Redalyc.Lo Fundamental De Los Derechos Fundamentales
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
RICSH Revista Iberoamericana de las Ciencias Sociales y Humanísticas E-ISSN: 2395-7972 [email protected] Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Docente A.C. México de León Márquez, Jesús; Azpeitia Herrera, Hugo; Lozano Guerrero, Fidel Lo fundamental de los derechos fundamentales RICSH Revista Iberoamericana de las Ciencias Sociales y Humanísticas, vol. 5, núm. 10, julio-diciembre, 2016 Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones para el Desarrollo Docente A.C. Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=503954317013 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative Revista Iberoamericana de las Ciencias Sociales y Humanísticas ISSN: 2395-7972 Lo fundamental de los derechos fundamentales The essence of fundamental rights A essência dos direitos fundamentais Jesús de León Márquez Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, México [email protected] Hugo Azpeitia Herrera Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, México [email protected] Fidel Lozano Guerrero Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, México [email protected] “Propugno el derecho del hombre a decir lo que piensa del Gobierno que exista, por poderoso que sea, y asimismo su derecho a derribar este Gobierno si cree que con ello va a mejorar su humor”. Winston Churchill Resumen La reforma constitucional mexicana del 10 de junio del 2011, trajo un nuevo paradigma sobre el reconocimiento y aplicación de los derechos fundamentales en nuestro sistema jurídico, aunado a la obligación de todas las autoridades del país pertenecientes a los tres poderes de los tres niveles de gobierno bajo el control difuso constitucional y convencional de los derechos humanos de resolver los conflictos de derecho respetando los derechos humanos del individuo reconocidos por la constitución nacional y los tratados internacionales suscritos y ratificados por México, y aplicando los principios constitucionales de universalidad, interdependencia, indivisibilidad y progresividad. El grave problema es que no existe acuerdo jurisprudencial ni doctrinal sobre cuáles pueden ser los derechos fundamentales, ni sobre cómo se deberían ponderar e Vol. 5, Núm. 10 Julio - Diciembre 2016 RICSH Revista Iberoamericana de las Ciencias Sociales y Humanísticas ISSN: 2395-7972 interpretar algunos de los ya reconocidos positivamente; solo conociendo cuáles son su axiología, teleología, ontología y epistemología se pueden desentrañar los fundamentos filosóficos de los derechos fundamentales. Palabras clave: derechos humanos, fundamentos filosóficos, interpretación, argumentación, Constitución, justicia. Abstract The Mexican constitutional reform from June 10, 2011, brought a new paradigm on the recognition and implementation of fundamental rights in our legal system, in addition to the obligation of all authorities of the country belonging to the three branches of the three levels of Government under the constitutional and conventional fuzzy control of human rights for resolving conflicts of law respecting the human rights of the individual, recognized by the national Constitution and international treaties signed and ratified by Mexico, and applying constitutional principles of universality, indivisibility and interdependence and progressiveness. The problem is that doctrinal or jurisprudential agreement there is no about what may be the fundamental rights, or on how it should be weighed and interpret some of the already recognized positively; only by knowing what his axiology, teleology, ontology and epistemology is can unravel the philosophical foundations of fundamental rights. Key words: human rights, philosophical foundations, interpretation, argumentation, Constitution, justice. Resumo Reforma constitucional mexicana de 10 de Junho de 2011, trouxe um novo paradigma sobre o reconhecimento ea aplicação dos direitos fundamentais no nosso sistema legal, juntamente com a obrigação de todas as autoridades do país pertencentes aos três ramos das três esferas de governo sob o controle difuso direitos constitucionais e humanos convencionais de resolução de conflitos de leis que respeitem os direitos humanos do indivíduo reconhecido pela constituição nacional e os tratados internacionais assinados e ratificados pelo México, e aplicando os princípios constitucionais da universalidade, interdependência, a indivisibilidade ea progressividade. O problema grave é que não há Vol. 5, Núm. 10 Julio - Diciembre 2016 RICSH Revista Iberoamericana de las Ciencias Sociales y Humanísticas ISSN: 2395-7972 acordo jurisprudencial ou doutrinária sobre o que os direitos fundamentais podem ser, ou como você deve pesar e interpretar algumas das já reconhecidas positivamente; apenas saber o que axiologia, a teleologia, ontologia e epistemologia pode desvendar os fundamentos filosóficos dos direitos fundamentais. Palavras-chave: direitos humanos, filosófica, interpretação, argumento, constituição, justiça. Fecha recepción: Noviembre 2015 Fecha aceptación: Junio 2016 ABBREVIATIONS Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos CPEUM Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos OCDE Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos CIDH Derechos Humanos DDHH Estados Unidos de Norteamérica EUA Programa Internacional para la Evaluación de Estudiantes PISA Unidad Torreón UT Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila UA de C Introduction He present article aims to be a material of support for the students of the master in HR of the Faculty of Law, TU, de la AU of C, and it has been formed with teaching experience from university professors and authors. The discourse of HR is currently dominated largely by legal positions on its application. The Mexican constitutional reform of June 6 and 10, 2011, in the field of protection and HR revolutionized legal science in Mexico in an extraordinary way; today speaks of a neo-constitucional State humanist and personalistic that puts the human being as the center of his political work, which effect domino involved an amendment to the Amparo Law to protect such rights efficiently and effectively. It also speaks of the transcendental importance of the correct interpretation of HR and of the legal argument as a tool suitable for this, as well as from a preponderance of the judiciary on the other two branches and the dangers that generates. Vol. 5, Núm. 10 Julio - Diciembre 2016 RICSH Revista Iberoamericana de las Ciencias Sociales y Humanísticas ISSN: 2395-7972 Can be said that the above reforms are the most important of the Mexican legal postmodern era, in a sort of Copernican revolution (Kuhn, The Copernican revolution, 1996) or paradigm (Kuhn, 2015), since the reform on protection and HR gradually leave behind the old constitutional system based on ius-positivism, which in the early career of law is traditionally taught in most universities in the country with the help of the textbook "Introduction to the study of law "jurist and philosopher Eduardo Garcia Mexican Maynez. Later he is clinching his knowledge with books of Mexican constitutionalists, Tena Ramirez and Ignacio Burgoa, who spoke on individual rights in the Mexican constitutional law. Today this important reform on protection and human rights has led to a paradigm shift so important that the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation decided to end an era of Mexican jurisprudence (the ninth) and start a new (tenth); and students of legal sciences (which are students and teachers of schools and law schools) are avocan to review, analyze and understand the various theories of the great contemporary neo- constitutionalist: Italian Luigi Ferrajolli, German Robert Alexy and American Ronald Dworkin; the first with his theory of penal guarantee, contained in its law and reason work, without belittling his later work Principia iuris. Theory of Law and Democracy; while the second of the above mainly with his work Theory of Fundamental Rights, closely connected with the above concept and validity of the law and legal argumentation theory; and finally the last of the mentioned his main work Taking Rights Seriously and of course also the rule of justice, Justice for Hedgehogs and a matter of principle, among others. One of the scholars of law that has been most concerned to review, analyze and understand the various neo-constitutionalist theories is the jurist Miguel Carbonell Mexican (Carbonell, 2007) (Carbonell, Neoconstitutionalism (s), 2003) (M. Carbonell, 2010 ), who has been concerned about these new theories land in our country, like Ferrer Mac-Gregor (Ferrer Mac-Gregor, 2014) (Ferrer Mac-Gregor E., 2014) regarding protection. It is obvious that the latter eventually constitutional reforms that affect the foregoing, the second most important in contemporary times, that is, the criminal justice system. This phenomenon has been occurring not only in Mexico but also in most of Latin America, where over the past two decades have been rehabilitated first its criminal Vol. 5, Núm. 10 Julio - Diciembre 2016 RICSH Revista Iberoamericana de las Ciencias Sociales y Humanísticas ISSN: 2395-7972 justice system (INACIPE, 2003) and lately the constitutional justice system. The first one with the oral proceedings in the criminal trial, his adversarialidad and acusatoriedad system, similar in general terms to the Chilean justice system and a little less Anglo- Saxon, although many own particularities of the various regions; and