AND URBAN Ghflwth in GHANA
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STUDIES ON URBAN LAND USE AND URBAN GHflWTH IN GHANA Department of Housing S. Planning Research Faculty of Architecture U.S.T. Kumasi Ghana J STUDIES ON URBAN LAND USE AND URBAN GROWTH IN GHANA Frants Albert Associate Professor Washington University St. Louis, Missouri. Senior Lecturer, U.S.T. Kumasi. 1968-1970 and C.C.T. Blankson Research Fellow Department of Housing and Planning Research, Faculty of Architecture U.S.T. Kumasi. Published by DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND PLANNING RESEARCH FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, U.S.T. KUMASI. 1974 PREFACE These papers were written in 1972. Special thanks are due all who helped in one way or the other to make these studies possible. Special mention should be made of Mr. P.N.K. Turkson's Town and Country Planning Department in Accra which provided the funds for these studies. The Research Department and the University of Science and Technology are grateful to the Town and Country Planning Department for this very worthwhile contribution to knowledge. Mention and thanks also go to Mr. Andrew Afrifa of the Research Department who typed most of the manuscript. This has been quite an ordeal for him in view of the fact that it has been his first major work. Readers should therefore bear with him for the not altogether first class work done. C 0 N T E N T S 1. Urban Land Use in Ghana: A Pilot Study Frants Albert Introduction • » • • • • ••• The • á • Study • • • p. 1 ••• • • « aar Findings a- a a 7 a • a ••« ••• Conclusions • •• 8 • • • ••• Notes ••• a a a 20 ••• a • a • • « Appendix 1 - Tables and . 27 Maps ... ... 2 - . 33 Appendix Statistics of Individual Centres 44 2. An Examination of the Urban System of Ghana C.C.T. Blankson Introduction ... ... ... Ghana's Urban ... p. 65 System ... ... Summary and ... .. 71 Conclusions ... ... ... .. Appendix 1 ... 95 ... ... Appendix 2 ... 103 ... ... Notes ... ... 104 ... ... ... .. 105 3. Towards an Urbanization Policy for Integration for Spatial With Developing Countries in Africa - Special Reference to Ghana. C.C.T. Blankson Why an Urbanization Policy ... ... Core-Periphery p.108 Policy Relationship • • • • • • • • 112 • • • Recommendations • • • Notes ... ... 120 ... ... «o. .. 139 TABLES AND CHARTS Percent of Total Developed Land ... 9 Urban Land Per Capita and Densities of Population ... 10 Land Use - Average of 55 Centres ... ... ... ... 12 Land Use - Analysis by size of Centre ... 12 Land Use - Analysis by Cultural Group ... 13 Land Use - Analysis by Geographic Zone ... 13 Total Land Use in Ghana, 1970 34 Ghana's Population, Growth and Distribution, 1960-1970 35 Urbanization in Ghana by Region, 1970 35 Urban Centres and Settlements in Study ... ... ... 36 Land Use Classification ... ... 38 Residential Land According to Class 39 Statistics of Individual Centres ... ... 44 Population and Growth of the Seven Urban Centres ... 73 Population Increases and Annual Growth Rates of Centres 79 Relation of Accra's Population size to next Six-Ranking Cities ... 79 Rank - Size Distributions for the Seven Centres ... 80 Regression Lines fitting the City - Size Distributions.. 81 Lognormal Plots of City - Size Distribution ... ... 82 Distribution of Expatriate Civil Servants, 1931.. ... 86 Distribution of Expatriate Engineers 1931 87 Distribution of Expatriate Medical Doctors, 1931.. ... 88 Distribution of Male Civil Servants, 1948.. ... 92 Distribution of Administrative, Executive and Managerial Staff, 1960 92 Distribution of Professional Medical Staff, 1960 94 Distribution of Female Professional Medical Staff, 1948 104 MAPS Administrative Regions ... ... ... 42 Geographic Regions ... ... ... 42 Cultural Groupings ... ... ... 43 Position of Ghana ... ... ... 70 Positions of the Seven Urban Centres ... ... 72 Urban Centres and Developmental Regions, 1960 ... 100 URBAN LAND USE IN GHANA; A PILOT STUDY This study was done by Prof. Frants Albert, Associate Professor of Architecture, Washington University, St. Louis, U.S.A.; Mr. C.C.T. Blankson a Research Fellow of the Housing and Planning Research Department, U.S.T., and Mr. Phil Seaman, a Peace Corps volunteer attached to the B,R.R.I,, Kumasi. This report was compiled and written by Prof. Frants Albert. INTRODUCTION A process of rapid urbanization is taking place in Ghana, and, as is the case in commonly developing countries, the brunt of the growth is borne by a small number of major towns whose facilities and institutions are already over¬ burdened. Hence, a pilot study to identify prevailing patterns of urban land use was begun in 1969 as part of a project to determine criteria for space allocation in urban planning and the design of essential improvements. Findings of the study show the composition of urban land use and per capita allocations for each category of use. They show that, while the amount of land developed for whole urban areas in Ghana is roughly similar to conditions in a more industrialized setting, Ghana has smaller ratios of land devoted to commercial, industrial, and transpor¬ tation uses. Residential areas account for a larger share of the total. At the same time, the distribution of land is such that, in terms of absolute area, Ghanaian towns have much more land per capita given over to public and educational uses than is the case in a country such as Great Britain. This, together with the fact that the land surface has not been built up to its full carrying capacity, suggests that Ghanaian towns contain an unutilized space reserve which ought to be developed insofar as possible before further outward expansion takes place. 1 2 The austerity of Ghana's economic condition supplies the imperative. The concept of optimum utilization or resou¬ rces is also applicable here as elsewhere. The findings also indicate that occupants of medium-sized towns enjoy more space than inhabitants of both the smaller settlements and the largest cities, and that cultural affi¬ liation exerts greater influence on settlement patterns than locational or environmental factors. Ghana's urbanization must be viewed against a background of people, land, and other resources. (See Table 1 in the Appendix on Total Land Use in Ghana.) In 1970 the popula¬ tion numbered approximately 8,500,000. This represented an increase of 27% for the preceding decade. Correspon¬ ding to natural conditions such as soil fertility and vege¬ tation, climate, and access, nearly four-fifths of the population is clustered in the southern half of the country. Nevertheless, some of the highest concentrations are found in the arid north-eastern corner where settlements of the subsistence-farming Frafras attain densities of more than . , 2 200 persons per square mile. Of the total population of 8.5 million, 2,442,000 persons, or 28.5%, lived in urban centres in 1970 compared with 1,551,000, or 23.1% in I960.3 That is, during this period the urban population increased by almost 64%, two—and-one— half times the rate experienced for the country as a whole. 3 It is interesting to note that the migration to urban centres was discernible also in medium sized centres in slower growing areas. (See Tables 2 and 3 in the Appen¬ dix.) For example, the town of Bolgatanga, which became a regional capital only a few years ago, more than tripled even though the region in which it is located has the lowest net growth rate in the country. However, the five largest centres alone accounted for one-fourth of all new urban dwellers. The population of metropolitan Accra, the national capital, grew to be nearly three times that of Kumasi and seven times that of Sekondi-Takoradi, the third ranked town. Its primacy will become more pronounced if continue. present trends Medium-sized towns gained at a moderate rate whereas many smaller centres grew rapidly. (See Table 4 . ) Contributing to the move away from the land and threatening the welfare of the entire population is the over-utiliza¬ tion and misuse of agricultural and forest areas. In parts of the north, the present carrying capacity of the land is being approached. Thus, as one writer has observed; Frafra may indeed have reached the point of no return, with recovery impossible in the fore¬ seeable future. It has been realised for two decades that the maintenance of an agricultural population of the present density, with an adequate standard of living, is impracticable: it may be that the area must pass through a depopulation stage before recovery may be con¬ sidered feasible. There is little hope that riverine areas, now deserted, will become of much use in absorbing surplus population.4 4 Critical densities of population5 are also being approached to the south in the forest zone, where areas available for cultivation and food cropping on a rotational basis are allowed insufficient fallow periods, from six to ten years only: ... too short to prevent soil degradation in the absence of manurial treatment. It is therefore imperative that some other method of husbandry be introduced and generally adopted. It is no longer a matter which is merely desirable; it is an absolute essential if the country is to maintain its present population and continue to develop.® Mere existence and survival will become increasingly press¬ ing issues in the context of present patterns of settlement and land use. The level from which development must proceed may be des¬ cribed in economic terms. The per capita Gross National Product of Ghana in 1969 was $266.00 at then current market prices. Yet, during the mid-1960s, it was among the highest for any nation in black Africa, excluding South 8 Africa. The average monthly wage in all establishments 9 with more than ten employees was just over $50.00 . The growth of the economy, however, has not kept pace with the increase in population during the last decade. Between 1963 10 and 1968 the per capita GNP dropped nearly 8%. In 1969 11 more than one quarter of the adult labor force was unemployed.