Interciencia ISSN: 0378-1844 [email protected] Asociación Interciencia Venezuela

Whittembury, Guillermo; Jaffé, Klaus; Hirshbein, Cesia; Yudilevich, David , Robert Fitzroy and Simón Rodríguez met in Concepción, , after the earthquake of february 20, 1835 Interciencia, vol. 28, núm. 9, septiembre, 2003, pp. 549-553 Asociación Interciencia Caracas, Venezuela

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How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative CHARLES DARWIN, ROBERT FITZROY AND SIMÓN RODRÍGUEZ

MET IN CONCEPCIÓN, CHILE, AFTER THE EARTHQUAKE

OF FEBRUARY 20, 1835

Guillermo Whittembury, Klaus Jaffé, Cesia Hirshbein and David Yudilevich

SUMMARY

Simón Rodríguez (SR) was in Concepción during the earth- elevation to coincide, the three must have talked and exchanged quake of Feb 20 1835 that destroyed the city. A month later, he ideas and views about the earthquake within the mentioned and two other dwellers were asked for a report on the state of dates. This statement is supported by additional facts: FR and the city. The report, dated Aug 13, 1835 mentions: “FitzRoy Esq. CD were hosted by a friend of SR during their visits. They men- noted that the Island of Santa Maria was upheaved 9 feet after tion having talked extensively with the inhabitants. SR was one the earthquake”. The same value appears in the reports of Rob- of the most learned persons at the time in Concepción. SR’s and ert FitzRoy (FR) and Charles Darwin (CD). CD and FR visited CD’s reports converge in several aspects. In others, however, the Concepción Mar 4-7, and RF Mar 27-Apr 17 and Jun 21-Jul 9, reports differ, although this does not weaken our assertion. Thus, 1835. There was no possibility of communication between the it is quite possible they maintained conversations previous to three men later in 1835, as SR stayed in Concepción, and CD their reports, setting their ideas in agreement, although it cannot and FR continued their voyage. The reports of RF and CD were be ruled out completely that SR got CD’s and FR’s information published only in 1839. Therefore, for their values of the island’s via another person.

RESUMEN

Simón Rodríguez (SR) estaba en Concepción durante el que coincidieran los valores de elevación, los tres han debido terremoto de febrero 20, 1835, que destruyó la ciudad. Un mes hablar e intercambiar ideas y vistas acerca del terremoto entre después le fue solicitado, junto a otros dos moradores, un informe las fechas mencionadas. Esta afirmación está apoyada por hechos sobre el estado de la ciudad. El informe, fechado agosto 13, 1835 adicionales: FR y CD fueron hospedados por un amigo de SR menciona que FitzRoy Esq. notó que la Isla de Santa María fue durante sus visitas y mencionan haber hablado extensamente con levantada 9 pies tras el terremoto. Igual valor aparece en los los habitantes. SR era una de las personas más ilustradas de la informes de Robert FitzRoy (FR) y Charles Darwin (CD). CD y época en Concepción. Los informes de SR y CD convergen en FR visitaron Concepción entre 4 y 7 de marzo, y RF en marzo 27 varios aspectos. En otros, sin embargo, los informes difieren, a abril 17, y junio 21 a julio 9, 1835. No hubo posibilidad de aunque ello no debilita nuestra afirmación. Es muy posible que comunicación entre los tres hombres más adelante en 1835, pues ellos mantuvieron conversaciones previas a sus informes, poniendo SR quedó en Concepción, y CD y FR continuaron viaje. Los en acuerdo sus ideas, aunque no se descarta por completo que SR informes de RF y CD fueron publicados en 1839. Por ello, para obtuvo información de CD y FR por via de otra persona.

The naturalist Charles Dar- Simón Rodríguez (Salcedo- 1997 and references therein), in Concepción in 1834, and win and Captain Robert Bastardo, 1997 and references met, conversed extensively his relation to Bolívar; ii) de- FitzRoy circumnavigated the therein), pioneer in promoting and influenced each others scribes the earthquake of Feb globe on board the Beagle general education and the in- thoughts in Concepción 20, 1835 and Darwin and from 1832 to 1836 (Darwin, struction of the natural sci- (Chile), between Mar 4 and FitzRoy’s visits weeks later; 1839, 1988; FitzRoy, 1839; ences and practical work to Jul 9, 1835 after the earth- iii) compares the respective Keynes, 2002). The present both boys and girls in the quake that had destroyed that reports of Rodríguez, Darwin paper shows as highly pos- Americas; and teacher, tutor city and Talcahuano. and FitzRoy that lead us to sible that Darwin, FitzRoy and mentor of Liberator This paper i) outlines Ro- conclude that they met and and the Venezuelan polymath Simón Bolívar (Uslar Pietri, dríguez’ life until he arrived exchanged ideas about the

KEYWORDS / Concepción Earthquake / Chile / Darwin Charles / FitzRoy Robert / Rodríguez Simón / Received: 06/09/2003. Modified: 08/01/2003. Accepted: 08/05/2003

Guillermo Whittembury. MD and Científicas (IVIC), Caracas, Ve- Southampton University, UK. David Yudilevich. MD, Universi- Doctor in Medical Sciences nezuela. Address: IVIC, Apartado Profesor, USB. e-mail: dad de Chile (UC). Professor, (Biophysics), Universidad Caye- 21827, Caracas 1020A, Venezu- [email protected] Scholl of Medicine, UC. e-mail: tano Heredia, Peru. Emeritus Re- ela. e-mail: [email protected] Cesia Hirshbein. M.Sc. in History, [email protected] searcher, Center of Biophysics Klaus Jaffé. Chemist, Universidad USB. Profesor, Faculty of Hu- and Biochemistry, Instituto Simón Bolívar (USB), Venezue- manities and Education, UCV. Venezolano de Investigaciones la. Ph.D. in Animal Behaviour, e-mail: [email protected]

SEP 2003, VOL. 28 Nº 9 0378-1844/03/09/549-05 $ 3.00/0 549 RESUMO

Simón Rodríguez (SR) estava em Concepción durante o ter- 1839. Por isso, para que coincidissem os valores de elevação, os remoto de fevereiro 20, 1835, que destruiu a cidade. Um mês três devem ter falado e trocado idéias e vistas sobre o terremoto depois lhe foi solicitado, junto a outros dois moradores, um in- entre as datas mencionadas. Esta afirmação está apoiada por forme sobre o estado da cidade. O informe, fechado agosto 13 fatos adicionais: FR e CD foram hospedados por um amigo de 1835, menciona que FitzRoy Esq. notou que a Ilha de Santa SR durante suas visitas e mencionam haver falado extensamente María foi levantada 9 pés depois do terremoto. Igual valor apa- com os habitantes. SR era uma das pessoas mais ilustradas da rece nos informes de Robert FitzRoy (FR) e Charles Darwin época em Concepción. Os informes de SR e CD convergem em (CD). CD e FR visitaram Concepción entre 4 e 7 de março, e vários aspectos. Em outros, no entanto, os informes diferem, ain- RF em março 27 a abril 17, e junho 21 a julho 9, 1835. Não da que isto não debilita nossa afirmação. É bem possível que houve possibilidade de comunicação entre os três homens mais eles mantiveram conversas previas a seus informes, pondo em adiante em 1835, pois SR ficou em Concepción, e CD e FR con- acordo suas idéias, ainda que não se descarta por completo que tinuaram viaje. Os informes de RF e CD foram publicados em SR obteve informação de CD e FR por via de outra pessoa.

earthquake and its conse- mitment to politics. They 1825. In Jan, 1826 Bolívar re- lished a school and published quences; and iv) overviews traveled together to Italy. In turned to Perú while Rodrí- “Lights and social virtues” Rodríguez’ activities until his Rome, Bolívar swore sol- guez stayed in Bolivia and (Rodríguez, 1834). death, since the lives of Dar- emnly to dedicate his life to established in 1826 a system win and FitzRoy are better Spanish América’s indepen- of practical workshop-schools. The Earthquake known. dence (Rodríguez, 1850). Unfortunately, Rodríguez and They would meet again 20 Bolivia’s President Marshal When the tremors were Simón Rodríguez between years later. From 1806 to Sucre (also a Venezuelan) had felt, on Feb, 20 1835, Rodrí- 1791 and 1834. 1823, Rodríguez lived in disagreements. As a conse- guez was busy at his school His Relation to Bolívar Italy, Germany, Prussia, Po- quence, in 1826, Rodríguez in Concepción. FitzRoy and land, Russia and finally in resigned his positions and Darwin had entered the Pa- Simón Rodríguez was born England, where he met again moved to Arequipa (Perú), cific Ocean, from the Atlan- in Caracas in 1769. He be- his countryman Andrés Bello, where he published “Ameri- tic, through the straight of came a Schoolmaster in 1791 after 26 years. In 1823, Ro- can Societies in 1828, how Magellan, and were in the en- (Salcedo-Bastardo, 1997). dríguez returned to South they will be and could be in virons of Valdivia (Darwin, The boy Bolívar was sent to América by way of Colombia, the coming centuries” (Rodrí- 1839, 1988; FitzRoy, 1839; his school as a day pupil in reassumed his name of Simón guez, 1828), stressing the Keynes, 2002). Valdivia is lo- 1792 and as a full boarder in Rodríguez, and established a need for original solutions for cated some 350km S of Rodríguez’ home in 1795. Workshop-School in Bogotá the problems of Spanish Concepción. Bolívar, born in 1783, had (Salcedo-Bastardo, 1997). America. There he also pub- FitzRoy describes the earth- lost his father in 1786 and Spanish América became lished “Observations about quake as follows: “At 10 in his mother in 1792 (Uslar independent from the Spanish the land of river Vincocaya, the morning of the 20th of Pietri, 1997). Rodríguez’ end- Crown in Dec 1824. In 1825, in relation to the plan to devi- February, very large flights of less intellectual curiosity is Liberator Bolívar, at the top ate its waters from its natural -fowl were noticed, pass- shown in his writings, which of his powers after having course and transport them by ing over the city of Con- will be mentioned along. achieved the independence of the river Zumbai into the Are- cepción, from the sea coast, “Reflections about the actual Venezuela, Colombia, Ecua- quipa” (Rodríguez 1830a), a towards the interior: and on state of the School and its dor, Perú and Bolivia, invited technical work dealing with the minds of old inhabit- new establishment” (Rodrí- Rodríguez to move from Co- engineering, nature conserva- ants… surprise was excited guez, 1794) is an original, lombia to Ecuador in order to tion, economy and society, by so unusua1… change in penetrating and imaginative establish a general education and “The Liberator of South the habits of those birds, criticism of colonial educa- system in the newly estab- America and his comrades in no… approaching storm being tion. Because of his revolu- lished republics. There, Rodrí- arms defended by a friend of visible... At forty minutes af- tionary ideas favoring Vene- guez taught Agriculture and the social cause” (Rodríguez, ter eleven, a shock of an zuela’s independence, he had Botany, and proposed to the 1830b). This book defending earthquake was felt, slightly to leave the country in 1797, government a visionary “Co- Bolívar, in manuscript form at first, but increasing rapidly. never to return. He moved lonization plan for the Eastern since 1828, was only pub- During the first half minute, first to Jamaica, changing his part of Ecuador”. Later that lished in Jan, 1830. Bolívar many persons remained in name to Samuel Robinson, year, Bolívar asked Rodríguez died alone and destitute in their houses; but then… the then to the United States of to come to Perú, and re- Colombia in Dec, 1830. Ro- alarm became general, and… America until 1800, when he quested that Rodríguez should dríguez and Bolívar never met all rushed into open spaces travelled to France and trans- accompany him to inspect after 1826 (Salcedo-Bastardo, for safety. The horrid motion lated Atala by F. R. Cha- Southern Perú and Bolivia, as 1997; Uslar Pietri, 1997). Ro- increased… buildings waved teaubriand, that had just been an advisor in his Cabinet. In dríguez moved to Concepción and tottered… Suddenly an published, into Spanish (Ro- Bolivia Rodríguez was ap- (Chile) in 1834, invited by his awful overpowering shock dríguez 1801). In Paris, in pointed Director of Public friend José A Alemparte, In- caused universal destruction… 1804, he met again the then Education, as well as General tendant of the Province of and in less than six seconds 21 year old Bolívar and was Director of Mining, Agricul- Concepcion, to improve pub- the city was in ruins. The decisive in the latter’s com- ture and Public roads, in Nov, lic education. There he estab- stunning noise of falling

550 SEP 2003, VOL. 28 Nº 9 houses; the horrible cracking which separates Quiriquina Is- tain of the English Corvette María. FitzRoy was there for of the earth, which opened land from the mainland. This The Discoverer, the sea floor the last time from Jun 21 to and shut rapidly and repeat- terrific swell passed rapidly elevated 7 to 8 feet in Tubul Jul 9, busy with the rescue of edly in numerous places… along the western side of the and 9 feet around the Island the Challenger’s crew, but he the… outcries of the people; Bay… sweeping the steep of Santa María that is 8 mentions visiting Talcahuano the stifling heat; the blinding, shores of every thing move- leagues (~40km) from the and Concepción and talking smothering clouds of dust; the able within thirty feet (verti- coast” (ibid., p. 492). Tubul is with the inhabitants (FitzRoy, utter helplessness and… ex- cally; i.e ~10m) from high a nearby river and the refer- 1839; Darwin, 1988; Keynes, treme horror, can neither be water-mark. It broke over... ence is to the altitude above 2002). FitzRoy writes “Santa described nor fully imagined. overflowed the greater part of sea level at the river mouth. María was upheaved 9 feet. It This fatal convulsion… town, and then rushed back Rodríguez had the wrong appeared that the southern ex- lasted… nearly two minutes, with such a torrent that every name of FitzRoy’s ship, since treme of the Island was raised with equal violence. No one moveable… was carried out actually, FitzRoy commanded 8 feet, the middle 9, and the could stand unsupported; to sea. In a few minutes, the the Beagle during the whole northern end upwards of 10 people clung to each other, to vessels were again aground, circumnavigation trip (1832- feet” (~2.4, ~2.7 and ~3.0m, trees, or to posts. Some threw and a second great wave was 1836) and had the Adventure respectively)… The Beagle themselves on the ground;… seen approaching, with more in part of it (Darwin, 1839; visited this Island twice –at poultry flew about screaming noise and impetuosity than the 1988; FitzRoy, 1839; Keynes the end of March and in the wildly. Horses and other ani- first… Again the sea fell, drag- 2002). However, Rodríguez beginning of April: at her first mals were greatly frightened, ging away… woodwork and… had the right value for the el- visit it was concluded, from standing with their legs spread materials of houses, leaving the evation of the Island of Santa the visible evidence of dead out, and their heads down, shipping aground… After María and Tubul, which is the shell-fish, water marks, and trembling excessively… Per- some minutes of awful sus- information central to our as- soundings, and from the ver- sons riding at the time of the pense, a third enormous swell sertion. The Island of Santa bal testimony of the inhabit- great shock,… some, with was seen between Quiriquina María (73º31'W, 37º03'S, ~10- ants, that the land had been their horses, were thrown to and the mainland, apparently 15km N-S by ~6-8km E-W is raised about eight feet”... the ground; others dismounted, larger than either of the two located 50km SW of Con- However, on returning to but could not stand… Between former. Roaring, it rushed… cepción, and 30km W from Concepción, doubts were the 20th of February and the destroying… along the shore. the coastal locality of Co- raised; and to settle the mat- 4th of March… more than Quickly retiring,… the re- ronel. Therefore, Rodríguez’ ter beyond dispute, one of the three hundred shocks were treating wave dragged away estimate of 8 leagues is cor- owners of the island, Don counted…” (FitzRoy, 1839, such quantities… that after rect. The island is sadly fa- Salvador Palma, accompanied pp. 402-406; cf. Caldcleugh, the tumultuous rush was over, mous for the horrid stories us the second time… A. 1836). Concerning the earth the sea was… covered with described by Captain Amasa Vogelborg was also passenger cracks, Darwin complements wreck. Earth and water Delano (1763-1823) in his in the Beagle. Riding around our idea of the magnitude of trembled: and exhaustion ap- “Narrative of voyages and the island afterwards, with the earth quake when he peared to follow these mighty travels, in the northern and Don Salvador and Vogelborg, states “...some of the long fis- efforts” (FitzRoy, 1839, pp. southern hemispheres” (De- I took many measures in sures in the N & S direction 402-406). lano, 1817), which served H places where no mistake were one yard (~0.9m) wide” Melville (1819-1891), of could be made… At Tubul, to (Darwin, 1839, cf. Caldc- The Three Reports Coincide Moby Dick’s fame (Melville, the south-east of Santa María, leugh, 1836). 1851), for his story “Benito the land was raised six FitzRoy informs about the One month after the earth- Cereno” (Melville, 1856). feet…” (FitzRoy, 1839, pp. three great waves invading quake, José A. Alemparte The central questions of 412-414). FitzRoy and Talcahuano after the earth- asked Simón Rodríguez, Am- this paper are: How and Darwin’s reports were pub- quake, from the descriptions brosio Lozier and Juan José where did Rodríguez, Lozier lished in 1839. Between the of Talcahuano’s inhabitants. Arteaga for a formal report and Arteaga obtain FitzRoy’s dates of the visits of FitzRoy The Bay (and town) of Talca- on the state of the city of information about the up- and Darwin and Aug 13, huano (73º06'W, 36º44'S), Concepción and its surround- heaval of the Island of Santa 1835, date of publication of with the small island of ings, that was published on Maria; why are there so the report of Rodríguez et al. Quiriquina at its entrance, is Aug 13, 1835. It is titled many coincidences in Dar- in 1835, there was no possi- 12km N of Concepción. In “Report presented to the win’s and Rodríguez’ report? bility of communication be- FitzRoy’s words: “At Talca- Intendancy of the Province of The 9ft value about the eleva- tween Darwin, FitzRoy and huano the great earthquake Concepción, by Ambrosio tion of the Island is in Fitz- Rodríguez, other than the was felt… as in Concep- Lozier, Simón Rodríguez and Roy’s and Darwin’s respective conversations we are suggest- ción… About half an hour af- Juan José Arteaga, nominated reports (Darwin, 1839; ing, because Rodríguez stayed ter the shock,... the sea hav- to recognize the city of FitzRoy, 1839). FitzRoy and in América while Darwin and ing retired so much, that all Concepción and its surround- Darwin arrived to the area of FitzRoy navigated the Pacífic. the vessels at anchor, even ings after the earthquake of Talcahuano and Concepción, We infer that Rodríguez, those which had been lying in February 20, 1835” (Rodrí- and visited Concepción from FitzRoy and Darwin must seven fathoms (~14m) water guez, 1835) and denoted 4 to 7 Mar, 1835. Darwin left have conversed while the were aground and every rock herein as “Rodríguez’ report”. on Mar 7. FitzRoy, however, three were in Concepción, be- and shoal in the bay was vis- In the report it is stated that, returned to the area from Mar cause the value given in Ro- ible,… an enormous wave after the earthquake “… ac- 27 to Apr 17, when he took dríguez’ report is the same as was seen forcing its way cording to the measurements the measurements about the that of the reports of FitzRoy through the western passage made by FitzRoy Esq, Cap- uplift of the Island of Santa and Darwin. The following

SEP 2003, VOL. 28 Nº 9 551 additional pieces of informa- about the native population, Nov 11, 1835 (Darwin, 1840). cumnavigation of the globe. In tion reinforce our assertion: looking in much more detail Rodríguez moved to three volumes. Henry Colburn (Ed.). London, UK. Reprint 1) Darwin, FitzRoy and Ro- than Rodríguez on the pri- de Chile in 1837, where he (1966). AMS Press, New York, dríguez were fluent in English mary nature and effects of met again Andrés Bello, who USA. Vol. 3. pp. 370-381. and Spanish; 2) FitzRoy and earthquakes. Although it is had arrived in Chile in 1829, Darwin C (1840) On the Connec- Darwin describe having ex- highly probable that he, Dar- was made by Congress a tion of Certain Volcanic Phe- tensively talked with Concep- win and FitzRoy conversed, Chilean citizen (1832), a nomena in South America; and ción’s residents; 3) Rodríguez we cannot rule out the possi- Senator-for-life (1837), the on the Formation of Mountain Chains and Volcanos, as the was certainly one of the resi- bility that the information in first Chancellor of Universi- Effect of the Same Power by dents with wider knowledge Rodríguez’ report was given dad de Chile (1842) and died which Continents are Elevated. in Concepción at that mo- to him by a third party. in 1865 at the age of 84 year Trans. Geol. Soc. London, 2d ment. FitzRoy and Darwin Messrs Palma and Vogelborg; (Grases, 1997). Rodríguez ser., pt 3, 5: 601-631. Also in Rodríguez’ collaborators in continued to be as active as Barrett PH (Ed.) The Collected were often hosted, despite the papers of Charles Darwin. difficult circumstances pre- the report, Messrs Lozier and ever. When he was 71 years (1977) The University of Chi- vailing, by Rodríguez’ friend Arteaga and the British con- old, he reedited “Lights and cago Press. USA. pp. 53-86. José Alemparte (Darwin, sul, Mr. Rouse, are likely social virtues” (Rodríguez, Darwin C (1988) Charles Darwin’s 1839; 1988; FitzRoy, 1839); candidates. 1840a) and a “Summary of Beagle Diary. Edited by Rich- thus, there is a high probabil- his Defense of Bolívar” (Ro- ard Darwin Keynes. Cam- bridge University Press, UK. ity that they met there. 4) Epilogue dríguez 1840b). In Lima, he 494 pp. Comparison of Rodríguez reedited “American Societies Delano A (1817) Narrative of voy- (1835) and Darwin (1839) re- At the end of her circum- in 1828…” (Rodríguez, 1842). ages and travels, in the north- ports show conspicuous coin- navigation trip of almost 5 In 1843 on his way to Ecua- ern and southern hemispheres. cidences between their intel- years, the Beagle anchored in dor he visited in Paita, Perú, Gregg Press. New York, USA. lects: a) They analyze in a England. She was paid off mid Bolívar’s mistress Manuelita Imprint (1970). Parnassus. similar way the geometry and November, 1836 (Darwin, Sáenz, who was to die in New York, USA. 598 pp. direction of the telluric wave 1839, 1988; FitzRoy, 1839; 1856 in poverty and need FitzRoy R (1839) Proceedings of the Second Expedition, 1831- movements, and the effects on Keynes, 2002). Darwin’s and (Parra Pardi, 1997). He pub- 1836, under the command of buildings according to the FitzRoy’s observations on the lished, when he was 80, his Captain Robert FitzRoy. Vol- angle of impact. b) Their ap- 1835 earthquake were quickly “Extract of my work on Re- ume II of Narrative of the preciations on the origin of forgotten after Darwin’s lec- publican Education” (Rodrí- Surveying Voyages of His Majesty’s Ships Adventure and volcanoes and of other as- ture to the Geological Society guez, 1849). He died in Beagle between the years 1826 pects of their reports are on Mar 7, 1838 (Darwin, Amotape, Perú, very near and 1836, describing their ex- close. All these points lead us 1840). It was only when the Paita at the age of 85, in amination of the southern to think that previous and ex- theory of plate tectonics be- 1854.. His remains, ceded by shores of South America, and tensive conversations set their came prominent, in the 1960s, the Peruvian government to the Beagle’s circumnavigation of the globe. In three volumes. ideas in concordance, al- that it was seen how right Venezuela in 1954, are inhu- Henry Colburn (Ed.). London, though this could only be a Darwin had been all along med in the Panteón Nacional, UK. Reprint (1966) AMS chance occurrence. (Condie, 1997; Keynes, 2002). Caracas (ME, 1955, Salcedo- Press. New York, USA. 695 It should however be FitzRoy was made Fellow Bastardo, 1997). pp. pointed out that not all as- of the Royal Society in 1851, Grases P (1997) Bello, Andrés. In pects of their respective re- for his eminence in hydrog- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Diccionario de Historia de Venezuela. 2a ed. Fundación ports agree. There are impor- raphy, nautical astronomy Polar. Caracas, Venezuela. Vol. tant differences between them, and geography, and is con- The authors thank R.D. 1. pp. 401-404. which in no way weaken our sidered the father of meteo- Keynes for his help in obtain- Keynes R (2002) Fossils, Finches assertion. Rodriguez’ report is rology in Great Britain. Pro- ing many references and for and Fuegians, Charles more technical with a broader moted to Vice Admiral, he his criticism of the manu- Darwin’s Adventures and Dis- scope; it describes geological, died in 1865 at the age of 59 coveries on the Beagle, 1832- script. 1836. Harper Collins. London, climatic, forestry, health and (Keynes, 2002). UK. 460 pp. REFERENCES general ecological aspects re- Darwin, whose genious ME (1955) Simón Rodríguez. Tras- lated to Concepción in gen- revolutionized the science of lado de sus Restos de Lima a eral, emphasizing in aspects Biology, received many hon- Caldcleugh A (1836) An Account Caracas. Ediciones del Minis- of the great Earthquake experi- terio de Educación. Editorial of practical usefulness as was ors. His Journal and Remarks enced in Chile on the 20th of requested by Alemparte, hav- (Darwin, 1839), was reissued Ragon. Caracas, Venezuela. February, 1835. Phil Trans 225 pp. ing a further reconstruction of many times as Journal of Re- Royal Soc London B 126: 21- 26. Melville H (1851) Moby Dick. the city in mind. Rodríguez’ searches. He published among Norton. London, UK. 2nd ed. report reminds his already many immortal works, The Condie KC (1997) Plate tectonics (2001). 726 pp. quoted “Observations about Zoology of the Voyage…, and Crustal Evolution. But- terworth-Heinemann. London, Melville H (1856) Bartleby and the land of river Vincoca- The Geology of The Voy- UK. 288 pp. Benito Cereno. Reprint (1991). ya…” (Rodríguez, 1830a), age…, On the origin of spe- Dover. London, UK. 104 pp. Darwin C (1839) Journal and Re- which had a heavy stress in cies… He died at the age of marks. 1832-1836. Volume III Parra Pardi ME (1997) Sáenz, nature conservancy in relation 73 in 1882 and rests in Manuela. In Diccionario de of Narrative of the Surveying a to economy and society. On Westminster Abbey, London Voyages of His Majesty’s Ships Historia de Venezuela. 2 ed. Fundación Polar. Caracas, Ven- the other hand, Darwin cen- (cf. Keynes, 2002). Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836, de- ezuela. Vol. 3. pp. 1023-1025. ters his report on a more geo- Rodríguez certainly experi- scribing their examination of Rodríguez S (1794) Reflexiones graphical and geological de- enced the second earthquake the southern shores of South sobre el Estado actual de la scription with inferences that shook Concepción on America, and the Beagle’s cir- Escuela y nuevo establecimien-

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