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Chlorophyta) from Baleia Beach, Ilha Grande Bay (Rio De Janeiro, Brazil

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Chlorophyta) from Baleia Beach, Ilha Grande Bay (Rio De Janeiro, Brazil BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF OCEANOGRAPHY, 59(2):145-152, 2011 TEMPORAL VARIATION IN VEGETATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF Caulerpa scalpelliformis (CHLOROPHYTA) FROM BALEIA BEACH, ILHA GRANDE BAY (RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL) Marcelo Augusto Vasconcelos 1, Carolina Leite Queiroga Schubart 2 and Maria Teresa Menezes de Széchy 1* 1Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro – Instituto de Biologia Departamento de Botânica (Rua Professor Rodolpho P. Roço, 211, sala A-99, 21941-902 Ilha do Fundão, RJ, Brasil) 2Associação Nacional dos Fiscais Federais do Meio Ambiente (Ed. Porto do Lago, Lago Norte, Brasília, DF, Brasil) *Corresponding author: [email protected] A B S T R A C T Caulerpa scalpelliformis grows on rocky and sandy bottoms at different depths in Jacuacanga Cove, Ilha Grande Bay, where it can form dense patches. The invasive behavior of this and other species of Caulerpa is well documented in the literature. This study analyzed the variation of the vegetative development of C. scalpelliformis from Baleia Beach (23°01’63’’S and 44°14’18’’W) in Jacuacanga Cove, from June 2003 to September 2004, including plants from rocky and sandy substrates. Morphometric and dry weight data from the erect and prostrate portions were used. Plants were collected from 20 x 20 cm 2 plots (n=3), randomly positioned on the rocky boulders ( ≅1.5 m depth) and on contiguous sandy bottom ( ≅3.0 m depth). During the study period, C. scalpelliformis occurred on both substrates as a pseudo-perennial species, showing partial loss of the erect portions from winter to spring; the height and dry weight of the erect portions increased from summer to autumn on both substrates. The temporal variation of C. scalpelliformis vegetative development in Baleia Beach was similar to that described for the invasive C. racemosa and C. taxifolia from different geographical regions of the world. R E S U M O Caulerpa scalpelliformis cresce sobre substrato rochoso e arenoso a diferentes profundidades na Enseada de Jacuacanga, Baía da Ilha Grande, onde pode formar bancos densos. O comportamento invasor desta e de outras espécies de Caulerpa é bem documentado na literatura. Este estudo analisou a variação do desenvolvimento vegetativo de C. scalpelliformis da Praia da Baleia (23°01’63’’S e 44°14’18’’W), Enseada de Jacuacanga, de junho de 2003 a setembro de 2004, considerando plantas do substrato rochoso e do fundo de areia. Dados morfométricos e de peso seco das porções prostrada e ereta foram usados. Plantas foram coletadas em quadrados de 20 cm de lado (n=3), posicionados aleatoriamente sobre o substrato rochoso (profundidade ≅ 1,5 m) e sobre o substrato arenoso (profundidade ≅ 3,0 m). Durante o período de estudo, C. scalpelliformis ocorreu nos dois substratos como espécie pseudo-perene, mostrando perda parcial das porções eretas do talo do inverno para a primavera; altura e massa seca das porções eretas mostraram tendência de aumento do verão para o outono nos dois substratos. A variação temporal do desenvolvimento vegetativo de C. scalpelliformis na Praia da Baleia foi similar à descrita para C. racemosa e C. taxifolia , espécies invasoras em diferentes regiões do mundo. Descriptors: Brazil, Caulerpales, Chlorophyta, Invasive species, Rocky shores, Sandy bottom, Temporal variation, Vegetative development. Descritores: Bioinvasão, Brasil, Caulerpales, Chlorophyta, Costões rochosos, Substrato arenoso, Variação temporal, Desenvolvimento vegetativo. INTRODUCTION MITCHELL et al., 1990; NUNES, 1998). Falcão and Széchy (2005) mentioned the occurrence of Caulerpa scalpelliformis (R. Br. ex Turner) populations of C. scalpelliformis on Baleia Beach, C. Agardh (Chlorophyta, Ulvophyceae) has been Angra dos Reis, growing in dense patches on the recorded since 1965 in the tropical regions of the rocky and sandy substrates. According to these Brazilian coast, where its distribution extends from the authors, the abundance of C. scalpelliformis increased states of Piauí to Espírito Santo (JOLY et al., 1965; on Baleia Beach from 2001 to 2003, suggesting that 146 BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF OCEANOGRAPHY, 59(2), 2011 the species had become established in the area. Its MATERIAL AND METHODS invasive behavior was characterized by its ability to replace Sargassum vulgare C. Agardh, the dominant Baleia Beach is situated on Ponta Leste species on Ilha Grande Bay rocky shores. Figueiredo (23°01’63’’S – 44°14’18’’W), between Biscaia and and Tâmega (2007), in a survey of the diversity of the Paraíso Beaches in Jacuacanga Cove, Ilha Grande macroalgae of Ilha Grande Bay carried out in the Bay, Angra dos Reis municipality, Rio de Janeiro summer of 2003 and winter of 2004, also found C. state. Jacuacanga Cove receives domestic sewage scalpelliformis on Biscaia Beach, in Jacuacanga Cove, from Monsuaba village, a growing residential center and on Macacos Island near Ilha Grande. (personal observation). Caulerpa scalpelliformis is also recognized Access from the mainland to Baleia Beach is as an introduced and invasive species in the restricted due to the construction of private residences Mediterranean Sea (VERLAQUE, 1994; ERTAN et along the somewhat steep coastal strip; however, this al., 1998) and in Australia (DAVIS et al., 1997). beach is frequently visited by motorboats engaged in Other species of Caulerpa J. V. Lamour., such as C. tourism and fishing, looking for sheltered waters. The taxifolia (H. West in Vahl) C. Agardh and C. narrow, sandy belt of Baleia Beach is bordered by an racemosa (Forssk.) C. Agardh, are considered invasive extensive strip of rocky boulders that extends from the species in the Mediterranean Sea (BOUDOUREQUE supralittoral zone to the shallow sublittoral zone. et al., 1995; BELLAN-SANTINI et al., 1996; PIAZZI From June 2003 to September 2004, et. al., 2001; CECCHERELLI et. al., 2002; BALATA sampling was carried out along a 20 m horizontal et al., 2004; PIAZZI;BALATA, 2009), in Australia length of the sublittoral zone on the left side of (MODENA et. al., 2000) and along the Californian the sandy belt of the Baleia Beach, including the coast, USA (WILLIAMS; GROSHOLZ, 2002), rocky boulders (rocky substrate) and the because of their high rates of growth and dispersal. contiguous sandy bottom (sandy substrate). This The invasive capability of seaweed species is related location was chosen based on the previous record of to their resistance to herbivores, growth rate, Caulerpa scalpelliformis patches, both on the rocky vegetative reproduction, and successful adhesion to substrate, where it was intermingled with Sargassum different substrates, among other attributes vulgare , and on the sandy bottom (FALCÃO; (VALENTINE et al., 2007). Invasive Caulerpa SZÉCHY, 2005). species show high rates of vegetative development, On the rocky and sandy substrates, three which can be analyzed by measuring the growth of randomly positioned plots of 20 x 20 cm 2 were their erect and prostrate portions (MEINESZ et al., sampled by snorkeling at two to three month intervals. 1993; MEINESZ et al., 1995; PIAZZI et al., 2001; The rocky substrate plots were positioned at a water RUITTON et al., 2005; CEBRIAN, BALLESTEROS, depth of approximately 1.5 m, and the sandy substrate 2009). They are able to cause disturbance to the plots were approximately 3.0 m deep during high communities they invade (MEINESZ; HESSE, 1991; tides. The plots were scraped and the material VILLÈLE;VERLAQUE, 1995) because of their high collected was stored in individual plastic bags biomass and density (PIAZZI et al., 2001; THIBAUT containing a 4% formaldehyde solution. et al., 2004; KLEIN; VERLAQUE, 2008). The vegetative development of Caulerpa The marine habitats that are most susceptible scalpelliformis growing on both substrates was to the introduction of exotic benthic species are those analyzed in the different seasons using both near ports and those subject to intense and constant morphometric and dry weight data related to the erect commercial navigation. On the other hand, in areas and prostrate portions. The erect portions were that are not located near ports, the vectors for the constituted of the laminae and their stipes, and the introduction of exotic species are related to non- prostrate portions were constituted of the stolons and commercial shipping and to tourist activities such as their rhizoidal pillars (Fig. 1). fishing and aquatic recreation (HEWITT et al., 2007). For each plot, Caulerpa scalpelliformis was In Ilha Grande Bay, in addition to the presence of two separated from other organisms. Fifteen-centimeter- operating ports, a shipyard, mariculture structures, and long fragments of C. scalpelliformis stolons were many fishing villages, there is intense shipping haphazardly chosen for the morphometric analysis activity related to tourism (CREED et al., 2007). (n=5). For each C. scalpelliformis fragment, the Therefore, Ilha Grande Bay is considered to be a height of the erect portions (n=5) and the length of the favorable environment for the introduction of exotic rhizoidal pillars (n=5) were measured. species (PAULA, CREED, 2004). The dry weights of the erect and prostrate This study aimed to describe the portions of C. scalpelliformis were obtained after temporal variation of the vegetative development of drying at 80 oC to constant weight. C. scalpelliformis , growing on the rocky and sandy substrates of Baleia Beach. VASCONCELOS ET AL.: TEMPORAL VARIATION OF Caulerpa scalpelliformis from BRAZIL 147 Fig. 1. Caulerpa scalpelliformis from Ilha Grande Bay : erect and prostrate portions of the thallus. The temporal variation in the height and dry weight of the erect portions, the length of the rhizoidal pillars and the dry weight of the prostrate portions of Caulerpa scalpelliformis were described, in graph form, using mean and standard deviation values (n=75, 3 plots x 5 fragments x 5 measures for each fragment). Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) Fig. 2. Temporal variation of the erect was used for comparing the total dry weight of portions of Caulerpa scalpelliformis Caulerpa scalpelliformis (erect portions and prostrate growing on rocky substrate at Baleia Beach, portions considered together, n=3), using the type of Ilha Grande Bay, from autumn 2003 to spring 2004.
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