Indigenous Vocabulary in Singapore and Indian Englishes

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Indigenous Vocabulary in Singapore and Indian Englishes Indigenous vocabulary in Singapore and Indian Englishes Lotta Fors University of Tampere Faculty of Communication Sciences Master’s Program in English Language and Literature MA Thesis May 2017 Tampereen yliopisto Viestintätieteiden tiedekunta Englannin kielen ja kirjallisuuden maisteriopinnot FORS, LOTTA: Indigenous vocabulary in Singapore and Indian Englishes Pro gradu –tutkielma, 68 sivua + 38 sivua Toukokuu 2017 Tämä pro gradu –tutkielma tutkii alueiden paikalliskielistä tulevia lainasanoja Singaporen englannissa ja Intian englannissa ja vertaa varieteettien korpustutkimuksen tuloksia keskenään sekä aikaisempiin tuloksiin ja teorioihin. Tutkimuksen tavoitteena on paremmin kartoittaa lainasanojen käyttöä maailmanenglanneissa sekä selvittää minkälaisia sanoja lainataan enemmän kuin toisia. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan myös, esiintyvätkö lainasanat enemmän puhutussa vai kirjoitetussa kielessä ja perustuvatko tulosten eroavuudet maiden erilaisiin kolonisaatiokokemuksiin ja kielipoliittisiin päätöksiin. Tutkielmassa käsitellään myös englanninkielen historiaa molemmissa maissa, Singaporen englannin ja Intian englannin pääpiirteitä ja luokitteluja, sekä aikaisempaa teoriaa maailmanenglanneista ja lainasanastoista. Tutkimus- ja pohdintaosioiden kannalta tärkeimpiä teoksia ovat Balasubramanianin Register Variation in Indian English (2009) ja Schneiderin Postcolonial Englishes (2007). Balasubramanianin teosta käytettiin erityisesti hyväksi tutkimustulosten rajauksessa ja tulosten jäsentelyssä, kun taas tutkimuksen perustelussa ja tulosten pohdinnassa tukeuduttiin useammin Schneiderin teoriamalliin maailmanenglantien kehityskaaresta. Korpustutkimuksen aineistona toimivat ICE-korpuksen (International Corpus of English) Singaporen ja Intian englantien komponentit, joiden samankaltainen rakenne takaa tutkimustulosten kiistämättömän vertailukelpoisuuden. ICE-korpuksien materiaali tulee niin puhutusta kuin kirjoitetusta kielestä, joka on kerätty eri lähteistä. Puhutun ja kirjoitetun materiaalin erottelu pienemmiksi tarkoin määritellyiksi osioiksi korpuksissa mahdollisti myös tulosten tarkkojen esiintymiskontekstien analysoinnin. Tutkimuksessa selvisi, että Singaporen englannissa esiintyy huomattavasti vähemmän paikalliskielistä lainattuja sanoja kuin Intian englannissa. Vaikka lainasanoja määrässä oli korpusten välillä eroja, tulosten kategorisoinnin avulla voitiin kuitenkin huomata, että molempien varieteettien lainasanat ovat keskenään toistensa kaltaisia. Suurin osa paikalliskielistä lainatusta sanastosta koski ruokaa, ihmisiä, uskontoa ja kulttuurin muita aspekteja, näin ollen tutkimustulokset vastasivat jokseenkin hyvin aiheesta jo kirjoitettua teoriaa. Sanastotutkimuksessa kävi ilmi, että vaikka Singaporen englannissa esiintyy muita lainasanoja suhteellisen harvoin, ovat keskustelupartikkelit olennainen osa maassa käytettyä englanninkieltä. Tutkimus osoitti myös, että lainasanoja esiintyy huomattavasti enemmän puhutussa kuin kirjoitetussa kielessä, ja että todennäköisyys sille, että paikallissanoja esiintyy on suurempi vapaamuotoisessa kielessä kuin muodollisessa tai virallisessa kielessä. Avainsanat: Singaporen englanti, Intian englanti, lainasanat, korpuslingvistiikka Table of Contents 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1 2. English in Singapore ......................................................................................................... 3 2.1. History of English in Singapore .................................................................................. 4 2.2. Singapore English ....................................................................................................... 6 2.2.1. Standard Singapore English .............................................................................. 8 2.2.2. Colloquial Singapore English ........................................................................... 9 3. English in India ............................................................................................................... 11 3.1. History of English in India ........................................................................................ 12 3.2. Indian English ........................................................................................................... 14 3.2.1. Standard Indian English .................................................................................. 15 3.2.2. Vernacular Indian English .............................................................................. 16 4. Previous Studies on World Englishes and variations in question .............................. 17 4.1. Studies on World Englishes ...................................................................................... 17 4.2. Schneider’s Dynamic Model of Postcolonial Englishes ........................................... 18 4.3. Balasubramanian’s Register Variation in Indian English ......................................... 21 4.4. Indigenous vocabulary in World Englishes .............................................................. 22 5. Data and Methods ........................................................................................................... 24 5.1. ICE Corpora .............................................................................................................. 24 5.2. Research methods ...................................................................................................... 26 6. Corpus study ................................................................................................................... 32 6.1. Findings in Singapore English .................................................................................. 32 6.1.1. Food ................................................................................................................ 34 6.1.2. Clothing and textile ........................................................................................ 35 6.1.3. Music and arts ................................................................................................. 36 6.1.4. Religion .......................................................................................................... 36 6.1.5. People ............................................................................................................. 37 6.1.6. Politics ............................................................................................................ 38 6.1.7. Discourse markers .......................................................................................... 38 6.1.8. Animals and nature ......................................................................................... 40 6.1.9. Culture ............................................................................................................ 41 6.1.10. Other ............................................................................................................. 41 6.2. Findings in Indian English ........................................................................................ 42 6.2.1. Food ................................................................................................................ 45 6.2.2. Clothing and textile ........................................................................................ 46 6.2.3. Music and arts ................................................................................................. 47 6.2.4. Religion .......................................................................................................... 48 6.2.5. People ............................................................................................................. 49 6.2.6. Politics ............................................................................................................ 50 6.2.7. Discourse markers .......................................................................................... 51 6.2.8. Animals and nature ......................................................................................... 52 6.2.9. Culture ............................................................................................................ 53 6.2.10. Other ............................................................................................................. 54 7. Discussion ........................................................................................................................ 55 8. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 63 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................... 66 Appendix 1 .............................................................................................................................. 69 Appendix 2 .............................................................................................................................. 78 1 1. Introduction Due to colonization and later globalization, English has become to be used widely around the world. In many of the former British colonies, regional varieties have arisen from contact between various indigenous languages and the language of the colonizers. World Englishes, such as Singapore English and Indian English, are nowadays considered to be independent varieties of English with their own standards ways of using the language rather than faulty versions of British
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