Tierra Del Fuego: Land at the Bottom of the World

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Tierra del Fuego: Land at the Bottom of the World Tierra del Fuego is at the southernmost tip of the Andes mountain range in South America, where the Atlantic and Pacific meet. Its population is about 130,000. It may seem remote, but the area has been inhabited for 10,000 years by indigenous people known as Yahgan. Even today, Tierra del Fuego is home to a small band of Yahgan who still speak their own language, known as Yámana. Ushuaia, southernmost city in the world An archipelago, Tierra del Fuego consists of a main island, known as Isla Grande, and a group of smaller islands. The western part of Isla Grande has snow or freezing rain almost daily. Together with most of the other islands, it belongs to Chile. The eastern, drier, part of Isla Grande and a few small islands belong to Argentina. Ushuaia, Argentina, the capital of Tierra del Fuego, is the southernmost city in the world. The area is a gateway for visitors to Antarctica, since it is only about 600 miles away from the northernmost part of that icy continent. Temperatures in Ushuaia range from 32°F in the winter to 48°F in the summer, and a summer snowfall is not uncommon. Tierra del Fuego was discovered by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan in 1520. Magellan saw numerous fires from his ship, and named the land Tierra del Fuego, Land of Fire, despite its cold climate. Tierra del Fuego is separated from the mainland of South America by the Strait of Magellan. It is separated from Antarctica by the Beagle Channel, named after the H.M.S. Beagle. Sea lions at Isla de los Lobos in the Beagle Channel In 1830, Vice Admiral Robert FitzRoy of the British Royal Navy was captain of the Beagle on its first voyage to Tierra del Fuego. FitzRoy abducted four natives and brought them to England, where they became celebrities and met the King and Queen. One died shortly after his arrival, but the other three returned to Tierra del Fuego on the Beagle the following year. On this trip, FitzRoy was accompanied by naturalist Charles Darwin, who made extensive notes about the islands. .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Redalyc.Charles Darwin, Robert Fitzroy and Simón Rodríguez Met In
Interciencia ISSN: 0378-1844 [email protected] Asociación Interciencia Venezuela Whittembury, Guillermo; Jaffé, Klaus; Hirshbein, Cesia; Yudilevich, David Charles Darwin, Robert Fitzroy and Simón Rodríguez met in Concepción, Chile, after the earthquake of february 20, 1835 Interciencia, vol. 28, núm. 9, septiembre, 2003, pp. 549-553 Asociación Interciencia Caracas, Venezuela Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=33908410 How to cite Complete issue Scientific Information System More information about this article Network of Scientific Journals from Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal Journal's homepage in redalyc.org Non-profit academic project, developed under the open access initiative CHARLES DARWIN, ROBERT FITZROY AND SIMÓN RODRÍGUEZ MET IN CONCEPCIÓN, CHILE, AFTER THE EARTHQUAKE OF FEBRUARY 20, 1835 Guillermo Whittembury, Klaus Jaffé, Cesia Hirshbein and David Yudilevich SUMMARY Simón Rodríguez (SR) was in Concepción during the earth- elevation to coincide, the three must have talked and exchanged quake of Feb 20 1835 that destroyed the city. A month later, he ideas and views about the earthquake within the mentioned and two other dwellers were asked for a report on the state of dates. This statement is supported by additional facts: FR and the city. The report, dated Aug 13, 1835 mentions: “FitzRoy Esq. CD were hosted by a friend of SR during their visits. They men- noted that the Island of Santa Maria was upheaved 9 feet after tion having talked extensively with the inhabitants. SR was one the earthquake”. The same value appears in the reports of Rob- of the most learned persons at the time in Concepción.
[Show full text]
The Story of the Treaty Part 1 (Pdf
THE STORY OF THE TREATY Introduction This is the story of our founding document, the Treaty agreement contained within it. At the outset it of Waitangi. It tells of the events leading up to the should be noted that, while the steps leading to the Treaty at a time when Mäori, far outnumbering Treaty are well known and have been thoroughly Päkehä, controlled New Zealand. It describes the studied, historians do differ in what they see as the The Treaty of Waitangi is New Zealand’s founding document. Over 500 Mäori chiefs and essential bargain that was struck between Mäori main developments and trends. Some historians, for representatives of the British Crown signed the Treaty in 1840. Like all treaties it is an exchange and the British Crown and what both sides hoped example, emphasise the humanitarian beliefs of the of promises; the promises that were exchanged in 1840 were the basis on which the British to obtain by agreeing to it. However, it does not tell 1830s; others draw attention to the more coercive Crown acquired New Zealand. The Treaty of Waitangi agreed the terms on which New Zealand the full story of what has happened since the signing aspects of British policy or take a middle course would become a British colony. of the Treaty in 1840: of the pain and loss suffered of arguing that while British governments were by Mäori when the Treaty came to be ignored concerned about Mäori, they were equally concerned This is one of a series of booklets on the Treaty of Waitangi which are drawn from the Treaty of by successive settler-dominated governments in about protecting the interests of Britain and British Waitangi Information Programme’s website www.treatyofwaitangi.govt.nz.
[Show full text]
Charles Darwin's
GORDON CHANCELLOR AND JOHN VAN WYHE This book is the first-ever full edition of the notebooks used by Charles Darwin during his epic voyage in the Beagle. Darwin’s Beagle notebooks are the most direct sources we have for CHANCELLOR VAN WYHE VAN his experiences on this journey, and they now survive as some of the most precious CHARLES DARWIN’S documents in the history of science and exploration, written by the man who later used these notes to develop one of the greatest scientific theories of all time. notebooks from the voyage The book contains complete transcriptions of the 15 notebooks which Darwin used over the 5 years of the voyage to record his ‘on the spot’ geological and general observations. of the ‘beagle’ Unlike the many other documents that he also created, the field notebooks are not confined to any one subject or genre. Instead, they record the full range of his interests and activities foreword by during the voyage, with notes and observations on geology, zoology, botany, ecology, weather notebooks from the voyage notes, barometer and thermometer readings, depth soundings, ethnography, anthropology, CHARLES DARWIN’S RICHARD DARWIN archaeology and linguistics, along with maps, drawings, financial records, shopping lists, KEYNES reading notes, memoranda, theoretical essays and personal diary entries. of the ‘beagle’ Some of Darwin’s critical discoveries and experiences, made famous through his own publications, are recorded in their most immediate form in the notebooks, and published here for the very first time. The notebook texts are accompanied by full editorial apparatus and introductions which explain in detail Darwin’s actions at each stage of the voyage, and focus on discoveries which were pivotal to convincing him that life on Earth had evolved.
[Show full text]
Memoirs of Hydrography
MEMOIRS 07 HYDROGRAPHY INCLUDING Brief Biographies of the Principal Officers who have Served in H.M. NAVAL SURVEYING SERVICE BETWEEN THE YEARS 1750 and 1885 COMPILED BY COMMANDER L. S. DAWSON, R.N. I 1s t tw o PARTS. P a r t II.—1830 t o 1885. EASTBOURNE: HENRY W. KEAY, THE “ IMPERIAL LIBRARY.” iI i / PREF A CE. N the compilation of Part II. of the Memoirs of Hydrography, the endeavour has been to give the services of the many excellent surveying I officers of the late Indian Navy, equal prominence with those of the Royal Navy. Except in the geographical abridgment, under the heading of “ Progress of Martne Surveys” attached to the Memoirs of the various Hydrographers, the personal services of officers still on the Active List, and employed in the surveying service of the Royal Navy, have not been alluded to ; thereby the lines of official etiquette will not have been over-stepped. L. S. D. January , 1885. CONTENTS OF PART II ♦ CHAPTER I. Beaufort, Progress 1829 to 1854, Fitzroy, Belcher, Graves, Raper, Blackwood, Barrai, Arlett, Frazer, Owen Stanley, J. L. Stokes, Sulivan, Berard, Collinson, Lloyd, Otter, Kellett, La Place, Schubert, Haines,' Nolloth, Brock, Spratt, C. G. Robinson, Sheringham, Williams, Becher, Bate, Church, Powell, E. J. Bedford, Elwon, Ethersey, Carless, G. A. Bedford, James Wood, Wolfe, Balleny, Wilkes, W. Allen, Maury, Miles, Mooney, R. B. Beechey, P. Shortland, Yule, Lord, Burdwood, Dayman, Drury, Barrow, Christopher, John Wood, Harding, Kortright, Johnson, Du Petit Thouars, Lawrance, Klint, W. Smyth, Dunsterville, Cox, F. W. L. Thomas, Biddlecombe, Gordon, Bird Allen, Curtis, Edye, F.
[Show full text]
The Falkland Islands As a Scientific Nexus for Charles Darwin, Joseph Hooker, Thomas Huxley, Robert Mccormick and Bartholomew Sulivan, 1833-1851
Reprinted from -The Falkland Islands Journal 2020 11(4): 15-37 THE FALKLAND ISLANDS AS A SCIENTIFIC NEXUS FOR CHARLES DARWIN, JOSEPH HOOKER, THOMAS HUXLEY, ROBERT MCCORMICK AND BARTHOLOMEW SULIVAN, 1833-1851. by Phil Stone Charles Darwin (1809–1882) and Joseph Hooker (1817–1911) became two of the best- known figures in 19th century British science and have enduring reputations. For both men, the starting point of their careers was a round-the-world voyage on a Royal Navy vessel: 1831-1836 aboard HMS Beagle for Darwin, 1839–1843 aboard HMS Erebus for Hooker. Both ships spent time in the Falkland Islands engaged on survey and scientific work and Darwin and Hooker are both credited with originating research themes there in the fields of zoology, botany and geology. Appropriately, both men are celebrated and pictured in The Dictionary of Falklands Biography. The circumstances in which they travelled were very different, but both enjoyed certain advantages. Darwin was supernumerary to Beagle’s crew and was effectively the guest of the captain, Robert Fitzroy (1805–1865). As such he had considerable liberty of activity beyond the confines of the ship (Figure 1). Hooker held only a junior Naval commission as assistant surgeon on Erebus but enjoyed good social connections, an influential father, and had the cooperative support of the captain, James Clark Ross (1800–1862), in pursuit of his botanical research. Of course, neither man operated in isolation and what they were able to achieve was strongly influenced by their interactions with other members of the ships’ complements. Darwin had the financial backing of a wealthy family and was able to employ a personal assistant, Syms Covington, whose role has been recently described in Falkland Islands Journal by Armstrong (2019).
[Show full text]
Hamond Collection
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c86w9hqc No online items Hamond Collection Finding aid prepared by Gayle M. Richardson The Huntington Library 1151 Oxford Road San Marino, California 91108 Phone: (626) 405-2191 Fax: (626) 449-3477 Email: [email protected] URL: http://www.huntington.org © 2019 The Huntington Library. All rights reserved. Hamond Collection mssHamond 1 Descriptive Summary Title: Hamond collection Inclusive Dates: 1706-1926 Bulk Dates: 1715-1902 Collection Number: mssHamond Creator: Hamond family Extent: 8,484 pieces in 83 boxes, plus 7 volumes and ephemera (74.7 linear feet) Repository: The Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens 1151 Oxford Road San Marino, California 91108 Phone: (626) 405-2191 Fax: (626) 449-3477 Email: [email protected] URL: http://www.huntington.org Abstract: A transnational collection of 18th-19th century material pertaining to three generations of a British Naval family; includes letters, manuscripts, journals, ship's logs, letter books, ship's papers, maps, volumes and ephemera. Language of Material: The records are primarily in English, with some material in French, Spanish and Portuguese. Access The collection has been fully processed and is available for research. The majority of the collection is in good condition and may be copied; for any questions about the collection, please contact [email protected] . Publication Rights The Huntington Library does not require that researchers request permission to quote from or publish images of this material, nor does it charge fees for such activities. The responsibility for identifying the copyright holder, if there is one, and obtaining permission rests with the researcher.
[Show full text]
Creating an Online Exhibit
CREATING AN ONLINE EXHIBIT: TARANAKI IN THE NEW ZEALAND WARS: 1820-1881 A Project Presented to the faculty of the Department of History California State University, Sacramento Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in History (Public History) by Tracy Phillips SUMMER 2016 © 2016 Tracy Phillips ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii CREATING AN ONLINE EXHIBIT: TARANAKI IN THE NEW ZEALAND WARS: 1820-1881 A Project by Tracy Phillips Approved by: __________________________________, Committee Chair Patrick Ettinger, PhD __________________________________, Second Reader Christopher Castaneda, PhD ____________________________ Date iii Student: Tracy Phillips I certify that this student has met the requirements for format contained in the University format manual, and that this project is suitable for shelving in the Library and credit is to be awarded for the project. __________________________, Graduate Coordinator ___________________ Patrick Ettinger, PhD Date iv Abstract of CREATING AN ONLINE EXHIBIT: TARANAKI IN THE NEW ZEALAND WARS: 1820-1881 by Tracy Phillips This thesis explicates the impact of land confiscations on Maori-Pakeha relations in Taranaki during the New Zealand Wars and how to convey the narrative in an online exhibit. This paper examines the recent advent of digital humanities and how an online platform requires a different approach to museum practices. It concludes with the planning and execution of the exhibit titled “Taranaki in the New Zealand Wars: 1820- 1881.” _______________________, Committee Chair Patrick Ettinger, PhD _______________________ Date v DEDICATION I would like to dedicate this paper to my son Marlan. He is my inspiration and keeps me motivated to push myself and reach for the stars.
[Show full text]
Captain Fitzroy & HMS Beagle
Captain Fitzroy & HMS Beagle Robert Fitzroy (1805-65), son of General Lord Charles Fitzroy and a grandson of both the Duke of Grafton and the Marquess of Londonderry, was born at Ampton Hall, Suffolk. He entered the Royal Naval College, Portsmouth, at the age of 12 and graduated with distinction two years later. In 1824 Fitzroy became the first man to pass the naval lieutenant’s examination with a perfect score. Four years later, aged just 23, he was appointed Captain of HMS Beagle. Voyage of the Beagle The voyage of the Beagle has been by far the most important event in my life and has determined my whole career. (Charles Darwin) On 27 December 1831, HMS Beagle set sail from Plymouth bound for South America. Her orders were to survey the treacherous waters along the coastline before returning via Tahiti and Australia. Surveys were vital to maritime powers such as Britain - they led to more accurate maps, which in turn meant the loss of fewer ships. Dreading the loneliness of command, and mindful that it had contributed to his predecessor’s suicide, Fitzroy requested that a gentleman companion with an interest in science be found to accompany him. The man chosen was 22 year old Cambridge graduate Charles Darwin, and the five year voyage the two men embarked upon became legendary. Life onboard Beagle was never easy. With 74 men crammed onto a ship measuring just 90 foot in length, space was so tight that Darwin, who shared his cabin with two others, had to remove a drawer before getting into bed to make room for his feet.
[Show full text]
New Zealand's Forgotten Income Taxt
26 New Zealand's Forgotten Income Taxt OGY KABZAMALOV* I INTRODUCTION 1844 marks the year in which one of the most significant events in New Zealand's tax history took place. A concoction of social, political and economic factors led to the promulgation of the Property Rate Ordinance (the Ordinance), which abolished indirect taxes and, in their place, imposed a one per cent flat tax on the combined value of taxpayers' income and property. The Ordinance was heralded as ushering in a new era of just and equitable taxation. It was repealed only six months later. For reasons unknown, the history surrounding this fiscal revolution has been largely forgotten, and most modem commentators believe that New Zealand's first income tax was imposed by the Land and Income Assessment Act 1891. In fact, the Ordinance preceded that Act by almost half a century. It therefore also gave New Zealand the distinction of being one of the first British colonies to impose a tax on income. This article examines the events that led to the creation of the Ordinance, the way in which the tax operated, and the factors that led to its downfall. Such an analysis is important for several reasons. It has been said that "[t]he history of state revenue production is the history of the evolution of the state".' A detailed examination of the Ordinance provides a snapshot of the social, political and economic circumstances of New Zealand at a very important stage in its history. The Ordinance is an important primary source from which it is possible to reconstruct life and thought patterns in colonial New Zealand, and it sheds light on important historical events, figures and policies from a tax perspective.
[Show full text]
The Governor-General of New Zealand Dame Patsy Reddy
New Zealand’s Governor General The Governor-General is a symbol of unity and leadership, with the holder of the Office fulfilling important constitutional, ceremonial, international, and community roles. Kia ora, nga mihi ki a koutou Welcome “As Governor-General, I welcome opportunities to acknowledge As New Zealand’s 21st Governor-General, I am honoured to undertake success and achievements, and to champion those who are the duties and responsibilities of the representative of the Queen of prepared to assume leadership roles – whether at school, New Zealand. Since the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840, the role of the Sovereign’s representative has changed – and will continue community, local or central government, in the public or to do so as every Governor and Governor-General makes his or her own private sector. I want to encourage greater diversity within our contribution to the Office, to New Zealand and to our sense of national leadership, drawing on the experience of all those who have and cultural identity. chosen to make New Zealand their home, from tangata whenua through to our most recent arrivals from all parts of the world. This booklet offers an insight into the role the Governor-General plays We have an extraordinary opportunity to maximise that human in contemporary New Zealand. Here you will find a summary of the potential. constitutional responsibilities, and the international, ceremonial, and community leadership activities Above all, I want to fulfil New Zealanders’ expectations of this a Governor-General undertakes. unique and complex role.” It will be my privilege to build on the legacy The Rt Hon Dame Patsy Reddy of my predecessors.
[Show full text]
4'Most Injudicious . . . Most Injurious" the ROYAL BANK of AUSTRALIA's LOAN to the NEW ZEALAND GOVERNMENT, 1842
4'Most Injudicious . Most Injurious" THE ROYAL BANK OF AUSTRALIA'S LOAN TO THE NEW ZEALAND GOVERNMENT, 1842 THE EARLY years of New Zealand present an unhappy picture of unreason- able expectations and speculation by private investors, eager exploitation of government patronage by the office seekers that flocked to any new col- onial venture, and financial mismanagement by a hard-pressed govern- ment, faced with the need to resolve conflicting interests among land speculators, Maoris and missionaries, and with the parsimony of the home government. The economic disasters of the first two governors, Hobson and FitzRoy, might, perhaps, have been resolved sooner by a more generous initial in- vestment in the colony's establishment. To his great good fortune, British policy was more generous by the time of Governor Grey's arrival in 1847, and the plaudits bestowed on his government owe a good deal to his stronger financial position. Until FitzRoy's recall, however, the New Zealand government tottered on the edge of bankruptcy, its position worsened by its uneasy relationship with New South Wales, itself suffering depression during this period. The New South Wales government, under George Gipps, had little cash or sym- pathy to offer its neighbour, whilst a series of bank crashes in the early 1840s left private investors bruised and wary of further speculative adventures in New Zealand or anywhere else. The object of this paper is to chart the history of one such speculation, the relationship between the New Zealand government and the Royal Bank of Australia during the first decade of New Zealand's colonial government.
[Show full text]
Vice-Admiral Robert Fitzroy (1805 – 1865) Captain of HMS Beagle
10/18/2011 Chile Vice-Admiral Robert FitzRoy (1805 – 1865) Captain of HMS Beagle Mount FitzRoy Los Glaciares National Park, Argentina • English naturalist famous for Conrad Martens Charles Darwin his 1859 book On the Origin • English-born (of (1809-1882) of Species, which argues that (1801 – 1878) Austrian parents) life forms evolve from common ancestors by the artist known mainly process of natural selection. for his Australian • Largely based on data he landscape paintings. collected while a naturalist aboard the round-the-world • Came aboard H.M.S. voyage of the H.M.S. Beagle, BltMtidBeagle at Montevideo December 1831 - October to replace Augustus 1836. Earle as chief artist • An account of that journey, commonly called The Voyage after the latter became of the Beagle (1839), had too sick to continue previously established his on the voyage. literary reputation and credentials as a scientist. 1 10/18/2011 Evolution and Natural Selection Alfred Russell • Evolution is the process of change in species Wallace (resulting from adaptation to environment, natural (1823 – 1913) selection, inbreeding and mutation) that may ultimately result in the creation of new species. British naturalist • Natural selection is one of the factors that “Father of biogeography” drives evolution. It is a process in nature resulting in the survival and perpetuation of only those forms Independent proponent of of plants and animals that have certain favorable evolution based on natural characteristics that best enable them to adapt to a selection. specific environment. His correspondence with Darwin prompted the latter [Generally, the term “Darwinism” came to refer to to publish his theories.
[Show full text]