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International Journal of Geosciences International journal of Geosciences Vol.1,No.1,May 2010 www.scirp.org/journal/ijg Journal Editorial Board Hhttp://www.sci rp.org/journal/ijg / Editor-in-Chief Prof. Shuanggen Jin University of Texas, USA Editorial Board Prof. Hema Achyuthan Anna University, India Dr. Mishra A.K. Texas A&M University, USA Prof. Jong-Jin Baik Seoul National University, Korea (North) Prof. Rajasekhar Balasubramanian National University of Singapore, Singapore Dr. Peter Bayer Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich, Switzerland Dr. Yu Bin Environment Canada, Canada Dr. Charles E. Button Central Connecticut State University, USA Prof. Hangseok Choi Korea University, Korea (North) Dr. Yury G. Gatinsky Vernadsky State Geological Museum, Russia Prof. Maofa Ge Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Prof. Ruixia Hao Peking University, China Prof. George Kallos University of Athens, Greece Prof. Oleg Khavroshkin Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia Dr. Qi Li Geological Survey of Japan, Japan Prof. Hongyan Liu Peking University, China Dr. Shaofeng Liu China University of Geosciences, China Prof. Junboum Park Seoul National University, Korea (North) Prof. Cosenza Philippe Poitiers University, France Prof. Xianfang Song Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Dr. Luciano Telesca National Research Council, Italy Dr. Xuexi Tie National Center for Atmospheric Research, China Prof. Costas Varotsos University of Athens, Greece Prof. Fawu Wang Shimane University, Japan Prof. Bernd Wünnemann Freie Universitaet Berlin, Germany Prof. Xinghui Xia Beijing Normal University, China Dr. Lianyang Zhang University of Arizona, USA International Journal of Geosciences, 2010, 1-50 Published Online May 2010 in SciRes (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/ijg/) TABLE OF CONTENTS The Bayamo Earthquake (Cuba) of the 18 October 1551 M. O. Cotilla-Rodríguez, D. Córdoba-Barba………………………………………………………………………………………1 Sedimentation Processes at the Navigation Channel of the Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Port, Nile Delta, Egypt E. A. E. M. Deabes…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………14 Surface Rupture and Hazard of Wenchuan Ms 8.0 Earthquake, Sichuan, China Y. Li, R. Q. Huang, L. Yan, A. L. Densmore, R. J. Zhou…………………………………………………………………………21 The Analysis of Accelerograms for the Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures V. Corchete………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………32 The Co-planarity and Symmetry Principle of Earthquake Occurrence Z. Yin……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………38 Effects of Polypropylene Fibers on the Shear Strength of Sandy Soil M. F. Attom, A. K. Al-Tamimi……………………………………………………………………………………………………44 Copyright © 2010 SciRes. IJG International Journal of Geosciences Journal Information SUBSCRIPTIONS The international Journal of Geosciences (Online at Scientific Research Publishing, www.SciRP.org) is published quarterly by Scientific Research Publishing, Inc., USA. Subscription rates: Print: $50 per copy. To subscribe, please contact Journals Subscriptions Department, E-mail: [email protected] SERVICES Advertisements Advertisement Sales Department, E-mail: [email protected] Reprints (minimum quantity 100 copies) Reprints Co-ordinator, Scientific Research Publishing, Inc., USA. E-mail: [email protected] COPYRIGHT Copyright© 2010 Scientific Research Publishing, Inc. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as described below, without the permission in writing of the Publisher. Copying of articles is not permitted except for personal and internal use, to the extent permitted by national copyright law, or under the terms of a license issued by the national Reproduction Rights Organization. Requests for permission for other kinds of copying, such as copying for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works or for resale, and other enquiries should be addressed to the Publisher. Statements and opinions expressed in the articles and communications are those of the individual contributors and not the statements and opinion of Scientific Research Publishing, Inc. We assumes no responsibility or liability for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained herein. We expressly disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. If expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. PRODUCTION INFORMATION For manuscripts that have been accepted for publication, please contact: E-mail: [email protected] International Journal of Geosciences, 2010, 1-13 doi:10.4236/ijg.2010.11001 Published Online May 2010 (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/ijg) The Bayamo Earthquake (Cuba) of the 18 October 1551 Mario O. Cotilla-Rodríguez, Diego Córdoba-Barba Departamento de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica 1, Facultad de CC Físicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, Madrid, Spain E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Received February 23, 2010; revised March 21, 2010; accepted April 20, 2010 Abstract Using contemporary and original documents from the Archivo General de Indias it has been possible to complete the data for the 18 October 1551 earthquake in Cuba. The seism took place at midday, approxi- mately. It had foreshocks and aftershocks. In Bayamo, 7 inhabitants were injured, and the town was severely affected. Maximum seismic intensity was IX degrees on the MSK scale, and the area of perceptibility is es- timated at 40,000 km2. Liquefaction processes and soil type in Bayamo contributed to the damage. This lo- cality is in the Eastern region of the island, and continues to suffer the most and the strongest seismic events. The epicenter was in the southern marine area of the western segment of Oriente trough (19.6 N 77.8 W, h = 15 km, Ms = 6.6), where there is a crossing of faults, and neotectonics and focal mechanisms are affected by transtension, although the Bartlett-Cayman region’s tendency to left-lateral strike-slip movement is main- tained, in the Caribbean and North American plate boundary zone. Keywords: Bayamo, Cuba, Earthquake, Historical Seismicity 1. Introduction of information, for the first time, revealing that informa- th tion on many XVI century earthquakes has been com- In previous papers we have shown that relatively large piled. Cotilla [3] and Cotilla and Córdoba [2] have al- and destructive earthquakes have occurred frequently in ready shown the usefulness of the AI, in the studies of the past along the Oriente fault system [1,2]. We have four earthquakes in Santiago de Cuba. also shown that American contemporary documents must In 1687, Cuban newspapers were published for the be studied with care, in their historical and cultural con- first time, initially issued in Santiago de Cuba and La text, in order to avoid overrating when evaluating inten- Habana [5,6]. They mentioned perceptible earthquakes, sity [3]. In this paper, we will discuss an historic Cuban continued to spread across the Eastern Cuban region as earthquake, which occurred in the year 1551. The infor- the population increased. Descriptions of the Cuban mation for this seismic event comes from contemporary earthquakes were catalogued by Poey [7-9], and were sources, such as unpublished consular correspondence, later interpreted in terms of shaking intensity, and later, official documents and damage claims, as well as from earthquake epicenters and magnitude [10-12]. Cotilla and the observations of travelers who passed through the Udías [5] classify the earthquake information quality of epicentral region during and after the earthquake. An the works by Andrés Poey y Aguirre, concluding that the extensive literature search for documents relative to this information given for the event of 1551 in Bayamo is earthquake was carried out in libraries and archives of unsatisfactory. Belgium, Cuba, Dominican Republic, England, France, The aim of this paper is to detail what is known about Jamaica, Mexico, Spain, and United States of America. the 1551 Cuban earthquake (Bayamo) including its sequ- Cuba’s written history is fairly extensive. It began in ences, the location of the epicentral areas, assessment of 1492 with the diaries of the first Spanish explorers [4,5]. magnitude, and its effects both on the ground and on man- The Spanish colonizers and priests established Catholic made structures. A further aim is to provide a critical churches throughout the island, in all the villages founded review of the information available and to resolve some from 1512 onwards. Many of these documents are avail- ambiguities appearing in previous works. Attempts are able in the Archivo General de Indias (AI), Spain. Con- made to associate these events with local tectonics or to sultation at the AI enabled access to the original sources evaluate the associated seismic hazard. Copyright © 2010 SciRes. IJG 2 M. O. COTILLA-RODRÍGUEZ ET AL. 2. Short Notes on Tectonics and Seismicity tered by 3 or more stations in the period 1979-1994 [1]. It shows two important earthquake clusters, namely, in The relative motion between the North American and Cabo Cruz and Pilón-Baconao. The second cluster is the Caribbean plates is decisive for the area’s tectonic re- largest and it corresponds to most important seismog- gime on a regional scale [13-20] (Figures 1(a), 1(b)). enetic segment of Oriente fault [22] where the strongest Cuba is a megablock
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