DOCSLIB.ORG

Constraining Uncertainty in the Timescale of Angiosperm Evolution and the Veracity of a Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Constraining Uncertainty in the Timescale of Angiosperm Evolution and the Veracity of a Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution Research Constraining uncertainty in the timescale of angiosperm evolution and the veracity of a Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution Jose Barba-Montoya1 , Mario dos Reis2 , Harald Schneider3,4, Philip C. J. Donoghue5 and Ziheng Yang1 1Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK; 2School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK; 3Center of Integrative Conservation, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Menglun, Yunnan, China; 4Department of Botany, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK; 5School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK Summary Authors for correspondence: Through the lens of the fossil record, angiosperm diversification precipitated a Cretaceous Ziheng Yang Terrestrial Revolution (KTR) in which pollinators, herbivores and predators underwent explo- Tel: +44 020 7679 2000, ext. 34379 sive co-diversification. Molecular dating studies imply that early angiosperm evolution is not Email: [email protected] documented in the fossil record. This mismatch remains controversial. Philip C. J. Donoghue We used a Bayesian molecular dating method to analyse a dataset of 83 genes from 644 Tel: +44 011 7394 1209 taxa and 52 fossil calibrations to explore the effect of different interpretations of the fossil Email: [email protected] record, molecular clock models, data partitioning, among other factors, on angiosperm diver- Received: 6 June 2017 gence time estimation. Accepted: 20 December 2017 Controlling for different sources of uncertainty indicates that the timescale of angiosperm diversification is much less certain than previous molecular dating studies have suggested. Dis- New Phytologist (2018) 218: 819–834 cord between molecular clock and purely fossil-based interpretations of angiosperm diversifi- doi: 10.1111/nph.15011 cation may be a consequence of false precision on both sides. We reject a post-Jurassic origin of angiosperms, supporting the notion of a cryptic early his- tory of angiosperms, but this history may be as much as 121 Myr, or as little as 23 Myr. These Key words: angiosperms, Bayesian analysis, conclusions remain compatible with palaeobotanical evidence and a more general KTR in Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution, divergence time, fossil record. which major groups of angiosperms diverged later within the Cretaceous, alongside the diver- sification of pollinators, herbivores and their predators. et al., 2011; Magallon et al., 2015; Herendeen et al., 2017). Some Introduction interpret this evidence literally to reflect an explosive radiation Angiosperms constitute one of the largest scions of the tree of life. from a Cretaceous crown-ancestor, with the earliest macrofossil They dominate extant plant diversity, occupy almost every habi- record of unambiguous crown-angiosperms (Friis et al., 2000; tat on Earth and are one of the principal components of modern Sun et al., 2002) dating back only to the mid-Early Cretaceous biota playing crucial roles in terrestrial ecosystems (Augusto et al., (Hickey & Doyle, 1977; Benton, 2010; Friis et al., 2010; Mered- 2014; Cascales-Minana~ et al., 2016). Angiosperms rose to ecolog- ith et al., 2011; Doyle, 2012; Gomez et al., 2015; Cascales- ical dominance in the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution (KTR), Minana~ et al., 2016; Herendeen et al., 2017). In stark contrast, when their apparently explosive radiation is believed to have molecular timescales for angiosperm evolution have invariably underpinned the diversification of lineages that are key compo- concluded that crown-angiosperms diverged as much as 100 mil- nents of contemporary terrestrial environments, such as birds, lion yr (Myr) earlier than the KTR (e.g. Bell et al., 2005, 2010; insects, mammals and seed-free land plants, foreshadowing mod- Magallon, 2010, 2014; Smith et al., 2010; Clarke et al., 2011; ern terrestrial biodiversity (Dilcher, 2000; Benton, 2010; Mered- Magallon et al., 2013; Zanne et al., 2014; Zeng et al., 2014; ith et al., 2011; Cardinal & Danforth, 2013; Augusto et al., Beaulieu et al., 2015; Foster et al., 2016; Murat et al., 2017) – 2014; Cascales-Minana~ et al., 2016). However, these hypotheses unless they have been forced to fit with the early fossil record of co-diversification rest largely on the perceived coincidence in angiosperms (Magallon & Castillo, 2009; Magallon et al., 2015) the radiation of angiosperms and the renewal of trophic networks – (Table 1), implying a long cryptic evolutionary history unrepre- in terrestrial ecosystems. This is evidenced, not least, by the fossil sented in the fossil record. This may be because early angiosperms record of tricolpate pollen in the Barremian, slightly younger were not ecologically significant, or were living in environments Aptian floral assemblages, followed by an explosive increase in in which fossilization was unlikely (Raven & Axelrod, 1974; diversity in the middle and late Cretaceous (Doyle, 2008; Clarke Feild et al., 2009; Friedman, 2009; Smith et al., 2010; Doyle, Ó 2018 The Authors New Phytologist (2018) 218: 819–834 819 New Phytologist Ó 2018 New Phytologist Trust www.newphytologist.com This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 820 Research New Phytologist www.newphytologist.com Table 1 Overview of estimates of divergence times for selected major groups of angiosperms for some selected analyses from previous studies (2018) Clade (crown group) 218: Study Data/analysis Angiosperms Magnoliids Monocots Eudicots Superrosids Rosids Superasterids Asterids 819–834 Bell et al. (2005) Loci: 2-plastid, 1-mt, 1-nuc. 140–180 Ma – 99–133 Ma 93–125 Ma ––– – Taxa: 71. Calib: 5./BRC Loci: 2-plastid, 1-mt, 1-nuc. 155–198 Ma – 123–126 Ma –––– – Taxa: 71. Calib: 5./PL Magallon & Castillo (2009) Loci: 3-plastid. Taxa: 256. 130–242 Ma –––––– – Calib: 13./PL Bell et al. (2010) Loci: 2-plastid, 1-nuc. 141–154 Ma 121–130 Ma – 123–134 Ma 111–121 Ma 97–105 Ma 113–132 Ma 98–111 Ma Taxa: 567. Calib: 36a./IR Loci: 2-plastid, 1-nuc. 167–199 Ma 108–138 Ma – 123–139 Ma 111–135 Ma 97–132 Ma 113–131 Ma 98–119 Ma Taxa: 567. Calib: 36b./IR Smith et al. (2010) Loci: 2-plastid, 1-nuc. 182–257 Ma 136–181 Ma 139–167 Ma 128–147 Ma ––– – Taxa: 154. Calib: 33./IR Loci: 2-plastid, 1-nuc. 193–270 Ma 138–198 Ma 141–191 Ma 138–172 Ma ––– – Taxa: 154. Calib: 32./IR Clarke et al. (2011) Loci: 7-plastid. Taxa: 18. 175–240 Ma ––83–115 Ma ––– – Calib: 17./IR Magallon et al. (2013) Loci: 5-plastid. Taxa: 80. 162–210 Ma 131–155 Ma 125–145 Ma 120–129 Ma ––– – Calib: 28./IR Magallon (2014) Loci: 5-plastid. Taxa: 81. 162–210 Ma –––––– – Calib: 27./IR Zanne et al. (2014) Loci: 11-plastid, 4-mt, 243 Ma 147 Ma 171 Ma 137 Ma 118 Ma 117 Ma 117 Ma 108 Ma 2-nuc. Taxa: 32 223. Calib: 39./PL Zeng et al. (2014) Loci: 59-nuc. Taxa: 61. 286–246 Ma 122–150 Ma 127–149 Ma 115–126 Ma ––– – Calib: 2./IR Magallon et al. (2015) Loci: 3-plastid, 2-nuc. 139.4 Ma 130–134 Ma 132–135 Ma 130–133 Ma 119–125 Ma 115–123 Ma 120–126 Ma 110–119 Ma Taxa: 798. Calib: 137./IR Beaulieu et al. (2015) Loci: 3-plastid, 1-nuc. 210–253 Ma 160–195 Ma 149–181 Ma 142–170 Ma 124–144 Ma 113–136 Ma 120–143 Ma 99–119 Ma New Phytologist Taxa: 125. Calib: 24./IR Foster et al. (2016) Loci: 76-plastid. Taxa: 192–251 Ma 130–171 Ma 141–176 Ma 136–154 Ma 123–135 Ma 118–131 Ma 107–126 Ma 108–124 Ma 195. Calib: 37./IR Murat et al. (2017) Loci: 1175. Taxa: 37. 190–238 Ma ––87–109 Ma ––– – Calib: 2./IR Ó – – – – – – – – 2018 New Phytologist Trust This study (composite) Loci: 77-plastid, 4-mt, 149 256 Ma 128 190 Ma 123 181 Ma 129 188 Ma 118 162 Ma 117 160 Ma 118 164 Ma 107 146 Ma 2-nuc. Taxa: 644. Calib: 52./IR Ó BRC, Bayesian relaxed clock (Multidivetime); PL, penalized likelihood; AR, autocorrelated rates model; IR, independent rates model; SC, strict clock model; Calib, calibration points; composite, 95% 2018 The Authors high posterior density credibility interval (HPD CI) is a composite of the 95% HPD credibility intervals across all calibration strategies, except calibration strategy B (SB). Ma, million years ago. See Phytologist New original works for further information on time estimates. New Phytologist Research 821 2012). Or it may be that molecular clock estimates are just unre- combined the molecular data and fossil calibrations in a Bayesian alistically old, perhaps an artefact of their failure to accommodate relaxed clock divergence time analysis. The Bayesian approach dramatic accelerations that may have been associated with an used here (Rannala & Yang, 2007; dos Reis & Yang, 2011) inte- explosive diversification of angiosperms (Magallon, 2010; grates over the uncertainty in rate variation along the phylogeny. Beaulieu et al., 2015; Brown & Smith, 2017). We explored the impact of different sources of uncertainty on the Moreover, the timescale of angiosperm diversification varies timescale of angiosperm diversification. We employed five cali- broadly amongst different molecular analyses (Table 1). This is bration strategies that accommodate different interpretations of not surprising given that the transformation of molecular dis- the fossil record, and showed that these have a strong impact on tances (the branch lengths on a phylogeny) into geological diver- posterior estimates. We also explored the impact of data parti- gence times is challenging (dos Reis & Yang, 2013). Certainly, tioning, parameter choice in priors for rates and times, relaxed there are a number of methodological variables in previous molecular clocks and the effect of outgroup sampling.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Partial Flora Survey Rottnest Island Golf Course
    PARTIAL FLORA SURVEY ROTTNEST ISLAND GOLF COURSE Prepared by Marion Timms Commencing 1 st Fairway travelling to 2 nd – 11 th left hand side Family Botanical Name Common Name Mimosaceae Acacia rostellifera Summer scented wattle Dasypogonaceae Acanthocarpus preissii Prickle lily Apocynaceae Alyxia Buxifolia Dysentry bush Casuarinacea Casuarina obesa Swamp sheoak Cupressaceae Callitris preissii Rottnest Is. Pine Chenopodiaceae Halosarcia indica supsp. Bidens Chenopodiaceae Sarcocornia blackiana Samphire Chenopodiaceae Threlkeldia diffusa Coast bonefruit Chenopodiaceae Sarcocornia quinqueflora Beaded samphire Chenopodiaceae Suada australis Seablite Chenopodiaceae Atriplex isatidea Coast saltbush Poaceae Sporabolis virginicus Marine couch Myrtaceae Melaleuca lanceolata Rottnest Is. Teatree Pittosporaceae Pittosporum phylliraeoides Weeping pittosporum Poaceae Stipa flavescens Tussock grass 2nd – 11 th Fairway Family Botanical Name Common Name Chenopodiaceae Sarcocornia quinqueflora Beaded samphire Chenopodiaceae Atriplex isatidea Coast saltbush Cyperaceae Gahnia trifida Coast sword sedge Pittosporaceae Pittosporum phyliraeoides Weeping pittosporum Myrtaceae Melaleuca lanceolata Rottnest Is. Teatree Chenopodiaceae Sarcocornia blackiana Samphire Central drainage wetland commencing at Vietnam sign Family Botanical Name Common Name Chenopodiaceae Halosarcia halecnomoides Chenopodiaceae Sarcocornia quinqueflora Beaded samphire Chenopodiaceae Sarcocornia blackiana Samphire Poaceae Sporobolis virginicus Cyperaceae Gahnia Trifida Coast sword sedge
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix F3 Rare Plant Survey Report
    Appendix F3 Rare Plant Survey Report Draft CADIZ VALLEY WATER CONSERVATION, RECOVERY, AND STORAGE PROJECT Rare Plant Survey Report Prepared for May 2011 Santa Margarita Water District Draft CADIZ VALLEY WATER CONSERVATION, RECOVERY, AND STORAGE PROJECT Rare Plant Survey Report Prepared for May 2011 Santa Margarita Water District 626 Wilshire Boulevard Suite 1100 Los Angeles, CA 90017 213.599.4300 www.esassoc.com Oakland Olympia Petaluma Portland Sacramento San Diego San Francisco Seattle Tampa Woodland Hills D210324 TABLE OF CONTENTS Cadiz Valley Water Conservation, Recovery, and Storage Project: Rare Plant Survey Report Page Summary ............................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................2 Objective .......................................................................................................................... 2 Project Location and Description .....................................................................................2 Setting ................................................................................................................................... 5 Climate ............................................................................................................................. 5 Topography and Soils ......................................................................................................5
    [Show full text]
  • Insights Into Comparative Genomics, Codon Usage Bias, And
    plants Article Insights into Comparative Genomics, Codon Usage Bias, and Phylogenetic Relationship of Species from Biebersteiniaceae and Nitrariaceae Based on Complete Chloroplast Genomes Xiaofeng Chi 1,2 , Faqi Zhang 1,2 , Qi Dong 1,* and Shilong Chen 1,2,* 1 Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China; [email protected] (X.C.); [email protected] (F.Z.) 2 Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China * Correspondence: [email protected] (Q.D.); [email protected] (S.C.) Received: 29 October 2020; Accepted: 17 November 2020; Published: 18 November 2020 Abstract: Biebersteiniaceae and Nitrariaceae, two small families, were classified in Sapindales recently. Taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships within Sapindales are still poorly resolved and controversial. In current study, we compared the chloroplast genomes of five species (Biebersteinia heterostemon, Peganum harmala, Nitraria roborowskii, Nitraria sibirica, and Nitraria tangutorum) from Biebersteiniaceae and Nitrariaceae. High similarity was detected in the gene order, content and orientation of the five chloroplast genomes; 13 highly variable regions were identified among the five species. An accelerated substitution rate was found in the protein-coding genes, especially clpP. The effective number of codons (ENC), parity rule 2 (PR2), and neutrality plots together revealed that the codon usage bias is affected by mutation and selection. The phylogenetic analysis strongly supported (Nitrariaceae (Biebersteiniaceae + The Rest)) relationships in Sapindales. Our findings can provide useful information for analyzing phylogeny and molecular evolution within Biebersteiniaceae and Nitrariaceae.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rust Fungi of Luzuriaga (Luzuriagaceae) with Description of a New Species, Puccinia Luzuriagae-Polyphyllae
    Research Collection Journal Article The rust fungi of Luzuriaga (Luzuriagaceae) with description of a new species, Puccinia luzuriagae-polyphyllae Author(s): Berndt, Reinhard Publication Date: 2010 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000017585 Originally published in: Mycological Progress 9(1), http://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-009-0629-x Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library Mycol Progress (2010) 9:125–130 DOI 10.1007/s11557-009-0629-x ORIGINAL ARTICLE The rust fungi of Luzuriaga (Luzuriagaceae) with description of a new species, Puccinia luzuriagae-polyphyllae Reinhard Berndt Received: 22 June 2009 /Revised: 4 September 2009 /Accepted: 7 October 2009 /Published online: 24 November 2009 # German Mycological Society and Springer 2009 Abstract Three species of rust fungi (Uredinales), Puccinia of Alstroemeriaceae which is restricted to the New World perforans, P. fuegiana (= Uromyces skottsbergii), and with its two genera Alstroemeria and Bomarea (Fay et al. Aecidium callixenis have been described on members of 2006, http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/Apweb/ Luzuriaga (Luzuriagaceae). Puccinia luzuriagae-polyphyllae orders/lilialesweb.htm; retrieved 16 March 2009). is added as a new species on Luzuriaga polyphylla from Three rust fungi are known on members of Luzuriaga: Chile. The rust had been confused hitherto with P. perforans Puccinia perforans Mont., P. fuegiana Lindq. (= Uromyces occurring on L. radicans. Both species differ from P. skottsbergii Jørst.) and Aecidium callixenis Berk. ex Syd. & fuegiana on L. marginata by the absence of a uredinial state P.
    [Show full text]
  • Pared to Dicots, Including Greater Genome Size Variation and Grea
    American Journal of Botany 99(9): 1501–1512. 2012. R IBOSOMAL DNA DISTRIBUTION AND A GENUS-WIDE PHYLOGENY REVEAL PATTERNS OF CHROMOSOMAL EVOLUTION 1 IN A LSTROEMERIA (ALSTROEMERIACEAE) J ULIANA C HACÓN 2,4 , A RETUZA S OUSA 2 , C ARLOS M. BAEZA 3 , AND S USANNE S. RENNER 2 2 Systematic Botany and Mycology, University of Munich, 80638 Munich, Germany; and 3 Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográfi cas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile • Premise of the study: Understanding the fl exibility of monocot genomes requires a phylogenetic framework, which so far is available for few of the ca. 2800 genera. Here we use a molecular tree for the South American genus Alstroemeria to place karyological information, including fl uorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) signals, in an explicit evolutionary context. • Methods: From a phylogeny based on plastid, nuclear, and mitochondrial sequences for most species of Alstroemeria , we se- lected early-branching (Chilean) and derived (Brazilian) species for which we obtained 18S-25S and 5S rDNA FISH signals; we also analyzed chromosome numbers, 1C-values, and telomere FISH signals (in two species). • Key results: Chromosome counts for Alstroemeria cf. rupestris and A. pulchella confi rm 2 n = 16 as typical of the genus, which now has chromosomes counted for 29 of its 78 species. The rDNA sites are polymorphic both among and within species, and interstitial telomeric sites in Alstroemeria cf. rupestris suggest chromosome fusion. • Conclusions: In spite of a constant chromosome number, closely related species of Alstroemeria differ drastically in their rDNA, indicating rapid increase, decrease, or translocations of these genes.
    [Show full text]
  • GENOME EVOLUTION in MONOCOTS a Dissertation
    GENOME EVOLUTION IN MONOCOTS A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Graduate School At the University of Missouri In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy By Kate L. Hertweck Dr. J. Chris Pires, Dissertation Advisor JULY 2011 The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the dissertation entitled GENOME EVOLUTION IN MONOCOTS Presented by Kate L. Hertweck A candidate for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy And hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. Dr. J. Chris Pires Dr. Lori Eggert Dr. Candace Galen Dr. Rose‐Marie Muzika ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to many people for their assistance during the course of my graduate education. I would not have derived such a keen understanding of the learning process without the tutelage of Dr. Sandi Abell. Members of the Pires lab provided prolific support in improving lab techniques, computational analysis, greenhouse maintenance, and writing support. Team Monocot, including Dr. Mike Kinney, Dr. Roxi Steele, and Erica Wheeler were particularly helpful, but other lab members working on Brassicaceae (Dr. Zhiyong Xiong, Dr. Maqsood Rehman, Pat Edger, Tatiana Arias, Dustin Mayfield) all provided vital support as well. I am also grateful for the support of a high school student, Cady Anderson, and an undergraduate, Tori Docktor, for their assistance in laboratory procedures. Many people, scientist and otherwise, helped with field collections: Dr. Travis Columbus, Hester Bell, Doug and Judy McGoon, Julie Ketner, Katy Klymus, and William Alexander. Many thanks to Barb Sonderman for taking care of my greenhouse collection of many odd plants brought back from the field.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review on Presence of Oleanolic Acid in Natural Products
    Natura Proda Medica, (2), April 2009 64 A review on presence of Oleanolic acid in Natural Products A review on presence of Oleanolic acid in Natural Products YEUNG Ming Fai Abstract Oleanolic acid (OA), a common phytochemical, is chosen as an example for elucidation of its presence in natural products by searching scientific databases. 146 families, 698 genera and 1620 species of natural products were found to have OA up to Sep 2007. Keywords Oleanolic acid, natural products, plants, Chinese medicine, Linnaeus system of plant classification Introduction and/or its saponins in natural products was carried out for Oleanolic acid (OA), a common phytochemical, is chosen elucidating its pressence. The classification was based on as an example for elucidation of its presence in natural Linnaeus system of plant classification from the databases of products by searching scientific databases. SciFinder and China Yearbook Full-text Database (CJFD). Methodology of Review Result of Review Literature search for isolation and characterization of OA Search results were tabulated (Table 1). Table 1 Literature review of natural products containing OA and/or its saponins. The classification is based on Angiosperm Phylogeny Group APG II system of plant classification from the databases of SciFinder and China Yearbook Full-text Database (CJFD). Family of plants Plant scientific names Position of plant to be Form of OA References isolated isolated Acanthaceae Juss. Acanthus illicifolius L. Leaves OA [1-2] Acanthaceae Avicennia officinalis Linn. Leaves OA [3] Acanthaceae Blepharis sindica Stocks ex T. Anders Seeds OA [4] Acanthaceae Dicliptera chinensis (Linn.) Juss. Whole plant OA [5] Acanthaceae Justicia simplex Whole plant OA saponins [6] Actinidiaceae Gilg.
    [Show full text]
  • Survey of Birds on Namuli Mountain (Mozambique), November 2007, with Notes on Vegetation and Mammals
    Survey of birds on Namuli Mountain (Mozambique), November 2007, with notes on vegetation and mammals Françoise Dowsett-Lemaire A report prepared for the Darwin Initiative, the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew BirdLife International, Instituto de Investigação Agrária de Moçambique and Mount Mulanje Conservation Trust. Dowsett-Lemaire Misc. Report 60 (2008) Dowsett-Lemaire Misc. Rep. 60 (2008) -1- Birds of Namuli Mtn, Mozambique Survey of birds on Namuli Mountain (Mozambique), November 2007, with notes on vegetation and mammals Françoise Dowsett-Lemaire Summary Ornithological surveys were carried out on Namuli Mountain (peak 2419 m) from 14-27 November 2007. Most fo rest on Namuli is found above 1600 or 1700 m, to c. 1900 m (with scrubby forest to 2000 m or a little higher), with the largest block of Manho Forest (at least 1000 ha) spreading over the south-western slopes of the Muretha Plateau. Mid-altitude forest on the south-eastern slopes has been greatly reduced in recent decades by fires and clearance for agriculture. Other habitats include montane grassland (rather wet and peaty), small areas of montane shrubland, rocky outcrops and large granitic domes. The woody vegetation of the various forest types is described in some detail: the dominant emergents of Afromontane forest at 1600-1850 m are Faurea wentzeliana (new for Mozambique, at its sou thern limit of range) and Cryptocarya liebertiana , followed by Olea capensis . Albizia adianthifolia, Newtonia buchananii and Parinari excelsa are dominant in mid-altitude forest (1200-1450 m). Some notes on mammals observed are also included. The main base camp (15-24 November) was on Muretha Plateau at the altitude of 1860 m, in a mosaic of grass - land and small forest patches.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolutionary Relationships in Afro-Malagasy Schefflera (Araliaceae) Based on Nuclear and Plastid Markers
    Virginia Commonwealth University VCU Scholars Compass Theses and Dissertations Graduate School 2010 Evolutionary relationships in Afro-Malagasy Schefflera (Araliaceae) based on nuclear and plastid markers Morgan Gostel Virginia Commonwealth University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd Part of the Biology Commons © The Author Downloaded from https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/122 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at VCU Scholars Compass. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of VCU Scholars Compass. For more information, please contact [email protected]. © Morgan Robert Gostel 2010 All Rights Reserved ii EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS IN AFRO-MALAGASY SCHEFFLERA (ARALIACEAE) BASED ON NUCLEAR AND PLASTID MARKERS A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of M.S. Biology at Virginia Commonwealth University. by MORGAN ROBERT GOSTEL B.S. Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 2008 Director: DR. GREGORY M. PLUNKETT AFFILIATE RESEARCH PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY, VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY AND DIRECTOR, CULLMAN PROGRAM FOR MOLECULAR SYSTEMATICS, THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN Co-Director: DR. RODNEY J. DYER ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, Virginia July 2010 iii Acknowledgements I have been tremendously fortunate in my life to be taught by truly gifted teachers – assets that are simultaneously the most important and undervalued in our world. I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to my friend and advisor, Dr. Gregory M. Plunkett, who has taught me that patience and diligence together with enthusiasm are necessary to pursue what we are most passionate about and who has provided me with the most exciting opportunities in my life.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Birmingham How Deep Is the Conflict Between Molecular And
    University of Birmingham How deep is the conflict between molecular and fossil evidence on the age of angiosperms? Coiro, Mario; Doyle, James A.; Hilton, Jason DOI: 10.1111/nph.15708 License: None: All rights reserved Document Version Peer reviewed version Citation for published version (Harvard): Coiro, M, Doyle, JA & Hilton, J 2019, 'How deep is the conflict between molecular and fossil evidence on the age of angiosperms?', New Phytologist, vol. 223, no. 1, pp. 83-99. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.15708 Link to publication on Research at Birmingham portal Publisher Rights Statement: Checked for eligibility 14/01/2019 This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Coiro, M. , Doyle, J. A. and Hilton, J. (2019), How deep is the conflict between molecular and fossil evidence on the age of angiosperms?. New Phytol. , which has been published in final form at doi:10.1111/nph.15708. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Use of Self-Archived Versions. General rights Unless a licence is specified above, all rights (including copyright and moral rights) in this document are retained by the authors and/or the copyright holders. The express permission of the copyright holder must be obtained for any use of this material other than for purposes permitted by law. •Users may freely distribute the URL that is used to identify this publication. •Users may download and/or print one copy of the publication from the University of Birmingham research portal for the purpose of private study or non-commercial research.
    [Show full text]
  • An Update of Review on the Presence of Oleanolic Acid in Natural Products at Aug 2010
    Natura Proda Medica, Prelimary, September 2010 11 A review on isolation of Oleanolic acid in Natural Products from 2007 to Aug 2010 An update of review on the presence of Oleanolic acid in Natural Products at Aug 2010 YEUNG Ming Fai Abstract Reviews on isolation of oleanolic acid (OA) in natural products were carried out. This elucidates the presence of oleanolic acid in natural products based on scientific findings. There are 158 families, 767 genera and 1710 species of natural products isolated OA up to Aug 2010. Keywords Oleanolic acid, natural products, plants, Chinese medicine, presence, isolation, Linnaeus system of plant classification Introduction Result of Review To elucidate the presence of oleanolic acid in natural Review results were collaborated and tabulated (Table 1). products based on scientific findings, reviews on isolation of oleanolic acid (OA) in natural products were carried out 1-2. Table 1 Review on isolation of oleanolic acid and/or its saponins in natural products. The classification is based on Angiosperm Phylogeny Group APG II system of plant classification from the databases of SciFinder and China Yearbook Full-text Database (CJFD). Family of plants Plant scientific names Position of plant to Form of OA be isolated isolated Acanthaceae Juss. Acanthus illicifolius L. Leaves OA Acanthaceae Avicennia officinalis Linn. Leaves OA Acanthaceae Blepharis sindica Stocks ex T. Anders Seeds OA Acanthaceae Dicliptera chinensis (Linn.) Juss. Whole plants OA Acanthaceae Justicia simplex Wholeplants OAsaponins Acanthaceae Gendarussa vulgaris Nees Aerial parts OA Actinidiaceae Gilg. et Actinidia arguta (Sieb. et Zucc.) Planch. ex Miq. Leaves or stems OA Werderm. Actinidiaceae Actinidia deliciosa C.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant of the Month
    Plant of the Month - May by Allan Carr Geitonoplesium cymosum scrambling lily Pronunciation: guy-ton-o-PLEEZ-ee-um sy-MOW-sum HEMEROCALLIDACEAE Derivation: Geitonoplesium, from the Greek, geiton – a neighbour and plesio – near (because of its close affinity to the genus, Luzuriaga in which it was originally placed); cymosum, from the Greek, kyma – to swell, grow (presumably referring to the way in which a *cyme of flowers spreads outwards from the centre). Leaves, buds Buds, flower with native bee Leaves with raised mid vein Geitonoplesium is a monotypic genus (contains this single species) found in eastern Australia as well as Pacific Islands and Malaysia. Description: G. cymosum is a wiry twining climber often scrambling over itself. It is usually found in shaded positions and has fibrous roots and edible new growth. In eastern Australia it is found from north Qld down through eastern NSW to Vic. Leaves to 110 mm x 25 mm are alternate, shiny dark green above, paler below and have a distinct raised mid vein above several parallel longitudinal veins. Their shape can vary from *ovate to *lanceolate. Flowers to 15 mm across are borne in drooping *cymes of several white flowers with 6 petals and yellow *stamens from February to July. Fruits are black globular berries to 20 mm diameter with numerous waxy black seeds. This plant is very similar to Eustrephus latifolius (Plant of the Month - April) but can be easily identified by its leaves with an obvious raised mid vein, non-fringed flower petals or the black fruits. *ovate = shaped like an egg in outline, broadest near the base *lanceolate = shaped like a lance, about four times as long as it is wide and tapering to a point *cyme = a rounded arrangement of flowers where the flowers open from the centre first and spread outwards *stamen = one of the male organs of a flower consisting of a stalk (filament) and a pollen-bearer (anther) Habit with fruits .
    [Show full text]