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Trade Names and Manufacturers
Appendix I Trade names and manufacturers In this appendix, some trade names of various polymeric materials are listed. The list is intended to cover the better known names but it is by no means exhaustive. It should be noted that the names given may or may not be registered. Trade name Polymer Manufacturer Abson ABS polymers B.F. Goodrich Chemical Co. Acrilan Polyacrylonitrile Chemstrand Corp. Acrylite Poly(methyl methacrylate) American Cyanamid Co. Adiprene Polyurethanes E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Afcoryl ABS polymers Pechiney-Saint-Gobain Alathon Polyethylene E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Alkathene Polyethylene Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. Alloprene Chlorinated natural rubber Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. Ameripol cis-1 ,4-Polyisoprene B.F. Goodrich Chemical Co. Araldite Epoxy resins Ciba (A.R.L.) Ltd. Arnel Cellulose triacetate Celanese Corp. Arnite Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Algemene Kunstzijde Unie N.Y. Baypren Polychloroprene Farbenfabriken Bayer AG Beetle Urea-formaldehyde resins British Industrial Plastics Ltd. Ben vic Poly(vinyl chloride) Solvay & Cie S.A. Bexphane Polypropylene Bakelite Xylonite Ltd. Butacite Poly( vinyl butyral) E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. Butakon Butadiene copolymers Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. Butaprene Styrene-butadiene copolymers Firestone Tire and Rubber Co. Butvar Poly(vinyl butyral) Shawinigan Resins Corp. Cap ran Nylon 6 Allied Chemical Corp. Carbowax Poly(ethylene oxide) Union Carbide Corp. Cariflex I cis-1 ,4-Polyisoprene Shell Chemical Co. Ltd. Carina Poly(vinyl chloride) Shell Chemical Co. Ltd. TRADE NAMES AND MANUFACTURERS 457 Trade name Polymer Manufacturer Carin ex Polystyrene Shell Chemical Co. Ltd. Celcon Formaldehyde copolymer Celanese Plastics Co. Cellosize Hydroxyethylcellulose Union Carbide Corp. -
Polymer Exemption Guidance Manual POLYMER EXEMPTION GUIDANCE MANUAL
United States Office of Pollution EPA 744-B-97-001 Environmental Protection Prevention and Toxics June 1997 Agency (7406) Polymer Exemption Guidance Manual POLYMER EXEMPTION GUIDANCE MANUAL 5/22/97 A technical manual to accompany, but not supersede the "Premanufacture Notification Exemptions; Revisions of Exemptions for Polymers; Final Rule" found at 40 CFR Part 723, (60) FR 16316-16336, published Wednesday, March 29, 1995 Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics 401 M St., SW., Washington, DC 20460-0001 Copies of this document are available through the TSCA Assistance Information Service at (202) 554-1404 or by faxing requests to (202) 554-5603. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF EQUATIONS............................ ii LIST OF FIGURES............................. ii LIST OF TABLES ............................. ii 1. INTRODUCTION ............................ 1 2. HISTORY............................... 2 3. DEFINITIONS............................. 3 4. ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS ...................... 4 4.1. MEETING THE DEFINITION OF A POLYMER AT 40 CFR §723.250(b)... 5 4.2. SUBSTANCES EXCLUDED FROM THE EXEMPTION AT 40 CFR §723.250(d) . 7 4.2.1. EXCLUSIONS FOR CATIONIC AND POTENTIALLY CATIONIC POLYMERS ....................... 8 4.2.1.1. CATIONIC POLYMERS NOT EXCLUDED FROM EXEMPTION 8 4.2.2. EXCLUSIONS FOR ELEMENTAL CRITERIA........... 9 4.2.3. EXCLUSIONS FOR DEGRADABLE OR UNSTABLE POLYMERS .... 9 4.2.4. EXCLUSIONS BY REACTANTS................ 9 4.2.5. EXCLUSIONS FOR WATER-ABSORBING POLYMERS........ 10 4.3. CATEGORIES WHICH ARE NO LONGER EXCLUDED FROM EXEMPTION .... 10 4.4. MEETING EXEMPTION CRITERIA AT 40 CFR §723.250(e) ....... 10 4.4.1. THE (e)(1) EXEMPTION CRITERIA............. 10 4.4.1.1. LOW-CONCERN FUNCTIONAL GROUPS AND THE (e)(1) EXEMPTION................. -
Chain-Growth Polymerization, Version of 1/5/05
Chapter Three, Chain-growth polymerization, Version of 1/5/05 3 Chain-growth polymerization 3.1 Introduction We indicated in Chapter 1 that the category of addition polymers is best characterized by the mechanism of the polymerization reaction, rather than by the addition reaction itself. This is known to be a chain mechanism, so in the case of addition polymers we have chain reactions producing chain molecules. One thing to bear in mind is the two uses of the word chain in this discussion. The word chain continues to offer the best description of large polymer molecules. A chain reaction, on the other hand, describes a whole series of successive events triggered by some initial occurrence. We sometimes encounter this description of highway accidents in which one traffic mishap on a fogbound highway results in a pileup of colliding vehicles that can extend for miles. In nuclear reactors a cascade of fission reactions occurs which is initiated by the capture of the first neutron. In both of these examples some initiating event is required. This is also true in chain-growth polymerization. In the above examples the size of the chain can be measured by considering the number of automobile collisions that result from the first accident, or the number of fission reactions which follow from the first neutron capture. When we think about the number of monomers that react as a result of a single initiation step, we are led directly to the degree of polymerization of the resulting molecule. In this way the chain mechanism and the properties of the polymer chains are directly related. -
Worksheet: Addition Polymerization
Worksheet: Addition Polymerization In this worksheet, we will practice defining an addition polymerization and determining the structure of an addition polymer from the monomer reactant. Q1: Addition polymers may be made from many types of monomer. What is the most common type of monomer used to make addition polymers? A Alcohols B Carboxylic acids C Alkanes D Alkenes E Alkynes Q2: Which of the following is the best description of an addition polymer? A A polymer that can be easily added to other polymers B A polymer made by linking monomers together, without forming by-products C A polymer made by linking different monomers in a well-defined sequence D A polymer made by linking monomers together and releasing water or other small molecules E A polymer that can be linked to itself to form a longer polymer Q3: Poly(styrene) is an addition polymer made from the monomer styrene. If 100 kg of styrene reacts completely to form polystyrene, what mass of polystyrene is produced? Q4: Which of the following molecules can be polymerized? H H O H H H H H H C C C A C C C C H B H CC H H H O H H H H H H H O H H D H C C CC H E HHC H HH H Q5: Which of the following chemicals is used as a monomer for the following polymer? A Butanol H H CC B But-1-ene H C H C Butane 2 5 n D Butanoic acid E But-2-ene Q6: Which of the following chemicals is used as a monomer for the following polymer? A 1, 1, 2 -Trichloroethene Cl H B 1, 1, 1 -Trichloroethene CC C 1, 2-Dichloroethene Cl H n D Chloroethene E 1, 1-Dichloroethene Q7: Which of the following diagrams shows two -
Macromolecular Compounds Obtained Otherwise Than by Reactions Only Involving Unsaturated Carbon-To-Carbon Bonds
C08G Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds Definition statement This subclass/group covers: Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. condensation polymers, where the polymers are: Polymers from aldehydes or ketones, the polymers including polyacetals and phenol-formaldehyde-type resins such as novolaks or resoles, Polymers from isocyanates or isothiocyanates, the polymers including polyurethanes and polyureas, Epoxy resins, Polymers obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain, e.g. Polyphenylenes and polyxylylenes, Polymers obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing oxygen in the main chain, e.g. Polyesters, polycarbonates, polyethers and copolymers of carbon monoxide with aliphatic unsaturated compounds, Polymers obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing nitrogen in the main chain, e.g. Polyamides, polyamines, polyhydrazides, polytriazoles, polyimides, polybenzimidazoles and nitroso rubbers, Polymers obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing sulphur in the main chain, e.g. Polysulphides, polythioethers, polysulphones, polysulphoxides, polythiocarbonates and polythiazoles, Polymers obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing silicon in the main chain, e.g. Polysiloxanes, silicones or polysilicates, Other polymers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. Polymers obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing other elements in the main chain, e.g. P, b, al, sn, block copolymers obtained by inter-reacting polymers in the absence of monomers, dendrimers and hyperbranched polymers. Processes for preparing the macromolecular compounds provided for in this subclass. Relationship between large subject matter areas Composition of polymers with organic or inorganic additives should not classified (see [N: Note 1] after C08L title). -
Investigating Ugi/Passerini Multicomponent Reactions for the Site-Selective Conjugation of Native Trastuzumab C
Investigating Ugi/Passerini Multicomponent Reactions for the Site-Selective Conjugation of Native Trastuzumab C. Sornay, S. Hessmann, S. Erb, I. Dovgan, A. Ehkirch, T. Botzanowski, S. Cianferani, A. Wagner, G. Chaubet To cite this version: C. Sornay, S. Hessmann, S. Erb, I. Dovgan, A. Ehkirch, et al.. Investigating Ugi/Passerini Mul- ticomponent Reactions for the Site-Selective Conjugation of Native Trastuzumab. Chemistry - A European Journal, Wiley-VCH Verlag, 2020, 26 (61), pp.13797-13805. 10.1002/chem.202002432. hal-02966878 HAL Id: hal-02966878 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02966878 Submitted on 13 Nov 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Investigating Ugi / Passerini multicomponent reactions for the Site-Selective Conjugation of Native Trastuzumab Charlotte Sornay1, Steve Hessmann2, Stéphane Erb2, Igor Dovgan1, Anthony Ehkirch2, Thomas Botzanowski2, Sarah Cianférani2, Alain Wagner1, Guilhem Chaubet1* AUTHOR ADDRESS 1Bio-Functional Chemistry (UMR 7199), LabEx Medalis, University of Strasbourg, 74 Route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France 2Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique (LSMBO), LabEx Medalis, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, 67000 Strasbourg, France KEYWORDS Bioconjugation; multicomponent reaction; antibodies; antibody-drug conjugates ABSTRACT: Site-selective modification of proteins has been the object of intense studies over the past decades, especially in the therapeutic field. -
Organocatalyzed Three-Component Ugi and Passerini Reactions of 4-Oxoazetidine-2
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Digital.CSIC Organocatalyzed Three-Component Ugi and Passerini Reactions of 4-Oxoazetidine-2- carbaldehydes and Azetidine-2,3-diones. Application to the Synthesis of -Lactams and -Lactones Benito Alcaide,*, † Pedro Almendros,‡ Cristina Aragoncillo,† Ricardo Callejo,† and M. Pilar Ruiz† †Grupo de Lactamas y Heterociclos Bioactivos, Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Unidad Asociada al CSIC, Facultad de Química, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain, ‡Instituto de Química Orgánica General, IQOG, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006-Madrid, Spain, and [email protected] ABSTRACT X 2 1 H H 2 H H "ring-opening" R NHR R2 CHO "U-3CR" R NHR 3 "P-3CR" "cyclization" NHR 3 N O O N PhP(OH)2 (cat.) 1 X O R1 O R O 1 4 4 4 2 for: R NH2, X = NHR 6 X = NR 3 for: H2O, X = OH 7 X = O O O O O O H O HO H "P-3CR" 2 N PhP(OH) (cat.) R HN 1 2 N O R O R1 4 syn-5 Organocatalyzed U-3CR of 4-oxoazetidine-2-carbaldehydes has been studied. Besides, it the organocatalyzed P-3CR of 4-oxoazetidine-2-carbaldehydes and azetidine-2,3-diones has been described for the first time. U-3CR and P-3CR adducts have been obtained in good yields and reasonable diastereoselectivities. Phenyl phosphinic acid has been the catalyst of choice to study the scope of both organocatalyzed multicomponent reactions using a variety of -lactams, isocyanides and amines. -
Synthesis and Unimolecular Micellar Behavior of Amphiphilic Star-Shaped
RSC Advances PAPER View Article Online View Journal | View Issue Synthesis and unimolecular micellar behavior of amphiphilic star-shaped block copolymers Cite this: RSC Adv.,2017,7,45195 obtained via the Passerini three component reaction† S. Oelmann and M. A. R. Meier * A series of new amphiphilic star-shaped block copolymers with hydrophobic cores and hydrophilic shells was synthesized, using the Passerini three component step-growth polymerization (Passerini-3CP). The degree of polymerization of the Passerini hydrophobic cores (20, 10 and 5 repeating units) was controlled and the chain ends were quantitatively functionalized with different sized PEG-aldehydes and/or PEG-isocyanides via another Passerini reaction. The encapsulation and phase transfer properties Received 14th August 2017 of the star-shaped block copolymers were followed visually and by using UV/VIS-spectroscopy, using Accepted 14th September 2017 Orange II and Para Red dyes as guest molecules. The investigated polymers showed a unimolecular Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence. DOI: 10.1039/c7ra08982a micellar behavior, as shown by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and the mentioned encapsulation rsc.li/rsc-advances experiments. Unimolecular micelles show interesting properties for a wide polymerization of lactides and lactones is oen used to range of applications, including catalysis or the encapsulation synthesize star-shaped polymers.14 In previous work, we have of low molecular weight organic guest molecules.1 These cova- demonstrated that star-shaped block copolymers can be lently connected core–shell architectures can be based on synthesized via the Passerini three component reaction 15 This article is licensed under a amphiphilic hyperbranched polymers, dendrimers or star- (Passerini-3CR) in a step-growth process. -
Isocyanide-Based Multicomponent Reactions for the Synthesis of Heterocycles
Review Isocyanide-Based Multicomponent Reactions for the Synthesis of Heterocycles András Váradi, Travis C. Palmer, Rebecca Notis Dardashti and Susruta Majumdar * Received: 10 October 2015 ; Accepted: 17 December 2015 ; Published: 23 December 2015 Academic Editor: Romano V. A. Orru Department of Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; [email protected] (A.V.); [email protected] (T.C.P.); [email protected] (R.N.D.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-646-888-3669 Abstract: Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) are extremely popular owing to their facile execution, high atom-efficiency and the high diversity of products. MCRs can be used to access various heterocycles and highly functionalized scaffolds, and thus have been invaluable tools in total synthesis, drug discovery and bioconjugation. Traditional isocyanide-based MCRs utilize an external nucleophile attacking the reactive nitrilium ion, the key intermediate formed in the reaction of the imine and the isocyanide. However, when reactants with multiple nucleophilic groups (bisfunctional reactants) are used in the MCR, the nitrilium intermediate can be trapped by an intramolecular nucleophilic attack to form various heterocycles. The implications of nitrilium trapping along with widely applied conventional isocyanide-based MCRs in drug design are discussed in this review. Keywords: Ugi reaction; heterocycles; nitrilium trapping 1. Introduction Multicomponent reactions are powerful tools for the rapid generation of molecular diversity and complexity. In a typical multicomponent process, more than two components are combined in a single reaction, thereby providing an operationally effective and highly modular approach towards the synthesis of structurally diverse molecular entities. Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) represent an excellent tool for the generation of libraries of small-molecule compounds and are indispensable for structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies. -
Lecture1541230922.Pdf
MODULE-1 Introduction: -The macromolecules are divided between biological and non-biological materials. The biological polymers form the very foundation of life and intelligence, and provide much of the food on which man exists. The non-biological polymers are primarily the synthetic materials used for plastics, fibers and elastomers but a few naturally occurring polymers such as rubber wool and cellulose are included in this class. Today these substances are truly indispensable to mankind because these are essential to his clothing,shelter, transportation, communication as well as the conveniences of modern living. Polymer Biological Non- biological Proteins, starch, wool plastics, fibers easterners Note: Polymer is not said to be as macromolecule, because polymer is composedof repeating units whereas the macromolecules may not be composed of repeating units. Definition: A polymer is a large molecule built up by the repetition of small, simple chemical units known as repeating units which are held together by chemical covalent bonds. These repeating units are called monomer Polymer – ---- poly + meres Many parts In some cases, the repetition is linear but in other cases the chains are branched on interconnected to form three dimensional networks. The repeating units of the polymer are usually equivalent on nearly equivalent to the monomer on the starting material from which the polymer is formed. A higher polymer is one in which the number of repeating units is in excess of about 1000 Degree of polymerization (DP): - The no of repeating units or monomer units in the chain of a polymer is called degree of polymerization (DP) . The molecular weight of an addition polymer is the product of the molecular weight of the repeating unit and the degree of polymerization (DP). -
Introducing Polymers Synthetic Addition Polymers
Introducing Polymers Synthetic Addition Polymers Chapter 2.1 and 2.2 Many Monomers Make a Polymer • A polymer is a very large, usually chain-like molecule that is built from small molecules • A monomer is one of the small repeating molecular units that make up a polymer • Polymerization is a chemical process by which monomers are joined to form polymers Natural and Synthetic Polymers • Natural polymers are • Synthetic polymers are made by living things made in a lab • Ex: silk, spider webs, • Ex: plastics, polyester, hair, muscle, cotton, polyethylene, and wood polypropylene, Kevlar, Teflon, Lycra and Styrofoam Homopolymers • A homopolymer is a polymer formed by reactions involving a single type of monomer Copolymers • A copolymer is a polymer that is made up of two or more different types of monomers combined Synthetic Addition Polymers • An addition polymer is a very long organic molecule formed as the result of addition reactions between monomers with unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds Practice • Draw the polymer that is formed from the addition polymerization of styrene monomers Practice • Draw a structural diagram of the monomer that is used to make polyvinyl chloride (PVC) Plastics • A plastic is a synthetic polymer that can be moulded (often under heat and pressure) and that then retains its given shape • Think about the properties of different types of plastics that make them useful • Now think about the intermolecular forces and structural components that are responsible for those properties Polymer Cross-Linking Polymer Cross-Linking • Cross-Linking is when chemical bonds form between separate polymer strands Cross-Linking in Kevlar Cross-Linking Affects Properties • Flexibility • Heat Tolerance • Elasticity HOMEWORK Required Reading: p. -
Polymer Class Terms in the Registry File
Polymer Class Terms in the Registry File Chemical Abstracts Service A Division of the American Chemical Society 2540 Olentangy River Road P.O. Box 3012 Columbus, Ohio 43210 Copyright © 1995 American Chemical Society Quoting or copying of material from this publication for educational purposes is encouraged, providing acknowledgment is made of the source of such material. 10 Polymer Class Terms in the Registry File SEARCH Field: /PCT DISPLAY Field: PCT (Included in IDE, FIDE, and ALL) Proximity: (L) same as AND Class Term Code Type of Polymer Retrieved Amino Resin AR Condensation polymers of amines with aldehydes (mainly formaldehyde). IN Formaldehyde, polymer with 1,5-pentanediamine (9CI) CM 1 CM 2 H2N(CH2)5 NH2 H2CO Chloropolymer CLPO Monomer contains an acyclic C=C-Cl and has no atoms other than C, H, or Cl. IN 1-Butene, 1-chloro-, homopolymer (9CI) CM 1 H3CCH2 CH CH Cl Double Strand DBLSTR Uninterrupted sequence of rings with: (a) adjacent rings having one atom in common (spiro polymers), or (b) two or more atoms in common (ladder polymers), or (c) combinations of both features (ladder-spiro polymers). IN Poly(1,2:4,5-benzenetetrayl) (9CI) n Epoxy Resin EP Epihalohydrin polymers with a diol. Polymers of monomers containing two or more epoxy groups. IN Phenol, 4,4'-(1-methylethylidene)bis-, polymer with (chloromethyl)oxirane (9CI) CM 1 CM 2 Me C O Me CH2 Cl HO OH 1 Class Term Code Type of Polymer Retrieved Fluoropolymer FLPO Monomer contains an acyclic C=C-F and has no atoms other than C, H, F, or Cl.