Greater Wellington Freshwater Plan Review Archaeological Scoping Study

Prepared by Andy Dodd Subsurface Ltd August 2011

Contents

Introduction ...... 3 Project brief and layout of this report ...... 3 Method of research...... 3 Results ...... 4 Eel weirs ...... 5 Eel channels ...... 5 Eel storage ponds ...... 6 Canoe find spots ...... 6 Canoe landings ...... 6 Canoe manufacture ...... 7 Sources for stone tool manufacture ...... 7 Cultivation ...... 7 Midden/oven sites ...... 7 Swamp and island pa...... 8 Fords...... 8 Bridges ...... 11 Dams and weirs ...... 12 Water supply reservoirs ...... 12 Inundated sites...... 12 Power generation...... 12 Water races and tunnels ...... 12 Flour mills ...... 13 Flax mills...... 14 Saw mills ...... 14 Ship building ...... 14 Wharves and jetties ...... 14 Shortlisted archaeological sites for further assessment...... 15 Discussion ...... 24 Conclusion ...... 24 Annotated bibliography...... 25

Frontspiece: Wardell bridge, Te Whiti (Wairarapa Archives 90-017-150) 2

Introduction

Greater Wellington Regional Council is presently undertaking a review of its Freshwater Plan. The operative Regional Freshwater Plan for the Wellington Region 1999 did not contain any reference to historic heritage, but since that time, the proposed Regional Policy Statement for the Wellington Region 2010 has included a policy that requires that places, sites and areas with significant historic heritage values should be identified (Policy 20).

Places, sites and areas with significant historic heritage values include built heritage, archaeological sites, and sites of significance to tangata whenua. A revision of the history associated with water supply in the Wellington Region has been carried out (Cooke 2007), and initial scoping of built historic heritage has been undertaken by Michael Kelly and Peter Cooke (2009), which included a shortlist of 40 freshwater sites for consideration. Michael Kelly and Miranda Williamson have been researching these sites, while Chris Cochran and Russell Murray are describing and assessing the sites’ physical heritage values.

This archaeological scoping report was commissioned by Laura Paynter, Policy Advisor, Greater Wellington Regional Council to consider archaeological remains associated with the region's freshwater bodies and prepare a preliminary list of archaeological sites. While this report incorporates both Maori and non-Maori site types it does not include waahi tapu or consider the significance of sites to Maori. It is anticipated that work to inform this aspect of the plan will occur separately, and will be provided by tangata whenua.

Project brief and layout of this report

The project brief requires a preliminary list to be provided which identifies potentially significant archaeological sites for further investigation, and an annotated bibliography of principal sources consulted during the project. The layout of this report is as follows:

The methodology used in compiling the list of potentially significant archaeological site is briefly described. Broad categories of site types are outlined with reference to prominent examples. While it is acknowledged that Maori did not discontinue their traditional activities at the arrival of Europeans, it is nevertheless useful for the purpose of this report to separate categories into traditional Maori types and sites associated with European industry, and it is hoped that this will facilitate the inclusion of a representative sample of both categories in any short list or schedule. A discussion of the types of site, their potential for survival, mechanisms for protection and recommendations for further investigation is included in this report.

Method of research

A preliminary list of 40 built heritage sites was compiled by Kelly and Cooke (2009) prior to commencing this review. Of these, 9 sites were recorded in the New Zealand Archaeological Association (NZAA) site recording scheme, and 7 were included in the New Zealand Historic Places Trust Register of historic places.

The NZAA site recording scheme (Archsite) and New Zealand Historic Places Trust register were reviewed for recorded sites associated with freshwater bodies in the Wellington Region. This resulted in an additional 14 sites identified as potentially suitable for listing. The remaining sites were identified from secondary histories and regional and thematic overviews. The most valuable sources of information not reviewed by Kelly and Cooke have been included in the annotated bibliography. 3

Results

Of the 40 sites originally identified by Kelly and Cooke, 8 are recorded archaeological sites. Nine sites pre-date 1900, and on this basis are afforded blanket protection under the archaeological provisions of the Historic Places Act 1993. Regardless of age some of these sites also have associated archaeological values. Archaeological significance of the sites on this list have been considered separately and additional details provided in the table below.

Name Date Water body NZAA NZHPT Archaeological values

Karori lower dam 1874 Karori reservoir R27/276 No.7750 Yes, recorded archaeological site Karori upper dam 1908 Karori reservoir R27/276 No.7749 Yes, recorded archaeological site Karori water tunnel 1872 Yes, nineteenth century features present Diversion tunnel WWII Kaiwharawhara stream Walls and linings Kaiwharawhara stream Water works dam 1884 Wainuiomata River R27/332 Yes, recorded archaeological site Morton dam 1911 Wainuiomata River R27/416 Yes, recorded archaeological site Piping Wainuiomata to Wellington 1878 Wainuiomata River Yes, nineteenth century features present Piping Wainuioata to Karori 1912 Wainuiomata River Wainuiomata water race 1911 Wainuiomata River Wainuiomata pressure chamber 1911 Wainuiomata River R27/416 Yes, recorded archaeological site Wainuiomata to Hutt Park tunnel 1930s Wainuiomata River Wainuiomata to Hutt Park tunnel 1970s Wainuiomata River Orongorongo weir and intake 1926 Orongorongo River Orongorongo river tunnels (2) 1926 Orongorongo River Belmont viaduct 1880s Belmont Stream Yes, nineteenth century features present Porirua hospital dams (2) 1887; 1895 Reservoir R27/413 Yes, recorded archaeological site Korokoro River dams (2) 1903; 1930 Korokoro Stream R27/248 Yes, recorded archaeological site with earlier features likely to be present in this location Kourarau power station 1923; 1925 Korarau Stream No.7814 Waipoua River diversion 1938 Waipoua River Kaitoke water works weir and tunnel 1957 Kaitoke Hutt Valley aquifer pumping stations Hutt River Birchville dam 1931 Akatarawa River Cross creek settlement Cross Creek No.7511 Cook Strait cable exit 1965 Oteranga River Ngatiawa bridge 1913 Ngatiawa River No.7189 Karapoti Road bridge 1930s Little Akatarawa River Bull Stream bridge 1920 Bull Stream Akatarawa River bridge 1920 Akatarawa River Akatarawa River bridge 1920 Akatarawa River Ladle Bend bridge 1876 Cross Creek S27/34 No.7511 Yes, recorded archaeological site Pakuratahi bridge 1876 Pakuratahi River S27/33 No.7511 Yes, recorded archaeological site Kaiparoro memorial bridge 1923 No.3969 Waihenga bridge 1912 Ruamahanga River Yes, earlier nineteenth century bridges present in this location Taueru River bridge 1923 Taueru River Abbotts Creek bridge 1910s Abbotts Creek Yes, earlier nineteenth century bridges present in this location Ruakokoputuna bridge 1922 Ruakokoputuna River Parawhaiti Stream bridge 1935 Parawhaiti Stream Mangaone River bridge 1936 Mangaone River 4

An additional 161 archaeological sites wholly or partially located within the Wellington Region fresh water bodies have been collated and are provided in the appendix. These sites tend to cluster well according to particular types and broad groupings which are briefly discussed below.

Eel weirs

Pa tuna, or eel weirs, were located in swamps, streams and waterways, and detailed descriptions of various eel fishing methods used at both Otaki and Wairarapa have been well documented by Best (1929:83-189). Carkeek (1967) and Adkins (1948) documented at least 35 named weirs in the Otaki-Paraparaumu area, and numerous named locations where eels were trapped are likely to have been present in the vicinity of Lakes Wairarapa and Onoke (Stirling and Barnett 2008:16). In addition to cultivations, eel weirs and the associated fishing rights at those locations were frequently cited at Land Court hearings as a means of demonstrating customary title in an area. Where weirs survive these are likely to comprise rows of piles with woven manuka or supple jack fencing in between. These underwater fences were designed to channel eels towards a narrow egress where a hinaki or removable net was placed to gather eels. While underwater components may be well preserved, it is likely that remains above the surface will have decayed. Despite a large number of named weirs being reported in literary sources only one eel weir has been recorded as an archaeological site in the Wellington region, at the head of the Pauatahanui inlet (R26/222).

Figure 1: Map of Otaki sourced from Adkins 1948 showing locations of settlements cultivations and eel weirs

Eel channels

Another method for gathering eels was the use of koumu, or artificially dug channels, which may be visible adjacent to streams and wetlands. The channels were designed to mimic natural outlets and directed the eels to either removable traps or storage ponds, where eels could be captured in large numbers. Few examples of eel channels have been recorded archaeologically in the Wellington

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Region, but a number have been reported in published accounts from Otaki (Adkins 1949:179-180), Waihenga (McFadgen 2003:74) and Lake Onoke (Stirling and Barnett 2008:17). In instances where geological uplift has occurred or swamps have been drained, channels may occur at elevations significantly higher than the water table rather than adjacent to streams. This appears to be the case for probable eel channels recorded in the vicinity of the Ngapara swamp near Paraparaumu (R26/448) which are now permanently dry.

Eel storage ponds

Where large rectangular or circular pits are located in proximity to eel channels or known eel gathering locations they may have been used for trapping and stockpiling eels. Examples of eel ponds in the Wellington region have been reported from Otaki (Adkins 1949:179-180) and Lake Onoke (Stirling and Barnett 2008:17).

Canoe find spots

At least ten find spots relating to the discovery of waka canoe hulls or their wooden components have been reported in the Wellington region. These have predominantly been reported on the Kapiti Coast (R25/2, R25/8, & R26/408) and adjacent to the waterways in the Wairarapa Valley (S27/6, S27/19). Five further unrecorded sites where waka have been found in these areas have been documented by Cairns (McFadgen 2003:72-74) and Beckett (Beckett 1957:360). While the finds have been removed they may indicate the use of canoes in surrounding waterways and potential for further wet wood finds to be encountered. Waterlogged archaeological deposits are of considerable significance because of their ability to preserve organic material not typically encountered in dry sites.

Figures 2 & 3: Newspaper clippings from Dominion detailing canoe finds at Kapiti Island (14.2.1961) and Otaki (27.12.1961)

Canoe landings

Tauranga waka or canoe landing places have been reported in literary sources, located in navigable waterways adjacent to settlement sites such as pa and kainga. These are likely to be difficult to detect archaeologically, but may be a component feature of a larger site. In naturally rocky areas a 6 tauranga waka may be visible as an area artificially cleared of boulders. Where canoe find spots are located adjacent to known settlement sites such as the Wainui pa at Paekakariki (R26/408) this may be indicative of a tauranga waka. While a number of tauranga waka are known in coastal areas, relatively few have been documented in a freshwater context. At least two tauranga waka are reported in Wellington waterways in the Kapiti District, at Patoitoi (Carkeek 1967:170-72; Beckett 1957:363-64) and Mataihuka (Carkeek 1967:184-85).

Canoe manufacture

Canoe manufacture sites may be identified as a result of the discovery of unfinished canoe hulls such as at Ahiaruhe on the Ruamahanga River (McFadgen 2003:67), or through enthnographic reporting such as Mangakotukutuku (Carkeek 1967:169). It is likely that canoe manufacture was undertaken near waterways at locations where suitable timber was available. For a description of methods of canoe manufacture refer to Best (1925:74-112).

Sources for stone tool manufacture

The Pahaoa and Pukemuri streams in the Wairarapa have been documented as sources of chert (Keyes 1970:128-34; 1972:57-58). Chert was used by Maori for the manufacture of cutting tools, and its presence in archaeological deposits on the Kapiti Coast, where it does not occur naturally, is a useful indicator of trade and movement of people between these areas in prehistory. Names of places, such as Waihoanga, near Otaki meaning grindstone stream, may be indicative of potential sources of stone, or locations of stone tool manufacture (Adkins 1948:348).

Cultivation

Taro were commonly grown on the banks of streams and wetlands in northern New Zealand and at least one site associated with the cultivation of taro, Hakuwai, has been identified on the Kapiti Coast (Carkeek 1967:155). Other sites are likely to have been used for growing taro on the Kapiti Coast, but with many of the streams and wetlands in the District drained or redirected it is unlikely that many remnant cultivations will have survived. On the Wairarapa coast, cultivations were commonly established along the banks of streams. Prominent examples of these are found adjacent to numerous streams in Palliser Bay and along the Wairarapa Coast (Leach and Leach 1979). Examples of horticultural soils exposed in stream banks include T27/12 in the Te Unu Unu stream and S28/46 in a stream north of the Washpool valley.

Midden/oven sites

Numerous midden and oven sites are located along the sides of streams and rivers, and some of these have been exposed in the banks. Once eroded, archaeological deposits loose much of their context and on that basis their archaeological value, but the exposed section of the site can still be recorded and sampled. Whether or not a site is recorded as eroded on the NZ Archaeological Association site record depends on the field recorder, so it is possible that many more archaeological sites are exposed in freshwater courses than a review of the file is able to provide sufficient detail on. Some middens noted as being exposed in the banks of rivers and streams include T27/12 in the Te Unu Unu stream, T28/37 in the Rerewhakaitu River, S28/158 in the Oroi stream, and S28/80 in the Kawakawa River. Some streams such as the Washpool stream have numerous sites recorded along its length (S28/48-61) and on this basis there is considerable potential for archaeological deposits to be exposed in the stream banks. This is likely to be the case for other stream valleys in the South Wairarapa.

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Swamp and island pa

Swamps and waterways formed natural defences for pa on the Kapiti Coast, and in the Wairarapa. At least one example of an island pa, Te Moutere (S25/56), is reported at Lake Waitawa (Adkins 1948:241-42). Adkins mentions two other other swamp pa at Otaki, Pakakutu and Rangiuru (Adkins 1948:280-82,336). Both of these sites are likely to have been largely destroyed, the former by development and the later through erosion. Another swamp pa, Te Uruhi (R26/263), was located at Paraparaumu (Carkeek 1967:200-201; Beckett 1957:361-62), although this too is likely to have been largely destroyed by subsequent development. Two swamp pa, Tauera and Tauanui were reported in the Wairarapa by Richard Cairns (McFadgen 2003:73). Wetlands in the vicinity of these sites have potential to yield significant archaeological finds.

Fords

Prior to the construction of bridges, coach routes which crossed the region's waterways required the use of fords. In most cases fords will be difficult to detect archaeologically, unless they involved some form of construction, such as the positioning of stone on the river bed. In most cases evidence of fords is likely to have been removed by river erosion, and subsequent bridge construction. In some instances fords may be a component part of a surviving coach road alignment. Prominent examples of coach roads in the Wellington Region include the Normandale – Pauatahanui Coach Road (R27/252), the Belmont Hill Road (R27/397), and the Johnsonville Coach Road (R27/220). Other fords which haven't been subsequently replaced by bridges include those at Otaki used as part of the coach route along the beach, the Kaiwarehou Ford on the lower Waikanae River, and those on the Hutt River in the vicinity of Ford Road and Fairway Drive.

Figure 4: First Hutt River bridge with Fort Richmond on left

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Figure 5: Second Hutt River bridge with Fort Richmond on left and Molesworth’s mill on right ATL A-034-029

Figure 6: Third Hutt River bridge redrawn from photograph. Sourced from LHBC 1941

Figure 7: Fourth Hutt River bridge. Photo J Bragg 1872. Sourced from LHBC 1941 9

Figure 8: Plan of Hutt Valley showing locations of historical sites including inset with bridge locations sourced from LHBC 1941

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Bridges

While a significantly larger number undoubtedly exist, a total of 41 additional road bridges have been identified which may have remnants which have survived archaeologically. Significant early bridges include those across the Hutt River, the first of which was built in 1844 and replaced at least six times (Treadwell 1959:45-55; Lower Hutt Borough Council 1941:39-43), the Waiwhetu Bridge across the Hutt River at Taita (1845), the Waiohine Bridge (1859), the Pakuratahi Bridge in the Rimutaka Range (1862), and the various bridges across the Ruamahanga River at Waihinga (1873), Te Ore Ore (1875), Kahutara (1888), and Kokotau (1892).

Figure 9: Waihenga bridge c.1870 Te Papa O.032492 Figure 10: Black bridge Waiohine River c.1870s Te Papa O.032495

A number of railway bridges were required for the construction of the Wellington-Manawatu line constructed between 1882 and1886, and the Wairarapa line constructed between 1874 and 1880 (Yonge 1993:15-16). Relatively few bridges have been recorded archaeologically to date, but notable exceptions include those on the 1876 Rimutaka Incline at Ladle Bend and Pakuratahi (S27/33 and S27/34) which also forms part of a Historic Area Registration (Record No. 7511).

Figure 11: Waikanae rail bridge ATL PA 1-f-239-13 11

Bridges were also required for the conveyance of pipelines for the water supply. Examples include pipe bridges from the Kaitoke water works (S26/5), and Wainuiomata. One bridge in the Wellington region has been registered by the NZ Historic Places Trust, the Ngatiawa truss bridge near Reikorangi (No.7189). Archaeological remains of bridges no longer in use may comprise abutments, piles or collapsed structural elements which were often left behind after the superstructure was dismantled.

Dams and weirs

Dams and weirs were constructed across waterways to provide a supply of water which could be used for municipal water supply or power generation, both of which are discussed further below. Significant early dams in the Wellington Region include the dams constructed across the Kaiwharawhara stream to supply power to Schultz's mill in 1842, and Matheson and Schultz's flour mill in the 1850s, Lower Karori dam constructed in 1874 (R27/276), the Wellington Woollen Manufacturing Company totara dam at Korokoro constructed in 1886 (R27/248), Porirua Mental Asylum dams constructed in 1887 and 1895 (R27/413), and the Wainuiomata Lower dam constructed in 1884 (R27/332). Where the structures are no longer in use archaeological remains of dams and weirs may include abutments and piles, or dismantled or broken portions of the dam in the stream.

Water supply reservoirs

Significant reservoirs and water supply infrastructure in the Wellington Region include the Karori lower and upper dams built in 1874 and 1904 respectively as well as the water supply tunnels constructed in 1872 (Cooke 2007:7-8; Offer 1997:32-37; Thornton 2004), and the Wainuiomata lower and upper dams built in 1884 and 1911 respectively (Cooke 2007:9-11,14-15, Offer 1997:68- 70, Thornton 2004). Water supply reservoirs recorded in the NZAA site recording scheme are those associated with the Porirua Lunatic Asylum (R27/413) constructed in 1887 and 1895 and the reservoir and dam at Waihora (S27/45).

Inundated sites

While the entrances to mine shafts are not typically located underwater, the mineral reefs and deposits they targeted sometimes were. The Bakers Hill and Morning Star mines at Karori (R27/201) were excavated in 1869, prior to the construction of the Karori reservoir in 1873 which resulted in the inundation of both mines (Brodie 1986). These shafts are likely to have survived well within the Karori reservoir.

Power generation

Power generation from water was initially localized and industries such as flour mills and sawmills were located directly on waterways or used water supplied by races and flumes. Later Pelton wheels were used for localised power generation. These were similar to water wheels and used cups on a circular frame which was connected by a belt to a flywheel. With the advent of municipal power schemes, dams and weirs provided a steady and reliable flow of water which could be used for electricity generation. One prominent example in the Wellington region was the Kourarau reservoir and power stations constructed in 1923 and 1925 (NZHPT Record No. 7814).

Water races and tunnels

The uses for water races were typically varied and included many of the industries listed above. 12

Water races that have been maintained are unlikely to retain much of their original form and construction, but may occupy the same alignment. Where races have ceased to be used, the cuttings may still survive archaeologically. The Featherston Military Training Camp (S27/42) which was recently declared by the New Zealand Historic Places Trust to be a post-1900 archaeological site incorporates water races and reservoirs supplied by the Tauherenikau River which provided non- potable water supply to the camp. Water supply tunnels, races and pipe lines also formed an important component of the water supply associated with the reservoirs, including the tunnels at Karori (Cooke 2007:7-8), tunnels, races and pipe bridges along the Wainuiomata water supply line (Cooke 2007:9-15), tunnels (S26/4) and pipe bridge (S26/5) at Kaitoke (Cooke 2007:24-25), and tunnels at Orongorongo (Cooke 2007:16-17)

Flour mills

At least 12 flour mills were established in the Wellington region between 1840 and 1863. These mills were typically located on waterways to take advantage of flow to drive waterwheels which in turn generated power to drive the mill. Mills were either constructed directly above the water course, or water could be redirected to the wheel through the use of a water race or flume. Flour mills in the Hutt Valley included the Betts-Hopper mill (1840), Wilcox's mill (1842) and the Mabey mill (1849) on the Hutt River, and the Britannia mill (1851) on the Korokoro stream (Lower Hutt Borough Council 1941:59-60; Malcolm 2003:10; Butterworth 1988:84-86). An early mill in Wellington was that of Matheson and Schultz on the Kaiwharawhara stream (Ward 1928:236-37). Between 1849 and 1854 five flour mills were constructed at Otaki on the Haruatai (1849), Waimeha (1850), Wainui (1851) Waikawa (1851) and Waitohu River (1854) (Simcox 1952:62-66). Prominent flour mills in the Wairarapa were the Papawai mill which was constructed in 1856 (Bagnall 1976:204-205) and Wakelin's mill on the Mangatarere (1863). Wakelin's subsequent flour mill at Carterton (1869) necessitated the use of a steam engine rather than a water wheel (Thornton 2004).

Figure 12: Percy’s mill, Korokoro Stream c.1875 Te Papa D.000142

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Flax mills

Flax mills were located close to running water to facilitate the washing of the processed fibre, but few appear to have used waterwheels to drive the stripping machines. The earliest flax milling operations appear to have largely relied on manual labour to strip and process the flax, and those operating towards the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century used steam engines. There were a considerable number of flax mills operating on the Kapiti Coast around Otaki and in the Wairarapa, but only one, the Pa Flax Mill at Otaki, has been identified as using a waterwheel to supply power. The water wheel was driven by water supplied from the Waikawa River and transported to the wheel by a flume (Simcox 1952:98). The other flax mills are unlikely to have components connected to or constructed in the water ways, but because of their close proximity, the possibility that archaeological remains associated with flax milling in water ways should not be entirely discounted.

Saw mills

While most sawmills were powered by steam boilers, at least one sawmill owned by Schultz on the Kaiwharawhara Stream was driven using a waterwheel (Ward 1928:236-37). Other water powered saw mills were Christensen's mill constructed on the Mangaone Stream at Otaki in 1884 (Simcox 1952:100), and Cruickshank’s saw mill at Upper Hutt in 1855 which was connected with the Mangaroa Stream by a tunnel later used for the railway (Kelleher 1991:57-59). As with many other operations of the period, the Tararua Timber Co operations at Sheridan Creek (S26/6, S26/7 and S26/8) where steam driven but the tramway for their log hauler did require the bridging of minor streams.

Ship building

Ship building on the Hutt River and Waiwhetu Stream was well established by the early 1840s. The earliest reported account was of a man named Joe Robinson who built an 8 ton open boat on the Hutt River in 1839 which was subsequently named Venture (Lower Hutt Borough Council 1941:59). A year later in 1840 Meech & Oxenham established their yard on the Hutt River, and in 1842 Wilcox established his shipyard at the upper most navigable limit of the Waiwhetu Stream (Millar 1972:51). Another yard produced the 16 ton Sandfly in 1841 (Lower Hutt Borough Council 1941:159-160). Two other shipyards were Sinclair’s on the Hutt River which produced a 30 ton vessel in 1842, and Mathieson’s on the Lower Waiwhetu which produced a 55 ton vessel in 1848 (Millar 1972:51) It is unknown if archaeological remains associated with these operations are likely to be present in the Hutt River or Waiwhetu Stream, but such remains might include launching facilities such as slipways.

Wharves and jetties

Navigable waterways required facilities for the discharge and loading of goods from vessels. Few jetties and wharves have been documented in Wellington freshwater bodies with the exceptions of Molesworth wharf located on the Hutt River in 1843 (LHBC 1941:59-60). The remnants of a jetty are also documented in the Lake Domain on Lake Wairarapa (Stirling and Barnett 2008).

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Shortlisted archaeological sites for further assessment

A shortlist of 50 sites is proposed for further assessment. These have been selected on the following criteria:

Survival/Condition: Sites have been selected on the basis of those which are most likely to have survived in association with the water body. Where the water body has altered course, or been drained archaeological deposits might still exist, but fall outside of the scope of the Freshwater Plan so cannot be included. Some site types may depend on being preserved in water logged deposits for survival, so where an area has been drained or significant development has taken place there may be limited potential for survival.

Representativeness: Representative examples of each of the identified site types have been selected with examples from both traditional Maori site types and nineteenth century historic site types from freshwater context.

Period: Preference has been given to earlier sites. Where multiple structures were reconstructed at the same location later structures have also been included.

Archaeological significance: Sites which are likely to have high information potential, or historic significance to a particular area have been given priority.

The shortlisted sites are set out in the table and accompanying maps below:

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Easting Northing Type Name Water body Location Date NZAA NZHPT Comments Sources 1 1783273 5489461 SWAMP PA Te Moutere Lake Waitawa Otaki S25/56 Island pa Adkins 1948:241-42 2 1760980 5434490 SHIP BUILDING Wilcox's shipyard Waiwhetu Lower Hutt 1842 Located at the northern most navigable limits Adkins 1959:98; stream of the Waiwhetu stream in the vicinity of LHBC 1941:5- Whites Line. He also built a four storey flour 60; Millar mill which operated until about 1885 1972:51,57 3 1746778 5427588 GOLD MINING Bakers Hill & Morning Karori 1869 R27/201 Submerged gold mine shafts Brodie 1986 Star mines 4 1781093 5484494 BRIDGE Otaki River Rail & Otaki River Otaki 1886 Abutments from construction of Otaki Road Yonge 1993:15- Road Bridge and Railway bridges 16

5 1791396 5422993 RESERVOIR Waihora reservoir Waihora stream S27/45 Dam and reservoir on the west of Waihora Stream c.1.5km upstream from the Ata Rangi woolshed. 6 1767082 5471085 SWAMP PA Te Uruhi Paraparaumu R26/263 Area has been subject to intensive Carkeek development, condition unknown 1967:200-201; Beckett 1957:361-62 7 1787166 5416599 SWAMP PA Tauanui Tauanui River S28/1 Adjacent to swamp wetland deposits likely. McFadgen ATL file Reported by Keith Cairns 2003:73 reference 8.1.b; 8.1.c; 8.1.d 8 1782100 5489650 EEL CHANNELS Matukutuku Rectangular eel storage pit 15 x 7.5 ft Adkins connected to the eastern side of the 1948:236-237 Matukutuku lagoon by a 6.5 ft long channel 9 1777700 5485350 EEL WEIR Katihiku Taranaki swamp Otaki Eel weir and storage pond about 20m in Adkins diameter with an eel channel which linked the 1948:179-180; Taranaki swamp and a smaller swamp Carkeek adjoining the Otaki River 1967:162-164 10 1760980 5448486 EEL WEIR Pauatahanui Pauatahanui R26/222 Stream 11 1759220 5438896 COACH ROAD Normandale- Belmont / Belmont 1871 R27/252 No. 7711 Cat 2 historic place first registered 22.6.2007. Healy 1980:23 Pauatahanui Coach Korokoro Regional Park Associated with Normandale Pauatahanui Road Stream coach road 12 1750179 5435287 COACH ROAD Johnsonville Coach Johnsonville- 1856 R27/220 No. 7396 Cat 1 historic place first registered 22.7.1997. Kelly 1999 SO 19727; Road Ohariu Valley Contains bridges and culverts replaced in the SO 36894; 1960s, but archaeological remnants may SO 37205 remain. Conservation plan completed by Michael Kelly 13 1756020 5436195 DAM Wellington Woollen Korokoro River 1886 R27/248 Established in 1886, the mill initially had a Thornton Manufacturing Co mill totara timber dam on the lower reaches of 1982:86; Offer the stream to provide power to the turbine. 1997:37-38, 44- Subsequently replaces by a gravity concrete 46; Treadwell dam designed by Samuel Jickell in 1903. 1959:50; Butterworth 16

1988:132 14 1761050 5439000 BRIDLE TRACK Belmont Hill Road Belmont Stream Belmont 1846 R27/397 Cultural heritage in stream comprises fords, SO 11412; Regional Park and bridge abutments. 1846-1896 SO 11413 15 1759150 5435900 BRIDGE Hutt River bridges (6) Hutt River Lower Hutt 1844 Several bridges were constructed over the Treadwell 1847 Hutt River in this vicinity. First (1844), second 1959:45-55; 1856 (1847), third (1856), fourth (1872), fifth LHBC 1941:39; 1872 (1904), sixth (1929). Also in this vicinity were Millar 1904 groynes constructed to protect the bridges 1972:52,60- 1929 and river bank. The river has shifted its course 62,80- within its present alignment in this area were 81,93,118- Fort Richmond, and the second and third 120,143; Anglionby Arms hotels. Potential for Butterworth remnants of these sites to be present in 500m 1988:83 section of River 16 1756000 5436200 FLOUR MILL Britannia flour mill Korokoro Petone 1851 Flour mill built by Percy family. Sold to John Malcolm Stream Wolland who later sold to Wellington 2003:10 Woollen Manufacturing Co in 1885 17 1808420 5447450 FLOUR MILL Papawai flour mill Papawai Stream Papawai 1856 Promised by the government as part of the Bagnall ML 98; ML purchase negotiations. Designed by 1976:204-205; 2315 C.R.Carter, tender for construction accepted McIntyre from Thomas Hooker. Completed by July 2002:75-76, 1856. 246-47 18 1793130 5440380 JETTY Lake Domain jetty Lake Wairarapa Stirling and Barnett 2008 19 1763930 5436900 WATER WHEEL Farrelly Bros mill Hutt River Naenae 1881 Water wheel used for chaff cutting LHBC 1941:60 20 1778850 5481450 WATER WHEEL Christensen's saw mill Mangaone Te Horo 1884 Sawmill powered by a waterwheel driven by Simcox Stream overshot water carried by a wooden flume. 1952:100 21 1784050 5493110 WATER WHEEL Pa flax mill Waikawa River Otaki Flax mill on south bank of the Waikawa River Simcox 1952:98 owned by R Ransfield. The mill was operated by a water wheel with a flume cut across the point of a bend in the river. 22 1749800 5430900 WATER WHEEL Schultz's mill Kaiwharawhara Kaiwharawhara 1842 Sawmill powered by a waterwheel fed by a Ward 1928:236- Stream dam and reservoir. Constructed on a section 37 belonging to Captain Daniels. Damaged by flooding in 1846. Approximate position only 23 1759100 5435500 WHARF Molesworth wharf Hutt River 1843 Illustration of Molesworth farm in 1843 shows LHBC 1941:59- wharf. Molesworth had a flourmill beside the 60; Butterworth river, built by Joseph Percy & son 1988:63; Millar 1972:52 24 1798310 5446450 RESERVOIR / Featherston Military Tauherenikau Featherston 1914 Water races and reservoirs that supplied Shoebridge WATER RACE Training Camp River water to the WWI Military training camp at 2011; Dodd Reservior Featherston. Gazetted as an archaeological 2011; Barnett site by NZHPT. Grid reference supplied at 2010 intersection of race and SH2 25 1758925 5434000 SHIP BUILDING Meech & Oxenham Hutt River Lower Hutt 1840 On left side of Hutt River. Mentioned in LHBC 1941:59; shipwrights second edition of NZ Gazette Butterworth 1988:49; Millar 17

1972:51,57 26 1758860 5433990 FLOUR MILL Betts-Hopper, Hutt River Lower Hutt 1840 Located at river mouth near Hikoikoi pa LHBC 1941:59; Molesworth & Petre Butterworth flour mill and foundry 1988:34 27 1763300 5438120 FLOUR MILL Mabey's flour mill Hutt River Taita 1849 Flour mill driven by a water wheel built by J LHBC 1941:60 Mabey and A Renall, badly damaged in 1855 earthquake 28 1781880 5486070 FLOUR MILL Te Pari o Matangi Haruatai Otaki 1849 Flour mill built by Thomas Dodds near the Simcox Stream confluence of the Haruatai and Te Awa- 1952:62-65 hohonu. A dam was also built across the stream several hundred yards up stream for additional water reserves. Still operational in the 1870s 29 1778400 5485800 FORD Otaki coach fords (2) Otaki River Otaki 1840 Coach fords. Upper ford (1778400 5485800); Adkins Lower Ford (1777750 5485900) 1948:450 30 1749800 5430900 FLOUR MILL Matheson and Kaiwharawhara Kaiwharawhara Also included dam and waterwheel for Ward 1928:236- Schultz's flour mill Stream powering mill. Photograph in Ward 1928. 37 Approximate position only 31 1778300 5485900 SWAMP PA Rangiuru Otaki River Otaki beach 1822 Rangiuru was reported to have been largely Adkins destroyed by the shifting course of the Otaki 1948:336 river, one of the principle early nineteenth century Raukawa pa in the Otaki area 32 1772860 5476990 EEL WEIR Taumatamohiohio Kukutauaki Peka Peka Possibly same site as Turangamohiohio. Carkeek stream Position estimated using GIS overlay. Stream 1967:194 appears to have been drained/redirected so unlikely to survive 33 1772860 5476990 EEL WEIR Turangamohiohio Kukutauaki Eel weirs and boundary pou. Stream may Carkeek stream have been drained or redirected so condition 1967:199-200 unknown 34 1787330 5416540 EEL WEIR Tauanui River Tauanui Reported in vicinity of Tauanui pa by Keith McFadgen ATL file Cairns. Position estimated 2003:73 reference 8.1.c 35 1809650 5451750 BRIDGE Waiohine River Waiohine River 1856 John Ashmore constructed a footbridge in Morrison Bridges 1859 1856, and then a larger road bridge 1857. 1991:47,53-54; 1881 Construction completed by C.R. Carter in Bagnall 1920 1859. The first bridge was known as the Black 1976:412 bridge. A toll gate operated from 1872-1886 and is now located in the Carrington Park in Carterton. The first vehicle bridge was replaced with a second road bridge in 1881, which was in turn replaced with a third concrete bridge in the 1920s. 36 1763280 5438120 BRIDGE Waiwhetu Bridge Hutt River Taita 1845 Constructed near intersection of Mabey Road, Treadwell and Main Road, Taita. 1959:45-55; LHBC 1941:1 37 1824575 5463820 BRIDGE Queen Street Waipoua River Masterton 1864 Upgraded 1912 Bagnall footbridge 1976:422; 18

Grant 1995:12, 67-68 38 1784960 5450190 BRIDGE Pakuratahi Road Pakuratahi Kaitoke 1862 Bagnall Bridge River 1976:411 39 1824700 5457300 BRIDGE Wardell bridge Ruamahanga Te Whiti Wooden trestle road bridge. Wairarapa River Archive 90- 017-808 40 1789940 5426950 BRIDGE Kahutara bridges (2) Ruamahanga Martinborough 1888 First bridge built by Joseph Dawson in 1888. Bagnall River Second bridge built in 1920s 1976:422; McIntyre 2002:206 41 1826240 5463360 BRIDGE Te Ore Ore Bridge Ruamahanga Te Ore Ore 1875 Grant 1995:22; River Bagnall 1976:422 42 1804350 5436400 BRIDGE First Waihinga Bridge Ruamahanga Martinborough 1873 Repairs carried out in 1902 Bagnall River 1976:422; McIntyre 2002:100- 102,108,161 43 1770820 5472880 CANOE LANDING Patoitoi Waikanae River Paraparaumu On south side of Waikanae River Carkeek 1967:184-185 44 1825250 5465800 DAM Lansdowne dam Masterton 1890 Built by Williams and Beetham in 1890. Burst Grant 1995:98 1924 45 1827460 5413650 STONE SOURCE Pahaoa River Located at Pahaoa River mouth Keyes 1970:128-134 46 1829060 5428870 STONE SOURCE Pahaoa River Located at the junction of the Pahaoa and Keyes 1972:57- Wainuiora Rivers. Also reported as a source of 58 kokowai 47 1783650 5483450 STONE SOURCE Wai hoanga Otaki River Otaki Name means grindstone stream, where Adkins greywacke was obtained for manufacture of 1948:384 stone tools, or where manufacture took place. Located on east of railway bridge 48 1775580 5445720 WATER WHEEL Cruickshank's mill Mangaroa Upper Hutt 1855 Cruickshank operated a saw mill which was Kelleher Stream powered by a 30ft waterwheel supplied with 1991:57-59 water through a storage lake and tunnel fed from the Mangaroa Stream. Tunnel subsequently used for railway and marked as old railway tunnel on NZMS260 49 1767950 5466100 CANOE LANDING Mataihuka Paraparaumu On eastern side of SH1 opposite Popular Ave. Carkeek Area modified by road construction and 1967:170-72; swamp has been drained. See R26/265 Beckett 1957:363-64 50 1783800 5490400 EEL WEIR Autaha Lake Otaki Adkins Kopureherehe 1948:146-47

19

Figure 13: Sites proposed for assessment in the Otaki area

Figure 14: Sites proposed for assessment in the Paraparaumu area 20

Figure 15: Sites proposed for assessment in the Pauatahanui- Upper Hutt area

Figure 16: Sites proposed for assessment in the Wellington City - Lower Hutt area

21

Figure 17: Sites proposed for assessment in the Masterton area

Figure 18: Sites proposed for assessment in the Featherston – Carterton area 22

Figure 19: Sites proposed for assessment in the Ruamahanga – Palliser Bay area

Figure 20: Sites proposed for assessment in the Pahaoa area

23

Discussion

Consideration of sites to be incorporated in the heritage schedule appended to the Freshwater plan will be largely determined by significance, and this will require additional consideration of condition, namely to what extent archaeological remains are likely to have survived in-situ. While a site visit will be important in determining condition, archaeological deposits, particularly those associated with wetland areas, are frequently not visible above the ground surface. Survival of archaeological deposits therefore, will also need to account for the overall integrity of the immediate area and to what extent it has been modified. Where further assessment has identified that archaeological remains are likely to be present, site records should be filed with the NZAA site recording scheme.

Archaeological sites located immediately adjacent to waterways have not been included in this study unless there is specific mention of a feature that was associated with the waterway, such as a landing or cutting. Some of these sites may be subject to erosion and as a result archaeological material may be deposited in the stream, but once eroded this material loses most of its archaeological context.

Also important will be the connection of the sites with the associated freshwater body. In many areas water levels have decreased as a result of draining of farmland and creation of flood banks. Redirection of streams and rivers or restoration projects such as stream clearing and riparian planting projects may also result in archaeological deposits becoming disassociated from their original context with a waterway, or damaged. While some culverts and training walls might have historic values in their own right, the redirection of streams beneath roads and through developed areas is likely to have a considerable impact on the survival of earlier archaeological heritage and its association with the original waterway. In other areas tectonic uplift has raised low lying swamps and lake beds resulting in some previously wet sites becoming dry.

Because the location, nature and extent of prehistoric archaeological deposits associated with wetlands can be difficult to identify, some areas may warrant consideration of different protection mechanisms. Protection of wetland archaeological deposits is most efficiently achieved by the protection of the wetlands themselves, and ability to minimize changes in water level, quality, redox potential, acidity, and temperature are all significant in the preservation of waterlogged archaeological material (Gumbley, Law and Johns 2005:36-39). In areas where unmodified wetlands occur in proximity to reported artefact find sites, or sites such as swamp pa it may be appropriate to consider regulation of activities which threaten the preservation of the wetland.

Sites that can be clearly defined in terms of extent and condition can be afforded protection through inclusion in a heritage schedule with corresponding rules in the plan. Where structures are still in use and actively maintained it may be useful to consider separate schedules for protection (limited intervention) and preservation (active intervention). It is desirable that any heritage list includes the most significant sites in the project area, but also that it encompasses a representative range of site types and themes. It is recommended that any heritage schedule contains a balance of archaeological and built heritage as well as Maori and non-Maori site types. To ensure balance it is also recommended that the schedule include a representative sample of historic remains that are both standing (or in use) and archaeological.

Conclusion

This study has identified 160 potential archaeological sites in freshwater bodies within the Wellington Region in addition to 40 built heritage sites identified by Kelly and Cooke (2011. Of these 50 sites have been identified for further detailed assessment. 24

Annotated bibliography

Adkin, G. L. 1948. Horowhenua. Its Maori Place-names and their topographical and historical background. NZ Department of Internal Affairs, Wellington

A regional synthesis of archaeological and ethnographic information focusing on the Horowhenua District, extending as far south as Otaki. Adkins draws on a variety of sources including Land Court records, oral histories, information from landowners and amateur archaeological recording to compile information about many sites for which surface evidence is no longer apparent. The meanings of Maori place names are given along with detailed maps showing the location of numerous cultivations, eel weirs, settlements, pa and burial sites.

Adkin, G. L. 1959. The Great Harbour of Tara. Traditional Maori Place-names and Sites of Wellington Harbour and Environs. Whitcombe and Tombs Ltd, Wellington

A regional synthesis of archaeological and ethnographic information focusing on the Wellington harbour including Terawhiti, Johnsonville, Hutt Valley, and Cape Palliser. As with his earlier work on Horowhenua, Adkins draws on a variety of sources including Land Court records, oral histories, information from landowners and amateur archaeological recording to compile information about many sites for which surface evidence is no longer apparent. The meanings of Maori place names are given along with detailed maps showing the location of numerous cultivations, eel weirs, settlements, pa and burial sites.

Carkeek, W. 1967. The Kapiti Coast. A.H. & A.W. Reed, Wellington

A regional synthesis of archaeological and ethnographic information focusing on the Kapiti Coast, from Paekakariki to Otaki. As with Adkins, Carkeek provides a detailed history of the area from a Maori perspective and draws on a variety of sources including Land Court records, oral histories, information from landowners and amateur archaeological recording to compile information about many sites for which surface evidence is no longer apparent. The meanings of Maori place names are given along with detailed maps showing the location of numerous cultivations, eel weirs, settlements, pa and burial sites.

Gumbley, W., Johns, D., and G. Law. 2005. Management of wetland archaeological sites in New Zealand. Science for Conservation No. 246. Department of Conservation, Wellington

A thematic review of the archaeology of wetland sites in New Zealand commissioned by the Department of Conservation Science and Research Division. While they represent some of the most significant sites due to the exceptional preservation qualities of waterlogged environments, wetland sites are typically poorly represented in the archaeological record and the authors consider this may be contributed to by a lack of awareness by recorders, regional bias, and difficulty in detecting such sites due to their hidden nature. Mechanisms for site protection are considered, particularly in the RMA context, and selected case studies illustrate the value and significance of wetland sites

Law, G. 2008. Abundance and Constraint: A short history of water use in New Zealand. Maruiwi Press, Published electronically

A thematic review of freshwater use in New Zealand history, beginning with Maori freshwater fisheries, use in horticulture, and the use of water in ritual and ceremony. Law then continues the use of freshwater by early European arrivals including the provision of water for ships, and to power early industry such as flour mills, sawmills, breweries and paper mills. Water was also important in the application of mining for alluvial mining and hydraulic sluicing, and farming 25 including irrigation, draining of swampland and creation of stop banks to prevent flooding. Supply of drinking water is also covered such as the construction of reservoirs and wells, as is the often conflicting requirements eg. industry and farming versus freshwater fisheries. As the focus is wide ranging and at a national level the amount of material specific to Wellington is limited to a few examples, but the document does serve to provide a useful overview against which the Wellington Region can be considered and assessed.

McFadgen, B. 1997. Archaeology of the Wellington Conservancy: Kapiti-Horowhenua: A prehistoric and paleoenvironmental study. Department of Conservation, Wellington

The first of two regional archaeological syntheses undertaken by the Department of Conservation for the Wellington Conservancy. McFadgen considers the Kapiti and Horowhenua dune environment separately from the remainder of the Wellington region on the basis of its different geography which is made up of active dune formations. Dune sequences for the region are described with particular attention to those which formed during the period of human occupation. The common site types on the Kapiti Coast, shell midden, and wetland sites have been subject to limited archaeological investigation, but are able to provide considerable information about the local environment at the time of human arrival and subsequent changes throughout the span of human occupation and how people interacted with this environment. Significant archaeological sites are identified and discussed, and a tentative sequence for human occupation provided with directions for further archaeological research.

McFadgen, B. 2003. Archaeology of the Wellington Conservancy: Wairarapa: A study in tectonic archaeology. Department of Conservation, Wellington

The second of two regional archaeological syntheses undertaken by the Department of Conservation for the Wellington Conservancy. McFadgen considers the Wellington Conservancy east of the Rimutaka and Tararua Ranges. The South Wairarapa differs from the Kapiti Coast both in terms of geographical environment which is the result of significant tectonic events, but also in that it has been the focus of much more in depth archaeological investigation, particularly in Palliser Bay. McFadgen considers the results of these investigations and also incorporates previously unpublished information compiled by Richard Cairns who conducted extensive interviews with local farmers and compiled a list of around 400 archaeological sites. Significant archaeological sites are identified and discussed, and a tentative sequence for human occupation provided with directions for further archaeological research.

Simcox, F.S. 1952. Otaki. Town and District. A.H. & A.W. Reed, Wellington

A detailed historic account of the Otaki District extending as far south as Paraparaumu. Simcox’s focus is more on the historic development of this area than its earlier Maori use but does provide useful discussions and maps showing locations of early industries such as flour mills, flax mills, and saw mills.

Stirling, B. and C. Barnett, 2008. Wairarapa Moana Heritage Study: Scoping Report. Unpublished Report to Greater Wellington Regional Council

A detailed scoping study and synthesis of historical information pertaining to the Wairarapa Lakes which investigates their cultural significance and includes information on recorded archaeological sites in the vicinity. Stirling and Barnett consider early Maori use of the lakes and exploitation of the resources they contained. The European purchase of the Wairarapa valley and conflicting demands of settler farmers and industry is considered for its effects on the freshwater fisheries.

26

References

Adkin, G. L. 1948. Horowhenua. Its Maori Place-names and their topographical and historical background. NZ Department of Internal Affairs, Wellington

Adkin, G. L. 1959. The Great Harbour of Tara. Traditional Maori Place-names and Sites of Wellington Harbour and Environs. Whitcombe and Tombs Ltd, Wellington

Adkins, G. L. 1962. 'An Ancient Outrigger Float from a Te Horo Swamp, Western Wellington.' Dominion Museum Records in Ethnology 1:267-76

Bagnall, A.G. 1976. Wairarapa: an historical excursion. Marsterton Lands Trust, Masterton

Baldwin, O. 1988. The Celebration History of the Kapiti District. Kapiti Borough Council, Paraparaumu

Barrow, T. and Keyes, I. W. 1962. 'An Ancient Outrigger Canoe Hull from a Te Horo Swamp, Western Wellington.' Dominion Museum Records in Ethnology 1:277-84

Beckett, P. Ancient Occupied sites of the Paraparaumu District. Journal of the Polynesian Society 66:357-64

Best, E. 1925. The Maori Canoe. Dominion Museum Bulletin No. 7 National Museum, Wellington

Best, E. 1929. Fishing Methods and Devices of the Maori. Dominion Museum Bulletin No.12. National Museum, Wellington

Brodie, J. 1986. Terawhiti and the Goldfields. Karori Historical Society, Wellington

Butterworth, S. 1988. Petone: A History. Petone Borough Council, Petone

Carkeek, W. 1967 The Kapiti Coast. A.H. & A.W. Reed, Wellington

Cooke, P., 2007. Our Water Our History – On Tap: Water supply in the Wellington region 1867- 2006. Greater Wellington Regional Council, Wellington

Grant, I. F. 1995. North of the Waingawa: The Masterton Borough and County Councils 1877- 1989. Masterton District Council, Masterton

Gumbley, W., Johns, D., and G. Law. 2005. Management of wetland archaeological sites in New Zealand. Science for Conservation No. 246. Department of Conservation, Wellington

Kelleher, J. A. 1991. Upper Hutt: The History. Upper Hutt Borough Council, Upper Hutt

Kelly, M. and P. Cooke, 2011, Historic Heritage Scoping for the Freshwater Plan Review. Unpublished Report to the Greater Wellington Regional Council.

Keyes, I.W. 1970. 'Wairarapa chert sources in New Zealand prehistory'. New Zealand Archaeological Association Newsletter 13(3):128-134

Keyes, I.W. 1972. 'A further important source of chert in the Wairarapa'. New Zealand Archaeological Association Newsletter 15(2):57-58 27

Law, G. 2008. Abundance and Constraint: A short history of water use in New Zealand. Published electronically, Maruiwi Press

Leach, B.F. and H.M. Leach (eds.) 1979. Prehistoric Man in Palliser Bay. National Museum of New Zealand Bulletin 21. Wellington

Lower Hutt Borough Council. 1941. Lower Hutt Past and Present: A Centennial and Jubilee Publication. Hutt News Printing & Publishing Co Ltd, Lower Hutt

Malcom, K. 2003. Calling Korokoro Home: A history of the hill 1800-2003. Korokoro School, Petone

McFadgen, B. 1997. Archaeology of the Wellington Conservancy: Kapiti-Horowhenua: A prehistoric and paleoenvironmental study. Department of Conservation, Wellington

McFadgen, B. 2003. Archaeology of the Wellington Conservancy: Wairarapa: A study in tectonic archaeology. Department of Conservation, Wellington

McIntyre, R. 2002. The Canoes of Kupe. A History of Martinborough District. Victoria University Press, Wellington

Millar, D. P. 1972. Once Upon a Village: A History of Lower Hutt. New Zealand University Press, Wellington

Morrison, C. 1991. Nga Maharatanga o Wairarapa: the past around us. Masterton District Library, Masterton

Simcox, F.S. 1952. Otaki. Town and District. A.H. & A.W. Reed, Wellington

Stirling, B. and C. Barnett, 2008. Wairarapa Moana Heritage Study: Scoping Report. Unpublished Report to Greater Wellington Regional Council

Treadwell, C. A. L. 1959. The Hutt River: Its History and its Conquest. Hutt River Board, Lower Hutt

Ward, L. 1928. Early Wellington. Whitcombe and Tombs, Auckland

28