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THE ORIGIN and DEVELOPMENT of the SOUTH AFRICAN ARMY Sgt Ashley C

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THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN ARMY Sgt Ashley C. Lillie* Origin liability of every citizen of European descent between the ages of 17 and 60, to render, in times of war, personal service in defence of the The early years (1910-1912) Union in any part of South Africa whether in or outside the Union. The establishment of the Union of South Africa on 31 May 1910 saw the appointment of General J.C. Smuts as Minister of the Interior, Mines and Over and above the obligations of citizens in Defence. Responsibilities of the Department of time of war, every citizen was also liable to Defence were given as 'all matters in relation to undergo a prescribed course of peace training defence, including local defence and Volunteer for military service in the Union Defence Force, Forces, Militia, Cadet Corps, Rifle Associations This service extended over a period of four and Clubs'.1 Before 1 July 1912, matters pertain- years. Provision was however made for only fifty ing to defence were dealt with by a small section per cent of the citizens liable for training to of the Department of the Interior.2 On 9 June undergo such. Those who were liable for training 1910, Mr H.R.M, Bourne (later Sir Roland) was but not entered for service had to serve as mem- appointed Acting Under Secretary for the In- bers of Rifle Associations for four years. All terior responsible for defence matters. others who were liable for service in time of war could also serve as members of Rifle Associa- tions. No framework within which legal matters relating to defence could be dealt with had been created after Union, and they were therefore disposed of Persons not of European descent were not in in terms of pre-existing colonial legislation. This any way liable to render either personal service situation was obviously unacceptable and a start in a combatant capacity in time of war or any was accordingly made in the creation of a De- other form of service, Nothing however pre- fence Act. As a result, a concerted effort by the vented these groups from voluntary engagement in the Defence Forces. Minister and a number of co-workers produced the 'Bill to Provide for the Defence of the Union and for matters incidental thereto' which ap- peared in the Union Gazette Extraordinary of 30 Establishment of the UDF November 1911. Early appointments Defence Act On 1 July 1912 the posts of Commandant-Gene- The Defence Act (Act 13 of 1912) was regarded ral of the Cape Colonial Forces (Col H.T. Lukin), as the most important piece of legislation Commandant of Militia (Natal) (Sir Duncan passed that year It attracted nationwide interest McKenzie) and Inspector of Transvaal Volun- and comment as the result of the populace's teers (Col P.S, Beeves) were abolished3 On the intimate interest in defence affairs gained from same date appointments to the Headquarter- their turbulent past. General Smuts had, in the Staff of the Defence Forces were made. Briga- Act, succeeded both in encompassing the mili- dier General Christian Frederick Beyers was ap- tary traditions of the past and in establishing an pointed Commandant-General of the Citizen efficient defence system and it was readily ac- Force; Brigadier General Henry Timson Lukin, cepted for this reason. The Act was assented to C.M,G., D,S.O, became Inspector-General of the by the Governor-General on 13 June 1912 and Permanent Force, while Colonel Percival Scott promulgated on 14 June. After two years the Beves assumed the post of Commandant of fledgling Union now had its own Defence Force. Cadets4 These three seperate and independent military executive commanders were controlled Before discussing the Act, it should be noted by the Minister who was in turn advised by the that the main principle of the measure was the Council of Defence, This Council consisted of 7 Collyer as Staff Officer of General Staff duties, Lt Col M,C, Rowland as Staff Officer of Administra- tive duties and Major N,H,M, Burne, Major C, Burgess and Captain E, Christian as Staff Offi- cers of Permanent Force, Citizen Force and Cadets respectively took place on 1 July 1912,7 The Union was divided into fourteen military dis- tricts in early November 19128 (in July 1914 the districts were reorganized into fifteen districts) and later in the same month the newly-qualified District Staff Officers were posted to their re- spective districts,9 These officers included professional soldiers from the British Army and the Cape Mounted Riflemen as well as ex-Boer officers, With the exception of Lt Col L,J, Shadwell, p,s,c" they had all attended a District Staff Officers course at the South African Military School which had been established on 1 July 1912,10 The School Lt-genl J.J. Geldenhuys, SSAS, SD, SM Chief of the Army was originally situated at the Presidency, Bloem- since 7 October 1980, photographed when still Major. genl fontein, but on 1 January 1914 it moved to Tempe, The District Staff Officers were assisted four experienced ex-soldiers,5 namely General by a Staff Adjudant, NCO instructors and a small 11 S.w, Burger; Colonel the Hon, CP, Crewe, C,B,; clerical and stores staff. This organisation re- General the Hon, C,R, de Wet and Colonel Sir lated to the Citizen Force, Cadets and Coast Duncan McKenzie, K,C,M,G6 The Minister of Garrison Force as well as Rifle Associations and Defence was ex officio President and the Se- Reserves, in fact everything, except the Perma- cretary for Defence or any other member of the nent Force, Department of Defence nominated by the Minis- ter, was Secretary of the Council. In terms of the Act the Defence Forces were organised into the following forces: As from 1 July 1912 the Department of Defence (i) Permanent Force, became a separate department. Defence Head- (ii) Coast Garrison Force, quarters were established at Pretoria and divi- (iii) Citizen Force, ded into three sections: (iv) Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve, (v) Any Special Reserve established under the (a) the Secretariate - a civilian branch, inclu- Act. ding finance, controlled by the Under Se- cretary; Permanent Force (b) the General Staff section which dealt with military organisation, training, appointments A major advance in the organization of the De- in the Permanent Force, registration of citi- fence Force was made on 1 April 1913 with the zens for the Coast Garrison and Citizen establishment of the Permanent Force in terms Forces and other military matters referred to of Proclomation 219 of 13 December 1912, The the section by the Minister; units of the Permanent Force, known as the (c) the Administrative section which was con- South African Mounted Riflemen, constituted the cerned with supplies, accomodation, trans- nucleus of the growing defence organization, port, veterinary services and other services pertaining to administration, which the Minis- The SAM,R, consisting of five regiments was in ter might delegate, reality a military constabulary similar to the Cape Mounted Riflemen (C,M,R.), Each of the regi- The establishment of a headquarters made the ments was alloted a portion of the Union in which appointment of Staff Officers in each of the mili- it was charged with the duty of maintaining tary sections and commands necessary, The order,12 The SAM,R. consisted of former mem- appointment of these officers, namely Major J,J, bers of the C,M,R" the Cape Mounted Police, 8 Artillery Training in South Africa the District Mounted Police of the Cape Colony, the 2nd Division South African Garrison Artillery the Natal Police, Transvaal Police and Orange (Durban Garrison Artillery) consisted of "A" and 13 River Colony Police. "B" Batteries of Natal Field Artillery. 15 In terms of the Defence Act a permanent battery On 1 July 1913, the date of their embodiment of artillery was to be a component of each regi- into the new active Citizen Force, the units incor- ment. As many members of the regiment as porated underwent the following changes in possible were to be trained in field artillery duties designation: 16 in addition to their duties as mounted riflemen. The location of headquarters of the five regi- Name prior to ments were decided largely by existing accom- embodiment New name modation. These were at King Williams Town, Pietermaritzburg, Dundee, Pretoria and Kimber- Cape Field Artillery 6th Citizen Battery ley. (Prince Alfred's Own Cape Field Artillery). Citizen Force Cape Light Horse 5th Mounted Rifles (Cape Light Horse). On 30 June 1913 the Militia, Volunteer Corps and Cadet organizations of the Cape, Natal and Duke of Edinburgh's 2nd Infantry (Duke of Transvaal were disbanded. The following day Own Volunteer Rifles Edinburgh's Own saw the establishment of the Coast Garrison and Rifles). Citizen Forces and the new Cadet organisa- Prince Alfred's Volun- 3rd Infantry (Prince 14 tion. teer Guard Alfred's Guard). Queenstown Rifle 4th Infantry (1st East- The Corps of South African Garrison Artillery was Volunteers ern Rifles (Queens- established on 1 July 1913 with the 1st Division town)). South African Garrison Artillery (Cape Garrison ArtilleryY-being composed of the old Volunteer First City Volunteers 4th Infantry (1st East- Corps of Cape Garrison Artillery. The nucleus of ern Rifles (First City)). 9 Kaffrarian Rifles 5th Infantry (Kaffra- African Medical rian Rifles). Corps. Kimberley Regiment 7th Infantry (Kimber- Transvaal Horse Artil- 8th Citizen Battery ley Regiment). lery (Transvaal Horse Ar- Duke of Connaught 6th Infantry (Duke of tillery). and Strathearn's Own Connaught and Stra- Imperial Light Horse 4th Mounted Rifles Cape Town High- thearn's Own Cape (Imperial Light landers Town Highlanders) Horse) Uitenhage Volunteer 3rd Infantry (Prince Transvaal Scottish 8th Infantry (Trans- Rifles Alfred's Guard (Uit- vaal Scottish).
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