypturellus obsoletus castaneus (Sclater) CHESTNUT-BROWN TINAMOU Tinamus castaneus, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, "1857", 1858, p',277 ("Bogota"). .. .' 348 CALDASIA, VOL. V, Nv 22

Range oj the species.-Southeastern Brazil to northern Bolivia, northward to eastern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela. COLOMBIA.-? Tropical Zone east of the Eastern Andes ("Bo- gota"). [Tropical Zone oj eastern Ecuador and northern Peru.] In Peru a specimen is recorded from as high as 2200 m.

',' Crypturellus undulatus yapura (Spix) Y APURA BANDED TINAMOU Pezus yapura, Av. Spec. Nov. Bras., 2, p, 62, pl. 78, 1825 (Rio Yapura and rio Solimoes, Brazil). Range oj the species.-From eastern Colombia and British Guiana south to Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina, COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone from the eastern base of the Eastern Andes to the Amazon (? Villavicencio; Morelia, Tres Esquinas; Lore- toyacu; "Bogota"). [Eastern Ecuador, eastern Peru and western Brazil.]

'.' Crypturellus variegatus variegatus (Gmelin) VARIEGATED TINAMOU Tetrao variegatus, Syst. Nat., 1, (2), p. 768, 1789 (Cayenne). Range oj the species.-From the Guianas and southeastern Co- lombia to southeastern Brazil and Matta Grosso. COLOMBIA.-The Caqueta region (Morelia). [The Guianas and the Orinoco basin to Colombia, southward to southern Brazil, the rio Madeira and Matto Grosso.] Crypturellus, idoneus (Todd) SANTA MARTA TINAMOU Crypturus idoneus, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 32. n, 117, 1919 (Bon- da, Santa Marta region, Colombia). Range oj the species.-Northern Colombia and adjoining parts of Venezuela. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of northern Colombia (Bonda, Rio- frio; Los Pendales; sight records from Molinero, Juanmina, Pone- dera, and Martillo, Atlantico ) .

Crypturellus columbian us (Salvadori) COLOMBIAN TINAMOU

Crypturus columbianus, Cat. Bds. Brit. Mus., 27, p. 545, 1895 (Nechi, Antioquia, Colombia). Range oj the species.-Northern Colombia. COLOMBIA.-Known only from a single specimen from the type locality in the rio Nechi valley.

,~ Crypturellus kerriae (Chapman) BAUDO TINAMOU Crypturus kerriae , Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Rist., 34, p. 636, 1915 (Baudo Mts., Choco, Colombia). ______r._,. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 349

Range ot the species.-Western Colombia. COLOMBIA.-Known from a male and a female from the lower slopes of the Baudo Mts. Tropical Zone, (Baudo Mts., rio Baud6 450 m.).

Order COLYMBIFORMES

Family COLYMBIDAE - THE GREBES

Key

A. Under surface immaculate white , . 1 B. Under surface mottled rusty or grey and white. 3 1. With orange-buff-colored plumes on the sides of the held , " . Colymbus niqricollis (breeding plumag With Jut orange-buff p umes on sides of head. 2

2. Above greyish brown, a distinct black area on hind crown . Colymbus cccipitalis Above greyish brown, no black area on hind crown . , . Colymbus nigricollis (non- breeding plumage) 3. W ng about 90-100 mm., its under surface white, tip of bill straight ...... Poliocephalus dominicus Wing about 120-130 mm., its under surface greyish brown, tip of bill decurved , Podilymbus podiceps '.' Poliocephalus dominicus speciosus (Lynch-Arrtbalzaga) SHORT-BILLED GREBE Podiceps speciosus, La Ley, Buenos Aires, JUly 1877, p. 1 (Bar a- dero, Buenos Aires, Argentina). Range ot the species.-Southern United States, southward through tropical South America. COLOMBIA.-Tropical, occasionally Subtropical Zones (Cienaga ; La Pefia, Luruaco, Sabanillita; Laguna de Pedropalo 2010 m.; Cali, Juanchito, Jamundi, Popayari, Antioquia; Belen). [Tropical South America.]

',' Colymbus occipitalis juninensis (Berlepsch and Stolzmann) JUNIN GREBE

Podiceps catliptiraeus [uninensis, Ibis, 1894, p. 112 (Lake Junin, Peru) . Range oj the species.-Colombia, south to Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Islands. COLOMBIA.-Recorded from the Temperate and lower Paramo Zones of Cauca and Narifio (Purace; Cumbal 3600 m., breeding). [The Andes southward to Bolivia, northern Chile, and northwestern Argentina.] 350 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N° 22

'.' Colymbus nigricollis californicus (Heermann) AMERICAN EARED GREBE Podiceps calitornicus, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 7, p. 179, 1854 (California). Range ot the species.-Europe, Asia, Africa and America. COLOMBIA.-? Winter resident. Recorded from the Eastern Andes during August (27), November, December, February, and April (9) (Laguna de La Herrera, Lago de Tota 3015 m., Sabana de Bogota, Laguna de Fuquene, rio Mufia at the extreme south of the Sabana de Bogota). [Breeds in western North America jrom. northern Canada to southern California and eastward to Arizona and Iowa. Winters irom central California to Guatemala and Colombia.]

.., Podilymbus podiceps antarcticus (Lesson) SOUTHERN PIED-BILLED GREBE Potiiceps antarcticus, Rev. ZooL, 1842, p. 209 (Valparaiso, Chile). Range ot the species.-From Canada south to Chile and Argentina. COLOMBIA.-Tropical to Temperate Zones (rio Jurubida, Ja- mundi, Cali; Laguna de La Herrera, Lago de Tota 3015 m.) . [South America].

Order PROCELLARIIFORMES

Families PROCELLARIIDAE and HYDROBATIDAE

, Key

A. Wing over 140 mm .. a B. Wing under 140 mm ··· b

a. Entire plumage sooty black, wing 326-359 mm. . . Procellaria parkinsoni Entire plumage scoty grey, under surface paler than back, wing 265-318 mm...... Pujjinus griseus Above sooty black, belly blackish brown, wing 157-177 mm · ··· ·· Loomelania melania

b. Sooty black, upper tail coverts white, tail forked Oceanodroma tethys Sooty black, upper tail coverts black, tail wedge shaped...... Halocyptena microsoma

Family PROCELLARIIDAE-THE SHEARWATERS AND FULMARS

Procellaria parkinsoni G. R. Gray PARKINSON'S PETREL Ibis, 1862, p. 245 (New Zealand). Range 01 the species.-Widespread in the southern Pacific. COLOMBIA A .rugrant which has been collected off. the coast of R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 351

northwestern Ecuador near Colomma and probaoiy occurs off the Narifio coast. [Breeds m Neu: Zealana.]

Puffin us grise us (Gmelin) SOOTY SHEARWATER

Procellaria grisea, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. 2, p. 564, 1789 (New Zealand). Range ot the species.-Breeds in the southern Pacttic (Chile, New Zealand, etc.), and in the Falkland Islands. Found i)"lsummer in the North Atlantic and North Pacific north to the Arctic Circle. COLOMBIA.-Transient. Recorded from the Choco coast (Octavia Rocks, May 18). Murphy states" ... there is neither a localrty nor a season in which their passing bands have not been sighted h"tween Panama and the southern tip of the continent". (Oceanic Bds. South Am., 2, p. 667, 1936) .

Family HYDR0BATIDAE - THE STORM PETRELS

Oceanodroma tethys kelsalli (Lowe) PERUVIAN STORM PETREL Thalassidroma tethys kelsalli, Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 46, P. 6, 1925 (Pescadores Island, off Ancon, Peru). Range ot the species.- The Galapagos Islands to Lower California. Peru to the Pacific coast of Colombia and perhaps Panama. COLOMBIA.-·Migrant to the Choc6 coast (off Punta Cruces, March 9). [Breeds on islands ott the Peruvian coast.]

Loomelania melania (Bonaparte) BLACK PETREL Procellaria melania, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 38, p. 622, 1854 (Coast of California). Range ot the species.-Breeds on the islands off Lower California; migrates southward to northern Peru. COLOMBIA.-Migrant to the Pacific coast, September to March.

Halocyptena microsoma Coues LEAST PETREL Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 16, p. 79, 1864 (San Jose del Cabo, Lower California). Range ot the species.-Breeds on San Benito Island off the Pacific coast of Lower California from JUly to September. Migrates in winter southward to Ecuador. COLOMBIA.-Migrant to the Choc6 coast (Octavia Rocks, March 8). 352 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N9 22

Order PELECANIFOR'MES

Family PHAETHONTIDAE - THE TROPIC-BIRDS

Phaethon aethereus mesonauta Peters CARIBBEAN RED-BILLED TROPIC-BIRD Occ. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 5, p. 261, 1930 (Swan Key, AI- mirante Bay, Panama). Range of the species.-Tropical and subtropical Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. COLOMBIA.-Malpelo Island. [Subtropical North Atlantic Ocean to the Cape. Verde Is., the Caribbean Sea, and the eastern Pacific [rom. the Gulf Of California to the Galapagos Is. and the coast of Peru.]

Dugand records Phaethon tepturuscatesbui Brandt off the Colom- bian coast about 100 km. west of Cartagena. This is a sight record which Dugand feels not to be positive. Lepiurus should occur, however, off the Caribbean coast of Colombia. - Tropic birds can be told from other sea birds, when in full plumage, by the slender and greatly elongated middle tail feathers. Adult of the two species may be distinguished by the color of the back, which in lepturus is pure white, and in aethereus white finely barred with black. The young of lepturus is much like the adult of aethereus, but distinguishable by the smaller bill (under 50 mm. instead, of over 60 mm.).

Family PELECANIDAE - THE PELICANS

Key

A. Most of top of head and sides of neck bordering throat pOUCh, white; rest of neck chestnut brown __...... Pelecanus occuientalis (ad.) B. General plumage brownish grey, head with a flattened crest '" ...... Pelecanus occidentalis (imm.)

Pelecanus occidentalis carolinensis Gmelin BROWN PELICAN Syst. Nat., 1, pt. 2, p. 571, 1789 (Charleston Harbor, South Ca- rolina) . Range of the species.-Pacific and southern Atlantic coast of North America, south to the Caribbean on the east and Chile on the west. COLOMBIA.-Caribbean coast (Riohacha, Buritaca, Gaira, Pozos Colorados, Cienaga, Bocas de Ceniza, La Playa, Puerto Colombia; R. )VI. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 353

sight records from Cartagena, Galerazamba, Salgar, and the lower Magdalena River at El Paraiso and Laguna de Guajaro) . [Atlantic coast of North America and the Caribbean.] The nominate race, P. o. occidentalis, undoubtedly also occurs on the Caribbean coast of Colombia, at least in the Guajira region, for it is known from Aruba and probably is found on Curacao and Bon- aire. Occidentalis breeds in the Caribbean, and carolinensis wanders from its breeding grounds in the United States southward into the breeding range of occidentalis. Occidentalis can be distinguished from carolinensis by its smaller size. The measurements of the two are as follows: occidentalis, wing 33 461-496 mm., <;> <;> 448-486 mm.; carolinensis, wing is is 500- 550 mm., <;> <;> 483-528 mm.

Pelecanus occidentalis murphyii Wetmore ECUADORIAN BROWN PELICAN AUk, 62, p. 583, 1945 (Pelado Island, Santa Elena Bay, Ecuador). COLOMBIA.-The Pacific coast (Punta Ardita, Octavia Rocks, Bahia de Malaga, Bahia de Cupica photograph, Gorgonilla Island). [Colombia to Peru.]

Family SULIDAE - THE BOOBIES AND GANNETS

Key

A. Read, neck and underparts white...... a B. Head and neck brown or greyish, breast and belly white ·.... b

It. Plumage white, wings and tail dark brown.. Sula dactylatra Underparts white, back brown mottled white. .. . Sula variegata

b. Head hoary grey, lighter on forehead and face; back and chest dark sooty brown...... Sui a teucooaster etesiaca J Head not grey...... 1

1. Head and neck cinnamon brown, back brown, feathers pale tipped, feet blue . Sula. nebouxii Back solid brown, feet pea-green or yellow . 2

2. Head, breast and neck dark sooty brown, back brown but somewhat paler than neck . Sula leucogaster leucogaster Head, neck,and back uniform dark brown .. , Sula leucogaster etesiaca <;>

Sula nebouxii Milne-Edwards BLUE-FOOTED BOOBY Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool., (6) ,13, art. 4, 1882, p. 37, pl. 14 (Pacific coast of America). Range of the species.-Mexico to Peru. COLOMBIA.-West coast, breeding on Gorgonilla Island. 354 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N9 22

Sula variegata (Tschudi) PERUVIAN BOOBY Dysporus variegatus, Fauna Per., Orn., p. 313, 1845 (Islands off the coast of Peru). Range at the species.-Breeds on the islands off the coast of Peru. COLOMBIA.-Casual. The Pacific Coast (Bahia de Malaga, March 17).

Sula dactylatra granti Rothschild MASKED BOOBY Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 13, p. 7, 1902 (Culpepper Island, Galapagos Islands) . Range at the species.-Warmer parts of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, the Caribbean Sea and Ascension Islands. The Red Sea. COLOMBIA.-West coast; Malpelo Island (breeding). [Galapagos Islands, coast at Ecuador, Peru, and Chile.]

Sula leucogaster leucogaster (Boddaert) WHITE-BELLIED BOOBY Pelecanus leucogaster, Tabl. PI. Enl., p. 57, no. 973, 1783 (Ca- yenne) . Range at the species.-Warmer parts of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. COLOMBIA.-A juvenile specimen collected at Cienaga Grande apparently belongs to this race. [Caribbean Sea and tropical Atlantic Ocean.]

Sula leucogaster etesiaca Thayer and Bangs COLOMBIAN BOOBY

I Bull. Mus. Compo Zool., 46, no. 5, p. 92, 1905 (Gorgona Island, Colombia) . COLOMBIA.-West coast (Octavia Rocks, Gorgonilla Island, breeds on Gorgona Island). [Pacific coast at Costa Rica, Cocos Island, and the Pearl Islands southward to Ecuador.]

Family PHALACROCORACIDAE - THE CORMORANTS

Key

A. General plumage glossy black or dark brown... . . Ph.alacrocorax olivaceus (ad.) B. Plumage above greyish brown, foreneck and breast paler (immature birds) or huffy white (younger birds) ...... Phalacrocorax olivaceus (imrn.) C. Throat patch and underparts from base of foreneck to belly, white; rest of plumage glossy black (ad.) or brownish black (imm,)...... Phalacrocorax bougainvilli R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 355

,. Phalacrocorax olivaceus olivaceus (Humboldt) COLOMBIAN CORMORANT Pelecanus olivaceus, Rec. d'Obs. Zool. et d'Anatom. Comp., p. 6, 1805 (Magdalena River, lat. 8055', Colombia). Range of the species.-Southern United States to Tierra del Fuego. COLOMBIA.-Coasts and rivers throughout tropical Colombia, occasionally Temperate Zone (Benda, Trojas de Cataca, Cienaga, Caraco- licito; La Pella, Luruaco, Guajaro, Barranquilla, Magdalena River; Sabana de Bogota 2600 m.; Jamundi, Cali; rio Truand6, Alto del Buey, Noariama ; Tres Esquinas; between Leticia and Loretoyacu sight). [Nicaragua to Tierra del Fuego.] Additional records.-Yumbo.

Phalacrocorax bougainviilii (Lesson) PERUVIAN CORMORANT Carbo bougainvillii, Voy. Thetis et de l'Esperance, 2, p. 331, 1837 (Valparaiso, Chile). Range of the species.-Chile to Colombia. Breeds on the Pacific coast of South America northward to Point Parifias, Peru. COLOMBIA.-Casual on the Pacific coast (Bahia de Malaga, March 19, Gorgona Island, April 20).

Family ANHINGIDAE - THE DARTERS OR SNAKE-BIRDS

Key

A. General plumage glossy greenish black . Anhinqa anhinga 3 B. Foreneck and breast pale fawn 'color . Anhinga anh.inqa 'i' .~~~~Jf~, ..' Anhinga anhinga anhinga (Linnaeus) SOUTH AMERICAN DARTER Plotus anhinga, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 218, 1766 (Rio Tapajoz, Para, Brazil). Range of the species.-Southern United States to Argentina. COLOMBIA.-The rivers and marshes of tropical southeastern Co- lombia (Llanos del Meta' Belen Tres Esquinas sight; between Leticia and Loretoyacu sight). [South' America.] Additional records.-Rio Ocoa.

':' Anhinga anhinga leucogaster (Vieillot) FLORIDA PARTER Plotus teucooaster, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., 1, p. 545, 1816 (Flo- rida) . COLOMBIA.-Rivers and marshes of the Tropical Zone west of the Andes and occasionally Temperate Zone of ~he ~3:stern And~s (P~- lenque, La Pefia, Luruaco, rio Magdalena, vulavieja; RemedIOS; no 356 CALDASIA, VOL. V, Nt? 22

Cauca sight, Jamundi; rio 'I'ruando, rio Atrato; Laguna de La Herrera 2550 m.). [Florida southward through Central America to northern South America.] Additional records.-Riohacha.

Family FREGATIDAE - THE MAN-O'WAR-BIRDS

Key

A. Plumage all brownish black glossed with green or purplish; bare skin of throat red...... Fregata nuumiticens ;t; Plumage brownish black, the breast white...... Fregata magnijicens 'i' Plumage brownish black; breast, head and neck white Fregata magnijicens (imm,)

Fregata magnificens rothschildi Mathews CARIBBEAN MAN-O'WAR Bds. Austr., 4, p. 280, 1915 (Aruba Island, Dutch west Indies). Range of the species.-Warmer portions of the eastern Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. COLOMBIA.-Caribbean and Pacific coasts; breeds on Gorgonilla Island (Santa Marta, Bocas de Ceniza, Puerto Colombia, Guajaro, cartagena; sight records from Los Pendales, the lower rio Magdalena at Calamar, and Buenaventura). [Pacific coast of Central and South America from Mexico to Ecuador, the Caribbean, and tropical western Atlantic Ocean.] Birds observed nesting on Malpelo Island in the Pacific may possibly belong to the typical form which breeds in the Galapagos' Islands.

Order CICONIIFORMES

Families ARDEIDAE AND COCHLEARIIDAE - THE HERONS, BITTERNS AND BOATBILLS

Key

A. Bill very broad and flattened, rounded at tip...... a B. Bill tapering, pointed at tip...... b

a. Above grey, cap black with elongated bluish black plumes on nape...... Cochletirius cochlear ius (ad,) Above cinnamon rurous, darker on back, cap black Cochlearius cochlearius (imm.)

b. General plumage white above and below. . 1 Plumage not white above...... 4 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 357 ------

1. Cap black, bill and bare skin of face blue in li~ . Pillierotiius pileatus Cap not black . 2

2. Size large, wing over 300 mm . Casmerodius albus Size smaller, wing under 300 mm . 3

3. Legs black, feet yellow . Leucophoyx thula Legs and feet dark greenish yellow or greenish grey . Florida caerulea (white phase)

4. Very large, wing over 400 mm . 5 Size smaller, wing under 400 mm . 6

5. Crown white in center, sides of crown black, thighs rufous . Ardea herodias Crown all black or sooty grey, thighs white . Ardea cocoi

1>. Upper wing coverts pinkish buffy or vinaceous, streaked on both webs with greyish black, sides of head rufous, lower parts of body yellowish cream color . Syrigma sibilatrix (ad.) Same as above but lower parts of body pale ashy cr whitish . Syrigma sibilatrix (imm.) Different from above . 7

7. Plumage mostly pale to dark grey, at least above . 8 Plumage mostly some shade of brown, chestnut or gr·een , . 10

8. Wing under 180 mm., back mostly glossy greyish green, wing coverts conspicuously margined with buff or sandy . Butorities striatus (ad.) Wing over 180 mm . 9

9. Belly and throat white, toreneck streaked with rufous and white, crown dark grey . Hydranassa tricolor Belly, throat and roreneck white, crown glossy black c . Nucticorax nycticorax (ad.) Belly and neck grey, throat black, crown white or yellowish in center, black 0:1 sides . Nyctanassa violacea (ad.) Belly dark grey or bluish slate, head and neck maroon ··· . Florida caerulea (ad.)

10. Back banded or narrowly barred . 11 Back neither banded nor barred . 13

11. Bars narrow, flanks unbarred, crown and nuchal crest dusky . Tigrisoma salmoni (ad.) Bars narrow, flanks barred black and white, 'crown and nuchal crest chestnut . Tigris om a lineatum. (ad.) Above broadly barred rufous or buff and black 12

12. Bill under 90 mm., under wing coverts white irregularly blotched with dusky ··· Tigrisoma salmoni timm) Bill over 90 mm., under wing coverts black dis- tinctly barred and tipped with white . Ti{jrisoma lineatum (imm.) 358 CALDASIA, vor.. V, NQ 22

13. Back streaked or spotted . 14 Back neither streaked nor spotted . 16

14. Wing under 150 mm., tarsus about 40 mm . Ixobrychus inuolucris Wing over 250 mm .. tarsus over 70 mm . 15 15. Primaries brownish black, wing coverts barred rufous, hind claw about 25 mm . Boiauru.s pinnatus Primaries brown, outer webs of outermost ones rufescent, wing coverts with a broad median pale streak, hind claw 15-20 mm . Nycticorax nycticorax (imm.) Primaries slaty grey, wing coverts narrowly edged and tipped huffy, hind claw under 15 mm., fore claws under 10 mm " . . . . Nyctanassa violacea (imm.)

16. Bill over 120 mm , . 17 Bill under 80 mm , . 18 17. Back and wings glossy dark green, under parts mostly bright chestnut . Agamia agami (ad.) Above plain brown, below creamy buff . Agamia aaami (imm.)

18. Wing under 150 mm., bill about 50 mm. Dr less 19 Wing over 150 mm., bill over 50 mm . 20

19. Back greenish black . Ixobrychus exilis (f; Back dark chestnut or chocolate-brown . Ixobrychus exilis Ii'

20. Crown glossy greenish black, unstreaked . 21 Crown similar but with narrow pale streaks . 22

21. Sides of neck grey or greyish buffy, sometimes variously washed with vinaceous brown, , wing coverts conspicuously margined with buff or sandy . Butorides striatus (ad.) Sides of neck maroon chestnut, wing coverts rather narrowly margined or only tipped with ochraceous, buffy or whitish . Bulorides oirescens (ad.)

22. Sides of neck grey or greyish buffy . Butorides striatus (imm.) Sides of neck dull rusty shaded with buff or washed with chestnut . Butoruies virescens cimm)

Ardea herodias subsp. GREAT BLUE HERON Range Of the species.-Southern Alaska to the Galapagos, Pana- ma, and northern Colombia. COLOMBIA.-? Migrant. Recorded only from Bonda (Nov. 16), ? Cienaga Grande sight, Mallorquin near La Playa, the Sabana de Bogota 2600 m., and Chipaque 2400 m. (April 13). The Cieriaga Grande sight record possibly refers to the allied species, Ardea cocoi.

=I< Ardea cocoi Linnaeus COCO! HERON Syst. Nat" ed. 12, 1, p. 237, 1766 (Cayenne). R. M. DE SCHl\,UENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 359

Range of the species.-South America south to the Straits of Magellan and the Falkland Islands. COLOMBIA.-Rivers and marshes of the Tropical Zone (rio Ju- rado; La Pefia, La Playa, Siape, rio Magdalena, Lake Paturia, Malena, Villavieja sight; Villavicencio; Belen, Tres Esquinas; between Leticia and Loretoyacu sight). Additional records.-Below Fusagasuga 1500 m.; Puerto Lopez (Meta). Also birds taken by sportsmen (no specimens preserved) along the nos Casanare and Cravo Norte, Arauca.

Pilherodius pileatus (Boddaert) CAPPED HERON Ardea pileata, TabI. PI. Enlum., p. 54, 1783 (Cayenne). Range Of the species.-Panama to Peru, Brazil, Paraguay, and Bo- livia. GOLOMBIA.-Rivers and marshes of the Tropical Zone (Cinto, Tucurinca, Riofrio, rio Badillo sight, rio Guatapuri near Valledupar sight; Pinillos near mouth of rio Cauca, sight, Laguna de Guajaro, Aguada de Pablo, Palmar de Varela; rio Smu ; Cauca River sight; La Floresta sight, rio Zulia sight, La Arenosa sight; Vlllavicencto, Apiay, Barrtgon; Tres Esquinas sight). Butorrdes virescens virescens (Linnaeus) LITTLE GREEN HERON Ardea uirescens, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 144, 1758 (Coast of South Carolina) . Range of the species.-Southern Canada south to the west Indies and Colombia. COLOMBIA.-Winter resident. Recorded during October and De- cember in the Santa Marta region (Benda, Playa Concha, Trojas de Cataca, Fundaclon) . Single records from Sibate, Sabana de Bogota 2615 m., and Peralonso, Meta, are dated JUly 25 and June 12 respec- tively. [Breeds in central and eastern North America. Winters from the southern United States to Colombia.]

'.' Butorides virescens maculatus (Boddaert) SOUTHERN LITTLE GREEN HERON Cancroma macuiata, TabI. PI. Enlum., p. 54, 1783 (Martinique). COLOMBIA.-Known from one specimen taken on the rio Baudo, JUly 6. (Status in Colombia uncertain). [West Indies an~ Central America from Guatemala to Panama and Western Colombw.]

'.' Butorides striatus striatus (Linnaeus) BLACK-CROWNEil HERON

Ardea striata, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 238, 1766 (Surinam). Range ot the species.-South America,. south t~. n?rthern Arg~~- tina and Bolivia, Asia, Africa and Australia, East mdles and Pacific Islands. 360 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N9 22 ------'------

COLOMBIA.-Rivers and coasts throughout the country. Tropical to lower Temperate Zones. Gorgona Island. (Mamatoco, Bonda, Santa Marta, Riofrio, Fundacion, Trojas de Cataca, Don Diego; Cartagena, Barranquilla, La Pefia, Luruaco, rio Sinu: Lake Paturia, Bucara- manga, "Bogota", La Rolanda 2555 m.; Honda, Chicoral, Villavieja, La Palma, Quindio, Medellin; EI Tambo, Cali; rio Jurado, rio Atrato, rio .Iurublda, rio Baudo, Santa Cecilia; Barbacoas, Tumaco; Villa- vicencio; Morelia, Tres Esquinas; Leticia, Mocagua). [Eastern Pa- nama to northern Argentina.] Additional records.-Riohacha; Tocaima, Coyaima ; La Paila.

'.' Florida caerulea caerulescens (Latham) SOUTHERN LITTLE BLUE HERON Ardea caeruiescens, Index Ornith., 2, p. 690, 1790 (Cayenne). (l). Range ot the species.-Southern United States to Argentina. COLOMBIA.-Tropical to Temperate Zones (Cieriaga, Gaira, Bon- da, Cinto, Trojas de Cataca, Punta Caiman; La Pefia, Baranoa, Gua- jaro, rio Magdalena, Lake Paturia. Malena; rio Jurado, rio Jurubida, Noanama: Tres Esquinas sight). [Mexico southward through South America.l Additional records.L-Popayan: Sabana de Bogota 2600 m.

Florida caerulea caerulea (Linnaeus) NORTHERN LITTLE BLUE HERON Ardea caerulea, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 143, 1758 (Carolina). COLOMBIA.-Migrant (rio Nechi, fall 1943). [Southern United States.] A bird banded at Glenn Allan, Mississippi, was recovered at the rio • Nechi (Bird Banding, 1948, p. 3). North American birds are barely distinguishable from those of South America, but average a little lighter in color.

':' Casmerodius albus egretta (Gmelin) AMERICAN EGRET Ardea egretta, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. 2, p. 629, 1789 (Cayenne). Range oj the species.-Warmer parts of the continents of the world. New Zealand. COLOMBIA.-Tropical northern, central and southeastern Colom- bia (Cienaga Grande across from Sevillano, Puerto Colombia, Saba- nillita, La Peria, Guajaro, Siape, rio Magdalena, Lake Paturia; rio Jurado, rio .rampavado; EI Tambo; Morella, Tres Esquinas sight; between Leticia and Loretoyacu sight). [Southern United States to Patagonia. West Indies.] Additional records.-Rio Chicamocha 1300 m.; Sabana de Bogota 2600 m.

(1) Vide Wetmore, Proc. U. S. Nat. MUS., 90, p. 487, 1941. R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 361

Some individuals migrate in the fall from the Gulf states of the U.S.A. to Colombia. Two specimens banded in Mississippi were recovered at Cartagena, September 21, and Monteria, November 26 (Bird Banding, 1948, p. 2).

;::Leucophoyx thula thula (Molina) SNOWY EGRET Ardea tnuia, Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chili, p. 235, 1782 (Chile). Range of the species.-From the United States south to Chile, Argentina, and Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Tropical, occasionally Temperate Zones (rio Atrato; oauca River; Cartagena, La Pefia, Puerto Colombia, Magdalena River, Lake Paturia; Belen, Tres Esquinas sight; between Leticia and Lo- retoyacu, sight). [Southeastern United States to Argentina Bolivia and Chile.] , , Additional records.-Ambalema; Bermejal near Aguadita 1900 m., Sabana de Bogota 2600 m.; Pepino (upper Putumayo j 1200 m.; rio Casanare .

.:. Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis (Gosse) LOUISIAN A HERON Egretta ruticouis, Bds. Jamaica, p. 338, ~84'7 (Burnt Savanna River, Jamaica). Range of the species.-Southern United States south to Trinidad, Brazil, and Ecuador. COLOMBIA.-Recorded from northern and western Colombia (Gaira, Don Diego, Cienaga, La Pefia, Ponedera; rio Smu ; Nuqui). [Southern United States to western Ecuador. ArUba.]

Syrigma sibilatrix (Temminck) WHISTLING HERON Ardea sibilatrix, PI. Col., livr. 46, pl. 271, 1824 (Brazil and Pa- raguay) . Range of the species.-Southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, northern Argentina, eastern Bolivia. Eastern Colombia and western Vene- zuela. COLOMBIA.-Known only from three specimens from the Eastern Llanos ("Llanos Orientales", rio Cravo Norte [Arauca] ). Dugand writes me that two specimens were collected quite recently by Mr. Alan Best for the Instituto de Ciencias Naturales of Bogota. A young bird in the collection of the same institution is labeled "Llanos Orientales". These are the first specimens of the genus Syrigma to be recorded from Colombia. The rio Cravo Norte birds were taken on August 3. Phelps, in a recent letter to Dugand, reports that in his collection there are seven specimens of Syrigma sibilatrix taken in the states of Apure, Gwirico, Barinas, Aragua, and Carabobo, in western Venezuela, during the months of March (17), April (30), May (9), October (9 and 15), and December (27). These dates would indicate; that northern birds are not migrants from the southern part of the range. The drawing of gonads on the labels of the Venezuela specimens apparently show 362 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N9 22

that the species breeds in that country some time between May and september as 3 females have partially developed ovaries in May and october, and 2 males show partially developed gonads in April. The finding of Syrigma sibilatrix in Colombia and Venezuela is a most remarkable one, since the range of this monotypic genus was not known to extend farther north than the Department of Santa Cruz in southeastern Bolivia. Additional records.-A male and female collected by J. 1. Borrero near Rond6n, rio Casanare, October 13, 1948. Gonads only slightly developed.

'.' Agamia agami (Gmelin) AGAMI HERON Ardea aoami, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. 2, p. 629, 1789 (Cayenne).

Range of the species.-Mexico to Peru, Brazil, and Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Tropical, occasionally Subtropical and lower Tem- perate Zones (Bonda, Mamatoco, Minca, Punta Caiman sight, Manati sight; rio Salaqui, rio Jurad6, rio Atrato; Laguna de Fuquerie 2580 m.; Laguna de Cucunuba 2585 m.; Pachaquiaro; Morella, Tres Esquinas).

'.- Nycticorax nycticorax hoactli (Gmelin) BLACK-CROWNED NIGHT HERON Ardea hoactli, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. 2, p. 630, 1789 (Valley of Mexico) .

Range ot the species.-Europe, Asia, North and South America south to Tierra del Fuego. COLOMBIA.-Tropical to lower Temperate Zones (Bonda, Mama- toco, Oienaga, La Pefia, Guajaro, Tocahagua; La Holanda 2555 m.; • Medellin; Riofrio, Cali, Jamundi, El Tambo; Morelia; between Leticia and Loretoyacu sight). [Southern Canada southward through Central America and eastern South America to Argentina. Hawaii.] Additional records.-Laguna de La Herrera, rio Mufia near Blba.te, 6abana de Bogota 2600 m., Laguna de Fuquerie 2580 m.

Nyctanassa violacea cayennensis (Gmelin) YELLOW -CROWNED, NIGHT HERON Ardea cayennensis, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. 2, p. 626, 1789 (Cayenne). Range oj the species.-Central United States, south to Peru and Brazil. The Galapagos Islands. COLOMBIA.-Tropical northern colombia, the Magdalena Valley, and the Eastern Llanos (Bonda, Mamatoco, Don Diego, Gaira; Puerto Giraldo sight; Lorica; Cafio Corcobado 7 km, N. W. of Villavicencio). [South America to Peru and southern Brazil, except western Colom- bia and western Ecuador]. Additional records.-Riohacha; Ambalema. n. M. DE SCHAU EN SEE : THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 363 ------

.:. Nyctanassa violacea caliginis Wetmore WESTERN YELLOW -CROWNED NIGHT HERON Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 59, p. 49, 1946 (San Jose Island, Pearl Islands, Panama). COLOMBIA.-The tropical Pacific coast (Pizarro Bahia de Cue- vita). [Panama, Pearl Islands to western Ecuador.]'

'.' Tigrisoma lineatum lineatum (Boddaert) TIGER BITTERN Ardea lineata, Tabl. PI. Enlum., p. 52, 1783 (Cayenne). Range of the species.-Honduras southward to Argentina and Bo- livia. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone (Don Diego, Las Vegas. Fundacion, Trojas de Cataca; La Pefia, Luruaco, Guajaro, Malena, Puerto Berrio, Lake Paturia; "Bogota"; Jamundi; rio Atrato, rio Salaqui, Jurado: Morelia, Tres Esquinas). [Honduras t-oEcuador, -upper Amazonia, and the Guianas.] Additional records.-Riohacha, Caracolicito; Rondon, Arauca.

'.' Tigrisoma salmoni salmoni Sclater and Salvin SALMON'S TIGER BITTERN Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 38, fig. 2, 1875 (Medellin, Cauca Valley, Colombia). Range of the species.-Colombia to southern Peru. COLOMBIA.-Mountain streams of the Tropical and lower Sub- tropical Zones west of the Eastern Andes. Not recorded from Narifio. (Minca, Valparaiso, La Tigrera, Las Taguas sight; ? "Magdalena River"; Medellin, Salento 1650 m.; Cauca Valley; rio Jurubida, Juntas de Tamana, La Costa). [Ecuador.] Additional records.-Below Ovejas (Cauca) 1800 m. The record from the Magdalena River most probably refers to the other species, T. lineatum, which is more of a lowland form than T. saimoni.

Ixobrychus involucris (Vieillot) STRIPED-BACK BITTERN Ardea involucris, Tab!. Encyc. Meth., 3, p. 1127, 1823 (Paraguay). Range of the species.-Southern Brazil to northern Patagonia; northeastern Colombia; Trinidad. COLOMBIA.-Isolated colonies in the Santa Marta region and in the Dept. of Atlantica (Cienaga, Fundacion ; Aguada de Pablo; sight records from Manati and Guajaro).

Ixobrychus exilis exilis (Gmelin ) LEAST BITTERN Ardea exilis, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. 2, p. 645, 1789 (Jamaica). Range of the species.-Canada south to Paraguay. COLOMBIA.-Known from one specimen taken in the Cauca Valley in September (Riofrio). [Breeds in central and eastern North Ame-- 364 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N9 22

rica, south to the West Indies and southern Mexico, Winters from Georgia southward to Brazil.]

Ixobrychus exilis erythromelas (Vieillot) PARAGUAY LEAST BITTERN Ardea erythromelas, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., 14, p. 422, 1817 (Pa- raguay) . COLOMBIA.-Re.corded only from the Santa Marta region (Fun- dacion) . [Trinidad and the Guianas southward to Paraguay.]

':. Ixobrychus exilis bogotensis Chapman BOGOTA LEAST BITTERN Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., 33, p. 171, 1914 (Suba Marshes, Savanna of Bogota, Colombia). COLOMBIA.-Marshes on the Sabana de Bogota (Suba). Additional records.L-Gachancipa and Torca (Sabana de Bogota).

'.' Botaurus pinnatus (Wagler) PINNATED BITTERN Ardea pin nata, Isis, col. 662, 1829 (State of Bahia, Brazil). COLOMBIA.-Tropical to Temperate Zones (Sabana de Bogota; rio Timbio; Guabinas, rio Cauca). Additional records.-Laguna de Fuquene 2580 m., Tibabuyes 2560 m.

Family COCHLEARIIDAE - THE BOATBILLS

',' Cochlearius cochlearius cochlearius (Linnaeus) BOATBILL Cancroma cochlearia, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 233, 1766 (Guiana), Range of the species.-Mexico southward through Central Ame- rica, to Bolivia and Brazil. , COLOMBIA.-Tropical and very rarely lower Temperate Zones. Not recorded from the Cauca Valley or Narino (Banda, Mamatoco, Trojas de Cataca, Minca, Luruaco, La Pena, Tocahagua; Remedios; near Bogota, La Holanda 2550 m.; Nuqui; Tres Esquinas sight), [South America southward to southern Brazil and Bolivia. Trinidad.] Additional records.-Birds taken by sportsmen (no specimens preserved) along the rio Casanare near Rond6n (about 71°07' W.),

Family CICONIIDAE - THE STORKS AND WOOD IBISES

Key

A. Bill decurved, black, wing about 500 m., plumage White, wing quills and tail black, unfeathered skin of head and upper neck blackish. . . . Mycteria americana

·B. Bill not decurved, Wing over 500 mm...... a R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 365

a. Bill straight, red, neck Ieathered, plumage white, wings and tail black '" ...... Euxenura galeata Bill very large, slightly upcurved, black, neck mostly bare, black, red at base, plumage white (ad.) or brownish grey (irnm.) ...... Jabiru. mycteria

Mycteria americana Linnaeus WOOD IBIS Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 140, 1'758 (Brazil). Range oj the species.-Southern United states to Argentina. COLOMBIA.-Northern Colombia and the Eaestern Llanos (Caca- gualito, Cienaga, Fundaci6n; Guajaro, Bocas de Ceniza sight El Pa- raiso sight; lower and middle Magdalena Valley; Laguna de'La He- rrera 2550 m. [one record]). Additional records.-Riohacha; Rondon rio Casanare.

Euxenura galeata (Molina) MAGUARI STORK Ardea galeata, Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chili, p. 235, 1782 (Chile). Range ot the species.-Eastern Colombia. The Guianas to Chile. COLOMBIA.-Recorded from 30 kilometers south of Villavicencio, the Llanos of Arauca and the Llanos of Vichada.

Jabiru mycteria (Lichtenstein) JABIRU STORK Ciconia mycteria, Abh. K. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, Phys. Kl., p. 163, 1816-1817 (1819) (Brazil). Range oj the species.-Mexico to Argentina and Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Recorded from the lower Magdalena Valley and the Eastern Llanos (rio San Jorge, Guajaro ; between Villavicencio and Apiay). Sight records from near Pinillos at the mouth of the rio Cauca, west of Cienaga Grande, Puerto Giraldo; Puerto Lopez and Pachaquiaro, Meta; Casanare near Orocue (photograph). Additional records-s-Rondon, rio Casanare.

Family THRESKIORNITHIDAE - THE IBISES AND SPOONBILLS

Key

A. Bill broad, nat, expanded and spoon-shaped at tip; wings pink ·············· Ajaia aiaia B. Bill narrow, curved downward . a a. Plumage all blackish, or dark bronzy green, or 1 bronzy purplish . Plumage other than above . 3 1. Forehead bare, in life reddish like the bill . Phimosus iniuscatus Forehead feathered . 2 2. Wing over 350 mm., a broad stripe on cheeks hoary white. bill and bare skin of face flesh color to dark red in life . Cercibis oxucerca 366 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N9 22

Wing under 350 mm., top and sides of head dusky grey, bill green in life... Mesembrinitns cayennensis

3. Above bronzy greenish purple, neck and under parts maroon ...... Plegadis taicinelius Different from above...... 4

4. Wing over 350 mm., neck whitish buffy or tinged with rufous. a rufous-br:wn patch on upper chest, rest of under parts blackish Theristicus caiuiatus Wing under 350 mm...... 5

5. Gr neral plumage white...... Guara alba (ad.) General plumage scarlet...... Guara rubra (ad,) Plumage above greyish brown, head and neck streaked with greyish brown...... ~

6. Rump, breast and belly dull white, wing about 300 mm. Guara alba iimrn) Rump, breast and belly dull white or more or less washed with pink, wing under 300 mm. Guara rubra (imm.)

.:. Theristicus caudatus caudatus (Boddaert) GUIANA IBIS Scolopax caiuiatus, TabI. PI. Enlum., p. 57, 1783 (Cayenne). Range of the species.-Colombia to Bolivia, Argentina and Tierra del Fuego. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone (Camperucho, Laguna de Zapatoza, rio Cesare; Villavieja; La Manuelita, Cali, Jamundi; Barrig6n; sight records from Palmar de Varela and EI Paraiso). [Venezuela, the Guianas.] Additional records.-La Paila, Yumbo; Rond6n, rio Casanare. Todd has recently described a new race from eastern Bolivia, Pa- raguay, southern Brazil and northern Argentina (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 61, p. 50, 1948).

Cercibis oxycerca (Spix) SHARP-TAILED IBIS Ibis oxycercus, Av. Bras., 2, p. 69, pl. 87, 1825 (Para, Brazil). Range of the species.-Eastern Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, and northern Brazil in the rio Negro region and northern Matto Grosso. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone east of the Andes ("Interior of Co- lombia") . A specimen in the British Museum is said to have been collected by Crowther in Colombia. The only definite locality for this rare Ibis in Colombia is Rond6n, on the rio Casanare, Arauca, where a specimen was collected quite recently by J. 1. Borrero for the Instituto de Cieri- cias Naturales of Bogota. Dr. Dugand reports (in lit.) that the species is not uncommon along the rios Casanare, Cravo Norte, and Arauca on the Llanos de Casanare, where the bird is known as "Tarotaro". ______R_._M_._D_E_S_CH_A_U~NSEE:THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 367

Mesembrinibis cayennensis (Gmelin) CAYENNE IBIS Tantalus cayennensis, Syst. Nat., 1, pt. 2, p. 652, 1789 (Cayenne). Range of the species.-Panama to Argentina and Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone. Recorded from Villavicencio' Malena Nechi; rio Nercua, rio Atrato). " Additional records.-Rio Cravo Norte, Arauca.

Phimosus infuscatus berlepschi Hellmayr WHISPERING IBIS Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, 53, p. 247, 1903 (Orinoco River, Ve- nezuela) . Range of the species.-From Colombia to Surinam, and southward to southern Brazil and Argentina. COLOMBIA.-The lower Magdalena Valley southward to the Cauca Valley. The Eastern Llanos. (Fundaci6n, Barranquilla, Tocahagua, La Pefia, Guajaro, Luruaco, Lake Paturia; Lemos [Cauca Valley], La Patla sight; Villavicencio, rio Ocoa, Quenane, Apiay) . [Northern South America]. Additional records.-Birds taken by sportsmen (no specimens preserved) along the rio Casanare, Arauca.

Guara alba (Linnaeus) WHITE IBIS Scolopax alba, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 145, 1758 (Carolina). Range of the species.-From the southern United States to northern South America. COLOMBIA.-Rare in the Tropical Zone of northern Colombia (lower Magdalena River; sight records from El Paraiso, Las Flores, La Playa).

Guara rubra (Linnaeus) SCARLET IBIS Scolopax rubra, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 145, 1758 (Bahamas). Range of the species.-Tropical South America; occasionally in the west Indies and Central America. COLOMBIA.-Recorded from the lower Magdalena (La Pefia, Ma- natt sight) and the Eastern Llanos (Apiay, Peralonso, Villavicencio, Menegua sight, San Martin sight). According to Dugand the species is extremely rare in the lower Magdalena, whereas it is abundant in the eastern portion of Arauca, Eastern Llanos.

Plegadis falcinel1us falcinellus (Linnaeus) GLOSSY IBIS Tantalus [alcinetius, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 241, 1766 (Austria and Italy). Range of the species.-Europe, Asia, Africa ~nd southe~~ N?rth America to Mexico, and the west Indies; ColombIa. The Phillpptnes, East Indies and Australia. 368 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N9 22

COLOMBIA.-Known in Colombia from one mounted specimen in Barranquilla taken by Dugand at La Pefia, Laguna de Guajaro, Atlan- tico, November 11, 1936. Probably accidental on the Caribbean coast. [Range oi the species except the Philippines to Australia.] In America this Ibis breeds in Florida, the Gulf coast, and Mexico. Also in the Greater Antilles.

,~ Ajaia ajaja (Linnaeus) ROSEATE SPOONBILL Platalea ajaja,Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 140, 1758 (Jamaica). Range oj the species.-Southern United states to Argentina and Chile. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone (Nahuange, Punta Caiman, La Pefia, La Playa, Puerto Colombia; Cali and the Cauca Valley, Jamundi; sight records from Bocas de Ceniza, El Paraiso, ouaiaro, Manati, rio Mag- dalena, Cieriaga Grande, Riohacha). Additional records.-Lemos (Cauca Valley); Pachaquiaro, Pera- lonso, Meta, rio Cravo Norte, Arauca.

Family PHOENICOPTERIDAE - THE FLAMINGOS

Phoenicopterus ruber ruber Linnaeus AMERICAN FLAMINGO Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 139, 1758 (West Indies) . Range oj the species.-West Indies; Yucatan; Colombia; eastern South America southward to the mouth of the Amazon. COLOMBIA.-Tropical zone of the lower Magdalena Valley (La Pefia, Laguna de Guajaro; said to breed on the shore of the Cienaga Grande. 'Also reported from Laguna de Zapatosa near El Banco, and the salt-marshes in the vicinity of Bocas de Ceniza).

Order ANSERIFORMES

Family ANHIMIDAE - THE SCREAMERS

Key

A. Plumage mostly glossy greenish black, a long slender qUill projectrng from crown...... Anh.ima cornuta B. Plumage glossy slate black. a white collar around upper neck and sides of head; head crested.... Chauna chavaria

Anhima cornuta (Linnaeus) HORNED SCREAMER Falamedea cornuta, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 232, 1766 (Brazil). Range oj the species.-Tropical South America south to Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Recorded from the Cauca Valley, the Zulia Valley, the Eastern Llanos, and the Amazonian region. Tropical Zone. (Mar- R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 369 shes near Cali; La Garita south of Cucuta ; Puerto L6pez and Pacha- quiaro sight; Tres Esquinas, Lor etoyacu) . Additional records.-Birds seen by J. 1. Borrero along the rio Ca- sa.nare, near Rond6n. No specimens collected.

Channa chavaria (Linnaeus) CRESTED SCREAMER Parra ch.auaria, Syst. Nat., ed, 12, 1, p. 260, 1766 (Cartagena, Colombia) .

Range ot the species.-Northern Colombia and northern Venezuela. COLOMBIA.-Northern Colombia in the Sinu and lower Magdalena Valleys (Rio Sinu, Cartagena, La Pefia, Puerto Giraldo; Aracataca, Tucurinca; sight records from Guajaro, Manati, El Paraiso ) .

Family ANATIDAE-THE DUCKS, GEESE AND SWANS

The nomenclatura followed is that of Mayr and Delaccur (Wilson Bulletin. 1945, 57, pp. 3-55). Key

A. Size large (wing ab ive 300 mm.) wings or back or both shining oil green a B. Size small (wing under 180 mm.) , tail stiffened . b C. Size small or intermediate, tail not stiffens d, wings or back not ahining oil green. c

a. Breast and belly blackish Cairina mosctiata Breast and belly white...... Sarkuiiornis melanotos Breast and center of belly dull white, rest of belly rufous chestnut ...... Neochen [ubatus b. Bill very narrow, less than 9 mm. wide at tip. underparts white (~) or cinnamon (

4. With a pale stripe below the eye , . O:ryura [aaruucensis

c. Plumage of under surface WIthout bars or spots 5 Plumage of under surface barred or spotted . 16 370 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N9 22

5. Belly white or whitish . e Belly not white or .whitish . 11

6. Head with metallic color. ' . 7 Head without metallic color . 8

7. Whole head shot with metallic purple-green ... Aythya atfinis ?; With an emerald green stripe on sides of head. Anas americana & 8. Entire head and throat solid dull brown, central tail feathers lengthened and tapering .. Anas acuta & Central tail feathers not markedly lengthened. 9 9. Chin and throat fulvous-white, boldly streaked dark brown, flanks dull rufous . Anas americana '" Chin and throat not streaked, flanks net rufous 10

10. Lower back and rump jet black, upper tail coverts ochraceous . Amazonetta brasiliensis Lower back and upper tail coverts chocolate- brown, a large white patch across Iace at base of bill. Aythya aifinis '" 11. Belly deep cinnamon . 12 Belly not deep cinnamon . 13 12. Entire under surface cinnamon . Anas cyanoptera & A broad band cf white across breast . Anas clypeata &

13. Entire belly or center of it black . 14 No black on belly...... , . 15 14. Entire belly and sides of body black, under tail coverts white spotted with black . Detuirocuqna autumruilis Genter of belly and under tail coverts black, sides of body barred buffy or white and , black, throat and fore part of head white .. Dendrocygna viduata

15. Under surface of body and sides of head uniform rusty buff, crown darker, feathers of mantle broadly edged with cinnamon .. Dendrocygna bicolor Under surface dull dark brown, head shot with purple brown . Netta erythrophthalma ?; Under surface buffy washed with greyish, chest more rurescent, under wing coverts black . Dendrocygna autumnalis (imm.) 16. Upper surface plain dark brown, lower surface paler brown spotted white , Netta erythrophthalma '" Upper surface mottled or variegated...... 17 17. Head with a distinctive pattern...... 18 Eead without a distinctive pattern...... 19 18. Head slate grey, with a large white crescentic patch before the eye...... Anas discors ?; Head from lower level of eye, throat and foreneck pure White, tail whitish buff...... Anas batuimensis

19. Axillaries pure white or only barred at tips. . . . 20 Axillaries marbled or barred...... 23 R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 371

20. Axillaries barred at tip, whole head and neck closely barred with dark brown...... Anas flavirostris Axillaries pure white...... 21

21. Bill very broad, about 25 mm. wid.s at tip. . . . . Anas clypeata <;> Bill narrower, about 17 mm. wide at tip...... 22

22. Shoulder blue, chin and throat immaculate... Anas dis COTS <;> Shoulder blue, chin and throat finely speckled Anas cuanoptera <;> 23. Central tail feathr rs somewhat elongated, pointed, axillartes marbled...... Anas georgica Central tail feathers somewhat elongated, pointed, axillaries heavily barred...... Anas acuta <;>

':. Dendrocygna autumnalis discolor Sclater and Salvin GREY-BREASTED TREE DUCK Nomencl. Av. Neotrop., 1873, p. 161 (Surinam). Range 0/ the species.-Southern Texas to Argentina. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone. Occasional in the Temperate Zone. (Cieriaga, Fundaci6n, Aracataca, Tierra Nueva, La Pefia, Tocahagua, Puerto Giraldo; Sabana de Bogota 2600 m., Laguna de Fuquene; Cali, Jamundi; rio Truand6, rio Baudo, Sipi). [West Indies. Eastern Pa- nama and South America to southeastern Brazil and Amazonia.] Additional records.-Cabuyaro, Meta, Rond6n (rio Casanare) Dugand reports (in lit.) that this duck is abundant along the rio Meta in the Eastern Llanos, Birds taken by sportsmen (no specimens preserved) are recorded from Menegua, Manacacias, San Pedro de Arimena, Orocue, and Cravo (rio Casanare). Friedmann (Condor, 49, no. 5, p. 189, 1947) calls birds from the west Indies, eastern Panama, and northwestern South America D. autumnalis autumnalis, restricting the name discolor to birds of eastern South America. More material should be examined before these conclusions are accepted.

Dendrocygna bicolor (Vieillot) FULVOUS TREE DUCK Anas bicolor, Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 136, 1816 (Paraguay). Range 0/ the species.-California, southern United states, Mexico. South America southward to Argentina. Africa, India. COLOMBIA.-Tropical, occasionally lower Temperate Zone (La Pefia, Ouajaro, Manati sight; Laguna de Fuquene 2580 m., La He- rrera 2550 m.; Cali).

Dendrocygna viduata (Linnaeus) WHITE-FACED TREE DUCK Anas viduata, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 205, 1766 (Cartagena, Co- lombia) . Range 0/ the species.-Tropical South America south to Argentina. Tropical Africa, Madagascar, the Cornaro Islands. . COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone of northern and eastern Colombia. Occasional in the Temperate Zone of the Eastern Andes (Cartagena, 372 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N9 22

Tocahagua; Sabana de Bogota 2600 m., Laguna de Fuquene ; sight records from Guajaro, Manati, and El Paraiso). Additional records.-Laguna de La Herrera 2550 m.; Rondon, rio Casanare.

Neochen jubatus (Spix) ORINOCO GOOSE iJlii"""· .• Anser [uoatus, Av. Bras., 2, p. 84, pl. 108, 1825 (Praya das Oncas, rio Solimoes, Brazil}. Range ot the species.-Basin of the Orinoco and the Amazon. COLOMBIA.-Recorded as common on the Eastern Llanos (Cabu- yaro, Menegua ) . Additional records.-Rondon, on the rio Casanare, Arauca.

Anas bahamensis bahamensis Linnaeus BAHAMA DUCK

Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 124, 1758 (Bahama Islands). Range oj the species.-From the Bahama Islands and northern Colombia south to Argentina and Chile. The Galapagos Islands. COLOMBIA.-Recorded only from the lower Magdalena (near Ba- rrariquilla, Guajaro) , [The Bahamas, West Indies, the Guiuruis, and northern BTazil.]

Anas georgica niceforoi Wetmore and Borrero BROTHER NICEFORO's DUCK Caldasia, 4, no. 16, p. 68, 1946 (Lago de Tota, 3070 m., Boyaca, Colombia) . Range oj the species.-Colombia southward to Tierra del Fuego. South Georgia Island, the Falkland Islands. • COLOMBIA.-Central Colombia. Recorded from Lago de Tota and Laguna de Fuquerie, Boyaca, the Bogota Savanna (La Herrera and Tibabuyes) and the Cauca Valley, near Cali at 1000 meters.

~, Anas georgica spinicauda Vieillot SOUTH AMERICAN PINTAIL Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 135, 1816 (Buenos Aires, Argentina). COLOMBIA.-Recorded from the lower Paramo Zone of south- western Colombia. Status uncertain. (Cumbal 3150 m., February 1). [Colombia southward to Bolivia, souttiern Brtizil, the Falkland Islands and 'I'ierra del Fuego.]

'.' Anas acuta Linnaeus PINTAIL Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 126, 1758 (Sweden). Range ot the species.-Virtually world wide with the exception of southern Africa, the East Indies and Australia. COLOMBIA.-Winter .resident, October to April, and June (2). R.ecorded from Atlantico, the Western Andes, and the Eastern Andes R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 373

(Guajaro, Mana ti ; Santa Cecilia; Laguna de La Herrera Sabana de Bogota). ' F. C. Lehmann, in a recent letter to Dugand, reports the Pintail as common from October to late in February in the Cauca Valley south to Quilichao in northern Dept. Cauca. Hellmayr and Conover, Cat. Bds. Amer., pt. 1, no. 2, 1948, do not recognize the American SUbspecies tzitzihoa Vieillot.

':' Anas flavirostris andium (Sclater and Salvin) ANDEAN TEAL Querquedula atuiium, Nom. Av. Neotrop., p. 162, 1873 (Highlands between Riobamba and Mocha, Ecuador). Range oj the species.-Western and southern South America southward to Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Islands. COLOMBIA.-Temperate and Paramo Zones of the Central and Eastern Andes northward to the mountains near Bogota (Santa Isabel, Nevado del Tolima 3750 m., Laguna de Ot.un 3800 m., Coconuco 3000 m., Laguna San Rafael 3480 m., rio Bed6n 3400 m., Puracs, Cumbal; L~- guna del Verj6n 3475 m., Laguna de Siecha 3455 rn., Laguna de La Herrera 2550 m. [Highlands oj Ecuador.]

':'Anas flavirostris altipetens (Conover) MERIDA TEAL Nettion aruiiurn altipetens. Proc. Biol Soc. Wash., 54, p. 143, 1941 (Merida, Venezuela). i COLOMBIA.-Temperate Eastern Andes in Boyaca and probably northward (Lagunillas 3300 m., Lago de Tota 3015 m.). [Western venezuela.]

Anas americana Gmelin AMERICAN WIDGEON j~~~v.,. Syst. Nat., 1, pt. 2, p. 526, 1789 (Louisiana and New York). Range oj the species.-Breeds in northern North America. In winter south to the West Indies, Panama, and islands in the Pacific, casual in Colombia. COLOMBIA.-CasuaI. Recorded from the Sabana de Bogota (La- guna de La Herrera, December 7).

* Anas discors Linnaeus BLUE-WINGED TEAL Syst. Nat., ed. 12, 1, p. 205, 1766 (Virginia or Carolina). Range ot the species.-Alaska and northern Canada, south in winter to the Guianas, Colombia, and Ecuador. COLOMBIA.-Winter resident. September to April (27). Tropical to Temperate Zones, excepting the eastern and southeastern porti.ons (Sabana de Bogota, Laguna de La Herrera; Luruaco, Barranquilla, Santo Tomas Sabanagrande Remolino, Isla de Salamanca, Palmar de Varela, Ciena:ga; Puerto valdivia, Medellin; Cali; Santa Cecilia; Cum- bal 3600 m.; Villavieja). Additional records.s-Popayan: Lago de Tota 3015 m. 374 CALDASIA, VOL. V, NC? 22

Birds banded in Ellinwood, Kansas, Orland Park, Illinois, and - Avery Island, Louisiana, have been recovered in Colombia.

f; Anas cyanoptera cyanoptera Vieillot CINNAMON TEAL Nouv. Diet. Hist. Nat., 5, p. 104, 1816 (La Plata River and Buenos Aires, Argentina). Range ot the species.-Breeds in northwestern North America and western and southern South America to Peru and Bolivia. Dr. Dugand reports (Caldasia, 5, No. 21, p. 163, 1948) that a bird' banded at Malheur Refuge, Burns, Oregon, was killed at Sitionuevo, 25 km. south of Barranquilla, on April 8, proving that North American birds reach the Caribbean coast of Colombia. Borrero notes that in winter this species is more numerous than in summer. There are records of breeding colonies of Anas cyanoptera in the lagoons of the Eastern Andes at 2550-2600 m. It is not certain, however, that birds breeding in the highlands of Colombia are true cyanoptera. The known facts rather point to its being a somewhat larger bird, perhaps referable. to A. c. orinomus of the highlands of Peru. COLOMBIA.-Known to breed on the marshes of Gachancipa (October) and about the marshes of Tibabuyes (October) and near Mosquera (May) on the Bogota tableland. Recorded also from Puerto Giraldo (Jan. 23), the Cauca Valley, La PaBa (Jul. 21), Cali (Aug. 26), Palmira, Jurado, Sipi; Laguna de Fuquene (Feb. 3), Laguna de Cucu- nuba (March 1), Sabana de Bogota (June 2 and 5), and, doubtfully, from Santa Marta. [Breeds in North America and in South America southward to Argentina and the Falkland Islands. A large race breeds in Lake Titicaca, Peru.] , . Anas clypeata Lmnaeus SHOVELLER svst, Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 124, 1758 (Southern Sweden). Range ot the species.-Europe, Asia, and North America, south in winter to northern and eastern Africa, India, southern China, Hawaii, and northern South America. COLOMBIA.-Casual. The Eastern Andes (Laguna de La Herrera, Jemuary, March, October, November).

Netta erythrophthalma (Wied) SOUTHERN POCHARD Anas erythrophthalma, Beitr.. Naturg. Brasil, 4, p. 929, 1832 (Lagoa do Brace, Villa Belmonte, Bahia, Brazil). Range ot the species.-Of spotty distribution in South America. Venezuela to southern Peru; accidental in Brazil (Vicinity of Per- nambuco?, Bahia). Eastern and southern Africa. COLOMBIA.-Recorded from Atlantica, the Eastern Andes, the Cauca Valley, and the Caqueta region. Tropical and Temperate Zones. (Guajaro ; Sabana de Bogota 2600 m., Laguna de Fuquene ; marshes near Cali; Tres Esquinas sight). Additional records.-Candelaria [south of Palmira, Valle]. R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE:THE BIRDSOF COLOMBIA 375

Aythya affinis (Eyton ) LESSERSCAUP Fuligula affinis, Monogr. Anat., p. 157, 1838 (North America). Range of the ·species.-Breeds in North America from Canada to Utah and Nebraska. In winter Central America south to Colombia. COLOMBIA.-Winter resident. Recorded from the Eastern Andes and the Cauca Valley during January (29), February, and June! (La- guna de Fuquerie, Laguna de Tibabuyes, Laguna de la Herrera' vicinity of Cali). ' Borrero believes some birds of this species inhabit the Laguna de Fuquene throughout the year. Probably these are birds which have been wounded during the hunting season.

Amazonetta brastliensis (Gmelin) BRAZILIANTEAL Anas brasiliensis, Syst. Nat., ed. 13,1, pt. 2, p. 517,1789 (Brazil). Range of the species.-Orinoco basin and eastern South America south to eastern Bolivia. COLOMBIA.-Recorded from the Llanos del Meta (between Villa- vicencio and Apiay, San Martin). Additional records.-Rond6n, rio Casanare.

Sarkidiornis melanotos carunculatus (Lichtenstein) COMBDUCK Anas caruncutata, Abh. K. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, Phys. Kl., p. 176, 1816-17 (1819) (Brazil). Range of the species.-Africa. India to southeastern China. The Orinoco basin and eastern South America to northern Argentina. COLOMBIA.-Upper Tropical to Temperate Zones of the Western, Central, and Eastern Andes (Laguna de San Rafael 3480 m., Purace, Cumbal, Popayan, Vicinity of Cali; Laguna de Fuquene) , [South America.] Additional records.-Laguna de La Herrera.

':' Cairina moschata (Linnaeus) MUSCOVYDUCK Anas moschata, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 124, 1758 (Brazil). Range of the species.-Mexico south to Peru and Argentina. COLOMBIA.-The Magdalena and Cauca Valleys, and rivers east of the Andes. Rarely Temperate Zone. (Near Puerto Colombia, lower Magdalena, Guajaro sight, Manati sight; Cienaga G:rande, west of Aracataca sight; Cauca Valley, Riofrio; Laguna de Fuquene, Sabana de Bogota 2600 m.; Tres Esquinas sight; Leticia) . .:' Oxyura dominica (Linnaeus) MASKEDDUCK Anas dominica, Syst. Nat., ed. 12,1, p. 201, 1766 (Santo Domingo). Range of the species. Mexico south to Chile and Argentina. COLOMBIA.-Recorded from the Tropical Zone of northern and northwestern Colombia, the Cauca and Magdalena Valleys, and the , 376 CALDASIA, VOL. V, N9 22

Temperate Zone of the Eastern Andes (Jurado; the Cali marshes; La Peiia; Laguna de F'uquene, Laguna de Cucunuba 2585 m., Bosa).

Oxyura jamaicensis andina Lehmann ANDEAN RUDDY DUCK AUk, 63, p. 221, 1946 (Paramo de Bocagrande, north of the Ne- vado de Sumapaz, Cundinamarca, 4000 m., Colombia). Range ot the species.--Southern Canada to Mexico. The west Indies. Colombia. COLOMBIA.-Lakes in the Temperate and Paramo Zones of the Central and Eastern Andes (Laguna de San Rafael 3480 m., Paramo de Purace; Paramo de Bocagrande 3665-4000 m., Paramo de Sumapaz, Laguna de Fuquene 2580 m., Lago de Tota 3015 m., Laguna de Cu- cunuba) . Additional records.-Laguna de La Herrera 2550 m., Sabana de Bogota.

Oxyura australis ferruginea (Eyton) PERUVIAN RUDDY D()CK Erismatura jerruginea, Monogr. Anat., p. 170, 1838 (Chile). Range Of the species.-Of spotty distribution in the Temperate Zone of Peru, Ecuador, and extreme southern Colombia. Southern South America southward from northern Chile and southeastern Brazil. Eastern Africa. Southern Australia and Tasmania. COLOMBIA.-Temperate and Paramo Zones of the Andes of Na- rifio (Paramo de Cumbal ) . [Peru and Bolivia.]

',' Merganetta armata colombiana Des Murs , COLOMBIAN TORRENT DUCK Rev. Zool., p. 179, 1845 (Colombia). Range of the species.-Colombia and Venezuela southward through the Andes to Chile and Argentina. COLOMBIA.-Mountain streams of the western, Central, and Eastern Andes (? Santa Marta; Frontino, Cali, Cauca Valley, "west of 'Harmonde" [= ? west of Jamundi], Munchique; Salento, Toche, EJ Eden, Purace, rio Cocuy 3450 m., rio San Marcos 3000 m., La Plata; Cumbal; "Bogota", vicinity of Bogota, EI Roble, Susumuco 900 m.).

Order FALCONIFORMES

Family CATHARTIDAE - THE NEW WORLD VULTURES

Key

A. Size very large, wing over 800 mrn . a B. Size smaller, wing under 700 mm .. , b R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 377

a. Body plumage black, wing feathers extensively white on outer webs, ruff about neck white; a large, crest-like caruncle from base of bill to fore part of crown...... Vultur gryphus t Body plumage black, ruff about neck white; no fleshy crest on the head...... Vultur gryphus '? General plumage dusky brown, ruff about neck either lacking or brownish...... Vultur gryphus (irnm.) b. Mantle cream color or pinkish White, breast and belly white, wing quills and tail black...... Sarcoramphus papa Plumage mainly black or blackish brown. . .. 1 1. Wing 520 mm. or longer, basa of bill with a large caruncle between nostrils, a blackish downy ruff about neck...... Sarcoraniptius papa (irnm.) (oO) Wing under 520 mrn., no caruncle between nostrils, no downy ruff about neck...... 2 2. Head blackish...... Coragyps atratus Head red to pinkish white (ad.) , or dusky (imm.) Cathartes aura Head mainly yellow or orange in life...... Cathartes urubiiiruui

(*) Under parts entirely blackish brown in younger birds. In later stages of immaturity birds show a progressive and finally extensive amount of white on breast, belly, and thighs.

Vultur gryphus Linnaeus CONDOR Syst. Nat., ed. 10,1, p. 83,1758 (Chile). Range oj the species.-South America, from the Straits of Magellan northward in the Andes to Venezuela and the Santa Marta Mts. in Colombia. COLOMBIA.-Temperate and Paramo Zones of the Andes, and the Santa Marta Mts. (Carriker in lit.) (Paramo de Pamplona 3450 m., above Bucaramanga, Nevado de Chita; sight records from near Al- maguer, Purace, sotara, upper Quilcace valley, and Nevado del Ruiz in the Central Andes; above Bogota and Paramo de Sumapaz in the Eastern Andes). Two fine specimens were secured by Carriker in the Mamancanaca Valley, Santa Marta Mountains, in February, 1946. They are the first Condors to be recorded from this isolated range. Additional records.-Queremal, west slope of western Andes above Cali (F. C. Lehmann in lit.): Cumbal and Tuquerres, Narifio (F. C. Lehmann in lit.).

'.' Sarcoramphus papa (Linnaeus) KING VULTURE Vultur papa, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1, p. 86, 1758 (Surinam). Range oj the species.-Mexico to Argentina. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone and occasionally up to 3300 m., in the Santa Marta Mts. (Riofrio, Paramo de Macotama, Chirua, La Concepcion, Bonda, Minca; Megua, lower Magda~ena, near Ba:rran- quilla sight; Cauca Valley sight; Jurado; Morella, Tres Esqumas). Additional records.-Caracolicito; Apiay. 378 CALDASIA, VOL. V, Nt;>22

* Coragyps atratus (Bechstein) BLACK VULTURE vuitur atratus, AUg. Uebers., Vogel, 1, p. 655, 1793 (Florida).

Range oj the species.-From the southern United States south to Chile. COLOMBIA.-Throughout the country, Tropical to Temperate Zones (Bonda, Riofrio, La Pella, Barranquilla, Puerto Colombia sight, Saban a de Bogota; Santa Elena 2700 m.; El Tambo; Tres Esquinas sight; between Leticia and Loretoyacu, sight). Additional records.c-F'usagasuga. Brodkorb (Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci. Arts and Let., 29, pp. 115-120, 1943) believes Tropical Zone birds should be called brasiliensis (Bp.). Large birds which occur within the range of the latter are regarded as migrants. Friedmann believes there is only one recognizable form (Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 33, p. 187, 1933). There is still no agreement on the subj ect, and for the time being it is best to treat the bird binomially.

Cathartes aura jota (Molina) CHILEAN TURKEY VULTURE v uitur [ota, Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chili, p. 265, 1782 (Concepcion, Chile) . Range oj the specie".-From southern Canada south to the Falk- land Islands and the Straits of Magellan. COLOMBIA.-Throughout the country except the Orinoco and Amazon regions. Tropical to lower Temperate Zones. (Mamatoco, Riofrio, Sevilla. La Pella, Barranquilla; Guaduas, Honda, Villavieja; Puerto Valdivia, Medellin, Santa Elena 2700 m.). [Western South America; southward to Chile.] Additional records.-La Paila, Popayan; Sabana de Bogota, Que- tame. The status of Cattuirtes aura in Colombia requires further study. Chapman refers specimens from the Orinoco region and the Depart- ment of Antioquia to C. a. ruiicoliis (Bull, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 55, p. '218, 1926). The same author records large flocks of Turkey Vultures flying southward over Panama, and believes they are migrants from northern North America (C. a. septentTionalis) (AUk, 50, no. 1, p. 30, 1933). Friedmann records C. aura aura from near Santa Marta (Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 47, p. 188, 1933). In this he follows Todd and Carriker (Ann. Cam. Mus., 14, p. 142, 1922). Wetmore believes one August 29 bird from La Pella, Atlantico, to be ruticoliis (ex Dugand, Ca.ldasia, 4, no. 20, pp. 565-566, 1947). Dugand reports that there is a noticeable increase of Turkey Vultures in Atlantico during the dry season, corresponding to northern winter months (loc. cit., p. 566). These birds, if migrants, are perhaps C. aura septentrionatis . I have no specimens from Colombia and have followed Peters (Check-List Bds. World, 1, p. 190, 1931). R. M. DE SCHAUENSEE: THE BIRDS OF COLOMBIA 379

Cathartes aura ruficollis Spix BRAZILIAN TURKEY VULTURE Av. Bras., 1, p. 2, 1824 (Joazeiro, northern Bahia, Brazil, ex Oliveira-Pinto) . COLOMBIA.-? East of the Eastern Andes. Certainly along the Orinoco and the Amazon (Maipures sight; between Leticia and Lo- retoyacu, sight). [Venezuela, the Guianas, Brazil, northern Bolivia and northern Argentina.]

:::Cathartes urubitinga Pelzeln YELLOW-HEADED VULTURE Sitzungsb. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 44, p. 7, 1861 (Southern and Central Brazil). Range ot the species.-From Colombia and Venezuela south to Uruguay and northern Argentina. COLOMBIA.-Tropical Zone east of the Eastern Andes, the Carib- 'bean coast, the Magdalena, Cauca and upper Patia valleys (rio vaupes, rio Ocoa, near Villavicencio; Morelia; Maicao, Gaira; La Paila. Sight records from Buga, Laguna de Mediacanoa, Juanchito, El Bordo, upper Patia Valley; Picalefia: between Leticia and Loreto- yacu; El Paraiso). (To be continued)