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Seawater Intrusion Mapping Using Electrical Resistivity Imaging (Eri) at Malaysian Coastal Area

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Seawater Intrusion Mapping Using Electrical Resistivity Imaging (Eri) at Malaysian Coastal Area International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 9, Issue 9, September 2018, pp. 1185–1193, Article ID: IJCIET_09_09_114 Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=9&Issue=9 ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316 © IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed SEAWATER INTRUSION MAPPING USING ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY IMAGING (ERI) AT MALAYSIAN COASTAL AREA Z. A. M. Hazreek Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat Johor, Malaysia M. M. M. Hashim Waste Technology and Environmental Division, Malaysian Nuclear Agency A. M. N. Asmawisham Institute of Noise & Vibration, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru Johor, Malaysia Z. M. Hafiz College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional Malaysia, Kajang Selangor, Malaysia Y. M. Fairus and K. A. Fahmy Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat Johor, Malaysia M. I. M. Ashraf School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang Malaysia S. Rosli and M. M. Nordiana School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia ABSTRACT Natural process of seawater intrusion occurs in many coastal areas all around the world. Previous experiences have recorded that the phenomena will cause a problem to the freshwater aquifer due to its salinity contamination. Conventional approach on saltwater detection also suffers from efficiency in term of cost, time and data coverage. Hence, this study has introduced an electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) for saltwater intrusion mapping based on time lapse condition. Data acquisition and processing of ERI was performed using ABEM SAS 4000 and RES2DINV software. It http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 1185 [email protected] Seawater Intrusion Mapping using Electrical Resistivity Imaging (Eri) at Malaysian Coastal Area was found that resistivity value was varied during different water tide due to migration of saltwater and freshwater within the aquifer. Saltwater, brackish water and freshwater was detected based on resistivity values of 0.1 – 5 Ωm, 5 – 15 Ωm and 50 – 100 Ωm respectively. This study was successfully demonstrated the applicable of ERI in saltwater intrusion mapping thus able to contribute to the sustainable future decision planning and development at the study area. Keywords: Saltwater Intrusion, Contamination, Electrical Resistivity Imaging. Cite this Article: Z. A. M. Hazreek, M. M. M. Hashim, A. M. N. Asmawisham, Z. M. Hafiz, Y. M. Fairus, K. A. Fahmy, M. I. M. Ashraf, S. Rosli and M. M. Nordiana, Seawater Intrusion Mapping using Electrical Resistivity Imaging (Eri) at Malaysian Coastal Area, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(9), 2018, pp. 1185–1193. http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJCIET?Volume=9&Issue=9 1. INTRODUCTION Seawater intrusion (SI) is commonly occurred in coastal aquifer due to density differences between seawater and freshwater. Unconfined aquifer has widely known as the most affected aquifer by SI in coastal areas due to its direct connection to the sea (Najib et al. 2017) [1]. The process of SI can be natural such as tidal force to fractured bedrock aquifer or human induced process such as groundwater extraction from the coastal well (Park et al. 2012) [2]. Seawater intrusion may cause a problem to the freshwater aquifer due to its groundwater contamination. Contaminate groundwater was unable to be used for drinking water and have limitation to be utilized. Tube well affected by seawater intrusion also unable to be efficiently functional due to its water contamination. From the perspective of civil engineering structure, salt composition that present in seawater will cause corrosion to the civil engineering structure. Furthermore, the productivity of agriculture and livestock sector at coastal areas may decrease due to the influence of seawater intrusion. Drinking seawater can cause harmful to our body system. Seawater contain higher salt concentration which unable to be process normally by kidney urination. Consequently, dehydration effect will occurred due to the dilution of excessive salt using extracted existing water from our body by kidney abnormal process for allowing the urination process. Seawater contain high composition of minerals which create additional force to the intrusion migration subjective to the fluctuation of groundwater or seawater levels. The occurrence of seawater in the coastal aquifer is a global issue that can be classified as source of contamination due to degrading of groundwater quality (Felisa et al. 2013) [3]. Conventional approach on seawater intrusion mapping always relative to drilling technique such as the application of monitoring well. However, conventional technique will suffer from several limitations due to expensive, time consuming and less data coverage. Hence, geophysical method with particular reference to electrical resistivity has been introduced as an alternative tool for seawater intrusion mapping. In the past, electrical resistivity has widely being used in engineering (Nordiana et al. 2018; Abidin et al. 2017; Hazreek et al. 2017; Abidin et al. 2017; Azhar et al. 2016; Abidin et al. 2014) [4 – 9] and environmental (Ashraf et al. 2018; Aziman et al. 2018; Hazreek et al. 2018; Riwayat et al. 2018; Baharuddin et al. 2018; Riwayat et al. 2018; Hazreek et al. 2017) [10 – 16] studies due to its cost, time and data coverage efficiency (Hazreek et al. 2018; Abidin et al. 2013; Abidin et al. 2012; Khatri et al. 2011; Godio et al. 2006; Cosenza et al. 2006) [17 – 22]. Electrical resistivity survey is a one of geophysical technique that has been widely use in http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 1186 [email protected] Z. A. M. Hazreek, M. M. M. Hashim, A. M. N. Asmawisham, Z. M. Hafiz, Y. M. Fairus, K. A. Fahmy, M. I. M. Ashraf, S. Rosli and M. M. Nordiana hydrogeological study such as groundwater contamination (Baharuddin et al. 2018; Ganiyu et al. 2016; Park et al. 2016; Benson 1997) [23 – 26] and saltwater intrusion (Tajul Baharuddin et al. 2013; Tajul Baharuddin et al. 2011; Bauer et al. 2006; de Franco et al. 2009; Oyeyemi et al. 2015; Goebel et al. 2017) [27 – 32]. As reported by many researchers (Sutter and Ingham 2017; Liu et al. 2017; Baharuddin et al. 2013; Coscia et al. 2012; Tajul Baharuddin et al. 2011; Morrow et al. 2010; Hayley et al. 2009; de Franco et al. 2009) [33 – 36, 28, 37 – 38, 30], the application of time-lapse electrical resistivity may deliver much better outcome regarding the seawater intrusion studies. Therefore, electrical resistivity method was applicable to monitor and identify the trend of groundwater migration and interaction between seawater and freshwater. In this study, the result of electrical resistivity survey that was conducted continuously in five tidal events was reported thus able to prove the occurrences of seawater intrusion at the study area. 2. SITE DESCRIPTION AND GEOLOGY Study area was located at the east coast of Johor, Peninsular of Malaysia. Coordinate of site is 2°36'4.78"N, 103°46'57.24"E in the coastal area of Jalan Penyabong about 26 km from Mersing, Johor town (Figure 1). Site topography is relatively flat and accessible with any common mode of transportation. The east coast of Johor generally is overlying on the Quaternary sediments which can be found from Telok Ramunia to Endau. In the Mersing- Endau area, the unconsolidated sediments can be found along a narrow coastal plain with the depth up to 30 m below ground level (Raj et al. 2009). Based on the Geological Map of Peninsular 1985, the quaternary sediments at the study area are consists of marine sand. Figure 1 Geological map of the study area (modified after Geological Map of Peninsular Malaysia 8th edition, 1985) [39] with location of study area and nearest tidal station 3. METHODLOGY The electrical resistivity measurements was performed during November 2017 using electrical resistivity set of equipment consists of ABEM Terrameter SAS 4000, ABEM Electrode Selector 464, 4 multicore cables and 61 stainless steel electrodes. The length of line survey is 160 m with 2 m of equal electrode spacing interval which able to mapped the subsurface profile up to 30 meters depth. Werner-Schlumberger configuration was used due to the fact that it has the strongest signal strength and its ability to detect vertical changes and horizontal structures (Loke, 2015) [40]. Furthermore, it is good at detecting sand clay http://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJCIET 1187 [email protected] Seawater Intrusion Mapping using Electrical Resistivity Imaging (Eri) at Malaysian Coastal Area boundaries and provides a clear image of groundwater as well as saltwater intrusion (Tajul Baharuddin et al. 2013) [27]. The resistivity of the subsurface has been measured by injecting certain amount of electric current (10 – 100 mA) into the ground through a pair of stainless steel electrode. The grounding of electrodes was installed properly with good ground contact to avoid current penetration problem thus resulting to a bad datum point or error current transmission. During the data acquisition, several electrodes need to be wet by water in order to allow the penetration and propagation of current underground due to the hot and dry weather. Electrical resistivity data acquisition was performed according to the time of high and low tide at Mersing tidal station (Table 1). First measurement (L1) was carried out at 2011 during the high tide event. Second measurement (L2) was continued at 0208 for the low tide event. Then, third measurement (L3) at was performed at 0755 for high tide event and followed by fourth measurement (L4) at 1418 for low tide event. Final measurement (L5) was carried out at 2057 for the high tide event. Electrical resistivities raw data measured from field was processed via commercialize RES2DINV software to replicate the subsurface profile of the seawater intrusion. RES2DINV inversion algorithm was used to analyze the data, as recommended by (Loke and Barker, 1996) [41] in order to obtain the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT).
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