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Cien Años De La Primera Guerra Mundial ESTUDIS SOBRE CONFLICTES SOCIALS CIEN AÑOS DE LA PRIMERA GUERRA MUNDIAL Cien años de la Primera Guerra Mundial El fracaso de la paz Estudis sobre Conflictes Socials, 7 Oliver Klein Bosquet (coord.) Estudis sobre Conflictes Socials Direcció Alberto Reig Tapia Josep Sánchez Cervelló Consell de redacció Mario Arias Oliva, Jordi Àngel Carbonell Pallarés, Santiago Castellà Surribas, Manuel Fuentes Vázquez Consell assessor Manuel Alcántara Sáez (Universidad de Salamanca), Enrique Gil Calvo (Universidad Complutense de Madrid), Carlos Imaz Gispert (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México), María Rosa Lojo (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina), Paul Preston (London School of Economics and Political Science), Francesc M. Quílez Corella (Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya), Ángel Viñas Martín (Universidad Complutense de Madrid) CIEN AÑOS DE LA PRIMERA GUERRA MUNDIAL El fracaso de la paz Coordinación de Oliver Klein Bosquet Tarragona, 2019 Publicacions de la Universitat Rovira i Virgili Av. Catalunya, 35 · 43002 Tarragona Tel. 977 558 474 · [email protected] www.publicacions.urv.cat 1a edició: octubre de 2019 ISBN (paper): 978-84-8424-797-5 ISBN (PDF): 978-84-8424-798-2 DOI: 10.17345/9788484247975 Dipòsit legal: T 1233-2019 Imatge de coberta: Il·lustració de Marcel Capy per a la coberta de la revista La Baïonnette, n. 76, 14 de desembre de 1916. Cita el llibre. Consulta el llibre a la nostra web. Llibre sota una llicència Creative Commons BY-NC-SA. Publicacions de la Universitat Rovira i Virgili és membre de la Unión de Editoriales Universitarias Españolas i de la Xarxa Vives, fet que garanteix la difusió i comercialització de les seves publicacions a nivell nacional i internacional. SUMARIO Prólogo ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7 La Primera Guerra Mundial, tan cerca y tan lejos: conflicto crucial para entender el siglo xx ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������11 Oliver Klein Bosquet El colonialisme com a generador de conflictes: una visió a partir de l’època moderna ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������25 Josep Fàbregas Roig La Primera Guerra Mundial: contendientes, mentalidades y desarrollo del conflicto ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������43 Xavier Moreno Juliá Portugal ante la Gran Guerra y sus disputas con España . 65 Josep Sánchez Cervelló La Sociedad de Naciones y la protección de las minorías ��������������������������83 Santiago J. Castellà Surribas El impacto de la Gran Guerra sobre los países del centro y del este de Europa ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������119 Jan Klima Del fin del Imperio otomano a la nueva Turquía ��������������������������������������137 Jaume Camps Girona El panorama artístico y las vanguardias en el periodo de la Primera Guerra Mundial . 167 José Carlos Suárez Los autores ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������185 PRÓLOGO Cien años de la Primera Guerra Mundial inicia un recorrido por toda la contienda en sus diferentes vertientes, bajo la hipótesis de que dicho con- flicto bélico marcaría profunda e irremediablemente el siglo xx y sin el cual tampoco podríamos entender las claves de las principales cuestiones de relaciones internacionales de hoy en día. Esta obra surge de un congreso organizado por el Centro de Estudios sobre Conflictos Sociales (CECOS), tuvo lugar en la Universitat Rovira i Virgili el 2 de Mayo de 2018. La Primera Guerra Mundial o Gran Guerra (1914-1918) se inició simbólicamente con el asesinato en Sarajevo del heredero al trono del Imperio Austro-Húngaro, Francisco Fernando de Habsburgo, a manos de un nacionalista serbio, pero las rivalidades históricas provocaron que el conflicto se extendiese desde Europa a los confines del mundo. Por un lado, los principales contrincantes representados fueron el gran Imperio de Europa Central, cuya capital se ubicaba en Viena, junto a la reciente- mente fundada Alemania del Emperador Guillermo y el Canciller Otto von Bismarck, Turquía y Bulgaria; mientras que, del otro lado, se situaron aquellos países aliados que quisieron defender a Serbia acusada del mag- nicidio, como Francia, el Reino Unido, Estados Unidos e Italia. Después de cuatro años de combates, el final de la guerra dio lugar a una profunda reestructuración geográfica del continente europeo, ya que cuatro de los grandes imperios existentes hasta entonces (el austro-húngaro, el alemán, el otomano e incluso el ruso) se desintegraron y dieron paso a nuevos estados (Checoslovaquia, Yugoslavia, Hungría, Estonia, Letonia, Lituania, Finlandia y Polonia, con las diferentes nomenclaturas de la época). Y la primera gran derrota de Alemania durante el siglo xx, con la renuncia de las colonias de ultramar, se convirtió en el caldo de cultivo —durante el conocido como «periodo de entreguerras»— para el surgimiento del na- zismo y la provocación de una nueva guerra a nivel mundial. Así, el texto introductorio pone el énfasis en una contienda interna- cional que se sitúa «tan lejos y tan cerca» desde el punto de vista de que algunos componentes de la misma siguen manteniéndose abiertos inclu- Klein Bosquet, Oliver (coord.), Cien años de la Primera Guerra Mundial: el fracaso de la paz, URV, Tarragona, 2019, p. 7–9.­­­ ISBN: 978-84-8424-797-5. DOI: 10.17345/9788484247975 Prólogo so en la actualidad (léase el renacimiento de Rusia y Turquía, el poderío alemán dentro de la Unión Europea o los conflictos permanentes en los Balcanes, por citar algunos ejemplos). A continuación diferentes profesores del Centro de Estudios sobre Conflictos Sociales de la URV aportan aspectos imprescindibles para in- terpretar la Primera Guerra Mundial. Desde la disciplina de la Historia Contemporánea, el Dr. Josep Fábregas y el Dr. Xavier Moreno, penetran respectivamente en el fenómeno del colonialismo como catalizador del conflicto, así como en las diferentes mentalidades de los enfrentados con el objetivo de entender el origen y desarrollo del mismo. Tanto el Dr. Sánchez Cervelló, cuyo texto se concentra en las rela- ciones de Portugal y España durante la guerra, como el del Dr. Santiago Castellà, quien explica los cimientos de la Sociedad de Naciones, prece- dente directo de la aún duradera Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU), detallan dos ámbitos de política exterior asociados que resultan muy remarcables. El profesor Jaume Camps describe cuál es y cómo se produce la tran- sición del final del Imperio Otomano a la creación de la nueva Repúbli- ca laica de Turquía de Mustafá Kemal Ataturk. Mención aparte merece la colaboración del Dr. Jan Klima, profesor de la Universidad de Hradec Králové, director del Centro de Estudios Ibero-Americanos y editor de la revista Ibero-Americana Pragensia (República Checa), que profundiza en el impacto de la Gran Guerra sobre los países del Centro y Este de Europa. Siguiendo el orden de las exposiciones del simposio, el libro concluye con la aportación del Dr. José Carlos Suárez, quien analiza el panorama artístico y las vanguardias pictóricas, y artísticas en general, de la época. Él mismo es quien, junto al coordinador, ha seleccionado las imágenes que acompañan cada capítulo. La cubierta de la publicación que el lector tiene hoy en sus manos utiliza una imagen muy significativa extraída de la portada de la revista satírica francesa La Baïonnette (La Bayoneta), que se publicó entre 1915 y 1920, y para ilustrar la presentación se acude a los carteles de dos de las películas consideradas como los mejores alegatos contra el militarismo durante el siglo xx: Johnny cogió su fusil, del director Dalton Trumbo, y Senderos de Gloria, de Stanley Kubrick. Oliver Klein Bosquet 9 Ernst Ludwig Kirchner. Autorretrato uniformado de soldado, 1915. (1880-1938) LA PRIMERA GUERRA MUNDIAL, TAN CERCA Y TAN LEJOS: CONFLICTO CRUCIAL PARA ENTENDER EL SIGLO XX Oliver Klein Bosquet Universitat Rovira i Virgili. CECOS [email protected] Resumen. La Primera Guerra Mundial, conocida también como Gran Guerra, vi- vida en Europa, aunque con ramificaciones en Oriente Medio, y también en África, las costas de América, las islas del Pacífico y parcialmente en China, debido al colo- nialismo de algunas de sus potencias enfrentadas, fue el principal evento histórico que inauguraría el corto siglo xx a la manera de entender del historiador británico Eric Hobsbawm. El caldo de cultivo acumulado solo tuvo que utilizar el asesinato, por parte del nacionalista-anarquista serbo-bosnio Gavrilo Prinzip, del heredero al trono del Imperio austro-húngaro, el archiduque Francisco Fernando de Habsbur- go. Por un lado, los contendientes principales fueron el mismo imperio con cuna en la capital vienesa, junto con la recién fundada Alemania del Segundo Reich, liderada por el káiser Guillermo, el Imperio otomano y el Reino de Bulgaria; y por el otro lado destacaría Rusia, apoyando al país acusado del magnicidio, en este caso Serbia, junto con otros aliados de conveniencia como eran Francia, el Reino Unido, Italia y, finalmente, los Estados Unidos de América. En el momento preciso de terminar dicha guerra quedaría dibujado un escenario de reestructuración pro- funda del mapa y de la geografía del continente europeo, ya que, de un plumazo, y en relativo poco tiempo, desaparecían y se desintegraban los cuatro grandes im- perios
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