Deported. Emma Goldman and the Russian Revolution

CEU eTD Collection DEPORTED. In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts RUSSIAN REVOLUTION Supervisor: Professor AndrasBozoki Professor Supervisor: Second reader: Professor Istvan Rev EMMAGOLDMANANDTHE Central European University European Central Department of History ÖZGÜR YILDIRIM Budapest, Hungary Submitted to Submitted 2008 By CEU eTD Collection the staff of the International Institute of Amsterdam. History, of Social Institute International staff the the of Beunderman, Meltem Ar Noordhof, Joseph Stosko, Koray Özdil, Maarten & Anette Elsenburgs, Marco Brunner, Mark Constanze Kolbe, Dennis Maschmann, Emine Aksoy, Halil Savda, Hanka Nowicka, Job AnnelienAlice Bouland,Adomas&Laura, AndreaSuter, possible:Elsenburg, thesis I wouldlike toexpress my to individualsthanks these whose friendship and supportmade this innecessity violence of change. political revolution represents a significant revision if not a total break with her former belief in the explained as process a nonviolent of reconstruction and education. This new viewof The main finding of this isstudy Goldman’s new theory of revolution which can be briefly life. Goldman’s on literature current the of light the under Revolution Russian the of memoirs employed consists of reevaluating the letters Goldman wrote when she was in Russia and her method in yearsher two The her during of stay influenceRussia. experiences of under the The main question of the research is how Goldman’s view of revolution was transformed research is around oriented changesthe in afterGoldman’s herthought departure from Russia. This thesis focuses on Emma Goldman and her criticism of the Russian Revolution. The ÕR÷ lu, Robin Bellers, Sara Zorandy, Tetyana Batanova, UNICA, and ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT i CEU eTD Collection BIBLIOGRAPHY...... 75 CONCLUSION...... 72 CHAPTER 4: AFTER RUSSIA GOLDMAN ...... 53 REEVALUATE REVOLUTION CHAPTER 3: EMMA GOLDMAN IN RUSSIA WRITING ...... 38 THE REVOLUTION REVOLUTION...... 21 IN THERUSSIAN CHAPTER ANDTHEBOLSHEVIKS 2:ANARCHISTS CHAPTER 1: AN ANALYSIS OF THE LITERATURE ...... 6 ON EMMA GOLDMAN ...... 1 INTRODUCTION TABLE OFCONTENTS 4.4 4.3 4.2 POWER 4.1 3.2 3.1 2.2 2.1 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 4.1.3 ...... 60 Centralization 4.1.2 Suppression...... 57 4.1.1 The Brest-Litovsk ...... 55 Treaty A W P T T T E T A C P F A G EMINIST AUTHORS REDICTIONS FOR THE ERSPECTIVES THE FROM COUNTRIES DIFFERENT WO YEARS INA MMA HE HE REASONS BEHIND HE ANADIAN AUTHORS NARCHIST LITERATURE NARCHIST MERICAN AUTHORS OLDMAN N HAT HAT MISSED WAS ...... 55 . EW U B OLSHEVIKS ANDTHE NSUCCESSFUL G T OLDMAN ON THE HEORY OF ’ S OWN WORK AS THEHISTORIAN OF HER LIFE D ICTATORSHIP ? ...... 13 R H R ...... 17 EVOLUTION ...... 8 G F EVOLUTION OW THE REVOLUTION SHOULD HAVE BEEN MADE UTURE OFTHE OLDMAN ...... 18 B R OLSHEVIKS IN OLSHEVIKS USSIAN ...... 43 ’ ...... 68 S SILENCE : THE MISTAKES OFTHE A NARCHISTS IN THE R EVOLUTION IN ii 1918...... 32 ...... 40 ...... 16 R ...... 7 USSIA R B USSIAN OLSHEVIKS AFTER THEY TOOK ...... 63 R EVOLUTION ...... 64 ? ...... 22 CEU eTD Collection unapologetic rejection of terror as a legitimate means to achieve revolution. The research for research The achieve revolution. to means asalegitimate terror of unapologetic rejection violence. political disclaim to her led that experiences her of pressure the under revolution of method the modify to had She society. dream the of for theconstruction predicament asanecessary of state the overthrow violent the saw who individuals revolutionary other of that to similar very was State Socialist the of practices the witnessing before championed she that revolution The Party. Communist observed Goldman’ faith in neverhaltedrevolution butshe changed herview of revolution she after the Russian Revolution revolutionaries. these andto sacrificewhathesitate not does and guerilla the of humanbecamemartyrdom the glorifies that myth continuing is a regime life. The existing the of ofbreakdown end, violent a as Revolution ithomelands. in their the revolution a achieve “glorious”under revolution,the to armed warfare thatuse organizations in Turkey are revolutionary Workers’ Party Kurdistan dictatorship justifiesand Colombia, of Forces Armed the Revolutionary in Germany, Fraction Red Army the militant meansof inevitableforbend.Marxist revolutionaries the method Pathin TheShining of the Peru, the thefor and necessary a is Violence rule. own their install to government the overthrow to aim sense. There aremany organizationsparties, in and movements history the of mankind that Revolution is going on. It can be approached as a political overthrow of a regime, in a narrowIntroduction Emma Goldman represents a challenge to the revolutionary discourse a Revolutionin took revolutionaries’ significancedifferent other life.Emma with her 1 “ Life isindeed acrazyLife quilt made ofpatches My Disillusionment inRussia Emma Goldman Emma , ch. 23. .” CEU eTD Collection forPolitical Prisoners, 1925. documents by political prisoners in Soviet prisons, prison camps and exile was constituted by anarchists, see RogerBaldwin, et. al. 2 Revolution most colorful fighters of freedom in freedom of avenerable place in fighters of deserves and the speech America most colorful the of one was She movements. social other and anti-militarist leftist, feminist, in involved itself forlifemodel coming legacy.Herwayof a and radicals as presented worthy adiverse character aremarkable exposed andlifethat her thought about literature growing of still the replacement of the old powers with the new ones. inthe culminates that event spectacular asa than rather education and of construction justmainof revolution society. must argumentimagined The thesisisthis be asa that process faith in construction of abandoning her the herview without of War,revolution transformed World First in the America in anarchism of exponent eminent most the Goldman, Emma how ask why to study This and revolution. an individual’s same proposes the concerning opinion the object of this study. Instead, the purpose of this study is to show how a revolution changed Russia. in socialist prison and from exile letters their and state Bolshevik the by persecution their after known became role anarchists’ Revolution, 1 somehow linked tothe major revolutions in early the twentieth century. ideology Anarchism,nation. aprominent defiedthat was nationalism and government, in a particular of history the changes being political failedtotranscend internationalism idea imbuedthe of with revolutions Even socialist power anational territory. over a new state revolution. Revolutions in world history, when succeeded, always resulted in the formation of this stemmed from thesis a question explainrelationshipbetween to the individual and an a For acollection of letters sent by revolutionaries of varying political affiliations, of whom aconsiderable part For astudy of the anarchists’ conibution to the Chinese revolution, see Arif Dirlik, Emma Goldman, among other anarchists, strikes as an extraordinary example because example asan strikes extraordinary anarchists, among other Emma Goldman, It is notanarchists asa group oranarchism asaunified body ideasconstitutesof that , Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991. 2 Letters from Russian Prisons. Consisting of reprints of ofreprints Consisting Prisons. Russian Letters from 2 , London: the International Committee Anarchism Chinesein the 1 In the Russian CEU eTD Collection “The Politics of Ibrahim Parlak”, in Parlak”, ofIbrahim Politics “The Kotlowitz, see Alex case, Parlak’s on article an For appeal. under remains case and his months 10 for Michigan Additionally,Turkish government has already revoked Parlak’s citizenship.He was in held Calhoun County Jail, Security Immigrationasked the Court in 2004tosend him back toTurkey,where served he 16months prison.in 9 8 to military orders, see 5 during the years 1914-1919 Objectors, 4 in even caseof today the repeats history that in American banishment for of practice the theprecedent deportation was the Emma Goldman Papers Project, Papers Goldman Emma the of newsletter in the “Goldmaniacs” themselves calls group The 1992. ofCalifornia, University Cal.: Berkeley, L., Dougherty, M.A. for middle and high school students that aims to incorporate Goldman into the national history. Falk, C., Reese, prohibit entrythe John Turner,of English unionist, intoAmerica trade in 1903. laid 1902, non-US citizen deportation forthe andwasusedto theanarchists of ground null offence of void.” wasevercharged,as any kind and or crime no whom against and whereabouts unknown of man the of citizenship the declared America 20 years age atthe hisbefore time mighty –the of of – about Republic naturalization denaturalizing herfirst husband in1907;“on pretextthatthe the man fullywas not of legal an “alien radical”. objectors. againstconscientious attack current governments’ Turkish Greekand the because of before ever than now relevant more life her of study the made court, American the by imprisonment in movementtheUSA 1917, objection conscientious to the 7 hundreds of suspects captured in Afghanistan and Iraq under thecategory of “enemy combatant”. 6 America, 1890-1901 microfilm edition as well as published in a series of volumes. The first two volumes are titled;Institute of Social History, Amsterdam International inthe Archive and Goldman from Emma the thefrom mainly US derived governmental documents of files.collections These produced and were reproduced in a 3 history of freedoms. TheUS State Department granted Ibrahim Parlak political asylumin 1992 but the Department of Homeland Ross Winn, “The Case of John Turner”, in For the cases of Lazaros Petromelidis inGreece and Halil Savda in Turkey, who are in prisonfor disobedience Conscientious for Board Central see WWI, the during England in objection conscientious of history the For Alexander Berkman and Emma Goldman, Emma and Berkman Alexander The American legal system isinnovative in divesting persons of their legal rights. The US army today detains A group of researchers in the University of California, Berkeley specialized in the history of Emma Goldman In order to deport Goldman, a US citizen, the government played a trick by Troublesome people: a re-print of the No-Conscription Fellowship souvenir: describing its work 5 At end the her of prison sentence, she to Russia wasdeported in December 1919as and The Life and Times of Emma Goldman: a curriculum for middle and high school students 6 http://www.ebco-beoc.org/ 3 Furthermore, the anti-militarism of her identity and the impetus she gave she impetus the and identity her of anti-militarism the Furthermore, Making Speech Free, 1902-1909 , London: Central Board for Conscientious Objectors, 1940?. Objectors, Conscientious for Board Central London: ø brahim brahim Parlak. The New Times York Open Road Deportation, ItsMeaning andMenace Winn’s Firebrand (2000). 9 . Accessed onJune 8, 2008. 3 , March 20, 2005. . In addition, same the group published acurriculum , vol. 2 no. 7 December7, 1903. 7 The Anti-Anarchist law, in TheAnti-Anarchist passed 4 which was awarded twoyears’ , Ellis Island, NY: 1919. p. 20. Made for 8 Goldman’s . CEU eTD Collection Alice Wexler, Alice the Russian Revolution and her work in the course of the two years. The observations she observations The years. two the of course in the work her and Revolution Russian the adjustinto to attempts with Goldman’s continues discussion The Ballantine. niece,her Stella to letters inher state by Bolshevik the dissenters of harassment the to referring from evasion reasonsbehind discussesGoldman’s the an This chapter her correspondence. analysis of filled Goldman deportation occupied and herwith justice American against the resentment Bolsheviks. process The drovethat Goldman court in jail from andoutof June her1917 until the bolstered that expressed statements and likeher revolution comrades of the hope fervent in the caught was Goldman in Russia. experiment the toward revolutionaries other and anarchists of enthusiasm the grasp to context historical the necessary presents chapter Revolution andlocatesinvolvedmaking the in anarchists the Russianthe Revolution. of This violence. on issuethe of few, concentrated are which evaluating tradition not asapartof anarchist the Goldman works movement. Naturally, establishanarchistGoldman’s she life an inCanadato traveled when in episodes highlight those to from this pattern diverted authors Canadian feminist. Some a as Goldman considered who others several by followed American an as primarily Goldman life emanating from differentlayers of interest. There is a striking number of authors who saw Goldman’s on of show perspectives diversity the will to be explored literature The Goldman. a theoretical willbe framework providedbyevaluatingsources thepublishedon Emma its firstchapter the aftermath. of In exile andRussian byfocusing on period only the possible 10 America. in heractivism with deals sufficiently literature existing fact the the that this study due to Candace Falk, The third chapter evaluates Goldman’s participation in the Russian Revolution through Revolution Russian in the participation Goldman’s evaluates chapter third The October the prepared that elements radical of mixture the stresses chapter The second The years of Goldman’s life previous to her deportation to Russia are not covered in 10 Since the aim of this thesisis totrace the changesin her view of revolution, thisis Emma Goldman, an Intimate Life Love, Anarchy,and Emma Goldman , London: Virago, 1984. , New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1984. 4 CEU eTD Collection will be brought into light in the final section. final in the light into bebrought will Russian Revolution would prove to be a true revolution. Goldman’s the if new theory realized been have of revolutionshould that identified be will opportunities the Thereafter, were. clarified first. The second be brought Revolution that thewill main Russian of the factors end December 1921.The section will inquire from after and she in Russia her wrote letters books, departure in intermittently the articles, what the predictions for the future of Russia in discussed last chapter. the inmade Russia for foundation the ofherview provides therevision be of revolution will that The final chapter is an analysis of Goldman’s theory of revolution expressed 5 CEU eTD Collection Russia early and stayed in a dictatorship. This question can be answered by pointing to what to by pointingbe answered can question in This adictatorship. stayed andRussia early American press until 1922. Afurther question mustthat be answeredis why she didnotleave earlieryears. criticize Albeit she fact, not did this the Russian government in openly the her in conceived she which anarchy, alone let state, human a with reconcilable not were know she in ifto came incidents The USA. havebeen sheas shemight were the never and reticent in wastranquil Russia indeed, Goldman is inthesecriticisms; a media. of truth There grain was a collaborator with the rightThere are somewing critics of attackGoldman who argued thatagainst Goldman was insincere the and even thatRussian she revolution although she inwas Russiabetween and1919 1921and criticizedvehemently. it Revolution in the Western idea the of to loyalty aspect of isherGoldman important staunch most life. The Goldman’s patterns. the to according onGoldman literature the to majorcontributions group Iwill try to groups. these of boundaries the fall who between somewhere authors course are of There Goldman asacomrade. affinity to their because of form third category the Anarchists feminists, is the Thegroup second andCanadian authors. fall American this category the heritage. To who discoveredher life. The first group is the people who wanted to incorporate her intothe the national cultural importanceimportance and they usedof of as Goldman a character whoevaluated many writers Therewere Emmadifferent Goldman. gender perspectives in theto engage thought in differentChapter 1: An AnalysisLiterature ofthe onEmma Goldman kinds of of accountsEmma of Goldman. The survey of literature in this chapter will highlight the Russian episode in in The survey will literature Russianof episode the highlight this chapter The purpose of thisgroup is chapter who theauthors to have dealtwith life the of 6 CEU eTD Collection and always struggled revolution. for the Evenin Russia she washopeful of gradual the government the attacked Goldman that chapter second in the shown be will it Furthermore, distinguishwas able to Revolution between Russian the Russian and the government. hope and faith in revolution.Disillusionment inRussia One of the aims of thispublishlater Doubleday to consented secondhalf too,this the time under title the thesis is to demonstrateinin 1923 itwas New York, underprinted title the that Goldman was a selling story. When Doubleday the first halfprinted of manuscript Goldman’s on Russia inRussia about landthe Goldman’s words becauseherdisappointment sarcastic of revolution print to wereeager American publishers time the Atthat in Russia”. Years “My Two itentitle herGoldman in reminiscencesintended 1922in andcriticismwrote Russia of Berlin,to she country of the revolution. in the herfor activities study of the point starting isthe in yearsRussia the for account The truth. the to loyalty of sense historian’s a with events chronicles it and apologetic not coverin is insistence theyears It to Russia. in Knopf’s with furtheraccordance chapters added originallyfinish intended to thenarrative with fromher deportation butshe Unitedthe States isherlife.Goldman in book atestimony thousand pageof New York one 1931. This inautobiography in Tropez, France 1930 St. andAlfredKnopf published ofherlife the historian as own work 1.1 Goldman’s chapters. in next willbe the discussed These points what otheranarchists the weredoingin whoendedup Russia voluntarily involuntarily.or were Goldman’s beliefs before Russia, going what to she aimedatduring her days there,and An earlier book by Goldman is even more focused on her days in Soviet Russia. When Russia. in Soviet days her on focused more even is Goldman by book earlier An her finished She herself. Goldman is life Goldman’s Emma of historian first The . Goldman protested that the title suggested that she thatthetitle her suggested . Goldman that protested gave up 7 My Disillusionment inRussia Living MyLife My Further . Oneyear in CEU eTD Collection picture of in Goldman in Russia heras harmony identity with anarchist Drinnon’s as possible. biography Shulman Goldman Drinnonportrayed as amartyr hero. present and the to tried not very critical and he her viewreproduced own inmain lines. Relying onDrinnon’s this personality. eminent accountof years and Drinnon’s Goldman’s activities in Russia was Richard 1961biography Drinnon whose Goldman Emma of preceded thescholarship about in Goldman. interest showed Drinnon way for further scholarly interest in Goldman’s life and especially woman scholars after subsequent feltby aversion American the her. against public Drinnon’s biography opened the andthe etc. Anarchy”, of “Queen asthe Goldman of demonization was the treatment inmisunderstandingher andof andmisrepresentation America. philosophy politics Theunfair unfair the Drinnon emphasizes American politicians. of great scene the toplace heron andattempts treatmentThe book primarily discusses in his assessment of Goldman’s life and makes a sympathetic judgmentof Goldman’s life. ofthe political Emma actions1961, this chroniclesscholarly work theentireof lifeEmma is Goldman. Drinnon apologetic and statementsGoldman made by Goldman Emma Goldman by firstEmma biography of radicalism. ofAmerican inhistory The Goldman’s the character the Goldman’s conclusion aboutfor theproper and they treatmentachievements argued of US authoritiesreach aclear to impossible made itfrom US the Goldman drew that forces reactionary The intheir country. history of the forthefreedom saw inherexpression fighter the and blames authors 1.2 American it truth. the represent not does Russia from fled she when revolution on the dissipation of from authority masters. The Bolshevikthe argument Goldmanthat upthe gave The historian who redeemed Emma Goldman and gave her another life in letters is life inletters heranother andgave Emma Goldman The historian redeemed who The history Goldman’sof life appealing was to Americanthe historians first. They Rebel inParadise byRichard is Drinnon indispensable.still in in Printed Chicago 8 CEU eTD Collection 12 11 appearedasa book Her hervoice. press distorted mainstream the also but arenegade her as vilified Notalone thecommunists andmisunderstood. misrepresented She waspersistently fineat hazardsin Russell, including this were contemporaries, Bertrand distinction. grasping her but State Bolshevik the and Revolution Russian the between difference the underline to She painfully tried from government. Bolshevik she herself the once distanced outside of Russia than inside.Her identity as a revolutionary under brought suspicion was once more shows that expressinginGermany inraise for England suppression and the consciousness to the thought of Russia dissent with the Bolshevik in through went Goldman ordeal that The Berkman. even associates, her government closest sympathy of was not any easier losing cost of the voice atthe her raised Goldman articles. issue of the over those comrades her and Goldman between schism a opened There revolutionary. anold of repentance newspapers that showed Branting. Karl anMinister Prime interest in socialist the of favor the Goldman’s losing of cost the at Stockholm in was she while articles critical articlesfirst were especially her She wrote in London too. reprinted were articles Her West. massesthe of the Russia to eager to print the atrocities in Russia speak about the as arguedby Although Goldman to was reluctant Goldberg. straightforward during her stay there,as not is regime Bolshevik in the Goldman and Berkman of thecomplicity suggests she spoke with utmostdemanding clarity to rightresolve criticism. after theGoldman’s against Kronstadtshe left conflict without defendingBolshevism heoften “Left-wing although was Communism: Disorder” anInfantile violence on May 5 Berkman’s incomplicity the Bolshevik Berkmanhad dictatorship. totranslateLenin’s refused and Goldman about argument Goldberg’s with contradicts that evidence some presented Drinnon Moreover of from EmmaBolshevik dictatorship untainted. test the emerged ibid. p. 242. Richard Drinnon, Rebel in Paradise 11 Berkman and Goldman wrote a letter of protest to Zinoviev , Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961. p. 235. 12 Chicago and Tribune NewYorkWorld, the only the 9 th . AS this evidence CEU eTD Collection propagatinginAmerica. Falkis chiefeditor the of the she doesin is available what beyond go not does Falk notin Russia, life Goldman’s discuss from and summaries of letters andGoldman’s autobiography. period the Concerning of Goldman’semotional letters. Nevertheless, herbiography deep innot is analysis and loaded with excerpts actionsGoldman in terms free-loveideology life. and anarchism inGoldman’s of In 1984 the of theof significance the about doubts some leaves revolutionary affair love Goldman-Reitman The politics. her with Goldman Emma of life intimate the combine to wanted She in Chicago. shop a guitar politics she people. own her was alienating inadvertently Revolution, her becauseinsincere words about alot it took of power to express Russian herabout opinion is no Communism“There as Communism was tailored Soviet and anarchy between thedistance article refining in Russia.” testimony of disillusionment suggesting a change inherbelief in the revolutionary cause. Her It can not be argued with consistency that Goldman was guide is factual and informative. However, since they rely on the most thorough collection of collection thorough most the on rely they since However, informative. and factual is guide engaging intodebates and assessments about Goldman’s activities and thoughts, therefore, the into the subject.for researchers and source complete important, systematic most is by the editors prepared the Claiming Goldman’sThe guidelife Goldman to intheUnitedStates. as a liberties civil of champion Emma of life to the inscribe to attempt bescholarly significant most is the It life. a Goldman’s documentaryto relating material of documentary copies gather to friends and librarians, archivists, history, with of network anextensive federal bycollaborated The partly editors government. the the project editors refrainmoment. from Candace Falk discovered some of Ben letters Candace Falkdiscovered of some to Emma inReitman Goldman’s in 1975 This project isThis project undertaken by University Berkeley the itCalifornia of at and is funded , Falk public persistently weavedthe together imageof Goldman withhertogether 10 Emma GoldmanPapers Project Love, Anarchy, & Emma Love, Anarchy, Living MyLife at the at , and , CEU eTD Collection Bolshevik government as early as her later writing contended. In light of the achievements of achievements the of light In contended. writing later her as early as government Bolshevik disillusioned not argues Russia was with 1921. Morton than Goldman that earlier December madeleftists.important Morton suggestions alsounderstand to why leaveGoldman notdid American radical other of experience the with side by side revolution Russian of experience Morton However, alarge put Goldman’ssummarizedand accounts. own to Goldman’s extent place of herlifein American TheLeft. biography on the contextpublishedsources the relied for love and need asmuch for needas the patience the resistance. of Goldman and Berkman, futilethe bombings of IBM inthenameoffices revolution. of by Highlighted experiences the Drinnon requested where theroleviolence they condemned of means andthereupon as discussed a revolutionary the radicals to show in late 1920s the Berkman andAlexander betweenEmma Goldman letters to the attention respect paid forDrinnon friendship. of theexample their follow to need Movements Youth Revolutionary forterrorist advised the and tactic asarevolutionary and Berkman byGoldman violence defianceof the emphasized resonating journals. pagesof Berkman’s with Richardthe Drinnon and Goldman Manifestoesoffeminists,African Americansorganizations were andstudent terrorist attacks. significance. The American radicalism was increasing its level of violence and indulging in Canada halfbefore Goldman’s anti-military and wasgaining anew a century activism in wereseekingrefugeresisters Draftin VietnamWar tothe US. the resistance growing Russia. theirless campaignasearly as anti-Bolshevik 7,1922, January than month one since she left Goldman Bolshevism began that asserted shewasinRussia,they about while and Berkman years in Russia. Although infairguide theintroductory presented essays of provide a sources, the Golman’s picture the editors did not give any explanation for Goldman’s reticence Marian Morton wrote another Marian Morton wrote biography Goldman,of but thistime apurposeto with The evaluation of Goldman’s life was at a peak in the late 1960s because of the 11 CEU eTD Collection revolutionary revolutionary By constructive work. time,that Goldman and Berkman from had returned the by distress herniece heruselessness complaining participate about to andinability in to any her venting began Goldman when instance first the is 1920 November in late wrote Goldman Revolution in the beginning and juxtaposed itdrastically herto later protest. The letter harmed in her struggle for survival. Goldman’s emphasized Goldberg belief in the Russian rebellion lest been Russiawould have injusticeson Kronstadt these the of quelling the until subservient However,every notwrite her expression she state. to the notpolitical did opinion requisitioning of police omnipotence the of grain, secretthe violence,of andtheinternment who opposed the Soviet regime. Goldman observed the forced mobilizationanarchists other with of labor,contact in came they stay their During arrival. their after year one than mention any criticism until they not Russia,did to thecomradesGoldberg that concluded letters Berkman’s outside the suppression of theremained Bolsheviks loyal to longer Sifting accept. than they through Goldman’s and Kronstadt rebellion in both herargued that Goldman January in1920, Goldberg arrival and Russia, Berkman March 1921, more reminiscences gave theimpression ideals herthat and enthusiasm vanished immediately upon Goldman’s Although Bolsheviks. the with dissent expressed Berkman and Goldman when Abrams. Mary and Jack and Bernstein, Ethel Lipman, Samuel Fleshin, Senya Steimer, Mollie with starting must beundertaken anarchists inRussia deported experienceof intothe a research other why she did notleave Russia. To understand better why Goldman and Berkman did notleave, pursue why denounce not not theBolshevikGoldman did butquestioned government only hope with Bolshevik Morton rebelliongovernment in until Kronstadt the 1921. Yet, did the model give did up of a revolutionist, saw Furthermore, not Berkman, asher Goldman who revolution,the Goldman wasnothopeless forfuture the of revolutionthe inRussia. There is one short essay by Harold Goldberg published inessay precisely 1975addressing Goldberg published There isbyHarold short one 12 CEU eTD Collection Drinnon’s work, Goldman’sDrinnon’s work, autobiography earlierand essays. was re- Shulman’spurpose feministAlix a Shulmanpartisan side. wrote biography of Goldman largely relying on Emma queenof Goldman,anarchy the and most the dangerouswoman, anddiscovered her anarchist the to back looked feminists American The movement. the of precursors for search authors 1.3 Feminist box. same in the be put not can assumed official roles. while Berkman in tostay backstage the and chose projects with Soviet in herinvolvement Therefore, prudent was Goldberg’sGoldman that admits also Goldberg Russia. into steps his following was argumentshe and does not hold becauseIt is also maintained by Morton theythat Berkman was the modelthe of a revolutionary two for Goldman with Bolsheviks. work the eagerone to more heis wasthe it that known and correspondence most of Furthermore, of Goldberg’s came from Berkman’s insupport evidence argumentthe 1921. inlate of indications correspondence the her disillusionment with of start earliest the further research can Goldberg of presented andwhat on basis the machine of Bolshevik the given can beletters omniscience the too understood inher herin Herreticence path. deciding hencewasambivalent and encountering were anarchists peril of the that wasaware Goldman Indeed, important. is delay so give why this not reason any buthedoes Bolsheviks the insincerity almostlying. Hereviles with forand beingthem afewmonths toolate toattack regime. twoanarchists harsh Goldberg’sthe conclusion is andblaming against unfairly them indictments against Soviet the bitter carry from inRussia herDecember 1921 until departure government’s interruption in their letters to comrades abroad. Her letters in the secondchallengeinMay theBolshevik government weresuspecting theRussian April 1921 and and half of however,mention sheanyof didnot letter. in Berkmanthem her andGoldman to started through tour Ukraine hadseenmany and objectionable aspectsof revolutionary Russia; The feministmovement gained momentum in 1970s the and there was a growing 13 CEU eTD Collection suffragists and 80s.She vision feministdefended in Goldman’s spiteher of with conflict women the in70s identity feminist Goldman’s inconstructing influential very was Shulman Furthermore, revolution. about infaced facts the toher response a martyr, speaking who alienation and portray a hero to wished in England. Shulman her reception unsympathetic Revolution to with the American years and restricted the discussion of Goldman’s critique of the Russian believe that the world must be made over according to anew vision.” they because death even and exile, jail, face to willing are they her, Like fight. Goldman’s to a particular audience; “Now, in the 1970’s, new generations of radicals are taking up Emma Barricades thoroughness of anarchist viewsinaction Goldman’s the revolutionary milieu of Russia. questions Goldman’s about as politics well life.as a narrative ofherWexler judged the Wexler inRussia.ledGoldman’s experience theoretical provides bitter that factors to around her. There is a discussion of situation political and social the the into Goldman Emma life of the embeds account competent early years of the Russian Revolution Goldman inExile to explain the another biography inof installments. Goldman Emma The two secondvolume, 1989 yetAlice toGoldman’slife.Wexlerpublished anumber dedicated which works of outpoured cannon. woman”. “man’s a becalled to her caused moevement suffragist inthe active were who women the for scorn Goldman’s Alix Shulman eventually succeeded inincorporating Emma Goldman into feminist cannon in America althoughposes adifficult problem to reconcile a womanwho looked condescendngly onsufragist womenwith feminism. 14 13 the in of biography 1971asa was published part militantpublicizingfor as aforerunner careeractivist Goldman’s women’s and rights the The movement forwomen’s right to vote in the USA was a milestone forAmerican feminism. Therefore it Alix Shulman, The wave of feminism and the interest of the American academia collided in the 1980s 14 , true its title, is, true to mostpartisan the of life account Goldman’s andwasaddressed and made the most important contribution to integrate her into the feminist the into her integrate to contribution important most the made and To The Barricades , covers the rest of her life from her deportation from the US on. This , New York: Crowell, 1971. Preface. 14 Women ofAmerica 13 The book deals mainly series. To The Emma CEU eTD Collection Russia. functions toin only people met prominent the This she there. portrait Russia sincethebeginning to redeem Goldmanin liberties of oppression pronounce courageously the to Goldman appeared arrived inRussia. asshe after shortly a revolution of truebankruptcy the of conscious were she if as Goldman exiled anarchist despitefeministlabor struggles and in 1970s the she student.when Rudahl was an art the depicted the book,hardships Sharon of Rudahl, is immigrant daughter the an family Russian Jew and involved in the the of drawer and author The Russia. in Goldman exiled the portrays also it of but US in the life Revolutionary Goldman’s devotes most of Itpagesto the and characters. means events the of drawings of heavily on Goldman’s autobiography biography,and Wexler’s however, it sheds a new life by comic telling the story Goldman’s in of life appeared 2007 inNew This draws York. work life. of Goldman’s picture amore balanced would give not in need of an invincible hero and the modifications introduced by Goldman’s biographers was politics feminist the that stressed Rosenberg love letters. andher acts public Goldman’s made of and ain image change subtle aspects contradictory byshowingthis inconsistent the image herlife.by Falk showed aconsistency that biographies The Wexler throughout and Communism that resonated with the right wing in the US. Goldman anti- to andan obsessive attributed also hermeans of subject psychologizing by Russia criticism of weigh from the Goldman’s of Wexlerdeportation reduced US. the isolation by her thin of Russia isdueto sense rejection thatthe Goldman’s causedground of reading of Goldman’s emotionsHowever, Wexler’s about criticism Russia of Goldman’s writingsversus on Russia America. was based on a psychological Moreover, Wexler argued on Emma Goldman’s life is still continuing to attract attention. attract to continuing still is life Goldman’s Emma ofher because byinAmerica public staunch adored feminists Emmathe was Goldman 15 A Dangerous Woman A Dangerous , a CEU eTD Collection government. Avrich also pointed to the fact that despite the lack of anarchist press in lack Lenin’s anarchist fact press of tothe the despite Avrich government. that also pointed Lenin’s anarchistic pamphlets andslogans Bolsheviks before the over took Provincial the before November the with her Revolution.later Heexplainedthiswith contrast thought historian anarchistof movements, drew the attention to Goldman’s support for the Bolsheviks major Avrich, Paul comrades. her and authors, historians, with interviews through Goldman fourCorporation parts program the (CBC) in1983.In aimed atnarrating the life Emma of afour and weekslongprepared presented for Canadian program the Broadcasting years in Russia. pose Goldman’snot questionThis anyserious to manymistakes with written poorly work did resistance. justify agreedonthebelief Gandhi endsthe and Goldman donot means. that all non-violent of method Gandhi’s and revolution the after revolution of theory her in embodied violence any of rejection Goldman’s between similarity the to pointed author the Thereafter Kropotkin’s admission oflimitedGoldman violence thisview extended and to until 1920’s. There hehis book. of in chapter exposed anarchist the theory final the according to violence in Gangulidiscussed the of revolution role attacks. byimperialist revolution trapped Goldman with being of incapable historicalunderstanding the necessity violenceof in a Bolsheviksympathetic Marxism hecondemned revolution with andLenin.Moreover, was the over controversy of Goldman’s evaluation His imperative. categorical Kant’s anarchism relying mostly on biography.Drinnon’s Ganguli was apositive rationalist and sawin of Goldman as its titlethem as a portrait of a rebel woman. This portrait did notsuggestsdwell so much on the feminist aspect ratherGoldman in for Centre 1977atthe Study the Developing Delhiand of Societies, published it focused on herestablished scholar of BirendraN.Ganguli Indian economics. lectures delivered on Emma life and the theory of anarchism, countries different the from 1.4 Perspectives In 1980s Goldman’s popularity In popularity 1980s Goldman’s must been have Kennedy at apeakso Paul that A surprising contribution to the body of literature on Goldman’s life came from an 16 CEU eTD Collection the US. She delivered numerous lectures especially to Jewish anarchists. Moreover, the book the Moreover, Jewish anarchists. to lecturesespecially numerous delivered US.She the between 1926and be 1928proved asuccessto as a publicfigure from her after deportation in WinnipegGoldman’s daysinMontreal, Canada Thefirstvisit Edmonton. and Toronto, chronicles book the Then Britain. Great of dependencies the in travel and passport a British with Moritzsunder shadow. marriagestarted herGoldman’s inEngland obtain to that enabled fifteen years of relatively in Goldman Canadian three last leftthe episodes biographers life.activist and anewMoritz wrote Albert Theresa biography ground on the thepreviousthat significance the years ofher socialhistory the herCanada andassertinaspartof of to Goldman integrate to effort an spent also Canadians country. their of heritage intellectual authors 1.5 Canadian part, although CBC did not try to represent Goldman as a Canadian intellectual. final the inuntil program the interest suspend the to of interviews the order the with around interviews of Canadian anarchistscoversthird partuntil 1931. On part, however, fourth the audience the isbombarded with and Goldman’s Goldman’sconspicuouslymultiple devoidCanadavisits reference to of any although the to comrades. It seems that is program of the first parts three of the content The thesequenceof events. thedistorted least at editor played of the program was not entirely loyal to the chronology of Goldman’s life narrative andThe on onein London. respect socialists the among indifference with met were anarchists Spanish or Russian of in behalf campaigns propaganda Goldman’s and hands communists’ in the was in liberalwritings the England viewthat Revolution theexpressed the Spanish during press andanarchist historian editor author of andDavid of anarchist thought, Goldman’s Porter, Canadian Woodcock, George regime. in authoritarian the directly complicit museum as not a in biographer and interpreted aparticipant program,the job the inGoldman and Berkman had Goldman’s Drinnon, revolution. the serve to wanted still Berkman and Goldman Russia, It is not only the US academia that seeks to establish Emma Goldman as part of the 17 CEU eTD Collection Nicolas Walter reviewed Goldman’s work before and after she entered Russia. The article is Thearticle Russia. entered she andafter before work Goldman’s reviewed Walter Nicolas Emma herRussian Goldman ideasabout injournal and Inananarchist Revolution. London, in persecuted American the anarchists courts. the life cycle of a decaying body and finished her book with the court accounts of minor American story the narrated as anarchism for anarchist comingof revolution. of Schuster the burningpassion loss of of book, the in Schuster’s epitome, became the revolution immediate view of the American anarchism.Goldman into history the of American anarchists, published in but1932, she had apessimistic Goldman’s with Ishill from 1935. Eunice1912 through Schuster Minette incorporated lifethe of return from Russia corresponded Goldman and literature. American art to with contribution Goldman’s emphasize a loss of hope in thejournals. Onein sympathetic biographical werepublished sketches it Numerous herdeath. grew after of her close friendsliterature 1.6 Anarchist Joseph Ishill, Soviets. the against position hergenuine articulate to in comrades Canada Jewish a Jewish printer,to effectively describeend in anti-Semitism authors Russia. The struggle Goldman’s among wrote wasbelieved because thelatter government Soviethearthe propagandaagainst ready to either such a piececalling to her an ally ofby inRussia capitalists freedom of absence the revealing from Goldman hampering and were communists a liar. The Jewish anarchists on the other brought book the into centerthe debate the aroundsurprisingly, Russiain Not 1920s. the hand were not local includingvarious newspapers sources andjournals in Furthermore, published Canada. less-known hitherto unearthed It explanations. psychological avoids and point view feminist from is far away and narrative a factual to very isclose biography The lectures. the organize providedfellow remarkable information helpedabout who Jewish anarchists Goldman The age of glasnost and perestroika in Russian politics generated some in interest and politics generated The perestroika inRussian age of glasnost Goldman’s friendstheliterature andon fansstarted herGoldman evenduring life and 18 CEU eTD Collection 17 16 15 process. violent a necessarily a was revolution illusions that hadno property, Goldman to attack meancontractingshenot asickness.Butthis defended does that assassination political and declined unfortunate reprobate criminals to likewiseaphysiciancondemn cannot fora patient she of hierarchy violence and social ontop the isorganized cause violence the that political of anddefendinvasion. to power against strike backatorganized individual’s to right forceyet asan she still results, acknowledged kill to in Frick toGoldmanassassination 1892 demonstrated was notinline that with desired method of gaining from support disapproval masses.the workers’ Steel Berkman’sof attempt Nachaev’s influenceon Bakunin to attributed is movement anarchist of side terrorist The violence. political them of one least topics, three ispolitical on at valuable theory Goldman’sto contribution Jose arguedthat ingenuity for political istheory byherbiographers dismissed and historians of anarchism, theoretical in thinker rank founding with fathersof anarchism.Although largely Goldman’s Anarchist Studies on the “capitalist” press but he did not go beyond the story of books and printing. appeared that articles Goldman’s reception the of Heaccurately represented state. Bolshevik However, he praised asacontribution Goldman’s work libertarian the to critiquethe of biographers other criticizing whyGoldman infront Russia delayed of concerning public.the andof engageGoldman Walter books and pamphlets.not Berkman’s in did with any debate dry init is terms of and but analysis avery criticism factual account of history publication the Spanish anarchists’ destruction in the face of realities. She objected to the transitional period transitional the to objected realities. She face in of the destruction Spanish anarchists’ the with content was she that fact the by endorsed as violence of unacceptability from arise Jose, “Nowhere” p. 39. Goldman to the journal Joll, James Recently a political scientist from Australia, Jim Jose, has published an article in article an published has Jose, Jim Australia, from scientist apolitical Recently 17 At the same time Jose argued that her reaction to the Bolshevik government did not The Anarchists to show that Emma Goldman was not simply an agitator but was a Free Society Free , London:, Methuen, 1979 (1966). 2 , 1901. Quoted inJose, “Nowhere” p. 38. 15 and“propaganda by diddeed” not prove to be a successful 16 Inher before defense the jury in 1917 she stressed 19 nd ed. CEU eTD Collection violent revolutions. violent rolethe ofviolence in revolution inespecially will 1920s newopen windowstopaths of non- number of publications discussing this theme.research into Further Goldman’s views about relationship between violence and is Goldman truly a deep one by as demonstrated the The givefull picture. not the be and has does qualified to Hawkins’representation Therefore, Drinnon, on otherthe hand drewGoldman’s based picture inletters on her 1920s. the in the printed essay and brochures Berkman’s image violence. of Goldman’s with Hawkins depended Goldman entirely relationship and on violenceGoldman’s with emergedaffinity contrasts sharply to definitely. This Drinnon’s inbut not its message very violence. wasclear actsof Thearticle individual her of defense pages of and to in revolted oppression nameofmakingthe newsociety. the at which the goals of revolution were kept aside and ignored until circumstances were ripe Goldman’s views violence ison inits discussed own right byCliff Hawkins in the Anarchist Studies in 1999 where Hawkins argued that Goldman never shirkedfrom 20 Mother Earth which appearing stopped in 1916. CEU eTD Collection acquit the revolutionaries from revolutionariesacquit from the accusationsthe hurled by journalists. American the anarchiststhe sympathized with OctoberRevolutionthe sheand that feltit was herduty to fortheBolsheviksearly fact is support majority that clearly the given understandable the of Goldman’s that chapter in present it the becontended will war.Therefore, finish world the to endeavor leaders’ Bolshevik the by impressed was she Moreover, Revolution. October inRussiathe kernelof revolution atthe the of and spoliation anticipated the denounced struggle inRussia,it would be much demandingher too of toexpect she that should have imprisonment when powerLenin intook Russia. Since shewasnot involved intheday-to-day years facing andwarintheUSAwas militarism against sentence of two apending hercause wasdefending Goldman Revolution. time of October the the at Bolsheviks the were resonating with anarchist formulae for the solution of social problems. leaders of Bolshevik the the proclamations fact, of matter As a harmony. degree of a great by andtheBolsheviksThe propagandaundertaken activities during anarchists the 1917reflect and removingthe bourgeois ownership of industrial of means the and agricultural production. state power, the Provisional Government. They were also united in the hope of ending the war The diverseBolsheviks colors. forfought and anarchists immediatethe destruction of the revolution and Communism temporarily united the fates of a plethora of revolutionaries of the Bolsheviks atRevolution the highChapter 2: Anarchists andtheBolsheviks in theRussian time of the Revolution in 1917. The common ideals of the It is no surprise that many anarchists including Emma Goldman were eager to support ismany were eager including to It anarchists Goldman Emma nosurprise that show isThe thebetween blurredboundaries to aim chapter this of and anarchists the 21 CEU eTD Collection and and reprinted by Paul Avrich, 31-33. 20 19 18 destroying the state. greetings Revolutionmove tothe and urgedRussian people to by ahead thoroughly corners of backhastenedreturn world,the to totheir homeland. Some of them published upheaval apurelyas phenomenon. spontaneous rioters the werenotledthat orpolitical by ideology the and described radical any group following a pattern set by the revolution of 1905. The Tsar’s police director attested to the fact of law and order quickly weresent order,butforcesrestore joined instead. Troops The they to government. crowds the melted away. Out of of inMobs surged demonstrations capital againstthe the angry streets through the this turbulence, sovietsbread riots. and February strikes with inweek of in thelast started Petrograd society. It of workers emerged in risingwas was every Russian organizedelement of spontaneous the not byanybody. It It forces of Russian the Revolution. The February Revolution organizedwas not byanarchists. Revolution Russian the in Anarchists theRussian and Bolsheviks 2.1 The aftermath of February. in the asocial revolution had expected who for anarchists satisfactory was not freedom Their hope foreven assassins, Anarchists were from released labor camps prisons, and exiles. The improving the dissolution withmany dissidents including Together of regime. amnesty opponents granted Tsarist the to of the state was disappointed Kerensky a rangepolitical orientations, gather of backingfrom the measure to preliminary by the itsAs throughout existence. short a lack wastroubledgovernment support by of popular This Alexander Kerensky. premiership the of under by parties of a coalition erected hurriedly V.M.Eikhenbaum (Volin), “The Revolution Ahead,” in Avrich, Paul Avrich, To begin with, itTo begin is tonotethat there with, important was no behindorganized group the As the news of the revolution spread, Russian Anarchist émigrés, dispersed to many Anarchistnews spread,Russian dispersed to émigrés, As revolution the of the The Russian Anarchists The Russian The Russian Anarchists 20 Replacing the Tsardom in Russia, the Provisional Government was Government in Provisional theTsardom Russia, the Replacing The Anarchists in the Russian Revolution , p. 123. , Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1967. p. 123. 22 19 Golos Truda (New York) 23 March1917, translated , London: Thames and Hudson, 1973. p. 18 CEU eTD Collection 23 22 preoccupation with the seizure of power. In between Bolsheviksthe andanarchistsbecame negligible, Lenin’s notwithstanding in together with bureaucracy.the aims army, of police, The difference abolition the and parliament, Russian a of instead Commune Paris the after modeled soviets of a regime imperialist war into a revolutionary struggle against the capitalist order and the substitution of throne. Bakunin’s on Lenin crowned allegorically even them of one exile: long in his anarchist an become had precede the socialistTheses April revolution. Therefore,doctrine. In Marxist Assembly the or Constituent the to lacked any reference conspicuously orthodox socialists from their that he After Leninmadea own. of series returned exile, proclamations went on to argue thatthe BolshevikLenin leader Leninthat hadbeen making sincehis Russiato hadreturn many anarchists believe came to that forsaken Marxismprinciples.” Marxist fundamental of denial for a new theory of revolutionsuddenly decided upon the dissolution of the Assembly, though the step was a refutation and a quite similarhave amajority there, and therefore notbe abletake to Stateto power into their ownhands, they not would they they Assembly, that when Constituentwereconvinced advocated the and only yearsfor Lenin towards rapidly dissipated course inof the 1917. “[TheBolsheviks] had hadfelt anarchists the hostility The intense state. bourgeois the destruction of immediate the for pressed similarly who Bolsheviks the was scene the on party radical only the Revolution 21 almost converging with revolution. social the of the anarchistfor therealization furtherpress had So,they to Government. Provisional of the establishment path of revolution. Avrich, Berkman, Alexander Berkman, Lenin steered the Bolshevik party away from Marxist doctrine toward adirection toward Marxist from doctrine away party Bolshevik the Lenin steered The Russian Anarchists The Russian The Russian Tragedy The Russian , Lenin theperiod repudiated of capitalism which,in Marx’s system,must 23 The Russian Tragedy The iconoclastic The , p. 24. , p. 128. , Berlin:, DerSyndikalist, 1922. p. 38. April Theses 22 The StateandRevolution Impressed by a series of ultra-radical statements ultra-radical of by a series Impressed 23 proposed the transformation of the 21 In the wake of the February (1917)Lenin reaffirmed CEU eTD Collection 28 27 26 their journal, summer 1917. in in Russia whoarrived Anarcho-Syndicalists favored bythe not were tactics these However, liberatedmansions, criminals, andgoadedthe soldiers and into sailors adisheveled mutiny. Government. Provisional forcesthe of by crushed the were easily that of by property springthe 1917.In June and July staged short-livedinthey Petrograd uprisings systematic resorted expropriations to this group Tsardom by asocial government, democratic indiscriminate killings during beginning the 1900s. Unsatisfied of the with substitution the of causedby some majority and hadcommitted of the terror the constituted anarchists they of revolutionary method. Before the émigrésflockedback Russia to Anarcho-Communists as anarchists andrevolutionarya circumstantial leaderally waskeenand unequivocal. 25 24 It control”. “workers’ of slogan popular the iterate to started in Petrograd workers factory October Revolution for was call the workers’ control in theindustry. Early strikingin March Anarcho-Syndicalists. Russian the of most for refuge of country New York City and was the weekly country.” over the all localities organ of the union of Russian workers federation of “peasant unions, industrialfactory unions, committees, and thelikein the in America, the with free a state would centralized replace the that revolution federalist and Syndicalist and GrigoriiSchapiro, Alexander (Volin), Eikhenbaum Mikhailovich Vsevolod Shatov, (Bill) Vladimir Petrovich Maksimov. They announced their primary goal as an anti-statist, that his ambition was the eventual dissolution of the state. Avrich, Avrich, Alexander Berkman, idem. p.129. Golos Truda There mainwere two of in groups anarchists Russia diverged thatin of terms One of the points of convergence between anarchists and the Bolsheviks before the before Bolsheviks the and anarchists between convergence of points the of One The Russian Anarchists The Russian The Russian Anarchists The Russian No. 1, 11 August 1917, p. 1, quoted in Avrich, Golos Truda 27 Their immediate task was to organize the forces of labor. The first issueThe first of labor. forces of wastoorganize the task immediate Their The Russian Tragedy , appeared in Petrograd in, appearedin AugustPetrograd 1917,edited by Maksim Raevski, , p. 135. , p. 133. 28 This journalpro-Syndicalist foundedwas actually in the , Berlin:, DerSyndikalist, 1922. p. 22. 24 The Russian Anarchists The Russian 24 Hence, his appeal tothe Hence, his appeal , p. 140. 25 They They occupied 26 CEU eTD Collection 31 30 29 committees. factory the and dominated never apparatus party acentralized repudiated because they closest to the radicalwho spirit kept proclaimingof Russian labor; by regime inFebruary anarchistsandBolsheviks, all exceptthe were disappointed parties the endhowever, of the warthey and were governmentworkers’ were slackened. ByApril or May,unable the hopes stirred by the overthrow of the tsarist control.to capitalize Anarcho-Syndicalistsinvention on it but rather an aBolshevik or an Anarcho-Syndicalist not This was factory committees. outcome through laborers came of the elemental impulsemeant higher notonly hours wages butandalso shorter avoice inthehiring andfiring of of the workers once the forces of under ledby Intheface acommittee andanarchists. of Bolsheviks the an attempted in control. of conferences workers’ support labor at together voted who Bolsheviks, and anarcho-Syndicalists both for enemy common the represented They revolution. the for committees factory of expediency the denied followinsisted ona of bourgeois-democraticperiod to phase the February Revolution and immediately. factories toseize the workers the demanded control” and “workers’ Theof Provisional Government. organ Bolshevikthe party, Leninworkers. ride wastemporarily contentspontaneous tide to the undermining of revolt the factory capture backingthe leftforpower; conscious itthus of the them was to will to hands of capitalists.the nor a lackedneitherorganization aneffective Bolsheviks party in the factories of ownership the retain to obstinacy labor’s of minister Menshevik the against pronouncements. journalsSyndicalist were byLenin’s deceived strategy and repliedhis enthusiastically to Avrich, Rabochaia Mysl’ Pravda The fate of Kerensky’s regime was sealed when workers were armed and organized and werearmed workers when was sealed regime Kerensky’s of The fate Bolsheviksmore were efficient than in anarchists control championing workers’ , May 17, 1917. quoted in Avrich, The Russian Anarchists The Russian 29 , No. 8, 3 December1917; quoted in Avrich, 31 Mensheviks, who held the ministry of labor in the Provincial Government, Provincial in the labor of ministry the held who Mensheviks, , p. 142. The Russian Anarchists 25 The Russian Anarchists TheRussian , p. 143. Pravda , endorsed the slogan of , p. 143. 30 Anarcho- coup CEU eTD Collection revolution, and then attributes social revolution to the process between February and October. and February between process the to revolution social attributes then and revolution, 38 37 36 35 34 the jubilation of anarchists. A central Soviet of People’s Commissars ( Commissars People’s of A Soviet central anarchists. jubilation of the Revolutionary Committee Military- The revolution. the success of the after immediately surfaced disagreements proclaimed the creation of a Soviet Governmentrevolt. which shattered 33 contrast to the February Revolution, as a headquarters headquarters of Provisionalthe Government. at theWinter Palace, any except resistance without in the capital points key occupied the shaking. was Russia, andKerensky’s regime through Soviets!” wassweeping slogan “All powertothe Democratic Conference which would pave the way for aConstituent Assembly. However, the laborers.in The torally byconveninga vain Provisional populace Government tried the factory and distributed Mensheviks.by the Central Council left and leftSocialist-Revolutionaries of anarchists, as well as Bolsheviks of Petrogradconsisted Factory Committees unions labor and committees factory by the in Petrograd were swiftly organized Guards that among the Red of detachments counterrevolution, of bythethreat Spurred workers. of support armedthe to the soviets. the to place48 hours, ademonstration took inPetrograd demanding transfer the complete power of withdraw to within Kerensky the Sovietordered Cabinet Petrograd On the daybefore 22, one left consistingCommittee and4anarchists. 14 Bolsheviks, Socialist Revolutionaries 48 of 32 d’état Compare Berkman, Compare Avrich, Berkman, RussianThe Tragedy,22-23.p. Avrich, Berkman, Avrich, Berkman, from Kornilovgeneral in August 38 Anarchists collaborated with Bolsheviks to overthrow the Provisional Government but Government Provisional the overthrow to Bolsheviks with collaborated Anarchists 34 The Russian Anarchists The Russian The Russian Anarchists The Russian The Russian Anarchists The Russian On October16, the Petrograd Soviet defiantly organized the Military-Revolutionary the organized defiantly Soviet Petrograd the October16, On The Russian Tragedy The Russian The Russian Tragedy The Russian 33 Loads of grenades were dispatched from gunpowder Loadsof from confiscated previously the grenades weredispatched 36 On October 25,RedGuardsmen, garrisonand troops, Kronstadt sailors The Russian Tragedy , p. 22. , p. 22. , p.158. , p. 158; Berkman, , p. 157. , p. 21-23. Berkman first claims that October events were a social 32 , the Provisional Government was forced to attract The RussianTragedy coup d’état 26 37 The October Revolution stands in sharp stands Revolution October The compared to the spontaneous mass , p. 22. Sovnarkom ) was 35 CEU eTD Collection the New the York Avrich, 42 41 40 between issueand most anarchist bodies. contested The in theparticipation decision-making werenotcompletelystrained yet 1918,although anarchists during asidefrom pushed unions. mere into of factory appendages the congresssucceededtrade in the committees transforming transfer of power from intellectuals workers.to the for voice his raised who congress in the delegates anarcho-Syndicalist six the among was trade unions and bring control over the country through economic centralization. economic through country the over control bring and unions trade under factory subjugate committees desire Bolsheviks’ Itwasthe in to Unions met Petrograd. industry. Thereafter, between January 7 and 14, 1918, the First All-Russian Congress of Trade December 1, of the Supreme Economic Council ( Council SupremeEconomic December 1,of the on creation, bythe control workers’ strangled Lenin committees. factory atthe workers revolution and warned againstits contamination by Bolshevikthe party. 39 in the form of the dictatorshipMarx’sbecame true followers Bakunin’s about that prophecies they anticipated Furthermore, of the party. more frustrated. wereonce anarchists state of proclamation By the self-determination. to right inalienable nation’s every of grounds the on state independent an of creation the bestowed the RightsofPeoplesDeclaration ofRussia of intended pathand disclaimed the from revolution deviating the criticize, thatthe was saying The anarchistswerequick to conjured on secondthe dayof revolution the exclusivelycomposed of Bolshevik members. Pervyi vserossiiskii s’’ezd professional’nykh soiuzov, 7-14 ianvaria 1918 g. (Moscow, 1918), p. 50; quoted by Emma Goldman, Voline, Golos Truda The Russian Anarchists The Russian The relations between anarchists and the Soviet Government grew moremore and Government SovietThe relationsanarchists andthe between To add insultinjury,To the to swiftly Bolsheviks autonomy annihilated the enjoyed by La Revolution inconnue World , No. 14, 4 November1917, p. 1; quoted by Avrich, The Crushing of the Russian Revolution , March 22,1922. , p. 169. , pp. 190-191; quoted by Avrich, Sovnarkom asafledgling authority. Golos Truda Golos 27 42 , London:, Freedom Press, 1922.First published in The overwhelming Bolshevik majority in majority Bolshevik overwhelming The Vesenkha , published on , publishedon November 2,which The Russian Anarchists TheRussian The Russian Anarchists TheRussian furiously predicted the endofthe furiously predictedthe ) toreplace the chaosreigning in 39 The next blow was the was blow next The 40 , p. 160. , p. 159. 41 Maksimov CEU eTD Collection 46 45 of a peace treaty imperialism. with German of a peacetreaty 44 peace treaty. Ge and his associates voted in opposition. Avrich, p. 183. 43 timein theanarchists Moscowweredriven by underground persecution. Bolshevik the Lev increased same in dramtically Atthe and Ukraine. destruction Meanwhile, anarchistterrorism Lenin himself. Fanya Kaplanshot headCheka. Moreover, of andof ambassador, the Sovietofficials.includedAttacks the assassinations of Bolsheviks,prominent of German the summer of attacksby 1918, terrorist Socialistradical launched were Revolutionaries against governmentplunged unscrupulous into terrorism. On brinkthe of CivilWarthe in the than 500 weretaken prisoner by Cheka in Moscow. strikeleadershipmoved to as againstanarchists early April as more1918: 40werekilled and were overandtheBolshevik andanarchists harmony of between Bolsheviks peaceful days The conflict. into turned revolution the of direction the over disagreements as anarchists theirbroke with alliance The Bolsheviks Revolution. inthe October whoparticipated thankful frontier the forfrom returned soldiers theand dispelled was peace,invasion external of threat the After Lenin could turn hisMarch 3 forwhich supplied themuchneeded consolidation the space Bolshevikof power. attentionon Brest-Litovsk of treaty the signed to delegation settleBolshevik The nation. Russian the for spell” the accounts with anarchistsguerillabands Committee Executive territory and cessation concessionstheir opposition toKaiserofto Germany wouldthat in invasion result Russian of industrial regions. AlexanderBolshevik was representatives thesigning of a peacetreaty. Anarchists wereunanimous in Ge, a member of the Soviet Central Volin, There were 14 anarchist delegates in the Fourth Congress of Soviets convened on March 14, 1918, to ratify the Izvestiia VTsIK Izvestiia Pravda Stirred by repression, Bolshevik the relations the between anarchists and the Russian Revoliutsiiaanarkhizm i , 25February 1918, p. 2; quoted by Avrich, 45 , 13 April 1918, p.3; quoted Avrich,in ; whereas, Lenin was resolute to obtain the peace at any cost as a“breathing cost any at peace the toobtain wasresolute Lenin ; whereas, 43 and a leading anarchist-Communist protested against conclusion and the protested aleading anarchist-Communist (n.p., 1919), p. 127; quoted in Avrich, 44 The Russian Anarchists Indeed,Volin laid down a strategy defenseof by 28 The Russian Anarchists 46 The Russian Anarchists TheRussian , p. 182. , p. 184. , p. 182. CEU eTD Collection 49 48 September1921 together withFanya Baron. of association free the for called independent individuals which derived from the ideas of anarchism”, Stirner andNietzsche. He will be executed by inCheka “associational as known ofAnarchist-Individualism brand 47 Chernyi greater evil could be eliminated. Some anarcho-Communists also did likewise. However, likewise. did also anarcho-Communists Some eliminated. be could evil greater cooperateanarchists with to postpone Bolsheviks the the “thirdand revolution” until the more then other eager were Anarcho-Syndicalists neutrality. maintained but grudging Bolsheviks reconcile with the not some whodid still were there regime, Soviet beleaguered support to the anarchism. degreesof Although amajority various anarchistsof provided of principles view libertarian of of the point from the reprehensible wereutterly Soviets of the policies repressive hand,the other On Whiteforces. the the to implied assistance have might government Bolshevik to resistance active Any one. easy an not was Bolsheviks to respect with of decision anarchists the counterrevolution of threat Underthe hazardous. andbureaucracy therise underlined as thenewruling of class. administrators he fact, In regime. theSoviet capitalism of state the also criticize to on hewent comrades, Bolsheviks. While condemningthe sinister onslaught unleashed byhis underground the and anarchists between relations the in prevailing fighting street of state the denounced destructiveness of both of bloody censuredthem. Maksimov and terrorist orgy the and foundAnarcho-Syndicalists jeopardy. in bystanders put groups two the between clash violent The themselvescolleagues. their Communist tactics of terrorist the hand,scorned other on the Syndicalists, other and Maksimov anarchists. down hunted unsparingly Cheka retaliation, In 1918. on a dilemmathe Moscow Committee as in worsttyranny the humanhistory. of the Communistbetween Party and killed 12 membersthe on Septembertwo 25, brutal extremes and defied the P. D. Turchaninov (Lev Chernyi) was a well-known poet, the son of an army colonel, and the proponent of a Vol’nyi Golos Truda Anarkhiia Once the Civil War started the position of anarchists in Russia became more became inRussia even position the of Waranarchists Once started Civil the 47 was one of anarchists underground denouncedthe who dictatorship theBolshevik , No. 1, 29 September1918; quoted by Avrich, , No. 4, 16 September 1918, p. 3; quoted by Avrich, 48 This underground group bombed group Thisunderground of the headquarters 29 The Russian Anarchists The Russian The Russian Anarchists The Russian , p. 188. , p. 190. 49 CEU eTD Collection 53 52 the Far Eastern Republic to to He called was serve Iudenich. as the Minister ofGeneral advance of the Transport, against but ofPetrograd it defence is the doubtfulin role if heroic a played he servedand in that capacity. Military-Revolutionary Committee in the OctoberRevolution. In Fall 1919 he was an officer in the Red Army one of the most active anarcho-Syndicalists togetherwith Giorgii Maksimov. Shatov was amember of the 51 came into vogue during Civilthe War.” “Generally speaking, the ‘Anarcho-Bolshevik’ epithetwas used in1917 and early 1918, while ‘Soviet anarchist’ 50 sum, in In propaganda inchargeof SovietTurkistan. wereeven there anarchists commissars, medical became who doctors anarchist from Aside Affairs. Foreign of Commissariat the for working were andSandomirskii German Alexander Schapiro Caucasus. in the was murdered killed by inaction White troops; the Bolsheviks. Zhuk Iustin andAnatoliiZhelezniakovin officers the Armywere and Red were labeled them anarchists”. “Soviet there were militant anarcho-Communists who reprehended their renegade comrades and crumbs at the statist table.” statist the at crumbs Communists blamed Syndicalistssuch treacherous with motives acceptinganarchists, whoas searched for jobs that couldsome aid the revolution or defend it, were notacting ofparty on other and theirShatov times. revolutionary at cardscomrades revolutionary every of ambition the was from constructive purported. the Bolsheviks The irreconcilable for dearness revolutionthe of asmuch any revolutionary.as other Second,doingsomething a few anarcho- persecution Firstof standing. the andwere victimsof knew all,protracted and Trotsky Lenin men of all extraordinary its leaderswere because after with government stake the one’s throw the reasons for collaboration dispels the moral force of this blame. worked for the Russian government went so far as to accuse for action. coordinated lost that anarchists Thecastigation completely of common ground them of treachery but a study of transformed the Russian Revolution intohysterical “war Communism” and Russian anarchists by their fellow anarchists. The fissure in the midst of the anarchists grew as the Civil War Avrich, Bill Shatov returned to Russia in 1917 from the USA and was a member of the Golos Truda group. He was Svoboda Anarkhicheskii Vestnik Looking at the options available at the time of Civil War, it seems understandable to itseems understandable War, Civil timethe of at available options the Lookingat The Russian Anarchists The Russian (Kiev),No. 1,September1918, p. 28; quoted by Avrich, , No. 1July 1923, pp. 56-72; quoted by Avrich, 52 , p. 198. Nor was Shatov alone among the anarchists to do jobs for the 50 Syndicalists like Bill Shatov Bill like Syndicalists 53 and GewasAlexander ahigh Cheka official he when 30 The Russian Anarchists The Russian Anarchists The Russian 51 were attacked venomously wereattacked , p. 196. , p. 197. CEU eTD Collection 40; quoted by Avrich, 56 Avrich, 55 54 Novomirskii. Daniil and Zabrezhniev Vladimir as such party Communist joinedcamp: the anarchistsactually other into thecrossing enemy’sBolsheviks to turned the with cooperation cases, in some However, professions. of their in thecapacity served there were anarchists who tookgovernment positions, held military office, and also those who worse evil than the Bolsheviks. the than evil worse were a who Whites, benefit only the would newregime the overthrow any to attempt fact that consequently a lowthey kept profile. Almost all of acknowledged “Sovietanarchists” the the revolution weregivenminor inposts government recognition of formertheir reputation,and who influential in were the revolution Russiaof 1905 and to the February returned after necessary stage in the transition to stateless Communism. to in transition the stage necessary the more in a need words articulated as comprehensive foratemporary slightly dictatorship formulae werebasedon sheer expediency necessity.and practical The Universalists an effort to work out an anarchist theory mystique of Bolshevik power.Soviet IudaRoshchin anarchists andApollon Karelin also put of the dictatorship of the proletariat; andfelt of allureand the proletariat” “dictatorship the the endorsed rabid anti-intellectualists, however, their brothers and a member of the SovietUniversalists were agroup of Anarcho-CommunistsMoscow formed in by 1920 Gordin the Central Executive Committee. from theory. argument The another first, theproposed Universalists be eliminated The Gordins,to had Whites the but enemy whoan were Bolsheviks were the that circumstances, the from argument never resolved in anarchist literature how the abolition of state would the abolition beTheliterature how state of carriednever through. inanarchist resolved itwas because is critical government of form atransitional with view revolution of anarchist A. Gordin, “Anarkho-Universalizm”, Burevestnik (New York), No. 3-4, December1921-January1922, pp. 32- Waclaw Machajski, ø dem.p. 199. The Russian Anarchists The Russian Justifying manyfrom collaboration theBolsheviks forms. the took with Apart the The Russian Anarchists Rabochaia Revoliutsiia , p. 200. 55 , p. 202. (The Workers’ Revolution),No. 1,June-July 1918, p.6;quoted in 31 56 This attempt to reconcile the 54 A few anarchists CEU eTD Collection http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Goldman/Exhibition/deportation.html. Accessed onMay 22, 2008. 60 Buford.” S.S. the on http://jwa.org/exhibits/wov/goldman/deport.htmlUnion Soviet the to deported were Accessed radicals onMAy 22,foreign-born 2008. other 247 and Berkman, Act,which allowed expulsionthe for of any alien found to be an anarchist. On December21, 1919, Goldman, courtsthe to deny Goldman's citizenship claims, thus making eligibleher fordeportation persuaded under the1918“Hoover Alien before. Department Justice inthe Section Registration Aliens Enemy of the head the He was 59 and documentary sources the WWIthe she 1917;furthermore, in by invitedUSsoldiers was criticized Goldman February 58 Contemporary Books, 1990. p. 111. Division, Intelligence General Department’s of Justice director Hoover, Edgar anarchist, she an was that and US citizen a not was Goldman that proving By USA. the into anarchists foreign of entry the prohibited forconsciously herdeportation. worked and her against prejudiced were authorities state that implications of full is Goldman Emma 57 have because he void necessary qualities. not the did was citizenship US by Goldman’s naturalizationher status thatcitizenship arguing ex-husband’s to 1918 in theBolsheviks on Goldman 2.2 Emma her deportation Russiato in 1919. in resulted that factors the of history brief a with open will section next The Universalists. the by argued been had as government transitional any defy explicitly revolution the about theory bewillRevolution It in bemorestudied. will Goldman’s clear later next chapter that the following of Russian andin discussed, the section Goldman’s an reaction account early the hasbeen aftermath its Revolution and intheOctober far the role of anarchists Bolsheviks. So is itgovernment, interesting also seethe to reasons by defendprovided Goldman to the Revolution who hesitated for along time todismiss the course of the Bolshevik state. a of inthe Russian diverseanarchists theuncertainty group position of reflects Universalists’ Thisdivision latertrainsformed itself into Federal Bureau of Investigation underHoover’s guidance in 1920s. Richard Drinnon, Goldman entered USAthe through Castle Garden in1885. Wilton S. Tifft, August 23, 1919. United States National Archives, Record Group 60 An American citizen could not be deported but the Immigration Bureau contested Bureau Immigration the but be deported not could citizen An American in Russian the involvement anarchists’ for reasons seethe to is interesting As it Rebel in Paradise . 59 succeeding in expelling her. . Candace Falk, “Introduction” to the 58 In addition, there was anti-anarchism law that law anti-anarchism was there addition, In 32 ; quoted in 60 The involvement of the USA in USA the of involvement The Emma Goldman. Guide to her life Ellis Island 57 The file of US vs. , Chicago: CEU eTD Collection 63 11. 62 http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/Goldman/Curricula/AntiMilitarism/manifesto.html. Accessed onMay 22, 2008.Record Group 165, National Archives, Washington D.C. Reprodced in 61 League. No-Conscription manifesto of the the through forbe and theconscientious objectors her support conscientious objectors announcedto mainstream American press and Goldman stood mainstream American Goldmanin stood press and Hermainmotive wasto their defense. revolution. The integrity Lenin of and had Trotsky been venomously by debased the Goldman’s aimRevolution. October the was about press American to the by establish disseminated falsities the counter the dignity of the work done by the leaders ofcame out just beforethe she went to serve a 24 monthRussian sentence in Jefferson City prison. like that of almost all radicals around the world. This response is expressed in apamphlet that Revolution waspositive October the initial to Her criticizeresponse government. theRussian forGoldman’s initial Bolsheviksthe support pressure latercaused to when great she started Kropotkin’sPeter Bolsheviks the antagonism to andher for them. expressed support to Russia. Before she left the USA her support for the Bolsheviks was strong. She even defied distant Sheenough. in wasan anarchist is USA, and the primarily this why she was deported Pointsofviewclaimingdebated. collaboration to her range from shewasnot that denying Turkey. day in present Code that of basis the on punishments harsh out meted are advocates their draftthe is still inintact Turkish the Penal Code, Article318,and conscientious and objectors spent mostin of 1917-19 prisons The lawand courtrooms. thatpunishes conspiring against measure and dissuading the people from andconspiringregistering She draft. the against years pretext the with of and imprisonment under countering thetwo USdefense $25000bail See also Goldman, “The Russian Revolution” in Revolution” Russian “The Goldman, Seealso Emma Goldman, Division, Intelligence Military and ofWar Department ofthe Records Manifesto. League NoConscription As the title of the pamphlet suggests, As the title of pamphlet the The position of Emma Goldman with regards to the Bolsheviks has been widely The Truth about the Boylsheviki Mother Earth Bulletin , New York: Mother Earth Publishing Association, 1918. p. The Truth AbouttheBoylsheviki 33 61 This opposition to war was charged , vol. 1, no. 3, December1917. is constructed to isconstructed 63 62 CEU eTD Collection drawn to the radical opportunist lure of the Bolshevik party. Bolshevik of the lure opportunist radical the to drawn by the account. Therefore, it was not only in Russia but also in the USA that anarchitsGoldman too thisandread non-marxisttreatise during her imprisonment in JeffersonleftCity wereprison andwas fundamentally moved Moscow culminated the peak of enchantment and jubilation in the American left felt towards the Bolsheviks. 65 64 lynched, shut upin prison, outraged and cast out of the country. So,making the world safe for members WWI,and werewhipped, before against their were actively patriotism campaigning nothing more than a high-sounding phrase. For example, the Industrial Workers of the World Democracy. in Goldman years her 30-odd in theUSAhad seen may be democracy that British with Russian the whoprovided government, for peacein spite of American,Frenchthe and governments,Goldman was an anti-militarist thewho andAllied an wereopponent Powersof of in the interests anditwas in Brest-Litovsk and Russia German Empire between negotiated war and,waging her forsympathies Russia peace separate the furious at were Powers The Allied were Kaiser. in of pay the the German agents a thereforewar to continue allegedly to fight Germanyto make on the theeastern world front. safe Emma anarchist tactics. revolutionary had Lenin andTrotsky adopted Revolution, for miraculous result of the Russian Revolution.endedfor Bolshevik uprepresenting cause the policies. She thought that, thein responseBolsheviks tonominally, the February advocating she was although appears that it From this pamphlet theRussian people. toward she intended to be the itas aduty she saw Goldman because took herself is on rightlawyera rolethat theAmerican against of Russian people. leaders Thedefense of Russian leaders. the Bolshevik againstthe clear hurled accusations the As a result she of of revolution andforgoing his toMarxist adherence doctrine. historic function of bourgeoisie.the Shepresumed Lenin that was for an opting anarchist view anarchists did inRussia in 1918, Goldman believedalso Lenin’s discrediting words the John (Jack)Reed’s Goldman, be showingwhy notGoldman some appliedand quite Lenin could effortTrotsky to between The argued,wasa Marxism Goldman and the Bolsheviks, separation Truth , p. 4. Ten Days that Shook the World , published in1919 one year before the authors’s death in 34 65 64 As most other CEU eTD Collection 67 66 Government had go.”to Provisional as the do they will go, that to they cease moment The people. the represent is to remain must constitute loyal beginningthe of a more comprehensive ifrevolution RussianRevolution the to the socialdemands authorities of theexplanation as wellpeople. as ofpolitical the Russian“Theybetween ones. Revolution, unconditionalare In otherpowerful she words, underlinedsupport the foroverthrowonly thethe need Bolsheviksbecause not keep silentto when American journalistseliminateof were attacking the Bolsheviksthe for ending the war. andautocracy a economictheycallshe could Moreover, war. the protract to for will US’s accept the not could Goldman argument, revolutionaryand work.a convincingdemocracy not iswas now – wage wars. reasonnor On – it to basisthe of this In her European European civilization. Goldman yearsinserved two prison for supporting the Conscientious defeat in hisAllied forces basis to Germany, view,wasessential which, of the threatening tojoinwhenGoldman hadKropotkin warconsistently the workers even called the opposed her thought. indicatesit of the anti-militarism rather but Anarchist, was merely a Soviet The fact that Goldman gives many reasons for the necessity toGoldman’s mission.inRussia Bolsheviks’ of the werestarkcontrast peaceful preaching of peace does not mean that she in Syndicalists and anarchist-Communists of views The treaty. peace the on views anarchist Government. Provisional the over took Bolsheviks the how for account they notbewill satisfied byreplacing with onemaster another. Inaddition, she didnot and with democracy contaminated are not people Russian the because simply seize power, they once reactionary and stagnant become Bolsheviks the if even stop cannot revolution they failed to redistribute the land to the peasants. Her rhetorical statements imply that the Alexander Ge. Volin. Goldman, In praising the Bolsheviks, Goldman was not without reservations. She set a boundary a set She reservations. without not was Goldman Bolsheviks, the praising In The most significantaspect of Goldman’sis 1918pamphlet its contradiction with the Truth , p. 7. 66 However, shefell short of explaining how the Bolsheviks will go if 35 67 CEU eTD Collection between the lines” and “everything can not be written”. can not “everything and lines” the between Review 70 Association. 69 1917. 68 inmagazines Itwas too. articles anarchist Besides,the the reappeared Malatesta. and Errico mass. Moreover, the enlighten and readers of number biggest the reach to herin order way this chose she intentionbut press was approvedGoldman was from conscious beginningthe of consequencesthe herof in writing popularthe by important Leninism. of stage progressive early the anarchists, against reaction wing right the of collaborator such as Max Nettlau basisthe fact,in abiographer of this 1980s,Alicethe Wexler,criticizedas a Goldman including, newspapers hercomrades, On American and Berkman. even, angered this gravely versus hurled theSovietregimeEstonia herattack in andSweden. Goldman conservative the Stockholm in andin Berlin January 1922, shortly her from after departure Russia through by Goldberg asattested Bolsheviks, to the from letters Revolution.in Goldman’s Emma of period herstay the Russialack any reference expectationthe applying their of capacity unfolding the revolutionary of to Russian the with revolution the in of landed land the The deportees toRussiainDecember 1919. deported people of the warring countries are alienated from their common interest in peace. andrank-and-file apparatuses that makedecisionsby wararetaken government to fact that the She stressed war. whocapitalize on isit thegovernments while for peace were searching people the all, After masses. Russian the of voice the as Bolsheviks the represents she when defending the peace asmuch foras Bolsheviks, the rallying and heranarchism is untainted in WWI.Objectors evils that slandered democracy. evils that Goldberg, Harold J. “Goldman and Berkman view the Bolshevik Regime,” in Emma Goldman, The Trials of Alexander Berkman and Emma Goldman , vol. 53,vol., no.131, April 1975. pp.272-276. The letters from1920-21 are full of allusions “readlike Emma Goldman, together with Alexander Berkman and 246 other radicals, was Preparedness the Road to Universal Slaughter 68 She denounced American patriotism and preparedness for warasthe She andpreparedness denounced American patriotism 69 Consequently, her position can be interpreted asoneof becan interpreted her position Consequently, 70 . She explained her position contra bolshevism in bolshevism contra position her explained She . 36 . New York: Mother Earth Publishing Association, Publishing Earth Mother York: . New . New York: Mother Earth Publishing Slavonicand East European CEU eTD Collection blindly dominated by the Communist Party of Russia. of Party Communist by the dominated blindly beginningthe ofayears-long awaken campaign to laborthe movementin being westfrom the 37 CEU eTD Collection 72 Social History at Amsterdam. 71 reports. From her exile in Russia Goldman wrote a letter to Frank Harris tried to solicit confessions from Goldman and looked forward press wing to signs right of malcontent American The repent. inand her life American of pleasantness the remember soon Russia traveled would orfled to or were deported radicals who those publicopinion the that who wanted to print the confessions Goldman’s Russian the opinion of Revolution eagerly was awaited press bytheAmerican of a revolutionary.Revolution ThereChapter 3: Emma Goldman in Russia Writing the was a common estimation in the reporter of Chicago the of reporter the as a symptom A case agony.of by manipulation of different journalists cameAmerican from the first group of Russian radicals to Russia, shipthattook board(“Soviet Ark”),the Buford magazine, deplorable conditions on aboutthe during the expedition in Ukraine.trip the of Lansbury, editor Daily the the inLondon, Herald a Zionist,Alsberg,socialist, Jewish American journalist, who offeredcompanionship good Henry was expedition Museum Petrograd the of members the of One Revolution. Russian the of accounts their published who reporters English and American several with associated explores the reasonsbehind her prolonged muteness. silence maintainedstrenuously by forGoldman twoyears the inshe was Russia.This chapter in room. flagin American avoid herPetrograd These reports American press filled of the WiltonS. Tifft, Emma Goldman Papers Project (EGP), Microfilm edition, reel 12. Accessed inthe International Institute of To begin with, Goldman was not isolated in Russia from the western press and she Ellis Island , Chicago: Contemporary Books, 1990. p. 111- 117. Tribune , who reported that Goldman kept a shrine in honor of the of honor in a shrine kept Goldman that reported who , 72 38 and thiswas letter journalsrephrased in other 71 , editor of Pearson’s CEU eTD Collection of of sing revolution the or praiseof the Revolution.the The second question regards why she name in the Bolsheviks the by committed cruelties harrowing any mention not did Goldman circumstances surroundingher. The twomain thatmustquestions be addressed are:first, why to the respect be with reviewed to needs inRussia her reticence injustices, social angered by angered attributed newsstories toher,the herin she niece admonished these words: when, keep silent to desire this expressed Goldman there. staying was she never while and full in Russia of opinion her express not did she but letters through questions interrogating friends’ her respond to hadto Goldman America. capitalist to connection sentimental home in wereangeredideals of because contradiction seeming herthe Goldman’s and at comrades flag, American the Goldman’s about Tribune story After Chicago the revolution. the represent might that statements counter offering denied she in Russia, discontent alleged Revolution. Russian standing friendships, and also she did not follow them in passing a hasty judgment long with on the Goldman supply not did journalists of cohort The Russia. in Goldman Emma 73 the 1920, Berkman aided them as a translator. Until his death in Moscow, Jack Reed, the editor of in spring in Russia conditions the inspected Commission Labor British the When in England. Communism sought refuge from the Bolshevik State after he returned to Russia from his exile to Dmitrovsupplied andBerkman Goldman with train a special them car that wouldfrom take Moscow for a visit to Peter Kropotkin, where the theoretical leader of Anarchist Letter toStella Ballantine, November3, 1920, from Petrograd. EGP reel 12p. 280-81. Masses Since throughout her career in America Goldman was reputed as an articulate critic of critic asanarticulate wasreputed in America Goldman her career Since throughout Even when manipulative reports appearedEven manipulative in when reports her American the press attributingan to remember that and never again believe what is being said in my name. in said being is what believe again never and that remember breath freely, stretch her limbs and strike outher fornew life have I anything to say, the combined wolves atthe throat of now Russiahave released her, not until she can be overmy own signature and not otherwise. But thattime has not yet not come until If ever the time comes when I writecan my version of the Russian Revolution it will , and his wife Louise amonginwith , andjournalists hiswife were Bryant contact who kept the 39 73 CEU eTD Collection of mental turmoil. “I don’t know whether I will ever again be able to write or to speak.write Iam orto mental of ever to “I knowwhether again beable Iwill turmoil. don’t judge. Goldman was absent during Revolution the October herselfshe regarded as to unqualified 75 74 speakfor Russian the not think she was qualified Revolution. that to enough did because she letters for demand Harris’ Frank she declined For example, circumstances. Russian the about andexperience lackknowledge of by a procrastination justified She Bolsheviks. the in stanceto relation right she securedthe until phenomena explaining postponed she hence and extremes onboth misrepresentations from the distanced critically for herown voice searching positive.were far onRussia Goldman was that reports too herselfinbegan after1920, shortly shearrived Russiaconfirm from those distancing she that so much about misrepresentingmisrepresentingpress for the Bolsheviks spiesas German in 1918,but she not speakingwas them as the American the criticized herRussia stay.Goldman appeared during pure about that reports other the heroes of the revolution. Her silence Goldman’s behind reasons letters3.1 The from State. Bolshevik with the distance keep a her to andpermitted inRussia hertrips research facilitated that jobs herself with occupied she Meanwhile revolution. the to contribute to willing was she because Russia correspondence. After in BolshevikexplainGoldman’s tothe references cruelties absenceof that the reasons an analysis of her letters,fear of surveillance and the misrepresentations in the western press would seem to be the main it would seem thequestion, first For procrastination, Anarchist principles. to anathema was nearly a total that Goldman did notstayed by in years,forruleda country almost Bolshevik the government two whose working leave Letter to Stella Ballantine, November28, 1920. from Petrograd. EGP, reel 12, p. Letter 291. to Stella Ballantine, May 25, 1920. From Petrograd. EGP, reel 12, p. 249-50. 75 The answer to the first question requires a look into the reaction Goldman showed to showed Goldman reaction into the alook question requires first the to The answer Another reason she proposed to procrastinate was the incapacity to write at the timewrite atthe incapacity to was the procrastinate to she proposed reason Another 40 74 Because CEU eTD Collection destination. In the first six months Goldman could not receive letters regularly from America from and thusshefelt asifshe “writingwas intospace”. regularly letters receive not could Goldman months six first the In destination. their were reaching know if letters to shethe wasanxious letters, of flux was asteady 80 79 78 77 76 following andmonitoring Goldman and her letters keptacopy sheof each letter from sent were and USauthorities letters herinfact, to American governments from Russian or exchange. next routeof the the to settle how itwas agreatconcern letter, each In people. changing constantly to letters her trust to had Goldman Revolution, Russian flux causedby of people the Because of the safehandsinthe USA. to European capitals through letters Goldman’s mediating individuals many There were meticulously described. were in Russia addresses reliable the Also, York. in New arrive will letters the which through medium the of by descriptions is up taken Ballantine, niece, Stella her to letters of early the prevented Emma from Russia. Goldman unfavorable newsdispatching to Much content the of in the terrible struggle and turmoil of the revolution. comrades ratherthan publication, Goldman by replied one’slongersaying that selfno exists busy.” Very meals. visits, calls, isbetween as ittelephone written insnatches, is,fear, very I letter disconnected, “Shall detail in write later, butisgreater there neither timenoropportunity This now. just from through Ukraine. the expedition the returned andBerkman pressing Goldman when do itnow.” sureIcannot quite Letter to Stella Ballantine, June 8, 1920. from Petrograd. EGP, reel 12, p. 258-60. Letter to Stell Ballantine, May 25, 1920. from Petrograd. EGP, reel 12, p. 249-50. Letter toStella Ballantine, November28, 1920, from Petrograd, EGP reel 12, p. 291. Letter to Eleanor Fitzgerald, October 23, 1920, from Moscow. EGP, reel 12, p. Letter272-74. to Stella Ballantine, June 8, 1920. from Petrograd. EGP, reel 12, p. 258-60. Adding to the procrastination, there was also an acute fear of surveillance that surveillance fear an of acute wasalso there procrastination, to the Adding 77 Moreover, when pressed by Ballantine and Fitzgerald to write for the 76 A chronic reason was the lack of time, which was very 41 78 80 She was anticipating an intervention an anticipating was She 79 Even though there though Even CEU eTD Collection other directions.” other in lost have may I faith whatever people Russian the in faith undying have I world. the aflame yet will ago years three lighted have they which fires the triumph, yet will people Russian “the that Ballantine to wrote She revolution. the future of for the hope in her the and rekindled hadmentor, work for advised reliefthe Goldman to of peoplehis Russian the before death witnessed under the reign of the Bolsheviks way of the ahead. anexpectation and unreadiness or in the war-stricken Ukraine. Kropotkin, her between lines.”the between did not want toinworking cooperation with Bolshevikthe governmentwhoused otherthe directions thatshe follow. When Goldman received offers to posts in the beginning of her 84 83 82 81 others. many how shouldyou the have even things, understand ontheUkraina, or we don’t traveled language, the know months, 10 almost country the in been have who we, even Why, Moscow. and Petrograd than further get rarely they language, the of ignorance their of because hampered are they while, little a only remain them of Most Russia. to come who friends freelywrite understand. you would notNoone outsideRussia understands. Noteven of the There is muchso in your letters I should love goto into, but it cannotbe done. Even if I could all I want to say in reply to your dear letters. I can only “OverwhelmingIcouldsay that Iknow sadnessbecause a conscious not reflect auto-censor. hope you will read through the lines. Ukraine the through from expedition the she after letters returned because her surveillance Russia. Letter toStell Ballantine, November4,1920. from Petrograd. EGP, reel 12, p. 285-87. Letter toStell Ballantine, November4,1920. from Petrograd. EGP, reel 12, p. 285-87. Letter to Stell Ballantine, May 25, 1920. from Petrograd. reels. other and 12 EGP,reel in EGP, reel 12, available p. 249-50. are copies These and other letters. 81 Goldman’s faith in the revolution was not flinched by the ugly sights she had she sights ugly the by flinched not was revolution inthe faith Goldman’s However, Goldman’s reticence cannot be explained only with procrastination and And so muchmust remainunsaid Hence she added to many letters the admonition that “I hope you will be able to read you to willbe “I able hope that admonition the many letters addedto Hence she 84 82 Following her return Following herfrom return Ukraine,the Goldman gave of upthehope . (emphasis added.)” 42 83 These words betray a notion of CEU eTD Collection 87 reel 12, p. 263. 86 85 funeral the after beginning in1921.Immediately of the Bolsheviks by strictly the controlled ultimately was Museum Petrograd The north. the in Archangel through expedition second the after sponsored byFurthermore, the Bolshevik Goldmannecessitated travel nursing,which than orMoscow.Petrograd would have herto tied discontinued Government her that upajob take to more prone she was imply work that letters her health, of commissariat for andthe Petrograd the terms autobiographyMuseum of ofthe theRevolution job lack nursesskilledof in theRussianhospitals. Although Goldman inheralleged were that more sherecess. In addition to therejected museum job, nursing was a probable career for Goldman due to a to work as a nurse due to a conflict of ideas with the herwork unless ideal. to sojourn, true remain willingtoshecould she was forces which led to the October Revolution and its and Revolution October the ledto forces which country not only to “gather the material which will enable us to make a thorough study of the between the Bolsheviks and dissidents grew evermore difficult. Therefore, they leftfor the was as thestruggleindustrial The circle in down anarchists closing centers the around capitals. new and old the from away on move to capacity the as expedition in the involvement occupations available atthattime. Berkman expressed the mainmotivation behind their additionally took inaDictatorship a years 3.2 Two post in the Petrograd inpeasant army Ukraine. the Museum burden speakingallyingof upor of Makhno’s with organizedthe anarchistssuch as Nestor the Revolutionaction in remainRussia asshe without in itloyal toherideal to sufficed taking abstract, the requiresintoputting anarchist practice transgressing principles individual limits around thereby the a study of Letter toStella Ballantine, November3, 1920. from Petrograd. EGP, reel 12, p.280-81. EGP, Petrograd. in Berkman Alexander from 1920, 15, June Fitzgerald, Eleanr and Ballantine Stella to Letter Letter to Stella Ballantine, May 25, 1920. From Petrograd. EGP, reel 12, p. 249-50. The second question, why livedGoldman inRussia for almost years two and 43 painful aftermate”, 86 but also to have a 85 She avoided 87 CEU eTD Collection by peasants. the Goldman than wiser it rather hardship tocompromise the extend suffered Therefore, thought of mutilatedin after Ukraine,whichleftpopulation each years three the Jewish the change. combat. Changesmore of followed oneanother government than times inthecourse a dozen ofinstability and repercussions thedevastating thisas a her witnessing conclusion of result maythough this betrayallike ideals seem in by a concrete of fact she was Goldman, driven to and advised Makhno to figure feasible were in any reconstruction before be Ukraine the warfaremust stopped that pretext out a way of co-operating through southof the Russia duringlate autumn. the help Goldman declined to Makhnoon the with the Bolshevik decrees. was whotraveling supportof Goldman the his asked wife, mediumthe through own of Even Makhno, guerillathe units. of commanders the forces andassassinating sporadic Makhno’s cameblowsMakhno to with RedArmy ledthe byLeoTrotsky, whosucceededin decimating intermittently of generals,1921 against autumn In the Redarmy.the Polishthe army, and Ukraine.the NestorMakhnoled thecontinuous battle against Austrianthe army, White the whileof Bolshevikthe State she wason duty for Museum the Petrograd in Revolution the of friends. shows that given the ripeGoldman’s optionsattempt to distance herselfGoldman’s from collaboration as interpreted reflectionof Museuma clear can be This decision Revolution. the of prioritieswith the Bolshevik state and itwere also inclinedin forher the Petrograd job thisquit work and demanded devotion she opted and Goldman’s towards her anarchistproject wasfunded by mostly from contribution comradesthe in The newEurope. project their and government Bolshevik the by be supplied to refused they and anarchists other few a of inGoldmanKropotkin Moscow, hastened toorganize theKropotkin Museum with together Goldman suppressed her will to work for the “third revolution”, that is the overthrow is the that revolution”, “third the for work to will her suppressed Goldman 44 CEU eTD Collection Revolutionary Times, 1917-1920 the pogroms from the victims, see Henry Abramson, 89 pogroms of 1919 inUkraine, see idem Chapter 4:The Pogroms of 1919, pp. 109-141. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999. p. 113. This source is a thorough and statistical study of the 88 offensive. Denikin’s General peakunder the reached army short-livedthe of Ukrainian National Republic (akaPetlura’s and government) they by of units the unruly the werestarted 1919 of tantalized. pogroms The striking was andshe most the in were Ukraine the pogroms the of effects trip,the the during made Goldman that observations other Among state. Bolshevik the by employment voluntary their for accounts also expedition museum the join to initiative Berkman’s and Goldman in ambition but rather it took months of research and painful observations in the region. The scholarly definitely came to a closer grip of the problem at the expense of compromising from compromisinga closer expense grip the definitely pure from problem the at of came toof she but either these observations after Zionist become active an not did She Jewish people. distanced herself from she butthose inAmerica had communities Shewasamember of Ukraine. Jewishworkers’ the activists who soughtGoldman’s ideas that resulted from her experiences with widespreadthe anti-Semitism in thea national solution to is in in achange general. from social the This question separately Jewishexisted the question the problems of the events, realize that Goldman withcame to suchhazardous Confronted of Jewish the question. the soldiers of the Red Army, the Polish Army and even the Makhnovites. Letter to Stella Ballantine, October23, 1920. from Petrograd. EGP reel 12, p. 272-74. Forother accounts of Henry Abramson, Goldman’s compromise violenceconcerning inthe a rash wasnotUkraine decision As an outcome of her observations in the Ukraine, Goldman became more conscious These are not isolated cases. isolated not are These family,mother father brothers killed before hereyes sheoutraged and by 14 men. numerousgirlof times. Met a some the hospital, spoke 16 in Kiev her,with whole the outraged, not was that today Fastov in woman or girl Jewish single a Not slain. horrible manner, killed by linches,eyes and tongues cutout before they were finally practically a ruin. Two thirdsof the Jewish population murdered, in most some the victims. Visited Fastov, among places,similar onceabusy prosperous city, now Poles andbands, butDenikin surpassed them all in fiendishness and number of I found the Ukraine the sufferer of unspeakable pogroms Denikin, by Petlura, the A Prayer for the Government: Ukrainians and Jews inRevolutionary Times, 1917-1920 , Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999. p. 127-29. 89 A Prayer for the Government: Ukrainians and Jews in 45 88 There were also pogroms enacted by enacted Therewerealsopogroms , CEU eTD Collection 112. Ukrainians and Jews inRevolutionary Times,1917-1920 government. therevolution Alliedsupply Ukraine enemiesthe of by to anddefend the Russian the cutting in the brethren their for hands their in responsibility take to America in community Jewish from the support Goldman pleaded Therefore, USA. in the Jews the hadsurvived to they that massacres the communicate to expedition the membersof American the beseeched Ukraine in of the towns the met Goldman that victims Jewish the an Moreover, end. to pogroms counter-revolutionary armies were cut off,it would resultin assisting the work of bringing the 90 pogromists. the thwarting for responsible held commonly was Army Red the addition, In State. Bolshevik the of enemies the with collided pogroms the of aggressors the soldiers, Polish bythe andoccasionally Whites by predominantly the out carried were pogroms Since the Bolsheviks. the of behalf the for America in Jews the of intervention positive the indirectly Bolsheviks’ deeds the as ruling On party. issueof the however,pogroms, Goldman sought she was in Russia,venting any criticism ofshe the Bolshevikenemies almost state of inthe her Russianletters never when toshe linked strugglethe againstanti-Semitism in Ukrainianthe with context defeating the herRevolution. comrades launched in the DespiteUSA while the factany that campaignGoldman Bolsheviks took over Ukrainethe it butwascoercively under brought control. carefully the when out wiped not was anti-Semitism that refrained to underlined emphatically She supportinternationalism. from and praise the Bolsheviks were perceived as a Jewish movement in Ukraine. Henry Abramson, Henry Ukraine. in movement Jewish a as perceived were Bolsheviks In her years in Russia, Goldman rallied for support to the Bolshevik State at least once Ukrainian saturated every with anti-Semitic feelings I found and if under Soviet it regime doesnot Ukraina. the on especially question, Jewish a is there that see to whole question.social Butsincewe visited ofsome the pogrom regions Ihave come When Iwas inAmerica Idid not believe in the questionJewish beasts. removed from the pogrom various the by subjected been have Jews the which to outrage and impressed itself uponmy mind. There noare words picture to the suffering, horrors I onlywish to thatadd experiences ofallour the of result the pogromsterrible most 90 Consequently, Goldman argued that if Consequently, for Allied blockade andsupport Goldman arguedthat the the 46 , Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999. p. A Prayer for the Government: CEU eTD Collection 92 91 live impossible to is it as Russia almost completely and as controlled state-owned country was headlong going on, there was not any medium of dissent allowed to operate. “ administration and of economy where centralization the In astate government. Bolshevik the Russiadeported to despiteleft theirmuch whim,them without choiceother than forworking study the development of the revolution and participate in the construction of the new society. her in stay Russiainorderto commitmentto the coming to generations justification gave raised in midstthe of revolutionarythe upheaval by work the of libertarians likeher. be hadto Russians newgeneration becauseof expose, the declined to which sherepeatedly facts, certain of basis the on Bolshevism denounce to Goldman for enough merely not is It facts unfoldingin Russiaandargued that therebe arenew studied lessonsto inthe revolution. with the previous predictionsstate came of fromanarchists. a resoluteness flexibility situationallow. inRussiathan wouldanarchist theory Theirwith Bolshevik the They refuted to take a theclear Russianendured,Goldman and Berkman were operating a morethrough supple approach to the cut theory Revolution in favor as of itthe was, without bothering Letter toComrades, November1920, from Petrograd. EGP, reel 12, p. 277-78. Letter toStella Ballantine and EleanorFitzgerald, November 3,1920. from Petrograd. EGP, reel 12, p.280-81. Stripped from all other considerations, the bare fact that Goldman and Berkman were Berkman and Goldman that fact bare the considerations, other all from Stripped Apart from the eagerness to learn about the massacres that the Jews of the Ukraine more concerned in their class interests than in the unfortunate members of their race who are of their being murdered by the enemies members of the Russian Revolution. unfortunate the in than interests class their in concerned more Soviet Russia. Butthe capitalist Jews of America like other capitalists, are much other reason alone this ought to induce the ofJews America to demand recognition of will be wiped out many more should changes on takeplace Ukraina.the Ifforno and wake at night with dreadful shrieks. It is almost certain that the entire Jewish race Soviethospital, told us that the children to this day suffer from terrible hallucinations the pogroms. Thehead ofphysician theJewish in hospital itKiev, isnow called the are half with crazed the recollections of the scenes were they made witnessto during outraged andmutilated. most The dreadful conditions are those of the children, they male population brutally murdered or crippled for life. The women,young and old unfortunateevery change of on Ukrainaauthority have there the been and 17 changes already the Jews are therigidly holds in check Jew hating and baiting at least inanyorganized form. But with first to assertpay itself itdoes as Poles, under itisonly the because governmentthe Soviet a bloody toll. Entire towns are wiped out, the 47 91 92 The In a CEU eTD Collection 95 Life 94 one? And how isone? Andhow doitfeeling one without to underobligation? haddo If wantedtothat I I any mustwhile agreement? mustkeep suchapledge, not to pledgingoneself of kind an One acceptany to of kind How doyoua post. [Ballantine] supposeone can keep one’sintegrity in GreatBritain. My spiritual desperate sixteenstruggle of months makesimpossiblemefor it would bindher complicityto with the government. “I cannotget an appointment tosome post favors accepting because negotiate favors with for government Sovietto shethought the her. She did not look for jobs that could give her privileges to travel abroad. She did not want come true. revolutionary aspirationswould remain have to idle. Besides, they in arrived Russia with hopes of utilizing their and Russia hadbureaucrats. Soviet seemed to be the place the the upperhandednessof a number connected to reasons of flourished never Soviets due to where their dreams Russia.would A few other occupationslongGoldman in was asshe American that refused as press an remained option persistently that Goldman andfor the articles Writing tolerated. not was assemble to right anarchists’ and the down Berkman tried in collaboration with the 93 Government.” the ‘grace’of the without Letter to Stella Ballantine, November28, 1920. from Petrograd. EGP, reel 12, p. 291. For the reasons of Goldman’s discontent on the various jobs that she was involved in, see Goldman, Emma Goldman, , Vol, II. Goldman was at the same time very picky about the jobs she considered that would fit would that considered she jobs the about picky very time same the at was Goldman do that in order to keep at work. at keep to in order that do Musee which is neither themost burning need of daythe or themost satisfactory. We our share find to in Russia’s struggle.inability our at But the factsurprise remains your that so far we appreciate couldwell onlyI can work harm. forit the bring remotely can do littleso in Russia Iwant atleast to say or do nothing which may even to the revolution neverand found myself so utterly give.unable to However,since I process. Idon’t know, Ionly know that Inever longedsomuch to give out of myself Perhaps inlife itisconditioned should in each that the onepart play revolutionary thick of therevolution dieifneed beinitsto willed birth.Butfate itotherwise. days, we might now be October betterqualified the to judge. glory, All my life I had hoped to in be the revolutionary of the days the in here come had we only if Ah, My Disillusionment in Russia 94 Still,give for lestnot Bolshevik they the did upworking they State 95 , New York: Doubleday, 1923. ch. 28. 93 The main periodicals of the anarchists wereshut anarchists the of The main periodicals 48 Living My Living CEU eTD Collection 101 100 99 98 97 96 or con.” his stay. Moreover, he, like the other members of the Commission,“had relyto on a teller pro of shortness and justicedo oflinguisticthe thematter not insufficiency even hecould because NewYork The contemporaries. oneself?” binds ifone tooneself remain true cannot one that know you don’t Dearest, post. important one than more had have would unfairness in the representation of Russia penned their accounts after they departed from after they departed accounts their penned Russia of in representation the unfairness looking for possibilities to escape from Russia. The authors that she criticized for the who some shows muchunderstanding, fairness andabove all a large of Russia.”grasp book, which did not flatter the Bolsheviks. Goldman admitted that Russell is “the only one of the British Labor Commission to Russia in 1920, wrote his view of the future of Russia in a will meget furnish the same kind of rot.” “neither the her niecethat to andwrote Russia published on who most stupendous inthing history.” world’s the invited “the produceajudgmentKropotkin proposal on Shewasangry died. at the that herto for the present anyhow. It may take fifty years to get beyond the great myth.” can,not one No understand. would not too here I “If not I were in future. near the shattered be to likely not was Revolution Russian the with fascination world’s the that niece her to form;inbe however,very book because Goldmanwasnot sanguine herbook about she wrote Russianthe her planningto would about opinions occasion Revolution.that Shewas disclose Letter toStella Ballantine and EleanorFitzgerald, January 29, 1921.from Moscow.EGP, reel 12, p. 306-10. Letter toStella Ballantine, February 1921.25, from Petrograd. EGP, reel 12, p. 311-14. Letter toStella Ballantine, February 1921.25, from Petrograd. EGP, reel 12, p. 311-14. Letter to Stella Ballantine, April 21, 1921. from Moscow. EGP, reel 12, p. 323-24. Letter to Stella Ballantine, April 21, 1921. from Moscow. EGP, reel 12, p. 323-24. Letter toComrades, November1920. from Petrograd. EGP, reel 12, p. 277-8. Beingfairto Russiaisa she forfound Goldman lackingconcern that in her many of Not long after she returned from the expedition through the Ukraine, Goldman started Goldman Ukraine, the through expedition the from returned she after long Not 100 It does not mean though that Goldman did not foresee an occasion in which she World requested articles from Goldman around the time 98 For instance, Bertrand Russell, who was a member 96 49 97 She didwant not to associate with the authors World nor any other paper any nor other 101 99 Yet CEU eTD Collection 104 103 102 news of awaited activity.Goldman’s revolutionary home who at friends her of expectations of the pressure feltunder Goldman letters. her in utter not could she that conditions the of descriptions and news the with Russia, in shortly whowere ofher acquaintances, former a messageinsome her. Goldman from confided from with andreturned A herinRussia USAvisited the herdeportation. doctor suffered since permission to leave Russia.” to leave Russia by the will her definite announced Goldman Stella Ballantine, to letter a In asacrilege. and distortion spring of 1921. “Dearestinterviews more forcefully, even adding thatwriting on this question bewould inevitably a Stella, I have definitelyto get decidedarticles. to summerask 1921, whomade contact with Goldman in the namefor of a Swedish publication, In herin let her during would inquire whether Sweden to Newlander, Carl Swedish comrade, reply, Goldman Kropotkin’s countrysidebymeansthe a After to a compatibledeath,Goldman of job.wrote repeated sheof study1920, full wasstill further to eagerness of great Russia the around by traveling her refusal Ukraine. from the she returned after just European country to publish visitsome intention to her declared them.she about She could write sothat her experiences throughfrom gain to in distance order andstruggle” of strife “away from scene the arespite needed letters or frame entailed “amore peaceful mind” of in shelacked beingShe that stationed Russia. Russia for their home countries. Goldman complained that “to do justice to the subject” Letter toStella Ballantne,March 2, 1921.from Petrograd. EGP, reel 12, p. 316-17. Letter to Stella Ballantine, April 21, 1921. from Moscow. EGP, reel 12, 323-24. Letter to Eleanor Fitzgerald, October 23, 1920. from Moscow. EGP, reel 12, p. 272-74. By the spring of 1921, Goldman spent concrete efforts to spread efforts By to dissatisfaction the springshe spent concrete 1921, Goldman the of I hope, awiser person. cannot reconcile irreconcilable.the But you mustnotworry sweetheart I will survive, those who organicallyare for unfitto adjust themselvesto thing unadjustable,the a or rather such no is There that? for cared whoever reward, As to you. to talked Doctor the after understand will you Perhaps happened. ever has that anything than never felt more useless.Darling That I should feel thusmine in Russia is(Stella) ever more terrible to dome not be so sure of my usefulness or reward in life. I have 104 103 50 102 But at that time, in the autumn the in time, that at But Brand , CEU eTD Collection it holdwould be misfortunesthe anarchists groundless to herresponsible for the that coming rebels. a petition to Gregory Zinoviev and the Petrograd Soviet of Defence on behalf of the Kronstadt in bodies, except anarchist with other Goldman neverassociated that by fact visible the itself own inown thought.” ideas or “we of haveone noour that in herletters she acknowledged but of theory, inpoint differences their about anarchists Russian the with debated openly never She anarchism. Russian and American the between discrepancy the was motive latent a revolution, the of country the main Although was the behind herrequest motiveanarchists fact the werenotwelcome that in Furthermore, she askedwrite. impossible to were reasons other the reasons; the partof was only authorities her comrades to stopshippingstop fact The anything. goods that the were notconveyed tothem by Sovietthe considering to pay friendsa visit to sendto hergold intogether Russia. withBolshevik One government. year whenGoldman before, Russia,shereached askedher other goods, but now she pleadedinKronstadt was majorMarch 1921,butthere certainly no criticisms addressedagainstthe for her niece, Stella, to revolution. Russian the insufficient and meandering communication concerning the difficult condition of the 108 107 106 105 Russia. hersituation, although niecehad already toGoldman’s messengersback comingtalked from her niecein herunderstanding of becauseshe post wasincapable Britain thought Great a obtain to recommendation niece’s her at angry very was Goldman abroad. post government a find to her advised she in Russia, discontent Goldman’s about learnt Ballantine Stella When March 5,1921. Emma Goldman, Letter to Stella Ballantine, January 28, 1920. from Petrograd. EGP, reel 12, 213-222. Letter to Stella Ballantine, April 10, 1921. from Moscow. EGP, reel 12, p. 320-22. Letter to Stella Ballantine, April 21, 1921. from Moscow. EGP, reel 12, 323-24. 108 105 There was a shift in the tone of Goldman’s letters with the onset of the slaughter in She never invited her comrades to Russia in her letters or in her pamphlets therefore There were misunderstandings between Goldman and her comrades at home dueto athome her comrades and Goldman between misunderstandings Therewere 107 The difference of viewpoint particularly in anarchist ideas made ideas in anarchist particularly viewpoint of Thedifference My Disillusionment in Russia 51 , pp. 197-98. 106 CEU eTD Collection 110 109 rush blindly?”on mustthey reprehensively“Why all Russia that andwrote from to anarchists coming other had madeGoldman already hermind escapefrom to dissuadeherfriends She Russia. to urged cases. However, from anarchists New Yorkweremaking plans of travel Russia when to in such side her on responsibility of a question not was there and Goldman like deported tense position with respect to those anarchists who left the USA after her. Some of them outspoken weresupporter of before Bolsheviks the her deportation and hence she found herselfin a from the USA went through in Russia as some scholars did. Nevertheless, she was an Workers of the World were already detained on Ellis Island to be deported to Russia. Paul Avrich, Letter to Stella Ballantine, April 21, 1921. from Moscow. EGP, reel 12, 323-24. Anarchist Portraits 109 Quite out of her will, Mollie Steimer and members of the Industrial the of members and Steimer Mollie will, her of out Quite , Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1988. p. 222. 52 110 CEU eTD Collection concludes her narrative of the two years she spent in years she spentRussia. of two hernarrative the concludes inacouple pages that of is darknessof of tothe age tyrants the a what situation return and contrasts between the Bolshevik state and the ideals of the revolution. most strikingthe aimed at and wasvery comprehensive actsof the Bolshevikthe government favor of the leftin Europe which thought Russia as a paradise of workers. Her chastisement of the losing fear not did Goldman that great so was revolution the of friends naïve the awaken in the labormovements in Westbemisappropriatedthe by Bolsheviks.the This urge to inspired revolution the that awe the lest be enlightened to had felt she that Revolution Russian of the Bolshevik State. critic practices of the asanoutspoken inJanuary 1922 from Russia time. emerged Goldman She did not lose timecomplicity with the Russian State wasbut conditioned on the prevailing situationstarted in Russia atthat to publicizeherwas also that It argued silence chapter. discussed inthe previous are her protracted those elements in the Russa”, isRussa”, in told secondthe tothe preface which book was finally inwhole in published 1922. The story of the publicationthe her infollowing articles of months the appearance of the manuscript,isfour in the written account a new This society. centralized to transition unprecedented originally entitled of in an lost midst the found herself who of a revolutionary memoir an anecdotal “My Two Years in published in March in1922 aseries of in six articles New the York Chapter 4:After RussiaGoldman reevaluaterevolution Goldman drew a boundary lineGoldman isbetweenboundary indrew a what permissible arevolutionary Goldman wrote her criticism of the Bolsheviks soon after she left Russia and it was 53 World and completed in Berlin, August inBerlin, and completed My Disillusionment inRussia World . The reasons for is CEU eTD Collection communicative critic ofthe Bolshevik regime whose works supply the anarchists’ view of the later went Russianthe to exile through USA inthe Revolution and lived who anarcho-syndialists, leading the of one Maksimov, with Together Revolution. theRussian represented state theBolshevik that “delusion” tothe reaction of an anarchist’s Too are Theseaccounts pamphlets basislate andthe Much” suchas“Trotsky (1936). Protests in from in hera few accounts articles the disappointment early was forgedby their Goldman and Bolsheviks the expressed politics actual the path this took. imagethe that between discrepancy because of the revolutionaries other among anarchists came to learn that the she her duetoopposing war.Later the institutions inAmerica serving sentence penitentiary Russian Revolution in shewas Revolution when October the timethe of at Bolsheviks of supporter the was far different fromGoldman the expectations had hoped of manyit would be before revolution. social of pretense the she under wasevents the of unfolding the into story deportedindividual her weaves and discontent Goldman’s from the USA. theaccount, of credibility She was a bold tothe suspicions the atthattime. Despite in peoplewere still who the Russia to protect order consent of individualsthose in nevertheless, thisaccount; canbe this in aconscious omission the about doubt some leaves Alsberg, Henry journalist the as such witnessed, Goldman that events the in participants other to references of lack The Schapiro. Alexander and Goldman refurbishedGoldman in Russia and underlines theindividualism its of The protagonist. account is by the editing efforts of Alexander Berkman, who left Russia with Emma Sectionof Alexanderthe Berkman Fund, 1940. 111 1925. G.P. Maksimov, My Disillusionment The experience of living in the land of the revolution was not as rewarding as rewarding as not was revolution the of land the in living of experience The The Guillotine at Work. Twenty Years of Terror in Russia Years ofTerrorin Twenty atWork. Guillotine The is a narrative constructed around the personal story of Emma My Disillusionment 54 is an account that reveals the main sources of main sources reveals the that isanaccount . Chicago, Ill.: The Chicago World 111 , Goldman themost , Goldman was to her autobiography to CEU eTD Collection protested by protested including several groups in the anarchists Russia. Theconcession of territory was was that Russia southern and western the in territory considerable of loss the meant Germany of the Bolsheviks, praise with peaceprocess the Goldman received war. the were continuing heralthough allies who, she peacein 1918 February for aseparate Germany Russia approached afterwards. her words thought, represented4.1.1 The Treaty Brest-Litovsk the will ofpower. took they after the masses. Bolsheviks ofthe mistakes the Revolution: Unsuccessful 4.1 The The peace with her in correspondence half secondthe 1920s. the of on based bestudied revolution will future form the the of about theories Goldman’s section fourth in a Revolution, Russian the to reaction Goldman’s of analysis the Following views. very similar andthey shared together in Russia live they because perspective Goldman’s Russian Revolution that appeared under the titleappeared underthe of Russian Revolution that basedupon. Alexanderthe Berkman’sreviewof revolutionethical must be the premises that chief the sketching embarks on Goldman in Thereupon, Russia. and revolution the state the onadifferentiation between rests of assumption reviewof Goldman’s Revolution Russian the basic The anarchists. fellow her and Goldman by conceived as revolution the of analysis an be will there Finally, lines. syndicalist along opposition an of formation the and will laborers’ inquire the predictions of the the people’sfuture will and hierarchicalthe centralization administration.of of The second section will Russia. The central of suppression the treaty, Brest-Litovsk asthe can be classified main factors The Revolution. prediction was the growth of theThe first section is the study Goldman’s dissatisfaction with Bolsheviksthe andpursue meaningthe of forrevolution her. of the factorsfacts that explain of the whatRussian went wrong Revolution. in the Russian In this chapter I will explore the main reasons behind Goldman wrote favorably about the peace before she came to Russia and she resented she and Russia to came she before peace the about favorably wrote Goldman The analysis of Goldman’s reaction tothe Russian Revolution falls intothree sections. 55 The RussianTragedy complements CEU eTD Collection 113 114 112 firststage of peace and RussianRevolution.the the concluded the Congress ratified Thefourth Soviet togain spell”. theconcessions justified a “breathing who saw the treaty as a dangerouscriticism from the high echelons of the party. Trotsky and Radek were among the compromisecommunists of face in the even prevailed will Lenin’s and critics butother overwhelmed Party theirCommunist voices were stifled of end overtheleadershipthe In revolution. of discipline the the the revolutionary groups by Lenin, who the between battle anembittered after was ratified treaty Brest-Litovsk The forces. in facedby Bolshevik German assassinated the harshpunishment Russia and the ambassador them incurred of Russia. Some iton loss heavy of the because peacetreaty the of ratification to Goldman the about treaty influencedand herview. Spiridonova, the leader of the Left Social Revolutionaries,Goldman’s was one of the people who talked in revolution the betrayal of tothe changed attain peace the eyes to attempt seemed aworthy What as she peacetreaty. the of timesigning of gatheredthe at were in Russia who revolutionaries issue with theto Imperialism. herchanged Goldman view abouttheBrest-Litovsk only discussingafter the opinions submission meantalsothe It Revolution. October after the self-government to ofgained aright people whointerpreted opposed by the opponents the of treaty.the treaty as a betrayal Maria of the Soviet countries that recently voice of the Russian and Germanpeoples. peoples was a deliberate oppressed all of self-determination promised that proclamations revolutionary their earlier denial of the Bolsheviks’ denial astheBolsheviks’ saw of Brest-Litovsk the a peacetreaty, remarks of signing the on earlier forRevolution subsequentevils. opened the her earlier Goldman, door which repudiating Alexander Berkman, Emma Goldman, Emma Goldman, Left Social Revolutionaries raised their voice and actively protested against the voiceprotested andactively raisedtheir LeftRevolutionaries Social The Brest-Litovsk treaty was a turning point in the evolution of the Russian 114 The fact that the treaty was conducted through a diplomatic process excluding adiplomatic fact the process through treaty The conducted the that was The Crushing of the Russian Revolution My Disillusionment The Russian Tragedy. AReview and anOutlook , ch. 16. 56 , London: Freedom Press, 1922. p. 8. 112 . Berlin: Der Syndikalist, 1922.p. 26. 113 CEU eTD Collection the Anarchist Black Black Cross. Anarchist the Memoirs of the Russian Revolution 116 115 cooperatives The abolished. were also people Russian the of strain the ameliorated that organizations economic Revolutionaries substantial which largelygroup, interestsrepresented the of peasantry.the a of expression political legitimate the banished and competitor significant a of themselves rid exterminatingits left members was to theCheka. Atendthe process, of this the Bolsheviks The withBolsheviks proceeded outlawing theSocial Left Revolutionary of and thetask Party latter campaign attemptedthem, that toseize the claiming against the governmentbyforce. andragedapolitical Revolutionaries of the theresistance exploited (Cheka).The Bolsheviks skirmishes resulted between All-Russian groupand this the Extraordinary Commission the German Ambassador. When the Revolutionaries resisted tosubmit the assassin and armed treaty was the Left Social peace Brest-Litovsk the with was bannedinconnection that group first public.Russian The Revolutionaries who of needs the the to gave expression came that vistas of suppression bythe prepared was proletariat”, under attack after the dictatorshipassassination of tothe road The the popularexpression. of suppression as the can becategorized that of the4.1.2 Suppression proletariat,“breathing spell”paved way the led that to destructionthe of Russianthe Revolution. ortreaty. to Linkingbeginning RedTerror the treaty,the Lenin’s the of arguedthat she “the dictatorship Brest-Litovsk the forces to revolutionary the of unity onthe repercussions its Civil Warand promisesecret peace diplomacyof without andindemnities. Goldman thefollowingattributed of the Communist Party over the which established trade between provincial and urban producers. The cooperatives The emerged producers. andurban between provincial which established trade For an account of the accomplishments of the cooperatives in Novorossiysk in 1917, see Boris Yelensky’s Boris see 1917, in Novorossiysk in cooperatives of the accomplishments the of account an For Alexander Berkman, Beside the elimination of political organizations such as the attempts succeeding before the event asymbolic peacewas,then, The Brest-Litovsk Left Social The Russian Tragedy . Yelensky later published G.P. Maksimov’s work and was a central figure in , p. 27. 116 , spread around the countryside, were economic around were units , spread thecountryside, 57 115 CEU eTD Collection 120 119 118 117 Kronstadt against the soldiers and in Petrograd and in Moscow against the workers. Instead of andin peasants againstthe in Ukraine the ofthis policy Heobserved applications the power. Leviathanmonstrous tobringwhich aspired the Russian toheelby people military of use the Bolsheviksto the extent which reduced the complexity of the Russian Revolutiona systematic to effort of to of treatment peasants the andharsh violence the Hegeneralized suppression and ruthlessness. dominate the country. He claimed that the Communist State was a League Federalist the Moscow by Kropotkin,work of heraldedfounded scientificwho the was in cooperatives the anarchist, The activity. allegedcounter-revolutionary of pretext the on by Bolsheviks the suppressed of as andit active andthe February distribution Revolution network before an was exchange all criticism and crushing independent opinion effort.”or stifling of sign dissatisfaction, every of eradication systematic encompassed tactics Bolshevik “The byantagonism. was characterized peasants and proletariat toward government’s attitude frequently by dominated The violence. eradicated, by which werenot were Bolsheviks the economic organizations Therefore, suspected. was Party Communist the to loyalty when their Revolution.” the of and Russia of interests the to vital were dissolved thefunctions Leaguein1918asthey “whose economic the cooperatives, did publishing industry for monographs the reconstruction and agriculture.of The government Berkman, Berkman, Berkman, Emma Goldman, Berkman wasevenharsher in thanGoldman hiscritique Bolsheviks’ of the mere transmitters of the orders of the State. the of orders the of transmitters mere unionsgovernmentalized, their proper activities suppressed, theywere turned into committees,with dreadedthe sword ofthe everChekaCommunist hanging over them. labor The obedient into transformed and castrated were workers and of peasants system was in abolished, first navy,the army thenin and the industries. The Soviets and the revolutionary creativeinitiative forces of themasses popular hadthe to eliminated.be The control, elective absolute in Party Communist the with State, centralized Revolution have been deliberately October destroyed. the of The ultimate object being a powerfully fundamentals social the theory, Marxist with In consonance The Russian Tragedy The Russian The Russian Tragedy The Russian The Russian Tragedy The Russian My Disillusionment in Russia , p. 31. , p. 28. , p. 28. 117 , a group of political economy specialists, with the aim of , ch. 26. 58 120 118 119 hindered unions The werealso trade CEU eTD Collection 124 123 122 121 anymore. intervention the much so not production, the of control in taking ardor and zeal people’s the dissipating yearsof She foundlater. four guilty theBolsheviks government people towards between contrast popularthe participationin the revolutions of 1917 andtheapathy of the She keenly as body monolithic the observed Bolsheviks representingof the a oppressors. lossthe from autonomy of andviewof interest pointthe of oppressedthe while avoiding she related and victims the on thesuppression of effects ofthe more perceptive was contrary, whipping andrazing unsatisfied the villages peasants with their artillery. excepting not hand iron an with protests crushed Bolsheviks the proposals, constructive gradually became independent from Government.the government.the for The indispensible itself prove to in order members itself Commission Extraordinary the by of theinvented fact in Tsarist was uncovered plots conspiracy the of most that secret maintained they also, Cheka; police were recruited practices. common by the Cheka, whichits were execution arrest, house nightsearch, Arrest, and peasant. of worker every terror the it butagainst counterrevolution functionand speculation transcendedits andbecame primary fighting Chekawas behindthe reason unleashed people.The original the Terror against the for responsible mainly was (Cheka) Commission Extraordinary the and significant very Bertrand Russell, Bertrand Berkman, Goldman, Berkman, The role of terror in the alienation of the Russian people from the Bolshevik State was State from Bolshevik the people inof Russian the The role alienation of the terror everything emanating from it. alienated the Russian people from the revolution and filled them with hatred of blockade – onthecontrary, itwas theinternal of policies Bolshevik the State that interest isdead; indifference and apathy aredominant. Not intervention not the characterized the October Revolution. Allinspiration has been paralyzed; popular Cynicism and coarseness have taken the place of the idealist aspirations that The Russian Tragedy The Russian The Russian Tragedy The Russian The Crushing of the Russian Revolution The Practice and Theoryof Bolshevism 123 Goldman and Berkman underlined the summary justice exercised by the , p. 28. , p. 31. 122 , London: Freedom Press, 1922. p. 7. 59 . London: George Allen & Unwin, 1921. 124 121 Goldman, on the on Goldman, CEU eTD Collection 128 127 126 inefficiency corruption.” and is is inits“A bureaucratic created that parasitism, machine andappalling the revolution. people the between separation the caused government the of centralization The mechanical life. of public the aspect monopolized every andthegovernment inreflected Soviets not the excludepains to layinitiative economy.the popular of causing will thewas the paralysis The loss larger greatit revolution inthe sincethe and The officialdom resulted efficiency.of took grew holders inRussia office numberof The centralization. the with Russian Revolution 4.1.3 Centralization regime. Bolshevik the of character show real the Ages to ofthe Dark metaphor the employed Goldman revolution”, to the devoted “asaint declared was where Dzerzhinsky Soviet of Petrograd the as“sentimentality”. againsttorture of Cheka defied protests which confirmed that they applied justice as they saw fit. Moreover, the weekly organ astatementCheka, Dzerzhinsky head of by the the justice. quoted Bolshevik She image of deceptive the with disagreed Chekawhich the of verify heraccount to from usedquotes Goldman press Side Bolshevik the thistheatricallanguage, byside 125 huge by stacksof she inKharkov, in where attested witnessed afactory warehouse Goldman narrating the event from the point of view of a terrified innocent. Goldman lackedthat inBerkman’s words. atypical raidChekaby by night described the Berkman, Goldman, Goldman, Goldman, Berkman ledto enumerate factors andwent Goldman the that crushing tothe of the Goldman’s account of the Cheka gave a distinctly dramatic aspect to its operations work again! “Who are the unfortunates caught in the net this night? Whose turn will be next?” turn Whose night? this net the in caught unfortunates the are “Who again! work automobiles Cheka speeding madly of noise the district, a in light of flight aresudden The signals for the alarm and dread of the community. The Cheka is at The Russian Tragedy The Russian The Crushing of the Russian Revolution The Crushing of the Russian Revolution The Crushing of the Russian Revolution 125 , p. 29. 128 The “inefficiency of the centralized bureaucratic machine” is machine” bureaucratic centralized the of “inefficiency The 127 , p.17. , p. 16. The weekly organof Cheka No. 3. , p.15. 60 126 Referring to a session CEU eTD Collection 132 131 130 129 duty of the citizen is obedience. The will of the State is supreme.” isgovernment thedepository of willall andwisdom. knowledge It everything. do The sole “Thecentral leadersthus: would from follow these that authoritarian government the Lenin derided the liberty speech andof pressasa“bourgeois prejudice”. Berkman expressed and citizens, suitable into Bolshevik nature human to transform terror useof the advocated Bolsheviks, of the ideologue a“fanatical Bukharin, the delusion”. words, Berkman’s The in was, transformation social group can achieve a smallavant-garde that belief Bolsheviks’ centralization. the from emanating terrorism of inevitability the lucidly saw Berkman betrayalworst the was bosses old the to back ofindustry in the power of the transfer the Berkman, for freedom of workers,Cheka for punishment. and it filled the themover ration,food to turn of even hire, and the workers to the discharge, deprive the workers authority the entertained they since becameabsolute workers the over power Their industries. with hatred of full the assumed control the etc. mill owners, former bankers, the hence and bourgeoisie, of socialism. industries to a singlehanded management the mill, of every mine,and railroads factory,the and all other the expert authority. Thisperson management) system, which stripped the factory specialistcommittees of all power. This system was mostly selected from the of Moscow. centralization authoritarian Tsarist the of bankruptcy the demonstrating examples countless of one as this mentioned Goldman machines. the of undertake distribution the not did Party Communist of the executives inthe fordeliver were forcedempty promises, to whoreturn their products peasants, agricultural machinery lying idle. Berkman, Berkman, Berkman, Goldman, The authoritarianism was reinforced by the introduction of the of introduction the by reinforced was authoritarianism The The Russian Tragedy The Russian The Russian Tragedy The Russian The Russian Tragedy The Russian The Crushing of the Russian Revolution 130 Although Lenin heralded this new system the as savior industries, of , p. 30. , p. 30. , p. 29. 129 Althoughmachines these were neededgreatly by the , p. 9. 61 132 Yedinolitchiye (one 131 CEU eTD Collection 138 137 136 135 134 133 slavery”. “chattel establish to accomplished it implementation, its of mistake the admitted consent and choice of occupation. Although policythis was later withdrawn by Lenin, who subdued free that the masses of initiative of urbanpopulation andstripped the the their planting. next the for seeds oftheir thepeasants becauserobbed government ensuingthe the in1922 Volga the on famine theirmaintainto refusal. wenton She grainthe that for system requisitioning responsiblewas other hand, that the peasants’this method because of the refusal of the peasants tofeed the rightcity. to deal with theresort to compelled they to that were argued The Bolsheviks the unpopularity government. of workers directly was State”. denied Communist and hence for the by “amillion “loveinvaded testifiedthe to that peasants of troops” Ukrainian the ‘bourgeois’, and bosses’ ‘petty as ‘unable Bolsheviks the by branded was a whole as population agrarian to keep with the proletariat“The inthe Soviets. representatives peasant the against they discriminated peasants and on the road to socialism’.” was no wonder that the people shirked the work. the people shirked the that was nowonder resulted.” andtuberculosis pneumonia, ice. cut Pleurisy, or snow with only rags on their “Menpunished deserters. the young and women, and clad thinly old, and inthorn shoes, or feet, were indiscriminately and totoil workers the drove who overseers of Bolshevik the parasitism the furthered driven into the cold and sleet to shovel Goldman, Goldman, Goldman, Goldman, Goldman, Berkman, On top of all the policies of centralization, mobilization of labor was the next element next the was labor of mobilization centralization, of policies the all of top On The obsession holdof Bolsheviksthe in to power their ledtothe hands distrust of the The Russian Tragedy The Russian The Crushing of the Russian Revolution The Crushing of the Russian Revolution The Crushing of the Russian Revolution The Crushing of the Russian Revolution The Crushing of the Russian Revolution 134 The method of forcible food collection ( 136 , p. 25. , p.13. , p.13. , p. 9. , p. 9. , p. 8. 62 Razvyorstka 135 138 Goldman claimed, on the Under such conditions it conditions such Under ) aggravated the ) aggravated 133 Ukraine was 137 It CEU eTD Collection 139 The poll madesure in amajority Bolsheviks to every by election employing viletactics, and optimist for the entry of people’s representatives into the Soviets through election mechanism. remain and Sovietnot shecould Moscow the from representatives anarchist exclusion of the people. predictions infrom was diverting path revolution sense,the of anarchistmade they the true some for the eventual any in Russia liberty.intoa country though without course the events which Even of turned restitution futilityGoldman Berkman remaining the so of realized of and expectations anarchists, the the of theanarchism. However,revolution the Bolsheviks’ conception of the revolution was entirely different from for prepared was country the until revolution the after necessary was reconstruction back to its of anarchism inRussiaoriginal not thoroughly were Goldman a periodextinguished. expected that of owners, the inRussia. Revolution of the Future for the 4.2 Predictions of the conscientious objectors among the reasons of the failure of the Russian Revolution. execution the counted Goldman and Berkman Revolution. Russian the of observers other the This penalty largelydeath objectors. unnoticed by horrible practice conscientious was the on army andwas objectionrampant conscientious spread.was wide the imposed The Bolsheviks but some intoday. from only countries desertion acknowledge right Then Russia, this the Conscientious are objectors an inevitable product of compulsory military service in every land muchend men men. any them so sacrificed over for of unacceptable to who domination definitely andit by was military wasreintroduced Bolsheviks service the WWI.Obligatory USA and conscientious they objectorsencouraged against registering in the USarmy the Goldman, Goldman and Berkman were two of the leaders of the war resisters’ movement in the movement thewarresisters’ leaders of of the weretwo Berkman and Goldman The Soviets wereThe means. dominated bythe Soviets bycorrupt Bolsheviks Goldman witnessed Goldman and leftBerkman in Russia hopes Decemberfor 1921but the coming their The Crushing of the Russian Revolution , p.17;Berkman, 63 The Russian Tragedy , p. 31. 139 CEU eTD Collection 141 140 wouldinevitably withclash state. the When industry in developed Russia, labor organizations were bound to reemerge and they in was themain Russia.The state it employerexploited and Russian andindustry.agriculture movement anarcho-syndicalist the of importance the about sanguine more was who Berkman, socialism. state to alternative viable a as Goldman and Kropotkin to seemed and anarcho-syndicalism organize to continue would workers The of people. the consent taught her that it was impossible even for the Bolsheviks to rule a country so huge without the even arrest. Yet, she did not lose hope of the people’s reclaiming their vote because Kropotkin furthered by guerilla warfare and peasant bands. by furthered in Trotsky hypothesis this warfare peasant proposed and guerilla people to the German army and imperialism. The defense of the revolution couldhave been should havebeen made. revolution howthe showed and led endrevolution the of the to mistakes that the identified Berkman and Goldman Instead, rescued. be could Revolution Russian the how on elaborate sure that theanarchists defeat did not of see thea promising revolution made? been have should revolution the How missed? was 4.3 What future for the Russian by theRevolution. state difficultthe problems arising out of a stronglabor movement. Goldman was was complete;almost encounter would Dictatoship” “Communist the that in predicted Berkman movementRussia. therefore,labor of future the character for the syndicalist evidence Berkman’s Party was Communist she factoriesthe in 1917. The syndicalistin tendency prevalent Laborthe Opposition within the did not anarcho-syndicalistlabor movement relied on the workers’ memory of the expropriations of Berkman, Berkman, The future of the revolution in Russia was not totally doomed according to Alexandernot totally of in to The future doomed according Russia was revolution the The peace treaty should not have been signed at the cost of exposing the Russian the in Russia, movement labor the of continuity the on remarks few Berkman’s Except The Russian Tragedy The Russian The Russian Tragedy The Russian , p. 37. , p. 36. 140 Berkman’s prediction of the coming of a strong coming of of the prediction Berkman’s 64 141 CEU eTD Collection 145 144 143 142 invincible. was revolution” great their fruits of for the fighting of a people ardor revolutionary waged successively against invadingAustrian armies with of units bands.peasant “The December 1917andSocial Left Revolutionaries called toarms.Makhno the peasants Nestor 25,000 branches and membership 9,000,000 spreadover country inthe 1918. for withits force reconstruction economic animportant Russia the of organization represented equal share. outside the government. The resentment of the peasants was well founded who was refused an laborers the of majority leftthe that conception an exclusive was inherently proletariat the workers. the with equally account into interests their taken have should that even if another party evenifthat party another over the resultchangewouldtook itis not because the brought its revolution the endwasto Bolsheviks notthe buttheir statism. argued She revolution. the of haveThe masses should from not beenalienated lives. decisions regulating theirthe own direction the in people the of participation the on relies revolutions the of role. with a revolutionary function to have permitted cooperatives should been the destroying organization, entire the Goldman, Goldman, Berkman, Berkman, The cooperatives should havebeen preserved rather beingthan liquidated.This The peasants should not have been discriminated and the administration of the country the of administration the and discriminated been have not should peasants The In her analysis of the Russian Revolution, Goldman concluded that what that concluded Goldman Revolution, Russian the of analysis her In The have should popular enthusiasm beenkeptvital.with revolution the survival The new life. new of is their ownmaking, revolution thatthe they are actively participating that in difficultthe feel task of building a continuously should masses the that necessary is it words, should at all times be close to the living, throbbing pulse of the revolution. Inother importance that thelightof therevolution heldhigh be before people;the that they If a revolution is to survive in the face of opposition and obstacles, itis ofthe utmost 142 The Russian Tragedy The Russian The Russian Tragedy The Russian The Crushing of the Russian Revolution The Crushing of the Russian Revolution 145 , p. 25. , p. 27. , p. 7. , p.10. 65 143 The dictatorship of Thedictatorship 144 Instead of CEU eTD Collection 147 146 revolution. the of tenets with the contradicts that centralization fundamental error of the Bolsheviks in their separation of the means and ends. She people. the and of revolution the interests with the reasonsstate of the the by whoequated violated Bolsheviks, the justice was senseof the of very The revolution, essence security of fortheir the throne. justiceand human life of sanctity the even sacrificed The Bolsheviks seeking. of debacle power nothing“scene but shifting”. sinkRevolutionprevious thatachieved intoheapthe boundto revolutions of was havefound independent With initiative expressions. vital every suppressed,the Russian so could revolution that the been havemustencouraged intelligentsia the creativity of paralysisthe innovative inany of effort cultural the field and she argued that the revolution. lifethe after making of new the education beenthey have shouldhad accessto inthe intelligentsia and the depended on feelings andvalues of people. the of achieving the social revolution which becould only by brought a change in the short failed it and institutions of rearrangement formal the beyond go not did revolution The throne. Romanovs’ the over took simply Lenin because change substantial a mean not did workers inname the of the power seizureof the even practice Inactual class. revolution wasbankruptbecausefocused it onobtaining the poweron behalf of one “transvaluation”nota substitutionrevolution it was of rather dictatorship was with another, one the of human values. She claimed that the socialist conception of the Goldman, Goldman, The revolution must not be devoid of mustnotThe be of revolution foundethical considerations. Goldman devoid the a into revolution the converted socialists state the of tendency statist The because only intelligentsia the penalize to mistake a was it that wrote Goldman My Disillusionment in Russia My Disillusionment in Russia , ch. 33: Afterword. 33: , ch. Afterword. 33: , ch. 147 66 Suppressing theintelligentsia resulted in 146 For Goldman CEU eTD Collection upheaval to remove the old tyrant, it is rather an ever going struggle to defeatthe itstruggle to is an ever rather going remove oldtyrant, upheaval to the necessarily isviolent not revolution a liberty. Therefore, from restrained arenot beings understood revolution as in a process which human isdignity preserved andhuman 148 in by described Goldman these words: was revolution the of identity The demoralization. of depths the into sinking from methods became devoid revolutionary the revolution.Once of the enemies the in against struggle the practice of ethical concepts, violencebemustnot thought that made be cannot a principle and made terror anideal it was impossible tojustified. The inevitability violence of in every evolution by was granted Goldman who save the revolutionnot is action every that mind in bear should revolutionary the been, have might justify words,endsother donot means. lofty all However of purpose the revolution the In with purpose. the resonate must attainpurpose any worthy means to the argued that Goldman, The revolution, then, was not an institutional change for Goldman. She Goldman. for change institutional an not was then, revolution, The social strata, finally culminates in the violent upheaval known as revolution. change. That internal change of concepts and ideas,permeating ever-larger the contrary signifies notmere external change, butinternal, basic, fundamental and be, have been,can normal accomplished by the evolution.ofprocesses Revolution, on alterations social external For justification. no have would changes well being. Unless this be the essential and aim of revolution, liberty violent to social being human every of right the man, of dignity the life, human ultimate end of all revolutionary social change is toestablish of the sanctity Its first ethical ispreceptidentity the ofmeans used and aims sought. The regenerator. life and its manifestations in social relationships. It is the mental and spiritual great TEACHER andof thefirst is, It more. much more, foremost,yet NEW that, is all It well-being. ETHICS,of social distributor are- only not inspiring institutions; and forms of changer mere a not evils; thesocial man TRANSVALUATOR,with a newman to man, and ofman concept to society. It is not amere reformer, patching up some of heraldof NEW VALUES, ushering in a transformation of the relationsof basic theoppression, and wrong has been built upby ignorance and brutality. -Itis the beareris thedestroyer of dominant values upon which acomplexof system of injustice, new values.man's inhumanity man with to all the thousand and oneslaveriesitinvolves. It achieved. Revolution is the negation of Itthe existing, aviolent protest against is theused furtheridenticalto itbe in and spirit with tendency to the be PURPOSES No revolution can ever succeed as a factor of liberation unless the MEANS My Disillusionment , ch. 33: Afterword. 67 148 CEU eTD Collection violence could be reduced by preparation and progress that wouldviolence could that bereducedby masses.and progress remold the preparation of theamount that shethought However, forces. evolutionary of accumulated point breaking and retained she inevitabilitythe becauseof revolutions they were nothing else butthe unwittingly thenecessity admitted violence stubbornnessof duetothe old of institutions, the socialthan destruction upheavals wouldthat cost lives.and Nevertheless, human she be theway could rather process moreand subtle a constructive that realized She anarchism. challenge of masses the education.preparing for anarchism through reflected that revolutionexplained itself was her not outlook her aim on anymorethe role andof theshe revolutionwas content inwith the a harderrevolutionary process. Her views Bolsheviks. Inher correspondence with a reviewer of herbook, the of success the by awed was which in England movement labor the to Revolution face of Russian the the revealed actual Herlectures activities. speaking whereshe launched more dedicated to the work of prisoners’ relief than Goldman wholeft Germany for England was in Berkman Russia. imprisoned revolutionaries funds for the to collect Russia andstarted of Revolution Theory New 4.4 A culmination of power take over is not worthy to be titled a revolution. cannot be the forcible removal from one setof rulers infavorof is another purpose notthe of its revolution,the means of the old regime byexpression and powerprotecting the sanctity humanof life. Since taking away the ofgovernment guns and a momentaryof the revolution inno becauseand strugglearmed means the involved revolution purpose of the role the was is There existences. human dignified of persecutors infused the and liberty before the obstacles with the ulterior goal of opening up vistas for free Above all, she repudiated her former belief that the revolution the usher could way for that the her belief revolution former Above she all, repudiated Goldman’s idea of the revolution continued to evolve after she wrote her memoirs of structure which will uponindividualrest liberty voluntary socialand cooperation. Idid I have never, as far as I can remember, believed that revolutions will usher in a social 68 My Disillusionment , she , CEU eTD Collection Alexander Berkman Richard and Anna Maria Drinnon(eds.), 150 York: SchockenBooks, 1975.p68-69. Maria Drinnon (eds.), 149 wouldbe committed during the revolution. Hecouldnot resolve the question how of to crimes the him that unsolvable regardsto with Emma thatproved to Goldman on topics the writing of a textbook on anarcho-communism. Berkman asked for suggestions from be until now, a process of destruction.” to ,t we believed what than rather of reconstruction asaprocess be understood to revolution and by words. acts by others of expression the “Iallow always must want revolutionary the and opinions toothers’ eliminate as much assuppress so far never asto should go argued, she revolution, of the education. defense The possible the need forbreakdown violence. of theI wantold regimethe violentherwould viewfrom violent. Therefore shetransformed revolution the of bea to a process of reconstruction.their position on non-violence, although claimingfundamentalshe kept that changes always This process would be one of Emma Goldman, letter to Alexander Berkman, June 29, 1928. from St. Tropez, France. Reproduced in Emma Goldman, letter to Havelock Ellis, November8, 1925. from Bristol. Reproduced inRichard and Anna The issue of violence still haunted the mind of Alexander Berkman who undertook who Berkman Alexander of mind the haunted still violence of issue The for Gandhi and she acclaimed Tolstoy that extent the to violence of She grewweary transvalue myvalues. transvalue to make a revolution willand therest follow. Two years in Russia compelled me to became submissive to the communist state because they were taught that itis sufficient who heroicallyso made the Revolution were easily so whipped line into and easily so construction.” other respects – that the “‘Spirit of Destruction’” also contains the elementof since fallacy of the this on ofthe Bakuninpart –much as Icontinue to revere him in the oppressive institutions and that everything else will take care of itself. I have learnt revolutionists Ifoolishly believed that the principal is getthing to people to rise against emancipate from people to fetishestheir deep-rooted and superstitions.many With help would which work educational intensive of necessity imperative the namely now that aviolent change of institutions would be sufficient to usher in a new era. hang on. However,I have not thought in the past and it certainly doesnot occur tome I am in favor ofviolence, butbecause old institutions have a tremendous tenacity to believe that the present system will not go without some violent upheaval. Not because Certainly the Russian experiment failed demonstrateto this idea. The people before, see not I did what me made see has experience my Russian that It istrue , New, York: SchockenBooks, 1975.p 87. Nowhereat Home: Letters from Exile of Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman 149 Nowhere atHome: Letters from Exile of Emma Goldman and 150 69 , New CEU eTD Collection shouldbe with as violence as untainted possible. guided herjudgment historicalthat notruleexamples could the coming revolutions,which awareness This new of andpunishment. techniques of crime followed the newdefinitions revolution changethe of theideal imperativeto the recognized issues; she social with therefore, accordingly.dealing in science of advance the in and mankind of progress the in believed She Revolution. She was of French example the from historical need forthe the violence of came argument aware of theand she refused bowto to the need f systematicdevelopments violence at the expense of the revolution. The in the modern science and Berkman Annaand Maria Drinnon (eds.), 153 Berkman Annaand Maria Drinnon (eds.), 152 York: SchockenBooks, 1975. p83. Maria Drinnon (eds.), 151 evils. other therestof with become unnecessary and would prisons terror then and transformation, was purpose whose reconstruction, of asaprocess wasunderstood revolution the thatcan questions be solvedflow oflife. only inif sheinsisted natural the Furthermore, that anarchism andarguedthathis problems from arose impossible an urgetosolve those would to lead that course revolutionary inthe forof prison abolishment the sternly advocated way of dilemmathe out establishingprison, of without crime and court, Goldman police. punish a rapista murderer or andcametoa dead endin his theoretical account. Emma Goldman, letter to Alexander Berkman, July 3, 1928. from St. Tropez, France. Reproduced in Richard in Reproduced France. Tropez, St. from 1928. July 3, Berkman, Alexander to letter Goldman, Emma Richard in Reproduced France. Tropez, St. from 1928. July 3, Berkman, Alexander to letter Goldman, Emma Alexander Berkman, letter toEmma Goldman, June 25, 1928. from Paris. Reproduced inRichard and Anna 152 revolutionsmust be way.”that endless repetition of the same old refrain, “the French Revolution was that way. All only not becauseThat revolution. in my belief relinquish I shall not, If done. be can it think of so muchdealing of with method social other issues, every wein will changes also learnwaste to undergo change can we if in the methodsinsist I of times. revolution.all for I terror of humanrevolution.And I done witham thoughtthe of in revolution terms ofdestruction and lives,If revolution cannot solve needofthe violence andthen terror, I am against but also because it is all so futile, an , New York: Schocken Books, 1975. p 90. , New York: Schocken Books, 1975. p 89. The need of violence and the revolution led Goldman to a dilemma between two the a dilemma between ledGoldman to revolution violence the and Theneedof Nowhereat Home: Letters from Exile of Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman Nowhere atHome: Letters from Exile of Emma Goldman and Alexander Nowhere atHome: Letters from Exile of Emma Goldman and Alexander 153 70 151 He saw no , New CEU eTD Collection claimed, like natural like claimed, natural disasters. because byviolence precipitationthe revolutions were, Goldman ofthe revolution violencebe must the work of revolutionary the by education butnotand organization, reduction of she the inevitable the thought benecessary. However, can occasionally wisdom of Gandhi and Tolstoy’s pacifism; she still persisted in asserting that violence init. the recognized violence Goldman andtherole of perception revolution the of transformation of is value the changeof from revolution asignificanther previous political momentous changes.This than rather efforts gradual encourages definition she experienced in Russian the apositiveRevolution to definition. This new Goldman’s theory Goldman’s theory of revolution from negativedeveloped concrete examples 71 CEU eTD Collection peasants and in peasants urbancenters provinces.the the on revolution the of effects the observe and country the in travel to opportunity them gave second halfof Berkman 1920 duringand thatoccupied the Goldman by herself. work The origins of the revolution and she wanted the because dictatorshipshe about was curious towards regime was awarethatthe leaning was to study the reasons of the failure of thehands of revolutionthe counter-revolutionaries. Goldman stayed in Russia for two years although she silence. She alsoavoided harm bringing the revolutionto by inadvertently intoplaying the behindher salientreasons especially were andfearsurveillance Russia: procrastination couldfrom remain distanced spell the “Bolshevikmyth”.the of AgainstSoviet Russia. this in current masspolitics the 1920s,very of the few individuals the with enchanted became West in the labor of ranks the because impossible, not if difficult, more became in country another revolution of Revolution, Russian With the “success” the andBolshevikmore State leftRussiaSoviet tosurvive andtorekindle the hopeof anarchism. the ashes of the collapsing of society out stateless of the for theemergence smotheredexpectations their State Bolshevik Tsardom.the and hoped Quitethey as develop not did however, a few Revolution, Russian The anarchists defense. its in perished under lives their sacrificed of them some and therevolution flagof the under who gathered first the the heels of the individuals as it absorbed the energies of uncountable revolutionaries. Anarchists were among Conclusion Several factors contributed to Emma Goldman’s silence during her two yearsEmma contributed hertwo to silence during in factors Goldman’s Several and nations many transformed which event a world was Revolution Russian The 72 CEU eTD Collection correspond to the needs of current revolutionary movements, which struggle to transform the transform to struggle which movements, revolutionary current of needs the to correspond life on a global scale.movements Revolution, of the 21 in the outmoded, Bolshevik building up. sense of the word, doessolifenot much destructionas aviolent butas oldof the institutions a gradualeffortof not of organization would anarchist the see usher that revolution the came to few years,Goldman the Bolshevik State and suspicious of herwith former disillusioned perception completely Russia left of Goldman how revolutionrebellion. Kronstadt the should after Bolsheviks be. In a the of character revolutionary in the believed longer no she and deportation her after Revolution Russian the of reality saw whenshe the shattered belief was needed.people Her new powerelite andthat Bolshevikthe leadersgo hadto if they ceased toexpressthe what Russian masses. The awakened masses, she thought, would notsurrender the government a to revolutionary of waves the on foam the like prison American her in Goldman to seemed the Russia, organizationthe post-revolutionary undertook of Bolsheviks,Russia. who The in Government Provincial the of overthrow the of news the received she when joy with filled correspondents toencompass a process of transformation and transvaluation. her with discussions through revolution of theory the developed years later in Goldman alienated for its revolution the be a kept on libertarianto tracks idealtoward inRussia. havenot been masses must and abolished have not been should cooperatives the that argued Goldman in Russia. future in the movement labor asyndicalist of development the predicted state. Berkman done by as themainwrongs suppression Bolshevik and centralization the theBrest-LitovskBolsheviks. treaty Goldman and Berkman andattacked policy the of The new value that Goldman attributed to revolution is paradigmatic for the social Emma Goldman had fought 30 years in America for the ideal of anarchism and was ideal the of state on the centered was Revolution theRussian criticism of Goldman’s st century that aspire for a more balanced and more just organization balancedjustforof thataspire amore andmoreorganization century 73 CEU eTD Collection forerunner of people.forerunner of for Hercasecanbedeported against deportation. arguments exploited a as identity, new this to sensitivity bear will who historians, future the by be reinterpreted there is a new identity that can be defined as vulnerability deportation.to Emma Goldman can growing more and more conscious face is threat of the today,deportation moreit than was everbefore multitude andis this of thewho people, of number commonThe illegal”. is one “no slogan the with dangerrights their for demonstrate it is exposed to. For thisIn Sweden, refugees they are deported. areimprisoned until illegal immigrants Netherlands, reason, extension for their residence or an asylum have to go. In Turkey, Greece, Switzerland, and the an fail toobtain who while those tolerated, canbe immigrants decide which power to absolute entertain states Withinterritory, their state. of any the territory enter shecannot then passport, a visa. does nothavea whoaregrantedisnot state of or acitizen any If a person those Modern states monopolize a territory and deny free entry to the citizens of other states, except human life is deportation. Emma Goldman was one of the early victims of deportation. activists. conscious order and for the elimination of repression must be the model of revolution among the socially lines of Goldman’s late definition of revolution. Patiently building preparation forthe of a just be the along raised can consciousness today of victory. The revolutionary short-term for state marginalized. The revolutionary individuals futility realizethe seizing the of of reigns the become they selectively and emerging identities areconstantly New forces of capitalism. worldvalues onmanyfrontiers.The precious world of by the arecoming underattack diverse One of the major threats posed against the dignity of human beings and the safety of safety the and beings human of dignity the against posed threats major the of One 74 CEU eTD Collection Central Central for ConscientiousBoard 1940. Objectors, Conscription Fellowship souvenir:describing itswork during theyears 1914-1919 Objectors. Conscientious for Board Central 1922.Syndikalist, Berkman, Alexander. NY: 1919. Berkman, Alexander & Goldman, Emma. for Committee 1925. Political Prisoners, political prisoners inSoviet prisons, prison camps and exile Baldwin, Roger, et. al. Avrich, Paul. Avrich, 1973. Avrich, Paul (Ed). Press,1980. Greenwood Connecticut: Westport, Reprinted Avrich, Paul. Avrich, Slavic Review Avrich, Paul H. “The Bolshevik Revolution and Workers’ Control in Russian Industry,” in Rose Books,2005. pp.300-307. Graham ed. Arsinov, Peter. Arsinov, Times, 1917-1920 Henry. Abramson, Bibliography Anarchism: aDocumentary History ofLibertarian Ideas Anarchist Portraits The RussianAnarchists no. 1 , vol. 22 (March 1963) pp.47-63. History ofthe Makhnovist Movement 1918-1921 . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999. The Anarchists inthe Russian Revolution A Prayer theGovernment: for Ukrainians and Jews in Revolutionary The Russian Tragedy Letters from RussianLetters Prisons.from Consistingofreprints of documentsby . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988. . Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1967. Deportation, its Meaning andMenace . Troublesome people: are-printofthe No- A Review and AnOutlook 75 . London: Thames and Hudson, and Thames London: . . London: the International the London: . . Excerpts reprinted in Robert v.1. Montreal: Black . Berlin: Der . Ellis Island, . Ellis . London: CEU eTD Collection Originally inpublished Yiddish in the Joseph. Ishill, in Violence,” Political Hawkins, Cliff. “Assassination, Self-Expression and Social Change: Emma Goldman and Emma. Goldman, Emma. Goldman, [Originally published in the New York Birendra Nath. Ganguli, in Icon,” American Frankel, Oz. “Whatever Happened to ‘Red Emma’? Emma Goldman, from Alien Rebel to middle andhigh school students Falk, C., Reese, L., Dougherty, M.A. 1984. Goldman, Emma. Goldman, Association, 1918. Emma. Goldman, Goldman’s Reprinted inDecember 1917. Glassgold ed. Peter in Revolution” Russian “The Emma. Goldman, Review East European Goldberg, Harold J. “Goldman and Berkman view the Bolshevik Regime,” in Publishers, 1979. Falk, Candace. Documentary Sources Falk, C., Cole, S., and Thomas, S.eds. Goldman andAlexanderBerkman Drinnon, R. & Drinnon, A. M. (Eds). (1970). Unpublishedmanuscript. IISH:Bro 52/17 folio. Drinnon, Richard. Press, 1961.Chicago Drinnon, Richard. 1991. Dirlik, Arif. Dirlik, MotherEarth.Washington, Counterpoint, D.C.: 2001. pp.406-409. Anarchism intheChineseRevolution Emma Goldman:aChallenging Rebel Love, Anarchy, and EmmaGoldmanLove, Anarchy, Living MyLife My Disillusionment inRussia The Crushing of the The Crushing of Russian Revolution The TruthAboutBoylsheviki Emma GoldmanandAlexander Berkman andtheDream We Hark Back to Paradise:Rebel in aBiography Goldman of Emma The JournalofAmericanHistory . Alexandria, VA: Chadwyck-Healey, 1995. , vol. 53, no.131, April, vol. 53, pp.272-276. 1975. Anarchist Studies Emma Goldman:Portraita ofRebel Woman . Berkeley, Cal.: University of California, 1992. . NewYork: Alfred Knopf, 1931. , NewYork: Schocken Books, 1975. The Lifeand Times ofEmmaGoldman: acurriculum for Nowhere at Home: Letters from Exile of Emma Freie Arbeiter Stimme Emma Goldman: AGuide to Her Life and World vol.no 7 1(March1999).pp3-24. in March 1922 as a series of six articles] 76 . New Doubleday, York: 1923. Mother Earth Bulletin Mother . Berkeley: University of California Press, Anarchy! an AnthologyofEmma . New York: Mother Earth Publishing . New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, . New Jersey: Oriole Press, 1957. vol. 83no.3(Dec.,1996) pp.903-942. . London: Freedom Press, 1922. , NewYork: 1944. . Bombay: Allied . Bombay: . Chicago: University of , vol. 1,no. 3, Slavonic and . CEU eTD Collection American Jewish History Jewish American Waldstreicher, David. “Radicalism, Religion, Jewishness: The Case of Emma Goldman,” in Tifft, Wilton S. Speaks: anEmmaGoldmanReader Ed. in idem. Reappraisal,” a Feminism: Goldman’s “Emma Alix. Shulman, Thomas Crowell, 1971. Alix. Shulman, New Series,No. Vol. 3/4.(Jan. 83. –Apr., 1993), p. 458-460. Shatz, Marshal S. “Review: Wexler, Marshal “Review: Shatz, S. Townsend, WA: Unlimited, Loompanics 1983. Individualism Eunice Minette. Schuster, 1921 [1920]. Russell, Bertrand. York: The New Press, 2007. Rudahl, Sharon. pp. 8-9. Rosenberg, Karen. “Emma’s Ambiguous Legacy” in Press, 1992. Greenwood Nursey-Bray, Paul. Twayne, 1992. J. Marian Morton, Goldman & Theresa. Albert Moritz, Chicago Section of Alexanderthe Berkman Fund, 1940. Maksimov, G.P. London: Thames and Hudson,1973.pp.102-106. (22 December 1917).Reprinted in Paul Avrich (Ed.) Maksimov, Gregory Petrovich. “The Soviets of Workers’, Soldiers’, and Peasants’ Deputies” Kotlowitz, Alex. “The Politics of Ibrahim Parlak,” in Corporation Transcripts, 1983. ( Kennedy, Paul. in Theory,” Political Jose, Jim.“‘Nowhere at Home’, Not Even in Theory: Emma Goldman, Anarchism and . Vancouver, Subway Toronto: 2001.Books, . Northampton, MA: Smith College Studies in History, 1932. Reprinted in Port To TheBarricades: Lifeof theAnarchist Goldman Emma Emma Goldman: a Life of Emma Goldman: Anarchy Ellis Island A DangerousWoman: of theGraphicBiography EmmaGoldman The Guillotine at Work. Twenty YearsTerror inRussia of The PracticeandTheoryof Bolshevism Emma GoldmanandtheAmerican Nowhere Left: atHome Anarchist Thinkers and Thought:An Annotated Bibliography Anarchist Studies Anarchist , vol. 80 no. 1 , vol. 80no. August 1990 pp.74-92. Native American Anarchism:Study A of Left-WingAmerican The World’s MostDangerous Woman: aNew Emma Biography of . Chicago: Contemporary Books, 1990. Ideas . NewYork: Schocken Books,1983.pp. 3-19. Emma Goldman inExile . February 28-March 21, 1983) vol.no. 13 1 (2005)pp.23-46. 77 . Toronto: Canadian Broadcasting Canadian Toronto: . Women’s Review Books Women’s Review of The Anarists in the Russian Revolution The New York Times The New . London: George Allen & Unwin, .” The Jewish Quarterly Review . New York: , March 20, 2005. . Chicago, Ill.: The Red Emma . New York: vol. 2(1984) . New York: . New . , CEU eTD Collection http://libcom.org/library/memoirs-russian-revolution-boris-yelensky 2008. on June 4, Yelensky, Boris. Yelensky, War Wexler, Alice. Quarterly in in Russia” Disillusionment Goldman’s “Emma Nicolas. Walter, . Boston: Beacon, 1989. . Boston: (London) Volume 2Number 3July p.232-242. 1989 Emma GoldmaninExile: the from Russian RevolutiontotheSpanish Civil Memoirs of the Memoirs of Russian Revolution 78 . Accessedat The Raven-Anarchist