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MALAYSIAN ENERGY OUTLOOK By MALAYSIAN ENERGY OUTLOOK by Douglas Alan Gardiner A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of George Mason University in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Interdisciplinary Studies Committee: ___________________________________________ Director ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ Program Director ___________________________________________ Dean, College of Humanities and Social Sciences Date: _____________________________________ Fall Semester 2018 George Mason University Fairfax, VA Malaysian Energy Outlook A Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at George Mason University by Douglas Alan Gardiner Bachelors of Arts Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 2013 Director: Jennifer Sklarew, Professor Environmental Science and Policy Fall Semester 2018 George Mason University Fairfax, VA Copyright 2018 Douglas Alan Gardiner All Rights Reserved ii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my parents, Kent and Linda Sue Gardiner, for providing me the opportunity to be myself and to let me grow into the person I am today. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge Dr. Jennifer Sklarew for not only being my academic advisor but my thesis committee chair. She also helped give me guidance as a non- degree student prior to pursuing this degree and has helped in more ways than I can count. I would like to acknowledge the other committee members, Dr. Michael Webb and Dr. Chris Kennedy, for their support of this thesis and for being patient with me throughout the process. The professors at George Mason University also helped make this thesis a reality by asking the right questions of me and enabling me to continue pursuing my curiosities in the academic field. I would also like to acknowledge those I have worked with both at the NASA Langley Research Center and NASA Goddard Space Flight Center within the NASA DEVELOP Program for showing me the potential impact of academic research such as this thesis. Finally, to all my friends who have supported me throughout my time at George Mason University, thank you! This would not have been possible without you for keeping me focused and for your continued encouragement. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Tables ................................................................................................................... viii List of Figures .................................................................................................................... ix List of Equations ................................................................................................................. x List of Abbreviations ......................................................................................................... xi Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 3 Thesis Structure ........................................................................................................... 4 Sustainable Development Goals...................................................................................... 5 United Nations and the SDGs ...................................................................................... 5 Goal #7 ........................................................................................................................ 7 Malaysia Plans................................................................................................................. 8 Trends within the First through Ninth Malaysia Plans .............................................. 11 Tenth Malaysia Plan .................................................................................................. 11 Eleventh Malaysia Plan ............................................................................................. 12 Literature Review.............................................................................................................. 13 Malaysia Plans............................................................................................................... 15 Energy Profile ............................................................................................................... 18 Issues with Malaysian Palm Oil .................................................................................... 23 Deforestation ......................................................................................................... 23 Greenhouse Gas Emissions ................................................................................... 24 Fragile in Global Market ....................................................................................... 25 Energy Expansion Concerns ................................................................................. 26 Research Question/Hypothesis ......................................................................................... 28 Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 32 Interview Profiles ...................................................................................................... 35 Kate Clemans ........................................................................................................ 35 Malaysian Energy Company ................................................................................. 35 World Bank Analyst ............................................................................................. 35 Rina Haiges ........................................................................................................... 36 v Dr. Bridget Welsh ................................................................................................. 36 Limitations and Bias .................................................................................................. 36 Malaysian Energy Policy Analysis ................................................................................... 38 Malaysia Plans ........................................................................................................... 38 Palm Oil Regulations (1960-2007) ............................................................................ 40 Petroleum Development Act (1974) .......................................................................... 40 What was the policy? ............................................................................................ 40 Was it successful? ................................................................................................. 41 What is the main takeaway? ................................................................................. 41 National Depletion Policy (1980) .............................................................................. 42 What was the policy? ............................................................................................ 42 Was it successful? ................................................................................................. 42 What is the main takeaway? ................................................................................. 42 Five-Fuel Diversification Policy (2001) .................................................................... 43 What was the policy? ............................................................................................ 43 Was it successful? ................................................................................................. 43 What is the main takeaway? ................................................................................. 44 National Renewable Energy Policy and Action Plan (2009) .................................... 44 What was the policy? ............................................................................................ 44 Was it successful? ................................................................................................. 45 What is the main takeaway? ................................................................................. 46 Renewable Energy Act (2011) .................................................................................. 46 What was the policy? ............................................................................................ 46 Was it successful? ................................................................................................. 47 What is the main takeaway? ................................................................................. 47 Sustainable Energy Development Authorities Act (2011) ........................................ 48 Green Technology Master Plan (2017) ..................................................................... 48 Sam Peltzman Model ................................................................................................. 51 Research Questions Revisited ................................................................................... 53 Energy Profile Analysis .................................................................................................... 55 Electricity in Malaysia ............................................................................................... 55 Oil in Malaysia .........................................................................................................
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