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Use this file to create a direct marketing piece that you will have printed by a commercial printer. SAN JOAQUIN COUNTY After you have created the final version of your direct marketing piece, print a copy and review it with Entry Level Study Guide your local post office, or go to the United State Postal Service Web site to confirm that your mailing meets current postal regulations. Delete this text box before you hand off your file to your commercial printer. 4-H Horse & Horseless Projects Purpose: This project will help you learn the basic information about horses and become familiar with the horse industry and events. It is also for members who want to learn about horses and horsemanship in preparation to owning or leasing a horse. It is intended for 4-H members who: Do not have a horse Want to learn more about horses before getting a horse Need guidance in selection of a horse Need information about the cost and care in having a horse. Note: 4-H Members in this project will not be riding any horses. However, a horse will be used for demonstration purposes. Project Outcomes: Describe safety precautions you should take when handling and caring for a horse. Explain how to approach and lead a horse safely from a stall, corral, or field and how to tie the horse securely. Name the basic parts of the horse Name 5 breeds of horse, and explain a special feature to each. How to care for your saddle and bridle, and name 5 parts on each. Identify colors and markings. Safe horse-keeping and housing. The “Entry Level” test at Horse Achievement Day, which consists of: o Demonstrations - Catching and Haltering, Basic Grooming and tying a horse properly. o Oral Questions o Written Questions Selecting a good horse, to include: o Suitability o Conformation and soundness o Cost Feed and nutrition. Water intake. Why we trim and shoe. Project Requirements: Be enrolled in 4-H and add the Horse Project to your profile Be a “Member in Good Standing” in your 4-H Club Record the activities you do for this project in your 4-H Online Record Book (ORB) Pass the “Entry Level” Test at the San Joaquin County 4-H Horse Achievement Day. Awards and/or Pins: Pass the “Entry Level” Test with total a score of 75% or higher, earn an Entry Level Achievement pin. P a g e | 2 Entry Level Study Guide Revised: October 22, 2015 Horse Colors and Markings In order to identify a horse, you should know the terms for basic horse colors and markings. Common Horse Colors CHESTNUT (English term) or SORREL (Western term): A reddish brown horse with reddish brown mane and tail. The color runs from very light reddish brown to red or very dark liver color. Legs are the same color as the body. Their legs may also have white markings. They may also have a flaxen mane and tail (lighter blonde color). BAY: A brown horse with black legs, mane, and tail. Body color runs from light brown, reddish brown to very dark brown, but legs, mane and tail are always black. Their legs may have white markings. BROWN: A very dark brown, almost black coat with lighter brown highlights on the muzzle, the flanks and inside the legs. Mane and tail are the same color as the body. They are hard to distinguish from dark bay. GRAY: Born dark with dark skin. Hair becomes whiter with age until pure white. A gray may range from: . Iron gray (nearly black) . Dapple gray . Flea-bitten gray (white with tiny flecks of black or brown) . White (if a white horse has black/gray skin, it is called gray) WHITE: White horses are born white. They have pink skin and usually have blue or pink eyes. BLACK: Coal black without brown highlights. The muzzle must be black (excluding white markings). DUN: Sandy yellow, reddish, or brown, usually with darker legs, a dark stripe down the back (called a dorsal stripe), striping on the legs or withers and a darker mane and tail. BUCKSKIN: A light to dark yellow color with black mane and tail and no dorsal stripe down the back or on the legs. PALOMINO: A golden body color with white mane and tail. Can be a light to very dark gold color. ROAN: Mixture of white hairs and one other color (chestnut, bay, or black). The head is always darker than the body. A chestnut may be called a strawberry roan or red roan depending on how much white hair there is; a black roan is called a blue roan. PINTO: White with large patches of black, brown, chestnut or any other color or dark colored with patches of white. Piebald (black and white) . Skewbald (any other color and white) . Tobiano (white legs and black) . Overo (dark on top, white underneath) P a g e | 3 Entry Level Study Guide Revised: October 22, 2015 Different Kinds of Markings Brand: A man-made scar left by a hot iron used to identify a horse with a special design. Brands are usually hairless. Freeze Brand: A brand made by a cold instrument instead of heat. It causes the hair to grown in white (or the skin may be hairless) in the shape of the brand. Scar: A blemish left by injuries. May be hairless or hair may grow in white. Common Face Markings Star: a spot of white on the forehead. Strip: a narrow strip of white down the face. Blaze: a wide stripe of white down the face. Snip: a spot of white on the muzzle. Bald face: a white facial marking extending across the forehead, including at least one eye and extending down on sides of the face. Leg Markings Stocking: white extending to knee or hock. Half stocking: white part way up cannon bone. Sock or anklet: white includes fetlock. Pastern: white to bottom of fetlock. Coronet: white ring around coronet of hoof. Heel spot: white spot on one heel. Ermine spots: black or colored spots in a white leg. P a g e | 4 Entry Level Study Guide Revised: October 22, 2015 Horseman’s Talk STALLION is a mature male horse that can be used for breeding (can be a sire/father). GELDING is a male horse that has been castrated or altered (most male riding horses are geldings). MARE is a mature female horse over 4 years old (can be a dam/mother). FOAL (baby horse) is a young horse of either sex still with its dam (mother). FILLY is a young female horse under 4 years old. COLT is a young male horse under 4 years old. WEANLING is a young horse of either sex that has just been taken away from its mother (it is usually between 6 months and 1 year old). YEARLING is a horse that is officially one year old. Some horses, regardless of their actual birthdate, have as official birthday on January 1 of the next year after their birth. PONY is a mature horse4 of either sex that will never grow taller than 14.2 hands (58 inches); do not confuse a foal or baby horse that may be larger when it grows up. MULE is a cross between a female horse and a male donkey. TACK is equipment such as bridles, saddles, and other gear used on the horse. GREEN is an untrained or inexperienced horse. OFF SIDE is the right side of a horse. NEAR SIDE is the left side of a horse. HAND is the way a horse is measured. On hand equals 4 inches. Measure from the ground to the withers (the highest part of his backbone). P a g e | 5 Entry Level Study Guide Revised: October 22, 2015 Horse Breeds The Grade Horse Just like dogs, not all horses are blue blooded aristocrats. Like the mutt you get from the pound, the grade horse has a mix of many different ancestors. They may be beautiful or something less than handsome, but they can still be as good as a fancy purebred. Don’t look down on the grade horse just because he doesn’t have papers or fancy breeding. Handsome is as handsome does, especially in a lesson horse or a family pleasure mount. Sometimes it is fun to try to figure out what breeds make up a grade horse. They might have Arabian ears, a Quarter Horse rump or Thoroughbred speed. The possibilities are many! Arabian They are sometimes called the “Mother of all Breeds” because most riding horses trace back to the early Arabian. They originated in the Middle East and were bred by Bedouin tribes of the desert. Arabians are the oldest pure breed existing today. The Bedouins used Arabian horses as war horses and prized them highly, even keeping them in their tents. They were ridden by Mohammed and his warriors. Some were taken back to Europe by the returning Crusader knights. An Arabian horse was a princely gift. Arabians are small to medium size, about 14 to 15.2 hands and around 900 to 1000 pounds. They have dark skin, which withstands the desert sun better, and are found in most solid colors. The Arabian has a beautiful wedge-shaped head, broad and deep at the forehead and dished in the face, with a delicate teacup muzzle and wide nostrils. Their eyes are large, dark and expressive. The ears are small and turned at the tips. Their necks are gracefully arched and set into a sloping shoulder. They will usually have a long flowing mane.

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