DOCSLIB.ORG

The Soil Moisture Regime Estimated by Means of Climatic Data

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Soil Moisture Regime Estimated by Means of Climatic Data The Arab Center for the First Training Course in Agrometeorology for Arid Zones Studies of Arid Zones Damascus, h4ay and Dry Lands (A C S A D) IO - 23 I082 The Soil Moisture Regime estimated by means of Climatic Data. Its relationships with Annual Rainfall and .._ with Bioclimatic Classifications under Mediterranean Climatic Conditions. Paul BILLA.. Pedologi.st of the Oversea Scientific and technical research Institute (O R S T O hl. F'rance) .- . Dans de nombreux pays les mesures du régime hydrique des sols sont rares et son estimation au moyen des données clinstiques ne peut se faire que pour un nombre limité de stations météorologiques. 11 est alors malaisé de délimiter avec une approximation suffisante les régions ayant un régime hydrique donné. C'est là une difficult6 pour l'utilisation de la Taxonomie américaine des sols. Le texte rappelle d'abord la définition des régimes hydriques selon la Taxonomie américaine et le principe de leur estimation au moyen des données climatiques. Les paragraphes suivants exposent les relations qui existent, dans quatre pays arabes B climat de type méditerranéen, entre les classes de régime hydrique estimé et a) la pluviométrie moyenne annuel- le, b) les subdivisions bioclimatiques des systèmes d'Emberger et de Ragnouls et Gaussen. De telles relntións permettent, povr un pays donné, d'utiliser les cartes pluviométriques et bioclimntiques dans le but d'méliorer le tracé des limites entre les régions 8 régimes hydriqaes différents. ABSTRACT In many countries measured data concerning the Soil hloisture Regime (ShfR) are scarce; furthermore the ShfR estimation by means of climntic data is possible only for a somewhat limited number of meteo- rologiesl stations. As a consequence it is not easy to draw boundary lines between areas mith different SMR. This is a difficulty freqnent- ly met with when using the U.S. Soil Taxonomy. In a first part this pnper shortly recalls the definition of the Soil Moisture Regimes according to Soil Tmonomy and states the prin- ciples of their estimation by means of climatic data. ' The following paragraphs deal with the relationships found, for some arsb countries with mediterranean climate, between the classes of estimated ShlR and a) the average annual precipitstion, b) the bioclimste according to the bioclimatic classifications of Einberger and of Bagnoulls and Gaussen. Such relationships allow to use, in a given country, Annual pre- cipitation maps and bioclimatic maps in order to mark with R better accuracy the boundaries between regions with diff ererrt ShR. 6 hilots-cl6s: Régime hydrique des sols. Estimation par donn6es climn,ti- ques. Relations avec Pluviométrie annuelle et, avec Bioclim3ts m6di terrmnéens ., CONTENT , Page I. Introduction I' 2. The Soil Moisture Regimes according to "Soil Taxonomi)."; definitions I 2.1. Soil Moisture Control Section I 2.2. Moisture and Dryness 2 2.3. Soil Temperature Criteria 2 2.4. Classes of Soil Moisture Regime 2 2.5. Remarks 3. Estimation of the Soil Moisture Regime by means of Climatic data 3 3.1. Principle of estimation of the moist and dry periods in the moisture control section 3 3.2. Newhall's method 4. 3.3. Graphic method 5 3.4. Soil temperature estimation 5 3.5. Results of SMR estimation. Remarks 5 4. Relationships between estimated Soil Moisture Regime and average annual Precipitation 6 1 I 4.1. Estimated SMR and mean annual Precipitation . 1 and Air Temperature 7 4.2. Estimated Sm, "dry in all parts" period of the moisture control section and mean annual precipitation 7 4.3. Comparison of the relationships found for Syria, Lebanon, North Morocco and Tunisia 8 5. Tentative relationships between estimated SMRt-and Bioclimatic classifications 8 5. I. Estimated SMFt and Mediterranean Bioclimatic Stages of Emberger 8 5.2. Estimated SMR and Mediterranean Bioclimates of Bagnouls and Gaussen 9 6. Some conclusions 9- References 10 Figures. Annexe. The Soil Moisture Regime estimated by means of Climatic data. Its relationships with Annual Rainfall and with Bioclimatic Classifications under Mediterranean Climatic conditions. I 0 INTRODUCTION The Soil Moisture Regime is the succession of the moisture con- ditions in the various soil layers during the successive seasons of the year. Likewise the Soil TemperRture Regime is the succession of the temperature level in the soil layers throughout the year. The knowledge of these regimes is important: ci - to understand and explain the pedogenesis, i.e. the development (past and present) of the soil physical and chemicel properties; - to achieve R successful management of farming in rainfed areas. Water and heat are most impor$nnt factors for the chemical, physico- chemical and biological activities. Therefore it seems normal for B soil Classification to use, at any level, some criterin related to the Soil Moistlire and Temperatura Regimes. Most soil classifications include such criteria, one way or another. The French classificatim (1967) define the subclasses (second higher level) by reference to the "pedoclimatic" conditions, a synthesis of the soil regimes for moisture, temperature, red - ox conditions and soil solution concentration. The Canadian clrtssif ica - tion (1978) introduce the soil moisture regime at b lower class (soil family); et cetera ... I However it is the recent U.S. Soil Taxonomy (1975) which uses the present Soil Moisture and Temperature Regimes in the most systematic way, at high classification levels and with precise quantitative cri- teria. In this paper it rill be dealt only with the Soil Moisture Regime (SMR) as defined in the U.S.%oil Taxonomy". 2. THE SOIL MOISTURE REGIMES ACCORDING TO "SOIL TAXONOMY" DEFINITIONS. The SMR are defined by the length of moist and dry periods in a soil control section and, in addition, by some soil temperature crite- ria. 2.1. Soil Moisture Control Section (MCS). "The upper boundary of the MCS is the depth to which B dry (water tension > I5 bars but not air dry) soil rill be moistened by 25 mnr of water within 24 hours. The lower boundary is the depth to which a dry soil will be moistened by 75 mm of water within 48 hours. These depths are exclusive of the depth of moistening along any cracks or animal burrows that are open to the surf ace". The depth and thickness of MCS depend on the soil physical charac- , teristics which determine the soil Available Water Capacity (AWC). As a rough approximation the depth of the upper and lower boundaries are: -in fine loamy, silty, clayey soils: IO - 30 cm; - in coarse loamy soils: 20 - 60 cm; - in sandy soils: 30 - 90 cm. 2 If the soil is shallow over R hard rock or indurated layer, the ' lower boundary of the MC9'is the upper limit of the hard material. In this case it needs less than 75 mm of water to moisten the soil down to the lower boundary. 2.2. Moisture and Dryness. The soil is "moist" if it holds water at a tension 4 I5 bars (available waxer). This implies that the water con- tent of the"moist" soil may vary widely, between saturation and the wilting point. The soil is rldrylf if it holds only water a't a tension 3 I5 bars.' (Suah high tension may occur in moist but very salty soile, the soil is then considered physiologically dry.) The MCS may be %oist in all parts" (i.e. throughout its whole depth) or "dry in all parts", or"moist in some part" (which is equiva- lent to "dry in some part"). The lenght of the moist and dry periods of the MCS is measured by a number of either consecutive or cumulative drtys. Under mediterra- nean climatic conditions the moist period as well as the dry period are normally composed of consecutive drtys. 1 2.3? Soil Temperature Criteria. These are: - ,The Idean Annual Soil Temperature (WT); It may be obtained by mea- ' suremenkat a minimum depth of 50 cm made at regular time intervals throughout the year. - The Difference (DIF) between the mean summer and winter soil tempe- raturesat 50 cm depth (or at a lithic or paralithic contact).* - The periods during which the soil temperature at 50 cm depth (ST 50) is either > SOC or between 8 and 5OC or <5OC. They may be deduced . from the curve of the mean monthly soil temperature at 50 cm depth. 2.4. Classes of Soil hfoisture Regime. The criteria of definition for the SMR classes (except Aquic) are put in a comparative way in Table I. - Aridic (= Torric) : the moisture regime of arid regions and part of the semi-arid regions; in-st years rainfed cultivation is not pos- aible; there is no leaching; soluble salts accumulate. - Xeric: the typic moisture regime of regions with mediterranean cli- mate, i.e. cool or cold rainy winter, warm and dry summer. The rainfall, coming ip winte&hen evapotranspiration is minipun, is particularly effective for leaching. - Udic: occurs in regions of humid climste (temperate or tropical) with well distributed precipitation throughout the year. Water moves down through the soil at least at some time. *MAST and DIF are also used in the U.S. Soil Taxonoqy to define the Soi 1 Temperature Regime (STR) ; for instance : MAST = 0-8OC 8-15OC 15-22OC > 22oc with DIF>5OC, STR: frigid mesic thermic hyperthermic with DIF< 5OC, STR: isofrigid isomesic isothermic isohyperthermic .I Table-t - Definition of the soil moisture reqime . classes ! (except Aquic) according ta Soil Taxonomy i -4 Gonsecutiye days 4 C umulat iv e time 1 / A Seasonal conditions ~ Others conditions Part of the time Others conditions when ST-.> 5@c (days) -5 I t $ [ !4months I -4monUls i I I I I f I I when 5TS,)8*C 1 I* I AR1 O I I IC I l I I moi&/MOIST < 90 piK-[ (=Tsrr¡c) 1 I I I I (most (most years 1 I I years) I I 1 I 1 I I f I f I I MAST 222.C I I .jdry/DRY)SOI or l II I (most years) I I I DIF <SC I I I I I I I I I USTIC I If I I I I MAST < 22.C if---+- --:- and 1-1 m’ DIF 3 5.C I >/ 61ycars/ IO) I (most years) i I I I I when ST,, > 8.C i MAST C 22% F XERIC i í I l I f if I I I -i UDlC I (most years) I i 4 ’ Maisture control section MOIST, : moist in alt parts dry : dry.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Potential for an Assad Statelet in Syria
    THE POTENTIAL FOR AN ASSAD STATELET IN SYRIA Nicholas A. Heras THE POTENTIAL FOR AN ASSAD STATELET IN SYRIA Nicholas A. Heras policy focus 132 | december 2013 the washington institute for near east policy www.washingtoninstitute.org The opinions expressed in this Policy Focus are those of the author and not necessar- ily those of The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, its Board of Trustees, or its Board of Advisors. MAPS Fig. 1 based on map designed by W.D. Langeraar of Michael Moran & Associates that incorporates data from National Geographic, Esri, DeLorme, NAVTEQ, UNEP- WCMC, USGS, NASA, ESA, METI, NRCAN, GEBCO, NOAA, and iPC. Figs. 2, 3, and 4: detail from The Tourist Atlas of Syria, Syria Ministry of Tourism, Directorate of Tourist Relations, Damascus. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publica- tion may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. © 2013 by The Washington Institute for Near East Policy The Washington Institute for Near East Policy 1828 L Street NW, Suite 1050 Washington, DC 20036 Cover: Digitally rendered montage incorporating an interior photo of the tomb of Hafez al-Assad and a partial view of the wheel tapestry found in the Sheikh Daher Shrine—a 500-year-old Alawite place of worship situated in an ancient grove of wild oak; both are situated in al-Qurdaha, Syria. Photographs by Andrew Tabler/TWI; design and montage by 1000colors.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing Drought Regions and Vulnerability Through Soil Climate Regimes
    Assessing Drought Regions and Vulnerability Through Soil Climate Regimes William J. Waltman University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0915., Stephen Goddard, Gang Gu, Stephen E. Reichenbach, Mark D. Svoboda, and Jeffrey S. Peake. Abstract The agricultural landscapes of the Great Plains reflect a complex pattern of soil climate regimes (Soil Taxonomy, Soil Survey Staff, 1999) and inherent variability that influence the cropping systems and behavior of farmers. The historical crop yields and acreage harvested of crops were compared with climatic events through time to describe the trends and adaptations of farmers and changes in agroecology. The USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service and Risk Management Agency's county-level databases were coupled with soil climate regimes derived from the Enhanced Newhall Simulation Model to explain spatial relationships of crop yields and identifying growing environments favorable to corn, soybeans, sorghum, and wheat. In addition, these geospatial databases can be used to characterize shifts in growing environments through time and space. Comparisons were generated at the county level between irrigated and nonirrigated yields, yield ratios (corn:soybean) to identify favored environments, shifts in crop acreages reflecting past climatic events and changes in genetics, and dominant "cause-of-loss" processes for specific crops. The Enhanced Newhall Simulation Model was used to derive probabilities of soil climate regimes and differentiate agroecological zones. This study also addresses the changes in the agroecology and behavior of soil climate regimes in the Great Plains and connections to El Nino/La Nina events. Introduction Drought is the dominant process of crop loss nationally and within Nebraska. As Table 1 illustrates, on a statewide basis for Nebraska, nearly two-thirds of the 18.6 million harvested acres are covered by crop insurance.
    [Show full text]
  • Syrian Armed Opposition Powerbrokers
    March 2016 Jennifer Cafarella and Genevieve Casagrande MIDDLE EAST SECURITY REPORT 29 SYRIAN ARMED OPPOSITION POWERBROKERS Cover: A rebel fighter of the Southern Front of the Free Syrian Army gestures while standing with his fellow fighter near their weapons at the front line in the north-west countryside of Deraa March 3, 2015. Syrian government forces have taken control of villages in southern Syria, state media said on Saturday, part of a campaign they started this month against insurgents posing one of the biggest remaining threats to Damascus. Picture taken March 3, 2015. REUTERS/Stringer All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. ©2016 by the Institute for the Study of War. Published in 2016 in the United States of America by the Institute for the Study of War. 1400 16th Street NW, Suite 515 | Washington, DC 20036 www.understandingwar.org Jennifer Cafarella and Genevieve Casagrande MIDDLE EAST SECURITY REPORT 29 SYRIAN ARMED OPPOSITION POWERBROKERS ABOUT THE AUTHORS Jennifer Cafarella is the Evans Hanson Fellow at the Institute for the Study of War where she focuses on the Syrian Civil War and opposition groups. Her research focuses particularly on the al Qaeda affiliate Jabhat al Nusra and their military capabilities, modes of governance, and long-term strategic vision. She is the author of Likely Courses of Action in the Syrian Civil War: June-December 2015, and Jabhat al-Nusra in Syria: An Islamic Emirate for al-Qaeda.
    [Show full text]
  • Salvaging Syria's Economy
    Research Paper David Butter Middle East and North Africa Programme | March 2016 Salvaging Syria’s Economy Contents Summary 2 Introduction 3 Institutional Survival 6 Government Reach 11 Resource Depletion 14 Property Rights and Finance 22 Prospects: Dependency and Decentralization 24 About the Author 27 Acknowledgments 27 1 | Chatham House Salvaging Syria’s Economy Summary • Economic activity under the continuing conflict conditions in Syria has been reduced to the imperatives of survival. The central government remains the most important state-like actor, paying salaries and pensions to an estimated 2 million people, but most Syrians depend in some measure on aid and the war economy. • In the continued absence of a political solution to the conflict, ensuring that refugees and people in need within Syria are given adequate humanitarian support, including education, training and possibilities of employment, should be the priority for the international community. • The majority of Syrians still living in the country reside in areas under the control of President Bashar al-Assad’s regime, which means that a significant portion of donor assistance goes through Damascus channels. • Similarly, any meaningful post-conflict reconstruction programme will need to involve considerable external financial support to the Syrian government. Some of this could be forthcoming from Iran, Russia, the UN and, perhaps, China; but, for a genuine economic recovery to take hold, Western and Arab aid will be essential. While this provides leverage, the military intervention of Russia and the reluctance of Western powers to challenge Assad mean that his regime remains in a strong position to dictate terms for any reconstruction programme.
    [Show full text]
  • En En Motion for a Resolution
    EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT 2009 - 2014 Plenary sitting 8.10.2013 B7-0453/2013 MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION with request for inclusion in the agenda for a debate on cases of breaches of human rights, democracy and the rule of law pursuant to Rule 122 of the Rules of Procedure on recent cases of violence and persecution against Christians notably in Maaloula (Syria), Peshawar (Pakistan) and the case of Pastor Saeed Abedini (Iran) (2013/2872(RSP)) Marie-Christine Vergiat, Willy Meyer on behalf of the GUE/NGL Group RE\P7_B(2013)0453_EN.doc PE519.300v01-00 EN United in diversityEN B7-0453/2013 European Parliament resolution on recent cases of violence and persecution against Christians notably in Maaloula (Syria), Peshawar (Pakistan) and the case of Pastor Saeed Abedini (Iran) (2013/2872(RSP)) The European Parliament, – Having regard the European Parliament recommendation to the Council of 13 June 2013 on the draft EU Guidelines on the Promotion and Protection of Freedom of Religion or Belief – having regard to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the UN Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief, – having regard to article 18 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and General Comment 22 by the United Nations Human Rights Committee, – having regard to article 10 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, – having regard to its resolution of 13 December 2012 on the review of the EU's human rights strategy, – having regard to its resolutions on the annual reports on Human Rights and Democracy in the World and the European Union's policy on the matter – having regard European Parliament recommendation to the Council of 13 June 2013 on the draft EU Guidelines on the Promotion and Protection of Freedom of Religion or Belief A.
    [Show full text]
  • Council Implementing Regulation (EU) 2020/1649
    6.11.2020 EN Offi cial Jour nal of the European Union L 370 I/7 COUNCIL IMPLEMENTING REGULATION (EU) 2020/1649 of 6 November 2020 implementing Regulation (EU) No 36/2012 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Syria THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION, Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Having regard to Council Regulation (EU) No 36/2012 of 18 January 2012 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Syria and repealing Regulation (EU) No 442/2011 (1), and in particular Article 32(1) thereof, Having regard to the proposal from the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, Whereas: (1) On 18 January 2012, the Council adopted Regulation (EU) No 36/2012. (2) In view of the gravity of the situation in Syria, and considering the recent ministerial appointments, eight persons should be added to the list of natural and legal persons, entities or bodies subject to restrictive measures in Annex II to Regulation (EU) No 36/2012. (3) Regulation (EU) No 36/2012 should therefore be amended accordingly, HAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION: Article 1 Annex II to Regulation (EU) No 36/2012 is amended as set out in the Annex to this Regulation. Article 2 This Regulation shall enter into force on the date of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States. Done at Brussels, 6 November 2020. For the Council The President M.
    [Show full text]
  • Keys to Soil Taxonomy
    United States Department of Agriculture Keys to Soil Taxonomy Ninth Edition, 2003 Keys to Soil Taxonomy By Soil Survey Staff United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service Ninth Edition, 2003 The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410, or call 202-720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Cover: A natric horizon with columnar structure in a Natrudoll from Argentina. 5 Table of Contents Foreword .................................................................................................................................... 7 Chapter 1: The Soils That We Classify.................................................................................. 9 Chapter 2: Differentiae for Mineral Soils and Organic Soils ............................................... 11 Chapter 3: Horizons and Characteristics Diagnostic for the Higher Categories .................
    [Show full text]
  • The Syrian Orthodox Church and Its Ancient Aramaic Heritage, I-Iii (Rome, 2001)
    Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies 5:1, 63-112 © 2002 by Beth Mardutho: The Syriac Institute SOME BASIC ANNOTATION TO THE HIDDEN PEARL: THE SYRIAN ORTHODOX CHURCH AND ITS ANCIENT ARAMAIC HERITAGE, I-III (ROME, 2001) SEBASTIAN P. BROCK UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD [1] The three volumes, entitled The Hidden Pearl. The Syrian Orthodox Church and its Ancient Aramaic Heritage, published by TransWorld Film Italia in 2001, were commisioned to accompany three documentaries. The connecting thread throughout the three millennia that are covered is the Aramaic language with its various dialects, though the emphasis is always on the users of the language, rather than the language itself. Since the documentaries were commissioned by the Syrian Orthodox community, part of the third volume focuses on developments specific to them, but elsewhere the aim has been to be inclusive, not only of the other Syriac Churches, but also of other communities using Aramaic, both in the past and, to some extent at least, in the present. [2] The volumes were written with a non-specialist audience in mind and so there are no footnotes; since, however, some of the inscriptions and manuscripts etc. which are referred to may not always be readily identifiable to scholars, the opportunity has been taken to benefit from the hospitality of Hugoye in order to provide some basic annotation, in addition to the section “For Further Reading” at the end of each volume. Needless to say, in providing this annotation no attempt has been made to provide a proper 63 64 Sebastian P. Brock bibliography to all the different topics covered; rather, the aim is simply to provide specific references for some of the more obscure items.
    [Show full text]
  • SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC United Nations Cross-Border Operations Under UNSC Resolutions As of 31 December 2020
    SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC United Nations cross-border operations under UNSC resolutions As of 31 December 2020 UN Security Council Resolutions 2165/2191/2258/2332/2393/2449/2504/2533 930 14 Through the adoption of resolutions 2165 (2014),and its subsequent renewals 2191 (2014), 2258 (2015), 2332 Consignments Trucks (2016), 2393 (2017), 2449 (2018), 2504 (2020) and 2533 (2020) until 10 July 2021, the UN Security Council in December 2020 in December 2020 6 has authorized UN agencies and their partners to use routes across conflict lines and the border crossings at Agencies Bab al-Salam, Bab al-Hawa, Al-Ramtha and Al Yarubiyah, to deliver humanitarian assistance, including medical reported and surgical supplies, to people in need in Syria. As of 10 July 2020, based on resolution 2533, Bab al-Hawa is 43,348 1,318 the only crossing open at this point in time. The Government of Syria is notified in advance of each shipment Trucks Consignments in December and a UN monitoring mechanism was established to oversee loading in neighboring countries and confirm the since July 2014 since July 2014 2020 humanitarian nature of consignments. Number of trucks per crossing point by month since July 2014 Number of targeted sectors by district in December 2020 Bab al-Hawa 33,376 Since Jul 2014 Bab al-Salam 5,268 Since Jul 2014 TURKEY Al-Malikeyyeh Quamishli 1,200 930 1,200 800 800 Jarablus Ain Al Arab Ras Al Ain 400 0 Afrin 400 A'zaz Tell Abiad 0 0 Bab Al Bab Al-Hasakeh al-Hawa Jul 2014 Dec 2020 Jul 2014 Dec 2020 ] Al-Hasakeh Harim Jebel Jisr- Menbij Lattakia
    [Show full text]
  • Damascus & Rural Damascus, Syria: Nfi Response
    NFI Sector DAMASCUS & RURAL DAMASCUS, SYRIA: NFI RESPONSE Syria Hub Reporting Period: January 2017 CORE SUPPLEMENTARY ± ITEMS ITEMS TOTAL BENEFICIARIES ADEQUATELY SERVED Al-Hasakeh Aleppo Ar-Raqqa Deir Attiyeh 15,000 190,011 Homs PEOPLE WHO RECEIVED MORE THAN 4 CORE NFI PEOPLE WHO RECEIVED AT LEAST 1 SUPPLEMENTA- Idleb ITEMS (.75% OF THE 2.0M PEOPLE IN NEED IN RY ITEM WHICH INCLUDES SEASONAL ITEMS (10% Lattakia DAMASCUS AND RURAL DAMASCUS GOVERNORATES) OF THE 2.0M PEOPLE IN NEED IN DAMASCUS AND RURAL DAMASCUS GOVERNORATES) Hama Deir-ez-Zor TOTAL BENEFICIARIES PER SUB-DISTRICT Tartous An Nabk QATANA 7,500 DAMASCUSE 44,090 Yabroud GHIZLANIYYEH 7,500 KISWEH 28,500 DAMASCUS & RURAL-DAMASCUSHoms JARAMANA 23,750 Esal El-Ward QATANA 18,750 AT-TALL 17,500 Jirud GHIZLANIYYEH 15,417 AZ-ZABDANI 12,500 Damascus Rural Damascus Ma'loula SAHNAYA 11,250 Sarghaya DARIYA 10,000 Quneitra Rankus Raheiba DIMAS 8,255 Dar'a As-Sweida BENEFICIARIES REACHED BY TYPE OF SUPPORT Az-Zabdani Madaya Al Qutayfah ESTIMATE NUMBER OF PERSONS Sidnaya INSIDE DAMASCUS AND RURAL Breakdown of 2 million people 29K DAMASCUS GOVERNORATES WHO 174K in need of NFIs in Damascus RECEIVED IN-KIND ASSISTANCE FROM At Tall IN-KIND ASSISTANCE and Rural Damascus Ein Elfijeh REGULAR PROGRAMMES OF THE IN-KIND ASSISTANCE SECTOR in 2017 per sub-district Qudsiya ESTIMATE NUMBER OF PERSONS 6K 0 - 20,000 Dimas Duma 3K FROM HARD-TO-REACH AND LEBANON BESEIGED AREAS WHO RECEIVED Harasta INTER-AGENCY CONVOY IN-KIND ASSISTANCE THROUGH INTER-AGENCY CONVOY 20,001 - 60,000 INTER-AGENCY CONVOY Damascus Arbin 60,001 - 124,200 DamascusKafr Batna Rural Damascus 9K Jaramana Nashabiyeh 0 ESTIMATE NUMBER OF PERSONS 124,201 - 190,000 WHO RECEIVED CASH ASSISTANCE CASH SUPPORT FROM UNRWA CASH SUPPORT Qatana Markaz Darayya 190,001 - 701,000 Maliha NOTE: Breakdown of beneficiaries per type of support does not necessarily sum up to the reported number of beneficiaries as some communities may have received more than one type of assistance.
    [Show full text]
  • State-Led Urban Development in Syria and the Prospects for Effective Post-Conflict Reconstruction
    5 State-led urban development in Syria and the prospects for effective post-conflict reconstruction NADINE ALMANASFI As the militarized phase of the Syrian Uprising and Civil War winds down, questions surrounding how destroyed cities and towns will be rebuilt, with what funding and by whom pervade the political discourse on Syria. There have been concerns that if the international community engages with reconstruction ef- forts they are legitimizing the regime and its war crimes, leaving the regime in a position to control and benefit from reconstruc- tion. Acting Assistant Secretary of State of the United States, Ambassador David Satterfield stated that until a political process is in place that ensures the Syrian people are able to choose a leadership ‘without Assad at its helm’, then the United States will not be funding reconstruction projects.1 The Ambassador of France to the United Nations also stated that France will not be taking part in any reconstruction process ‘unless a political transition is effectively carried out’ and this is also the position of the European Union.1 Bashar al-Assad him- self has outrightly claimed that the West will have no part to play 1 Beals, E (2018). Assad’s Reconstruction Agenda Isn’t Waiting for Peace. Neither Should Ours. Available: https://tcf.org/content/report/assads-recon- struction-agenda-isnt-waiting-peace-neither/?agreed=1. 1 Irish, J & Bayoumy, Y. (2017). Anti-Assad nations say no to Syria recon- struction until political process on track. Available: https://uk.reu- ters.com/article/uk-un-assembly-syria/anti-assad-nations-say-no-to-syria- reconstruction-until-political-process-on-track-idUKKCN1BU04J.
    [Show full text]
  • Monthly Every 2 Months Yearly
    Syrian Arab Republic: Coverage of Main Multisectoral Assessments and Timeline (April 2015) Al-Malikeyyeh Al-Malikeyyeh Turkey Turkey Quamishli Quamishli Jarablus Jarablus Ras Al Ain Ras Al Ain Afrin Ain Al Arab Afrin Ain Al Arab Azaz Tell Abiad Azaz Tell Abiad Al-Hasakeh Al Bab Al-Hasakeh Al Bab Al-Hasakeh Al-Hasakeh Harim Harim Jebel Saman Ar-Raqqa Jebel Saman Ar-Raqqa Menbij Menbij Aleppo Aleppo Ar-Raqqa Idleb Ar-Raqqa Idleb Jisr-Ash-Shugur Jisr-Ash-Shugur As-Safira Ariha As-Safira Lattakia Ariha Ath-Thawrah Lattakia Ath-Thawrah Al-Haffa Idleb Al-Haffa Idleb Deir-ez-Zor Al Mara Deir-ez-Zor Al-Qardaha Al Mara Al-Qardaha As-Suqaylabiyah Deir-ez-Zor Lattakia As-Suqaylabiyah Deir-ez-Zor Lattakia Jablah Jablah Muhradah Muhradah As-Salamiyeh As-Salamiyeh Hama Hama Banyas Banyas Hama Sheikh Badr Masyaf Hama Sheikh Badr Masyaf Tartous Tartous Dreikish Al Mayadin Dreikish Ar-Rastan Al Mayadin Ar-Rastan Tartous TartousSafita Al Makhrim Safita Al Makhrim Tall Kalakh Tall Kalakh Homs Syrian Arab Republic Homs Syrian Arab Republic Al-Qusayr Al-Qusayr Abu Kamal Abu Kamal Tadmor Tadmor Homs Homs Lebanon Lebanon An Nabk An Nabk Yabroud Yabroud Al Qutayfah Al Qutayfah Az-Zabdani Az-Zabdani At Tall At Tall Rural Damascus Rural Damascus Rural Damascus Rural Damascus Damascus Damascus Darayya Darayya Duma Duma Qatana Qatana Rural Damascus Rural Damascus IraqIraq IraqIraq Quneitra As-Sanamayn Quneitra As-Sanamayn Dar'a Quneitra Dar'a Quneitra Shahba Shahba Al Fiq Izra Al Fiq Izra As-Sweida As-Sweida As-Sweida As-Sweida Dara Jordan AREA OF ORIGIN Dara Jordan
    [Show full text]