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Caulerpa Racemosa Var. Cylindracea (Forsskal) J.Agardh ; Devant La Côte Ouest Algérienne

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Caulerpa Racemosa Var. Cylindracea (Forsskal) J.Agardh ; Devant La Côte Ouest Algérienne REPUBLIQUE ALGERIENNE DEMOCRATIQUE ET POPULAIRE MINISTERE DE L’ENSEIGNEMENT SUPERIEUR ET DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE UNIVERSITE ABDELHAMID IBN BADIS MOSTAGANEM FACULTE DES SCIENCES DE LA NATURE ET DE LA VIE DEPARTEMENT DES SCIENCES DE LA MER ET DE L’AQUACULTURE FILIERE : HYDROBIOLOGIE MARINE ET CONTINENTALE SPECIALITE : ECOLOGIE ET ENVIRONNEMENT THESE POUR L’OBTENTION DU DIPLOME DE DOCTORAT EN SCIENCES Présentée par : GHELLAI Malika Intitulée : L’expansion, le contrôle et le suivi de l’algue marine invasive : Caulerpa racemosa Var. cylindracea (Forsskal) J.Agardh ; devant la côte ouest algérienne Soutenue le : 1 Juin 2021 Devant le jury composé de : Mme. BENAMAR Nardjess Professeur Université de Mostaganem Présidente Mme. NEMCHI Fadela Maître de conférences A Université de Mostaganem Examinatrice M. KERFOUF Ahmed Professeur Université de Sidi Bel-Abbes Examinateur M. MOUFFOK Salim Professeur Université Oran1 Examinateur M.CHAHROUR Fayçal Maître de conférences A Université Oran 1 Examinateur M.BACHIR BOUIADJRA Benabdellah Maître de conférences A Université de Mostaganem Rapporteur Année universitaire 2020-2021 DEDICACE Je dédie ce travail A ma famille, elle qui m’a doté d’une éducation digne, son amour a fait de moi ce que je suis aujourd’hui : Particulièrement à mes parents, pour le gout à l’effort qu’ils ont suscité en moi, de par leur rigueur, que cette thèse soit le meilleur cadeau que je puisse vous offrir. A mon frère, mes sœurs qui m’ont toujours soutenu et encouragé durant ces années d’études A mon mari qui a toujours été à mes cotés pour me soutenir et m’encourager pour la réalisation de ce travail. Ainsi que ma petite fille Yasmine A ma belle famille A mes amies et mes collègues A tous les gens qui m’aiment pour le bon REMERCIEMENTS Au terme de ce travail, je voudrais exprimer ma reconnaissance à mon promoteur. Monsieur Bachir Bouiadjra Benabdellah, par ces qualités Humaines et à travers son soutien scientifique, et moral il a su me donner l’autonomie nécessaire à la réalisation de ce Manuscrit. Je remercie madame Professeur Benamar Nardjess pour sa grande disponibilité, et d’avoir aimablement accepté de présider ce jury, qu’il me soit permis de lui témoigner mon sincère et profond respect. Je tiens à remercier Madame Docteur Nemchi- Belhakem Fadela, qui a eu l’amabilité en me faisant l’honneur de participer à ce jury, d’apprécier mon travail et de mettre ainsi à contribution ses connaissances sur les problèmes de l’environnement Marin. Il m’est agréable d’adresser mes vifs et respectueux remerciements à Monsieur Mouffok Salim Professeur à l’université Oran 1. Ma considération va toute entière à Monsieur Kerfouf Ahmed Professeur à l’Université Djilali Liabbes de Sidi Bel-Abbes pour avoir accepter de faire partie du jury, malgrè ses nombreuses occupations. Mon sentiment profond va à Monsieur Chahrour fayçal Maître de conférences à l’Université Oran 1 qui a bien voulu faire part de ce jury et examiner mon travail, je lui exprime ici toute ma reconnaissance. Mes vifs remerciements sont adressés à Monsieur le Professeur José Galian Albaladejo du laboratoire de biologie animale Université de Murcie (Espagne), qui a eu l’amabilité de m’accorder des séjours scientifiques à l’unité de recherche, et m’avoir fait profiter patiemment de sa grande connaissance sur la biologie moléculaire et l’étude phylogénétique des échantillons examinés dans son laboratoire, qu’il trouve ainsi que son équipe dans ses quelques mots l’expression de ma sincère gratitude. Mes sincères remerciements à l’équipe de laboratoire de l’Institut national des sols et drainage INSID à Matmar, Relizane pour les efforts attribués durant mon passage chez eux. Résumé Caulerpa cylindracea Sonder 1845, est qualifiée d’espèce exotique envahissante d’origine australienne, entrainant un dysfonctionnement des écosystèmes marins, où nous l’avons ciblée et suivi pour découvrir la rapidité de son expansion, par le signalement de sa présence, visitant seize sites de la côte ouest algérienne. La prospection a été réalisée sur cinq wilaya qui sont ; Tlemcen, Aïn Témouchent, Oran, Mostaganem et Chlef, où elle a été répertoriée dans huit stations ; des linéaires côtiers d’Oran et de Mostaganem, et dans une seule station de la wilaya d’Aïn Témouchent. Des relevés phytosociologiques ont été établis, et ont permi de voir la fréquence de chaque taxon identifié, mentionnant un degré élevé de perturbation dans l’apparition des macrophytes benthiques vis-à-vis de la dominance de l’espèce invasive (espèce fréquente, cas de Salamandre). Le calcul de l’indice de Shannon et d’équitabilité identifient l’état écologique des sites, varie du moyen (H’ autours de 3,29 pour les sites peu et non envahies par la caulerpe) à médiocre (H’=1,74 pour Salamandre), avec une faible biodiversité macrophytique (0,4≤ E ≤0,64). Le calcul de l’indice Caulerpa racemosa (ICar), sur substrats sableux à rocheux avec algues, ne semble pas être un facteur limitant pour la propagation de l’espèce invasive. Les analyses précédentes ont été validées statistiquement selon ; Analyse Factorielle des Correspondances (AFC) ; Classification Hiérarchique Ascendante (CHA) ; Analyse en composantes principales (ACP). Des analyses biométriques, portant sur la longueur des stolons (≤ 17,9 cm), longueurs des frondes (≤ 5,63 cm), et distance entre les frondes (≤ 2,76 cm) de C.cylindracea indiquent que sa croissance et son développement, sont à leur maximum en saison printanière, tandis que le contraire est observé en saison hivernale. Des analyses physiologiques et biochimiques tel que l’estimation de la teneur en eau, des pigments chlorophylliens et caroténoïdes, affichent des valeurs importantes, couplée à une analyse des éléments minéraux essentiels enregistrant le gradient ; Na>Mg>Ca>K. De plus, la détection des niveaux de concentration en éléments traces métalliques (ETM) suivent l’ordre suivant ; Ni>Cu>Cd>Zn>Fe>Cr>Pb. Ainsi qu’une étude de la variance ANOVA des paramètres présentés. Par ailleurs, et pour corroborer les observations morphologiques du taxon invasif, une étude moléculaire a été réalisée, à l’aide du gène tufA, en vue de déterminer son origine exacte, en traçant l’arbre phylogénétique, qui suggère des ancêtres d’Australie, et une ressemblance nette avec l’espèce signalée en Italie. Mots clés : Caulerpa cylindracea Sonder 1845, côte ouest algérienne, éléments minéraux, ETM, expansion, invasive, phylogénétique, gène. الملخص تعتبر Caulerpa cylindracea Sonder 1845 من بين اﻷنواع الدخيلة و الغازية ذات أصل استرالي إن تصنيفها كنوع مخل بتوازن اﻷوساط البحرية دفعنا إلي تحديدها كهدف لدراسة و تتبع سرعة انتشارها في 16 محطة علي طول الساحل الغربي للجزائر ممثلة في خمس وﻻيات هي الشلف، مستغانم، وهران،عين تموشنت، وهران و تلمسان، حيت تم مﻻحظة تواجدها من خﻻل خرجات ميدانية في 08 محطات موزعة علي طول الساحل لوﻻيتي مستغانم ووهران وفي محطة واحدة في وﻻية عين تموشنت . لقد قمنا بإجراء مسح نباتي علي مدار السنة في فصول مختلفة باستعمال رباعي لحساب الحد اﻷدنى للمساحة التي تسمح بتقدير نسب تواجد كل نوع متعرف عليه، حيث تستطيع هذه الدراسة الكشف عن نسبة انتشار وسيطرة هادا النوع الغازي مقارنة مع أنواع أخري من الطحالب وحثي تأثيرها علي وضعية النبتات البحرية. تشير هته الدراسة إلي حجم التنافس علي المكان واﻻتجاه إلي مناظر اكتر تجانسا في اﻷعماق علي حساب اﻷنواع المحلية ، إن نسبة تواجد بعض النبتات البحرية تعطينا قراءة حول الحالة البيئية لﻷوساط البحرية التي تسجل تواجد .C.cylindracea قمنا بدراسة بعض المؤشرات اﻻيكولوجية كمؤشر Shannon ومؤشر اﻹنصاف للتعرف علي حالة الوسط من قليل الثلوث )’H حوالي 3,29 للمواقع التي سجلت تواجد ضئيل او غياب الصنف C.ylindracea( إلى رذيء )H’= 1,74 بالنسبة لمحطة صﻻمندر( ، مع اختﻻل في التنوع البيولوجي )E ≤0,4 ≤0,64(. القيام بحساب المؤشر ICar ، على الركائز الرملية و الصخرية مع الطحالب ،ﻻ يمثل عام اﻻ مقيداا ﻻنتشارهذا النوع الغازي. الدراسات الموورفولوجية والتحاليل الفيزولوجية لطول الرئد )≥ 17,9 سم( و طول السعفة )≥ 5,63 سم(، مع المسافة بين السعف )2.76 سم( للصنف المدروس تعطي مؤشرات ان ذروة النمو والتطور تكون في فصل الربيع، أما في فصل الشتاء نﻻحظ العكس حيت نسجل تباطؤ نمو النوع المعني بهنته الدراسة. التحاليل الفيزيولوجية و البيوكيميائية من بينها نسبة تواجد الماء و الكلوروفيل والكاروتينات ، تسجل قي اما مهمة، إضافة إلي دراسة كمية العناصر المعدنية المتواجدة في C.cylindracea مكننا من الحصول علي الترتيب التالي : صوديوم<مغنزيوم<كالسيوم<بوتاسيوم زيادة علي ذلك تم تتبع تركيز العناصر المعدنية الثقيلة مثل ،النيكل<النحاس< الكادميوم<الزنك< الحديد<الكروم<الرصاص، و التي أعطتنا فكرة عن تراكم هته العناصر في الطحلب المدروس. إن النوع المدروس يعرف بقدرته علي التأقلم و حتى مقاومة الظروف اﻻيكولوجية القصوى وحتى اﻷوساط الملوثة ولتعزيز الدراسة المورفولوجية للنوع الغازي قمنا بإجراء دراسة جينية بواسطة جين tufA التي مكنتنا من تحديد وتأكيد المنشأ اﻷصلي لهاد النوع وذلك برسم الشجرة الوراثية والتي أبرزت الجذور اﻻسترالية مع تشابه واضح أيضا مع نفس الطحالب المدروسة في ايطاليا. الكلمات المفتاحية: Caulerpa Cylindracea Sonder 1845، الساحل الغربي الجزائري، اﻻنتشار، المعادن الثقيلة، العناصر المعدنية، غازي ، دراسة جينية، الجين Abstract Caulerpa cylindracea Sonder 1845, is qualified as an invasive alien species of australian origin, causing a dysfunction of the marine ecosystems, where we have targeted and followed it to discover the speed of its expansion, by the signaling of its presence, by prospecting sixteen sites of the Algerian west coast, represented by five wilayas which are; Tlemcen, Aïn Témouchent, Oran, Mostaganem and Chlef, where it was listed in eight stations; the coastal lines of Oran and Mostaganem, and in a single station in the wilaya of Aïn Témouchent. Phytosociology surveys were established, see the frequency of each identified taxon, mentioning a high degree of disturbance in the appearance of benthic macrophytes vis-à-vis the dominance of the invasive species (frequent species, case of Salamander). The calculation of the Shannon index and equitability identify the ecological state of the sites, varying from average (H 'around 3.29 for sites that are not very invaded and not invaded by C.clindracea) to poor (H' = 1, 74 for Salamander), with low macrophytic biodiversity (0.4≤ E ≤0.64).
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