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Die Darstellung Österreichs in US-Amerikanischen Filmproduktionen Nach 1945

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Die Darstellung Österreichs in US-Amerikanischen Filmproduktionen Nach 1945 DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit Image Austria – Die Darstellung Österreichs in US-amerikanischen Filmproduktionen nach 1945 Verfasser Alf-Tobias Zahn angestrebter akademischer Grad Magister der Philosophie (Mag. phil.) Wien, 2009 Studienkennzahl lt. A 317 Studienblatt: Studienrichtung lt. Theater-, Film- und Medienwissenschaft Studienblatt: Betreuerin / Betreuer: Ao.Univ.-Prof. Dr. Rainer Maria Köppl Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Vorwort.............................................................................................................................................2 2. Einleitung.........................................................................................................................................3 3. Österreichbilder und österreichische Regisseure in Hollywood vor 1945.......................................9 4. Die Darstellung Österreichs in US-amerikanischen Filmproduktionen nach 1945.......................13 4.1. Neutrale Ort: Spies in Salzburg und Wien..............................................................................14 4.1.1. Diplomatic Courier (1952), The Devil Makes Three (1952), Foreign Intrigue (1956)..14 4.1.2. The Secret Ways (1961)...................................................................................................20 4.1.3. The Salzburg Connection (1972), Scorpio (1972)..........................................................22 4.1.4. Hopscotch (1980), Living Daylights (1987)...................................................................28 4.1.5. I Spy Returns (1994).......................................................................................................32 4.1.6. Zwischenfazit..................................................................................................................33 4.2. Delirium im Walzertakt...........................................................................................................35 4.2.1. Das musikalische Österreich in The Magnificent Rebel (1962), The Waltz King (1963), Letter from an unknown Woman (1948)..............................................36 4.2.2. Das autobiographische Österreich in The Sound Of Music (1965), Miracle Of The White Stallions (1963).........................................................................................................................42 4.2.3. Das groteske Österreich in A Breath Of Scandal (1960), The Great Race (1965)..........54 4.2.4. Zwischenfazit..................................................................................................................59 4.3. Aus dem Exil: Wiener Regisseure, österreichische Realität und das Jahr 1938.....................60 4.3.1. Billy Wilder und The Emporer's Waltz (1948)................................................................60 4.3.2. Fred Zinnemann und Julia (1977)..................................................................................65 4.3.3. Otto Preminger und The Cardinal (1963).......................................................................69 4.3.4. A Friendship in Vienna (1988) von Arthur A. Seidelmann.............................................74 4.3.5. Zwischenfazit..................................................................................................................79 4.4. Das Ende vom Lied: Zusammenfassung meiner Ergebnisse..................................................80 5. Darstellungen Österreichs in weiteren US-amerikanischen Filmproduktionen.............................83 5.1. Das wissenschaftliche Wien in The Seven Per Cent Solution (1976).....................................83 5.2. Das kulturelle Wien in Before Sunrise (1995)........................................................................84 5.3. Österreich im Abenteuerfilm von George Lucas: Indiana Jones (1989 – 2007)....................85 5.4. Weitere österreichische Biographien: Amon Göth (1993), Heinrich Harrer (1997), Maria Antoinette (2006)...........................................................................................................................88 6. Weitere Forschungsmöglichkeiten .................................................................................................90 7. Dank...............................................................................................................................................93 8. Abstracts.........................................................................................................................................94 9. Anhang............................................................................................................................................96 9.1. Filmlisten................................................................................................................................97 9.2. Literaturverzeichnis..............................................................................................................101 9.3. Linkverzeichnis.....................................................................................................................104 9.4. Grafl, Franz. Projiziertes Land. Wien, 2002/03....................................................................107 9.5. Eidesstattliche Erklärung......................................................................................................116 9.6. Wissenschaftlicher Lebenslauf..............................................................................................117 1. Vorwort Im Sommer 2007 absolvierte ich ein Praktikum in einer Musikagentur in München. Meine Kollegen und ich arbeiteten an zwei Filmproduktionen mit und berieten die Produzenten hinsichtlich der Filmmusik und der geeigneten Wahl eines Komponisten. In den letzten Wochen meines Praktikums musste ich meinen Plan für das kommende Semester zusammen stellen. Ich fand ein Filmseminar mit dem Titel The Sound Of Music. Eine genauere Beschreibung fehlte und so ging ich davon aus, dass dieses Seminar sich mit Filmmusik beschäftigen würde. Eine ideale Ergänzung zu meinem Praktikum. Im Gegensatz zu meiner Annahme war der Schwerpunkt des Seminars nicht 'Filmmusik', sondern die US-amerikanische Filmproduktion Rodger's and Hammerstein's The Sound Of Music aus dem Jahr 1965. Durch meine falsche Interpretation des Themas bestätigte ich nur das Mysterium rund um diesen Film in Österreich und Deutschland. The Sound Of Music ist weltweit bekannt und erfolgreich. In den zurückliegenden fünf Jahrzehnten wuchsen Generationen von Menschen aus verschiedenen Ländern mit den Liedern aus dem Film und der Geschichte um die österreichische Familie Trapp auf. Kein anderer Film prägte das Bild Österreichs im Ausland nachhaltiger. In den Niederlanden ist The Sound Of Music fester Bestandteil des Fernsehprogramms zu Ostern und meine niederländische Bekannte trällert ungefragt My Favourite Things am Frühstückstisch. Meine britischen Arbeitskollegen unternehmen einen Ausflug nach Salzburg und nehmen selbstverständlich an der The Sound Of Music-Tour durch die Stadt teil. Meine chinesische Bekannte schwärmt bei jedem Besuch Österreichs von der schönen Landschaft, die im Film ebenfalls gezeigt wird. Doch in Österreich ist The Sound Of Music noch immer eine große Unbekannte. In dem einjährigen Forschungsseminar untersuchten meine Studienkollegen und ich den Mythos The Sound Of Music unter verschiedenen thematischen Aspekten. Das Seminar war für mich der Auslöser, mich mit der filmischen Darstellung Österreichs zu beschäftigen. Daraus entwickelten sich über 40 Filmanalysen und schließlich mein aktuelles Diplomarbeitsthema. Erste Einblicke in meine Ergebnisse liefert die vorliegende Arbeit, die ohne meine Verwechslung im Oktober 2007 nie zustande gekommen wäre. 2 2. Einleitung „Vienna, the mecca of the music masters.“ Sprecher in The Magnificent Rebel „We know that you married some old Nazi!“ - „Oh, come on. He was Austrian!“ Miles Kendig und Isobel von Schonenberg in Hopscotch „Vienna is no longer a Strauss Waltz. It's a dance with the devil!“ Tommi in A Friendship In Vienna Mehrere Studien haben in den zurückliegenden Jahrzehnten das Bild Österreichs in den USA untersucht. 1967 befragte Gottfried Heindl 200 US-amerikanische Professoren über ihre ersten Assoziationen, wenn sie an Österreich denken. Die Antworten fasste er in den fünf Schlagworten 'Mountains', 'Music', 'Mozart', 'Metternich' und 'Maria Theresia' zusammen1. Österreich wird mehrheitlich durch die Landschaft, durch klassische Musik und Persönlichkeiten aus der Habsburger Vergangenheit dargestellt2. 1976 veröffentlicht Jürgen Koppensteiner eine Studie über das Österreich-Bild in US-amerikanischen Nachrichtenmagazinen. Er kommt zu dem Schluss, dass Österreich in den sechziger Jahren als „Disneyland Europas“3 dargestellt wird. Dieses „Image- Problem“ Österreichs veranlasst Peter Marboe 1983 unter anderem zu den Feststellungen, „[e]s bestehe ein zu geringes Wissen über das Land [und] das Bild sei immer noch verkitscht [...]“4. Diese Einschätzungen und Erkenntnisse von Heindl, Koppensteiner und Marboe werden durch die Ergebnisse von mehreren repräsentativen Studien bestätigt, die 1988 von Günther Schweiger veröffentlicht wurden5: „Österreich gilt in den Augen der Welt als Land der klassischen Musik, der 1 Heindl, Gottfried. „Austria and the World: Image and Impact.“ In: Modern Austria, Palo Alto, 1981. Hg. von Kurt Steiner. Seite 397. Zitiert nach Bunzl, John: „Österreichpolitik und öffentliche Meinung in den USA“. In: The Sound of Austria. Österreichpolitik und öffentliche Meinung in den USA, Hg von John Bunzl, Wolfgang Hirczy
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