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Genetta tigrina – Cape

absence of rusty spots and the presence of "black socks", i.e. the coloration of the whole hindfoot and that of the posterior part of the upper arms and around forefoot pads is dark (Photo 1). The also possesses a mid- dorsal crest (i.e. longer hairs along the spine) and longer hairs (4–4.5 cm versus 2–3 cm) than Rusty-spotted Genet, but these characteristics cannot always be identified during fleeting field encounters or even on pictures. Despite the presence of other morphological and some genetic differences, further investigations are needed in order to solve the taxonomic status of G. tigrina relative to G. maculata. [Note that the name “maculata” is invalid; see details in Rusty-spotted Genet Trevor Hardaker account.]

Regional Red List status (2016) Least Concern Assessment Rationale National Red List status (2004) Least Concern The Cape Genet is listed as Least Concern because it has (but assessed with a relatively wide range in South , appears to be G. maculata) common, occurs in human-modified habitats, does not face major threats, and is present in several protected Reasons for change No change areas across its distribution. Population size and trend Global Red List status (2015) Least Concern estimates are not available for most areas, but it is thought that the population is currently stable across the entire TOPS listing (NEMBA) (2007) None range. However, we caution for the impacts that CITES listing None agriculture intensification and rise of road constructions might have in a near future. Endemic Yes Regional population effects: We suspect that there is The Cape Genet is the only carnivore species dispersal across the distribution range, although possible endemic to the assessment region. barriers to the movements of this species at a landscape scale may exist. Distribution The Cape Genet is the only carnivore species endemic to Genetta tigrina (Schreber 1776) the assessment region. Morphometric analysis and coat pattern variation indicate that it is solely distributed in ANIMALIA - CHORDATA - MAMMALIA - - higher rainfall areas – and particularly in coastal forests – - Genetta - tigrina from the Western Cape to southern KwaZulu-Natal, south Synonyms: Genetta methi Roberts 1948 of 32°S, and to the neighbouring border (Schreiber et al. 1989; Bronner et al. 2003; Gaubert 2003; Common names: Cape Genet, Cape Large-spotted Gaubert et al. 2005a, 2005b; Gaubert 2013). Genet, South African Large-spotted Genet, Tigrine Genet (English), Grootkolmuskeljaatkat (Afrikaans), !Noreb Two subspecific populations of G. tigrina may occur; (Damara, Nama), Insimba (Ndebele, Swati, Zulu), Thsipa- G. t. tigrina, ranging from southern Western Cape Province thoko (Sepedi), Thsipa, T’sipa, Tsipa e matheba a maholo to south KwaZulu-Natal and G. t. methi from the (Sesotho), Tshipathokolo, Thokolo (Setswana), Tsimba Pondoland area, southern KwaZulu-Natal (Roberts 1951), (Shona, Venda), Msimba-mangovo, Nsimba (Tsonga), although morphometric and genetic evidence did not Inyhwagi (Xhosa) support such differentiation (Gaubert et al. 2005a). Historic distributions of G. tigrina elsewhere mentioned in Lack Taxonomic status: Species (but see below) (1977), Wemmer (1977) and Skinner and Smithers (1990) Taxonomic notes: This species was until recently now reclassify to other species, with the Kenyan considered conspecific with the Rusty-spotted Genet (G. population for example reclassifying to G. maculata. maculata) (Coetzee 1977; Meester et al. 1986). It is here The Cape Genet is considered sympatric with at least two regarded as distinct based on evidence provided by other genet species (G. maculata and G. genetta) and this Crawford-Cabral (1980–81), Crawford-Cabral and may result in a hybridisation zone in these areas where Pacheco (1992), Schlawe (1981), Gaubert (2003) and ranges overlap. Genetta tigrina naturally but rarely crosses Gaubert et al. (2005b). See Wozencraft (2005) and with G. maculata in a restricted hybridisation zone within Gaubert (2013) for further discussion. Through a naked KwaZulu-Natal. Genetta genetta has hybrid compatibility eye Cape Genet differs from Rusty-spotted Genet by the with G. tigrina in captivity and genetic evidence showed a

Recommended citation: Widdows CD, Roberts PD, Maddock AH, Carvalho F, Gaubert P, Do Linh San E. 2016. A conservation assessment of Genetta tigrina. In Child MF, Roxburgh L, Do Linh San E, Raimondo D, Davies-Mostert HT, editors. The Red List of of , Swaziland and Lesotho. South African National Biodiversity Institute and Endangered Wildlife Trust, South Africa. The Red List of Mammals of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland Genetta tigrina | 1

Figure 1. Distribution records for Cape Genet (Genetta tigrina) within the assessment region

Table 1. Countries of occurrence within Continuing decline in mature individuals: Unknown, but probably not. Country Presence Origin Number of mature individuals in population: Unknown Absent - Lesotho Extant Native Number of mature individuals in largest subpopulation: Unknown Absent - Number of subpopulations: It is not currently possible to Absent - determine whether there are clearly delineated South Africa Extant Native subpopulations, and if so, how many. Swaziland Absent - Severely fragmented: Not currently, since Cape Genets Zimbabwe Absent - can exist in multiple habitats (including in rural areas) as long as there is dense vegetation cover. case of hybridisation between the species in the wild Habitats and Ecology (Gaubert et al. 2005a). Accordingly, in areas where G. Cape Genets are found in woodlands and other densely tigrina is sympatric with G. genetta, such as in some areas vegetated habitats such as and Albany Thicket in of the Eastern Cape (Boshoff et al. 1994; E. Do Linh San Western and Eastern Cape. However, coastal forests are pers. obs. 2005–2015), further investigation of any possibly the species’ preferred habitat across its hybridisation is needed. distribution range (Stuart 1981; Gaubert 2013). They have also often been reported as occurring in riparian habitats, Population especially when crossing open agricultural land (Roberts et al. 2007; Gaubert 2013). These habitats may therefore There is a deficiency of information on Cape Genet act as important dispersal corridors. Cape Genets have abundance, but it appears to be relatively common for an also been recorded within close proximity of permanent elusive carnivore. However, in some areas of sympatry water reservoirs (Rowe-Rowe 1992), open grasslands and with G. genetta, live- and camera-trapping success seems exotic scrublands (Western Cape) during foraging to indicate that G. tigrina may be 3–4 times less abundant (Maddock & Perrin 1993; Gaubert 2013). They have also than the former species (E. Do Linh San pers. obs. 2005– been found using pine plantations and urban areas in 2010; Plaatjie 2016). Kwazulu-Natal (Rowe-Rowe 1992; Widdows 2016). They Current population trend: Unknown, but probably stable are good climbers, thus are able to select resting sites in due to a lack of severe threats. elevated places such as hollow trees (Stuart 1981), rocky

Genetta tigrina | 2 The Red List of Mammals of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland

crevices and roofs in barns, outbuildings and other farmhouses (Widdows & Downs 2016). Nevertheless, in areas where the shortage of elevated roost sites (for example, coastal shrubland areas) is evident, they rest below dense thickets and under tree roots (Roberts 2006). So far, only two studies looked at the spatial ecology of this species. In Vernon Crooks Nature Reserve, Maddock (1988) found an average home range size of 22 ha (range 6–33 ha), but these values are based on only three Genets radio-tracked during short periods (range 1–5 months). Within the urban landscape of Kloof (KZN), Widdows (2016) recorded an average 95% kernel density home range size of 32 ha (range 17–48 ha). However, these values are based on the GPS tracking of only two individuals over a period of 2–3 months. Photo 1. Cape Genet (Genetta tigrina) displaying the “black Cape Genets have an opportunistic generalist diet, and socks” characteristic of the species (Armand Kok) Roberts et al. (2007) found in a study in the Eastern Cape that the main bulk is comprised of small mammals ( sp., sp., sp. and they are less likely to be washed away and the scent sp.) and (Coleoptera and might be more effectively spread (Roberts 2006; Gaubert ). Other important items were birds, although 2013). Cape Genets also communicate by using their they were eaten in lower numbers than expected from a perineal glands, especially during the breeding season, semi-arboreal predator; the peak of consumption was when they rub their glands against large tree trunks, rocks recorded in winter and spring during the nesting period or shrubs. Rusty-spotted Genets (G. maculata) are (Roberts et al. 2007). A huge amount of grass has also capable of producing vocalisations in several situations been found and it is believed to aid digestion (Roberts et such as during courtship, cub rearing and territorial al. 2007; Gaubert 2013). Maddock (1988) in southern defence (Wemmer 1977), and it is likely to be valid for KwaZulu-Natal also found a large proportion of small Cape Genets too. [N.B.: Wemmer’s (1977) study was mammals and other , including birds, as well based on observations of captive G. tigrina collected in as numerous fruits. In other areas, , birds , but following the change of specific (including Columbidae), , spiders and pill nomenclature these now correspond to G. millipedes, freshwater crabs and earthworms have been maculata.] reported (Stuart 1981). They also feed on human leftovers and pet food in some urban backyards, and scavenge on Ecosystem and cultural services: The Cape Genet is fish in some beach areas (Roberts et al. 2007; Widdows & expected to play an important role in ecosystems by Downs 2015). preying on rodents and other small mammals, and also promoting seed dispersal due to its omnivorous diet. The Cape Genet is a nocturnal species, with a peak of the Moreover, this species might have the potential to become activity occurring during the first hours of the night after a successful example of pacific coexistence between leaving the day-time resting sites (Maddock & Perrin 1993; humans and wildlife in the context of the ongoing growth E. Do Linh San and M.J. Somers unpubl. data). Individuals of urban landscapes. Locally, genets are also of cultural are solitary, but they may form pairs during the breeding importance, as detailed in the next section. season. Intraspecific communication is mainly done through olfaction, notably with faeces deposited at conspicuous latrines (Rautenbach 1982; Maddock 1988; Use and Trade Widdows 2016). These are strategically located at the Genet hides and are sometimes used in traditional animals’ home range boundaries, such as at the junctions Zulu clothing items. In local traditional medicine pieces of of routes, in large tree branches and high rocks, where genet skin are used as stick-fight charms, or to adorn

Table 2. Use and trade summary for the Cape Genet (Genetta tigrina)

Proportion of Category Applicable? Rationale Trend total harvest Subsistence use Yes Used as bushmeat, medicine or for their skins. Limited Unknown, probably stable

Commercial use Yes Selling of individuals as pets (or breeding stock). Unknown Increasing (mostly in the USA)

Local commercial use in traditional medicine trade. Limited Probably stable

Harvest from wild Yes Localised and opportunistic harvest for the Limited Probably stable population traditional medicine trade.

Harvest from ranched No - - - population

Harvest from captive Yes Production of offspring to be sold as pets (or Unknown Increasing (mostly in population breeding stock). the USA)

The Red List of Mammals of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland Genetta tigrina | 3

Table 3. Threats to the Cape Genet (Genetta tigrina) ranked in order of severity with corresponding evidence (based on IUCN threat categories, with regional context)

Evidence in the Scale of Rank Threat description Data quality Current trend scientific literature study

1 4.1 Roads & Railroads: road collisions. W. Collinson unpubl. Empirical National Increasing with road data construction and habitat fragmentation.

2 8.1.2 Invasive Non-Native/Alien Species/ Widdows 2016 Empirical Local Increasing with increasing Diseases: predation by feral and domestic populations of feral/domestic and . cats and dogs.

3 5.1.1 Hunting & Collecting Terrestrial Animals: Cunningham & Zondi Empirical Local Stable due to cultural use hunting for food, fur and cultural purposes; 1991 being localised. collecting animals for the pet trade. - Anecdotal - Pet trade unknown.

4 5.1.3 Persecution/Control: hunting, trapping Stuart 1990 Anecdotal Local Probably limited and stable. and poisoning, either directly or as bycatch.

hats, and parts of the body are used to treat ailments of eyes. Some people eat the flesh (Cunningham & Zondi Conservation 1991). Despite the abovementioned threats, Cape Genets occur commonly outside protected areas. They are also present Different genet species are kept as exotic pets. While this in several protected areas throughout their range, such as is especially common in the USA, it does not seem to be Table Mountain, Garden Route, and Addo Elephant popular in the assessment area. It is likely that a large national parks (www.sanparks.org), Great Fish River majority of pet genets originate from captive breeding Complex (E. Do Linh San pers. obs. 2010) and Dwesa– programmes rather than from the wild. The number and Cwebe Wildlife Reserve (Roberts et al. 2007). proportion of Cape Genets kept as pets both globally and Conservation of the species should focus primarily on (i) in the assessment region is unknown. solving the taxonomic status of the Cape Genet relative to the Rusty-spotted Genet (G. “maculata”), (ii) assessing Threats levels of gene flow with co-occurring species, notably at its range limits (East and North) and (iii) deciphering We suspect that there are currently no known major population structure across its range. Beyond that, it threats to this species. Cape Genets occasionally kill would be important to evaluate whether the protected domestic poultry in both rural and peri-urban areas and areas will suffice to sustain stable Cape Genet populations are regarded as problem animals by those that incur and assess the degree of connectivity among them. losses. They are therefore occasionally killed by farmers in Indeed, due to the abovementioned increase in logging retaliation for predation on small domestic stock and and deforestation activities and the expected rise of road poultry, which could have an effect on numbers in some construction and land use changes in South Africa areas (Stuart 1990). The extent of road mortality on Cape (Collinson et al. 2015), the assessment of their effects on Genet populations within the assessment region is landscape functional connectivity would be crucial to unknown, although individuals of this species have been ensure the long-term persistence of Cape Genets, as has recorded in the Endangered Wildlife Trust’s road collision been evaluated for other genet species elsewhere database (W. Collinson unpubl. data). In both urban and (Carvalho et al. 2016). Conservationists should encourage rural areas Cape Genets are also known to be killed by landowners to implement interventions that would reduce feral and domestic cats and dogs, and are sometimes predation on Cape Genets, such as collar devices or deliberately poisoned or killed indirectly by the sterilising pets in rural areas (see Recommendations consumption of poisoned rodents. Within urban areas below), as such interventions have been shown to attacks by domestic dogs and collisions with motor significantly reduce wildlife mortality (Nelson et al. 2005; vehicles are clearly common threats to Genets. Over a 12- Claver et al. 2007). month period between 2012 and 2013, 19 Genets were killed by collisions with vehicles and 27 killed by domestic Recommendations for land managers and dogs within Durban and surrounding municipalities practitioners: Due to the often reported Cape Genet (Widdows 2016). casualties either by feral and domestic cats and dogs (Widdows 2016), it is important to control the number of Current habitat trend: Cape Genets occupy the coastal feral cats and dogs in both urban and rural areas, and fringe from Western Cape to Kwazulu-Natal, where some encourage and owners to put collar-mounted of the prevailing habitats are dense woodlands. Due to the bells, sonic bleepers or “pounce protectors” on their pets increasing of logging activity and thus deforestation (Nelson et al. 2005; Calver et al. 2007). To reduce occurring at alarming rates, it is possible that their collisions with vehicles, mitigation measures such as road distribution may become constrained to protected areas fencing and improvement of habitat near road crossing or Genets may be forced to move into urban areas structures (for example, underpasses) should be (Schuette et al. 2013). Indeed, they have been shown to implemented whenever possible (Collinson et al. 2015). colonize and adapt well near urban areas, which may increase the likelihood of human–Cape Genet conflicts Research priorities: (Widdows & Downs 2016).  Taxonomic status of G. tigrina versus G. maculata.

Genetta tigrina | 4 The Red List of Mammals of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland

Table 4. Conservation interventions for the Cape Genet (Genetta tigrina) ranked in order of effectiveness with corresponding evidence (based on IUCN action categories, with regional context)

Evidence in Current Data Scale of Rank Intervention description the scientific Demonstrated impact conservation quality evidence literature projects 1 2.2. Invasive/Problematic Species Nelson et al. Empirical Local No study focusing - Control: put and bird friendly 2005 specifically on pets and devices on domestic cats and dogs. Calver et al. genets yet. Reduction of 2007 up to 38% of small mammals preyed upon by domestic cats.

2 2.2. Invasive/Problematic Species - Anecdotal - - - Control: neuter or spay feral cats and dogs on game farms, ranches, conservancies, rural, peri-urban and urban areas.

3 2.1 Site/Area Management: install road- Collinson et al. Anecdotal - - - crossing structures in key habitats at 2015 road collision hotspots.

4 4.3 Awareness & Communications: - Anecdotal - - - establish a national campaign to educate the public about responsible domestic cat and dog ownership.

 Competition and hybridisation patterns with sympatric species of genets (G. genetta and Data Sources and Quality G. maculata). Table 5. Information and interpretation qualifiers for the Cape  Population estimates, demographic parameters and Genet (Genetta tigrina) assessment possible barriers to dispersal across the species’ distribution range. Data sources Field study (literature, unpublished), indirect information (literature, expert  Home range and habitat use of Cape Genets in a knowledge), museum records variety of landscapes (protected areas, agricultural Data quality (max) Inferred areas and urban landscapes).  Determine genetic health and diversity of both rural Data quality (min) Suspected and urban populations. Uncertainty resolution Author consensus  Testing of rabies in Cape Genets and their potential Risk tolerance Evidentiary role as vectors of the disease. A research group at the University of Fort Hare is currently studying the ecology and behaviour of sympatric Cape Genet and Small-spotted Genet (Genetta genetta). The References project aims to describe the spatial behaviour, habitat use, Boshoff AF, Palmer NG, Vernon CJ, Avery G. 1994. Comparison activity patterns, diet and use of latrines while at the same of the diet of crowned eagles in the savannah and forest biomes time trying to understand the mechanisms underlying of south-eastern South Africa. South African Journal Wildlife competition between, and co-existence of, these two Research 24:26–31. morphologically very similar species. Contact details: Prof. Bronner GN, Hoffmann M, Taylor PJ, Chimimba CT, Best PB, Emmanuel Do Linh San, Department of Zoology and Matthee CA, Robinson TJ. 2003. A revised systematic checklist of Entomology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700, South the extant mammals of the southern African subregion. Durban Africa. Email: [email protected]. Website: http:// Museum Novitates 28:56–106. www.ascaris.org. Calver M, Thomas S, Bradley S, McCutcheon H. 2007. Reducing the rate of predation on wildlife by pet cats: the efficacy and Encouraged citizen actions: practicability of collar-mounted pounce protectors. Biological Conservation 137:341–348.  Report sightings of any genet species on virtual museum/social platforms (for example, iSpot and Carvalho F, Carvalho R, Mira A, Beja P. 2016. Assessing MammalMAP), especially outside protected areas, landscape functional connectivity in a forest carnivore using path as well as to Emmanuel Do Linh San selection functions. Landscape Ecology 31:1021–1036. ([email protected]). GPS locations Coetzee CG. 1977. Order Carnivora. Part 8. Page 42 in Meester J, and photographs would be of great assistance. Setzer HW, editors. The Mammals of Africa: An Identification Manual. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, USA.  In addition, report Cape Genet sightings within KwaZulu-Natal to Craig Widdows Collinson W, Parker D, Patterson-Abrolat C, Alexander G, Davies- ([email protected]). Mostert H. (2015) Setjhaba SA, South Afrika: a South African perspective on an emerging transport infrastructure. Pages 439–  Put mammal and bird friendly devices (bells, sonic 447 in van der Ree R, Smith DJ, Grilo C, editors. Handbook of bleepers or “pounce protectors”) on pets, Road Ecology. Wiley, Oxford, UK. particularly dogs.

The Red List of Mammals of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland Genetta tigrina | 5

Crawford-Cabral J. 1980–81. The classification of the genets Schlawe L. 1981. Material, Fundorte, Text- und Bildquellen als (Carnivora, Viverridae, Genetta). Boletim da Sociedade Grundlagen für eine Artenliste zur Revision der Gattung Genetta Portuguesa de Ciências Naturais 20:97–114. G. Cuvier, 1816. Zoologische Abhandlungen (Dresden) 37: 85–182. Crawford-Cabral J, Pacheco AP. 1992. Are the Large-spotted and the Rusty-spotted genets separate species (Carnivora, Viverridae, Schreiber A, Wirth R, Riffel M, Van Rompaey H. 1989. , genus Genetta)? Garcia de Orta, Série de Zoologia, Lisboa 16: , , and their Relatives: An Action Plan for the 7–17. Conservation of Mustelids and Viverrids. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. Cunningham AB, Zondi AS. 1991. Use of Parts for the Commercial Trade in Traditional Medicines. Institute of Natural Schuette P, Wagner AP, Wagner ME, Creel S. 2013. Occupancy Resources, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. patterns and niche partitioning within a diverse carnivore community exposed to anthropogenic pressures. Biological Gaubert P. 2003. Description of a new species of genet Conservation 158:301–312. (Carnivora; Viverridae; genus Genetta) and taxonomic revision of forest forms related to the Large-spotted Genet complex. Stuart CT. 1981. Notes on the mammalian carnivores of the Cape Mammalia 67:85–108. Province, South Africa. Bontebok 1:1–58. Gaubert P. 2013. Genetta tigrina Cape Genet. Pages 247–249 in Stuart CT. 1990. The of mustelids and Kingdon J, Hoffmann M, editors. The Mammals of Africa. viverrids in Southern Africa. Small Carnivore Conservation 3:16. Volume V: Carnivores, Pangolins, Equids and Rhinoceroses. Bloomsbury Publishing, London, UK. Wemmer CM. 1977. Comparative ethology of the large-spotted genet G. tigrina and some related viverrids. Smithsonian Gaubert P, Fernandes CA, Bruford MW, Veron G. 2003. Genets Contributions to Zoology no. 239. Smithsonian Institute, USA. (Carnivora, Viverridae) in Africa: an evolutionary synthesis based on cytochrome b sequences and morphological characters. Widdows CD. 2016. The ecology of large-spotted genets within Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 81:589–610. an urban landscape. Ph.D. Thesis. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. Gaubert P, Taylor PJ, Fernandes CA, Bruford MW, Veron G. 2005a. Patterns of cryptic hybridisation revealed using a Widdows CD, Downs CT. 2015. A genet drive-through: are large multidimensional approach: a case study on genets (Genetta spotted genets using urban areas for “fast food”? A dietary spp.) from the southern African sub region. Biological Journal of analysis. Urban Ecosystems 18:907–920. the Linnean Society 86:11–33. Widdows CD, Downs CT. 2016. Urban roost temperatures of Gaubert P, Taylor PJ, Veron G. 2005b. Integrative taxonomy and large-spotted-genets: the effect of anthropogenic structures. phylogenetic systematics of the genets (Carnivora, viverridae, Journal of Thermal Biology 57:66–71. genetta): A new classification of the most speciose carnivoran Widdows CD, Ramesh T, Downs CT. 2015. Factors affecting the genus in Africa. Pages 371–383 in Huber BA, Sinclair BJ, Lampe distribution of large spotted genets (Genetta tigrina) in an urban K-H, editors. African Biodiversity: Molecules, Organisms, environment in South Africa. Urban Ecosystems 18:1401–1413. Ecosystems. Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium in Tropical Biology, Museum Koenig, Bonn. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Wozencraft WC. 2005. Order Carnivora. Pages 532–628 in Wilson Germany. DE, Reeder DM, editors. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Third edition. Maddock AH. 1988. Resource partitioning in a viverrid Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, USA. assemblage. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. Maddock AH, Perrin MR. 1993. Spatial and temporal ecology of an assemblage of viverrids in Natal, South Africa. Journal of Zoology 229:277–287. Assessors and Reviewers 1 2 Meester JAJ, Rautenbach IL, Dippenaar NJ, Baker CM. 1986. Craig D. Widdows , Peter D. Roberts , Anthony H. Classification of Southern African Mammals. Transvaal Museum, Maddock3, Filipe Carvalho4,5, Philippe Gaubert6†, Pretoria, South Africa. Emmanuel Do Linh San5† Nelson SH, Evans AD, Bradbury RB. 2005. The efficacy of collar- 1University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2Oxford Brookes University, 3Joint mounted devices in reducing the rate of predation of wildlife by Nature Conservation Committee, 4CIBIO – University of Évora, domestic cats. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 94:273–285. 5University of Fort Hare, 6Institut de Recherche pour le Développement Plaatjie A. 2016. Distribution, abundance and activity of genets (Genetta genetta and Genetta tigrina) in the Great Fish River †IUCN SSC Small Carnivore Specialist Group Reserve, Eastern Cape, South Africa. B.Sc. Honours Thesis. University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa. Contributors Rautenbach IL. 1982. The mammals of the Transvaal. Ecoplan 1 2 Monograph 1:1–211. Michael Hoffmann , Samantha Page-Nicholson , Matthew F. Child2 Roberts PD. 2006. Aspects of the behavioural ecology of Genetta tigrina. M.Sc. Thesis. Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South 1International Union for the Conservation of Nature, 2Endangered Africa. Wildlife Trust Roberts PD, Somers MJ, White RM, Nel JAJ. 2007. Diet of the South African large-spotted genet Genetta tigrina (Carnivora, Viverridae) in a coastal dune forest. Acta Theriologica 52:45–53. Details of the methods used to make this assessment can be found in Mammal Red List 2016: Introduction and Rowe-Rowe DT. 1992. The Carnivores of Natal. Natal Parks Methodology. Board, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.

Genetta tigrina | 6 The Red List of Mammals of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland