Boundaries and their Meanings in the History of the Netherlands Studies in Central European Histories Edited by Th omas A. Brady, Jr., University of California, Berkeley Roger Chickering, Georgetown University Editorial Board Steven Beller, Washington, D.C. Atina Grossmann, Columbia University Peter Hayes, Northwestern University Susan Karant-Nunn, University of Arizona Mary Lindemann, University of Miami David M. Luebke, University of Oregon H.C. Erik Midelfort, University of Virginia David Sabean, University of California, Los Angeles Jonathan Sperber, University of Missouri Jan de Vries, University of California, Berkeley VOLUME XLVIII Boundaries and their Meanings in the History of the Netherlands Edited by Benjamin Kaplan, Marybeth Carlson, Laura Cruz LEIDEN • BOSTON 2009 On the cover: Map VIII. E.i.2 ‘Leo Belgicus’ in Germania infeion. Pieter v.d. Keere, 1617. With kind permission of University Library Utrecht. Departments Special Collections. Th is book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Boundaries and their meanings in the history of the Netherlands / edited by Benjamin Kaplan, Marybeth Carlson, Laura Cruz. p. cm. — (Studies in Central European histories ; 48) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-17637-9 (hbk. : alk. paper) 1. Netherlands—Historical geog- raphy. 2. Netherlands—Boundaries—History. 3. Boundaries—Social aspects— Netherlands—History. 4. Boundaries—Political aspects—Netherlands—History. 5. Netherlands—Historiography. 6. Netherlands—Colonies—History. I. Kaplan, Benjamin J. II. Carlson, Marybeth. III. Cruz, Laura, 1969– IV. Title. V. Series. DJ30.B68 2009 320.1’2—dc22 2009011372 Society for Netherlandic History Volume 2 ISSN 1547-1217 ISBN 978 9004 17637 9 Copyright 2009 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, Th e Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Brill has made all reasonable eff orts to trace all rights holders to any copyrighted material used in this work. In cases where these eff orts have not been successful the publisher welcomes communications from copyright holders, so that the appropriate acknowledgements can be made in future editions, and to settle other permission matters. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to Th e Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. printed in the netherlands CONTENTS List of Illustrations ............................................................................. vii Acknowledgments ............................................................................... ix Introduction: “Boundaries: Real and Imagined” ........................... 1 Laura Cruz and Hubert P. van Tuyll PART ONE THE GOLDEN AGE Divided Loyalties: States-Brabant As a Border Country ............. 15 C.O. van der Meij Geography Unbound: Boundaries and the Exotic World in the Early Enlightenment ...................................................................... 35 Benjamin Schmidt Deciphering the Dutch in Deshima ................................................ 63 Mia M. Mochizuki Th e Transnational Dispersal of the Walloon Military Aristocracy in the Era of the Dutch Revolt: Th e Example of the Tserclaes of Tilly ...................................................................... 95 John Th eibault Th e Geographic Extent of the Dutch Book Trade in the 17th Century: An Old Question Revisited .......................................... 119 Laura Cruz Pragmatic Agents of Empire: Dutch Intercultural Mediators among the Mohawks in Seventeenth-Century New Netherland ....................................................................................... 139 Mark Meuwese vi contents PART TWO THE MODERN AGE Neutral Borders, Neutral Waters, Neutral Skies: Protecting the Territorial Neutrality of the Netherlands in the Great War, 1914–1918 ........................................................................................ 157 Maartje M. Abbenhuis Last Chance: Belgium at Versailles .................................................. 177 Hubert P. van Tuyll Th e Dutch Border Areas 1933–1945: Inducement for Incidents or Object of Structural Historiographical Neglect? .................. 193 Bob de Graaff ‘Our National Community’: Th e Dominance of Organic Th inking in the Post-War Netherlands ...................................... 213 Martin Bossenbroek Dwinegeri—Multiculturalism and the Colonial Past (Or: Th e Cultural Borders of Being Dutch) ............................................... 223 Susan Legêne Bibliography ........................................................................................ 243 Brief Biographies of the Contributors ............................................ 251 Index .................................................................................................... 253 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Schmidt Fig. 1. Frontispiece from Arnoldus Montanus, America (Amsterdam, 1671) ........................................................................ 45 Fig. 2. Cornelis de Bruyn, “Smyrna,” in Reizen van Cornelis de Bruyn, door de vermaardste deelen van Klein Asia (Delft , 1698) .................................................................................... 46 Fig. 3. Johannes van Keulen, Paskaart van Niew Engeland, in De Groote Nieuwe Vermeerde Zee-Atlas oft e Water Werelt (Amsterdam, 1688) ........................................................................ 48 Fig. 4. Jacob van Campen, Triumph, with Treasures of the Globe (Paleis Huis den Bosch, Royal Collections, Th e Hague) ...................................................................................... 50 Fig. 5. Jan van Kessel, Americque, 1666 (Bayerische Staatsgemäldesammlungen, Alte Pinakothek Munich) ........... 53 Fig. 6. Nicolaes Berchem “America” (engraved cartouche, lower left ), in Nicolaes Visscher, Novissima et accruratissima totius Americae descriptio (Amsterdam, ca. 1650–1700) .................... 58 Mochizuki Fig. 1. Pieter Isaacszoon (aft er a design by Karel van Mander), Allegory of Amsterdam as the Center of World Trade, 1606. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum ............................................................ 64 Fig. 2. Anonymous, Pietà, 17th–18th century. Tokyo, Tokyo National Museum ........................................................................... 68 Fig. 3. Anonymous, Japanese Man Performing Fumi-e Ceremony, ca. 1800–1833. Leiden, Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde ................................................................................... 69 Fig. 4. Anonymous, Virgin and Child, ca. 1573–1615. Utrecht, Museum Catharijneconvent ......................................................... 75 Fig. 5. Joost Gerritszoon, Chandelier, ca. 1636. Nikko, Tōshōgū Shrine ............................................................................... 81 Fig. 6. View of replicas of Joost Gerritszoon chandeliers, Great or St. Bavo Church, Haarlem (photo: E.A. van Voorden) ...... 83 viii list of illustrations Fig. 7. Joost Gerritszoon, Lantern, ca. 1643. Nikko, Tōshōgū Shrine ............................................................................................... 85 Fig. 8. Anonymous, Deshima Governor’s Panel, ca. 1806 with later additions. Location unknown .................................... 87 Fig. 9. Nicolaas Boddink van Laer, Preachers’ Panel, 1652–1771. Haarlem, Great or St. Bavo Church (photo: E.A. van Voorden) .................................................................................. 88 Fig. 10. Anonymous, Last Supper Panel, ca. 1581. Haarlem, Great or St. Bavo Church (photo: E.A. van Voorden) ............ 90 Fig. 11. Anonymous, World Map, early 17th century. Kobe, Kobe City Museum ........................................................................ 91 Fig. 12. Abraham Ortelius, World Map, 1587, in Abraham Ortelius, Th eatrum orbis terrarum (Antwerp, 1587). Antwerp, Plantin-Moretus Museum ........................................... 93 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Th e authors and editors would like to thank the Society for Netherlandic history for hosting the conference that led to the publication of these essays. Special thanks goes to Jonathan Bell, James McFatter and Cale Th ornburg for their assistance with document preparation. INTRODUCTION “BOUNDARIES: REAL AND IMAGINED” Laura Cruz and Hubert P. van Tuyll Where does the ocean end and the sky begin? Leonardo da Vinci answered this question by postulating the existence of a ‘common boundary’ between the two. Such speculation is at the heart of the question of how a boundary is defi ned, or, more precisely, how the existence of a boundary is defi ned.1 Traditionally, the term boundary applies to the demarcation between a physical place and another phy- sical place, most commonly associated with lines on a map, and usually used synonymously with the term border. As the essays in this vol- ume show, however, a boundary can also function in a more broadly conceptual manner. A boundary becomes not an “imaginary line” but a tool for thinking about how to separate any two elements, whether ideas, events, etc., into categories