528 GeneralNotes LVol.•- Auk?õ wing stretch movement (Eibl-Eibesfeldt and Kramer, Quart. Rev. Biol., 33: 181-211,1958). Woodpeckersdo this in an atypicalmanner. All oœmy captive individualsstretch one wing way down without any movementof either foot. One has to be in a favorableposition to see this clearly. It is more difficult to observein the field, but on one occasionI watcheda Pileated Woodpeckerdo a wing stretchwhile both of its feet were clampedwidely apart on a tree trunk. It remained in view during the extreme downward movement of the wing. Koenig has photographeda Bee-eater (Meropsapiaster) wing-stretchingin this manner (Nature Storiesfrom the Vienna Woods. Crowell. New York. 1958).-- Lnw•.•Nc• K•LH•,M,7815 AberdeenRoad, Bethesda14, Maryland. Ash-throated Flycatcher in Alabama.--S. W. Simon (Auk, 75: 469, 1958)sum- marizesthe recordsof the Ash-throatedFlycatcher (Myiarchusciner•cens) east of the MississippiRiver in the United States-sevenspecimens and two sight recordsare listed. To this growinglist I would add a specimenI collected November2, 1958at Dauphin Island, Alabama. The specimenwas identifiedat the LouisianaState University Museum of Natural History by Dr. Robert J. Newmanas Myiarchuscinerascens cinerascens. The specimenis now No. 4645.1a in the Florida State University collection. This is the first record of the speciesin Alabama (Thomas A. Imhof, personalcommunication).--Love•-r E. W•n•ss, JR., Wildli[e ResearchUnit, A•PJ., Auburn, Alabama. N ew Record of the Eastern Barn in Mieronesia.--The Eastern (Hitundo rustics gutturalis), which normally winters as far south as Australia,has been reportedas a fall and winter migrant in westernMi•onesia by severalobservers. (Baker, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., 107: õ5, 1948) reported swallowsof this Asiaticsubspecies in the Palau Islands,Western Catolines, in September,1945 and on Guam,Marianas Islands, in October. Strophlet (Auk, 63: 535, 1946) saw on Guam in late Octoberand November. Marshall (Condor, 51: 221, 1949)reported immature Barn Swallowsfrom Saipan,Tinian in the Marianasand from the Palausbetween October and February. These birds are apparently regular winter visitors to the Marianas and Western Catolines. No observationsof Barn Swallowsin the centralor easternCaroline Island archipelago have been recorded. On the Island of Mocn, Truk Atoll (7ø N. Lat., 152ø E. Long.), in the eastern Catolines, some 560 nautical miles southeast of Guam and 1940 nautical miles cast of Palau, clcvcn Barn wcrc observed on December •0 and 31, 1957. The birdswcrc seen perched on electricwires on the northwesttip of the island, and were noted catching insectsin flight, in company with Caroline Swiftlets (Collocaliainquieta rukensis). They remainednear a flat marshyarea covered by hcav• growth of Phragmiteskafka. A bird collectedon January 1, 1958proved to bca young male with much subcutaneousfat. Testes measured35 min. It is now .•570101-0101in the collectionof the Pacific Island Central School. On December11, 1958,six Swallowswcrc again observedin the same area. The birds remained on Truk for about one wcck.--JoHN H. B•A•)% Truk, East Caroline Islands.

South American migrant swallows of the Progne in Panama and northern South America; with comments on their identification and molt. --More birds of the TemperateZone of SouthAmerica migrate acrossthe Equator than has bccnsupposed (c/. Zimmer,Auk, $$: 405--410,1938). This is truc of the •9•9aOct.'] GeneralNotes swallows,and probably of the swifts. The Argentine race of the Brown-chested Martin, Phaeoprognetapera lusca, has proved to be a regular and abundant migrant to Panama (ESsenmann,Auk, 72: 427, 1955),and the PatagonianBlue- and-whiteSwallow, (Pygochelidon) cyanoleuca paragonSea, taken repeatedly in Panama,has recently been recordedin Nicaragua (Howell, Condor, 57: 188, 1955) and Mexico (Paynterand Alvarezdel Toro, Condor,59: 268, 1957). The migratorysouthern subspecies of the Ashy-tailedSwift, Chaeturaandrei meridi- oaalis,has beencollected in northernColombia and Panamain August,the height of the SouthernHemisphere winter (Darlington,Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 72: 392, 1931; Rogers,Auk, 56: 82, 1939),and I suspectthat otherlittle knownSouth Americanswifts recorded from Panamaand southernCentral Americaduring this season (e.g., the White-chinned Swift, Cypseloidescryptus) may prove to be migrants (el. Beebe,Zoologics, 32: 167, 1947). Northern recordsof two other southernhemisphere migrants, the SouthernMartin, Prognernodesta elegans, and the Gray-breastedMartin, Prognechalybea dornestica, are here reported. In con- neetionwith their identificationit was found that stageof molt was a useful clue in distinguishingtrans-equatorial migrants from north and south. Prognemodesta elegans. A SouthernMartin was taken by H. Wedel on July 14, 1931, on the Caribbean coast of eastern Panama (near the Colombian boun- dary) at Obaldia (__.Puerto Obaldia), Lat. 8 ø 40' N. The specimen(Univ. Mich. Mus. Zool. no. 97608),labelled "9 o.n.e.",has a few fresh purple featherson the breast, sides,and under tail-coverts,suggesting an immature male. Measurements: wing (flat), 134 min.; tail, 71 min. The bird is in the sameplumage, and in the identicalstage of wear and molt (with three old pairs of outer primariesand two of rectrices),as variousiramatures taken on July 15, 1929 at Tahuapunto,Rio Uaupds,Brazil, just north of the Equator (reported in Zimmer'sreview of the genus,Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1723: 8, 1955)--hithertothe most northerlyrecords of this migratoryform. The reported breeding range of elegansis westernand central Argentina south to northeastern Patagonia and north to the highlands of eastern Bolivia. In Argentina the first birds apparently arrive towards the end of August, and most have left by the end of March (seeWetmore, U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull., 133: 347, 1926; W. H. Partridge, in litt.). The full extent of the winter quarters remains uncer- tain, but there is a large seriesin the AmericanMuseum of Natural History taken in the westernAmazon basin of Brazil and Peru betweenMay 6 and September1, 1929 (Zimmer, 1955, loc. cit.). Farther north wintering elegansmay well have been overlooked becauseof resemblanceto other speciesof Progne. The adult male,in its over-allsteel blue color,is a counterpartof the North AmericanPurple Martin, P. subis, which also winters chiefly in Brazil; other plumages, though quitedistinctive, bear some likeness to thoseof bothsubis and the residenttropical chalybea.Both migrantsubis and elegans,though arriving at oppositeseasons, may well occurin the sametropical localities as transientsor winterresidents duringMarch and April and from the end of July into September.Thus speci- mens of P.s. subis have been examined taken near Co16n, Panama on the south- wardmigration as earlyas August3 and 5 (coil by J. E. Ambrose,Jr.) and taken in Venezuelaon August28. Though the return migrationhas been observedin Panamaby February(Wetmore, Smith. Misc. Coil., 139, no. 2: 13, 1959),there are specimensof subis(in the AmericanMuseum) taken as late as April 1 and 2 in Brazil and April 4 and 18 in Venezuela. }- Auk 520 GeneralNotes LVol.76

Identification. Femalesand immature of eleganshave dark sooty-brownunder- parts,the featherswith narrowpale brownishmargins, often obsolescent on throat and breast, wider and more whitish on the lower abdomen. Elegans thus looks entirelydark below,relieved only by whitish"scaling". In correspondingplumages of both subisand chalybeathe abdomenand under tail-covertsare normallywhite, more or lessmarked with duskystreaks, which are usuallyvery fine shaft-streaksin chalybea,but are often broaderin subis. Sometimesin P.s. subisthe under tail covertsmay be dusky,edged with white; and very exceptionallythe underparts may so suffusedwith sooty-grayas to suggestthe pattern of elegans,but with shaft-streaksstill apparentand a gray patch on each side of the neck, which may meet in a narrow ring acrossthe hind-neck. Adult malesof elegansmay be dis- tinguishedin the hand from subisby longer tail and deepertail fork (25 min. or more),and by lackingthe small concealedwhite flank patch (while retainingthe adjacentpatch on the sidesof the lower back). Thesepoints are hard to determine in molting birds, and during the periods when these two speciesmay occur to- geth• they are likely to be molting. Fortunatelysubis and elegansbegin and end the molt at oppositetimes of the year--in phase with their antipodal breeding seasons.Dated specimenscan usually be distinguishedreadily by stageof wear and molt. In thesehighly migratoryand aerial birds the molt of primariesis remarkablyprotracted (requiring probably five and possiblysix months),and the contrastbetween worn brown remigesand glossyfresh ones is obviousin speci- mens. For example,in Augustand Septemberadult subishas begunto molt, but is unlikely to have replacedmore than two to four inner primaries,while adult elegansis likely to havecompleted (or almostcompleted) the wingmolt. In March and April the oppositesituation prevails. Birds of the year begin and end the primary molt a month or more later than older birds. Profinechalybea domestica. To the largermigratory southern race of the Gray- breastedMartin, I would allocatethree specimensin the AmericanMuseum (Nos. 433492,435045, 435047)--the first to be reportednorth of the Equator. They were collectedby the Olalla Bros.in 1929: a male at E1 Merey, Rio Casiquiare,Vene- zuela (about 3ø N. lat.), on April 18; and two femalesat Tahuapunto, Rio Uaup•s, Brazil, on July 15. Although domesticais said to leave its Argentine breeding groundsby March (gatheringin flockswith elegans)and to begin to reappear in late August, the most northern record has hitherto been of seven taken in September,just south of the Equator, at Yucabl, upper Rio Negro, Brazil (Zimm•, 1955, op. cit.: 2), a locality where the same collectoron the same date also took the breeding form, nominate chalybea. The three more northern speci- mens, here considereddomestica, Zimmer (op. cit.) included under chalybea. He apparently was disinclined to attribute to the migrant form specimensfound in the range of the tropical race, unless exceptionally large in both tail and wing. The subspeciesdomestica breeds over northeasternArgentina, adjacentParaguay and easternBolivia, north to central and southeasternBrazil, where it apparently intergradeswith the smaller tropical chalybea. Basedon a sampleseries from the undoubted breeding range of each, Zimmer (op. cit.: 1-2) found the following size differences. P.c. chalybea: males--wing,124-138 (131.7),tail, 58-66 (62.5); females--wing,121-132 (130), tail, 54-65 (61). P.c. domestica:males--wing, 137- 144 (141.2),tail, 70-77 (73.2); females--wing,135-142 (139), tail, 70-80 (74). In domesticaadults tend to be paler on the throat and breast, and iramatures to have more conspicuouspale edgings on the brown breast; but these characterssome- timesappear in chalybea. The male from E1 Merey, Venezuela,though immature, agreeswith the larger southernrace, both in color and in measurements;wing, 141, tail, 70; in fact the label in Zimmer'shandwriting identifies it as domestica. This bird (gonadsmarked small) showsmolt just begun,having dropped the innermostprimary--as one would expect in April of a southernmigrant bird of the year. The listing as chalybeain Zimmer'spaper may have resultedfrom confusionwith anotherexample (wing, 130; tail, 62) from the samelocality, takenon the followingday, undoubtedlynominate chalybea. That is an adult femalelabelled as havingenlarged ovary (as might be expectedin April of the populationbreeding at 3ø N. latitude),and has just completedthe wingmolt (the sheathof the outermostprimary still visible). The two femalesfrom Tahuapunto, Brazil, show the mottledbreast usual in young domesticaand satisfyZimmer's criteriain winglength (136,140). Their shorttails (64,65) are explainedby their beingbirds of the year in full molt, with the longestremiges and rectricesvery worn (the tips brokenoff in one specimen),and with all exceptthe two outer pairs of primariesand rectricesreplaced. Zimmer'ssample series of domesticafrom the breedinggrounds consisted of adults. In Prognebirds of the year have shorter tails. Thus, in the AmericanMuseum series of elegans,which is a longer-tailed form than domestica,several of the immatures, taken as migrants at Tahuapunto on the same date and place, have tails measuringonly between63-65. These birds are in a stageof molt and wear like that of the two domestica.While we do not know the molt regimenof suchmartins as may breed about Tahuapunto, this agreementof the two specimenswith the admittedlymigratory elegans suggests that they also are migrants. K. H. Voous("The Birds of Aruba,Curacao, and Bonaire", p. 207,Martinus Nij- hoff,The Hague,1957) has pointed out that threeout of four Prognechalybea takenin Cura9ao(where this speciesdoes not breed) are pale-throatedand may meet Zimmer'smensural criteria for domestica,but he tentativelypreferred to list them as nominatechalybea, which breedson the adjacentVenezuelan mainland. Dr. Vooushas kindly advisedme that only one of the Curacaobirds is in his possession,and his notes do not indicate that any was molting primaries or rectrices. The two largestbirds (wing, 147.5,145) were adults taken on October 6, 1955; that theyshould not be moltingis what onewould expect of domestica. Relationo! breedingand molt cyclesin Progne:The informationavailable on breedingseason and the examination of overtwo hundred specimens of P. chalybea, rangingfrom Mexicoto northernArgentina, indicate that in tropicallatitudes north and south of the Equator breedingand molt occurat oppositetimes of the year, correspondingin generalwith the seasonsof the adjacenttemperate zone. In the more sedentarytropical populations of P. chalybeathe breedingseason may be longer than that of the northern subisor the southernelegans, and the molt of individual birds may possiblyprogress faster. For populationsof P. chalybea very closeto the Equator (two or three degrees)the molt and breedingrelation is unclear, as few specimensbear significantgonadal data. At these low lati- tudes,as Miller has reported (Acta XI Cong. Int. Ornith. Basel 1954: 495-50•, 1955),certain passetines have, and othershave not, a definitebreeding season, and evenat higher tropicallatitudes some passetines may molt while nesting--contrary to the usual situation in the temperatezones. Sincereproduction and molt have different endocrinebases (Assenmacher,Alauda, 26: 251-265, 1958), a correlation adaptivelyuseful in areasof marked seasonalchange may conceivablybe absent elsewhere,even in the samespecies. Thus on the GalapagosArchipelago, strad- dling the Equator, the sedentaryendemic P.m. modesta (currently regardedas conspecificwith the migratoryelegans) breeds while activelymolting. Beebere- ported finding six nests in March on IndefatigableIsland, just south of the [- Auk 532 General Notes LVol.•8

Equator ("Galapagos:World's End", p. 93. G. P. Putnam'sSons, 1924). Of 30 Galapagosspecimens examined in the AmericanMuseum, all those (14) taken betweenlate February (molt begun) and May (molt incomplete)were replacing primaries; sevenMarch, 1935specimens (with from four to six fresh or sprouting primaries) bear labels, in J.P. Chapin's handwriting,showing enlarged gonads, two with brood spot and enlarged oviduct (one with two empty ovarian follicles), indicating recent egg-laying. (October and November specimensfrom the Gala- pagos are not molting, except for an immature; none carry gonadal indication.) Molting when breedinghas not been noted in P. chalybea,but the possibilitythat this may occurnear the Equator must be kept in mind in usingmolt and gonadal conditionas cluesto subspecificidentification. In this paper P. subishas been usedin the senseof the A.O.U. Check-list(1957), and not in the broader sense of the "Distributional Check-list of the Birds of Mexico,"pt. 2:107 (1957),because the West Indian cryptoleucaand dominiccrisis and the west Mexican sinaloaeseem to me at least as closelyallied to P. chalybea as to P. subis (seeZimmer, 1955, op. cit.: 2-4). Though all forms of Progne are geographicalrepresentatives, the likelihood of somebreeding overlap in Mexico and Argentina justifiesthe presentmaintenance of severalspecies (Zimmer, loc. cit.; Hellmayr, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Zool. Ser., 13, pt. 8: 21, 23-24, 1935). In treating elegansas a subspeciesof P. modestaHell.mayr and Zimmerare followed,with some hesitation;the Englishname selectedis intended for the entire P. modestacomplex. I am indebtedto Dr. R. S. Storerfor sendingthe Panamaspecimen of elegansfor identification.--E. EISENMANN,American Museum o)• Natural History, Neu• York 24, N.Y.

Blue Jays Attack a Red Bat.--Although the Blue Jay's habit of pestering hawks and owls and of frequently attacking other birds is commonly observed, assaultson bats may be rare. The following incident may therefore be worth recording. During the noon hour of July 3, 1958, Mr. R. L. Browning,a student, came to my office to inquire whether anyone in the Biology Department might be interested in an observationwhich he and his wife had just made. While sitting under a tree on the Universityof Louisvillecampus they had becomeaware of a commotion overhead which involved a small group of screaming Blue Jays, Cyanocittacristata. A bat then flew from the tree, followed by the attacking jays, and came to earth a few yards away. At the approach of the Brownings the jays departed while the bat remained motionlesson the ground. The three of us then went immediately to the sceneof the encounter, where we locateda Red Bat, Lasiurusborealis (Miiller), in the grass. When picked up it made no attempt to fly but it was able to bite. The only visible evidence of injury was a small abrasionon one side of the abdomen. By the following day it showedno signsof distress.--WILLIAMM. C•,Y, Department o)• Biology, Univer- sity o! Louisville, Louisville 8, Kentucky. Large Numbers of Bohemian Waxwings in New Mexieo.--Duringthe month of April, 1959,large numbersof BohemianWaxwings (Bombycilla garrulus) were seen in Santa Fe, New Mexico by myself and other observers. The invasion of thesebirds beganApril 5 and lasted approximatelyone month. The last onesI saw were three on May 12. During the month at least 5,000, and possiblyas many as 10,000,were presentin the area. I saw hundredsin my garden on numerous occasions.As an indication of the great numbersof the birds, on April 13, a large