HIS1~0R Y OF SURRY COUN1"'Y or Annals of Northwest North Carolina
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THOMPSON ·ESCAPES 'l'HE INDIANS
HISTORY OF SURRY COUNTY
or
Annals of Northwest North Carolina
by
). G. HOLLINGSWORTH
..,______COPYRIGHT, 1935, BY J. G. HOLLINGSWORTH TABLE OF CONTENTS Pnge
Indian Inhabitants t I t t t I I t t t I I f I I I I t t I t t I I I I t t I t I t t t 1
White Explorers . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 11
Frontiersmen ...... • • e t t I I t f I t • I f t t t 17
Frontier Life ...... t I f I f f f If f f f f f I • f f 33
Ftuntier Troubles t t t t I I t I t I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I t I t t t I I I I t I 89
Early Land Grants ... . t t I t t t t I I t t t I t I I t I I I I t I • t t I t I t 51 Surry County Created ...... 57
Regula tor Tron bles ...... f I I f I I f I f 68 Beginning of the Revolutionary War ...... 71 Can1paign Against Indians ...... 81 Last Years of the Revolution ...... 89 Creation of New Counties ...... 107 Political ...... 113 Military ...... 141 r,.r,. Man t1factt1ring ...... •...... •.• l 00
Agriculture • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .165 Ed11cation . : ...... · 175 Church O1•ganizations ...... 189
Ne,vswpapers • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • .195 Social Groups ...... 201 Miscellaneous Facts ...... 209 Surry Soldiers of Our Wars ...... 214 lVIanufacturing Data ...... 269 ·Fat·ming Data ...... 270 Officials-Natiorial and State ...... 276 Surry Vote for Governor from 1886 to 1982 ...... 279
To my Mother and Aunts· who early taught me pleasures to be had in reading.
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PREI~ACE
It is with some hesitation and misgiving that the incidents narrated in the following sketches are exposed to public vie"' and criticism. In them are many facts which will shatter local legends and traditions, many very dear to the families vitally concerned; but ,vhioh ,vill not stand the penetrating light of facts and records. 1'hroughout this series of sketches there will be found few references to or use of traditions; ~uch material in the ,vriter 's belief should be compiled separately and viewed from a different angle than that of authentic history.· r:rhe first sketches are devoted to an approach of the set tlon1c11t of Surry County from a different angle from the cotnrnon practice of county historians. The efforts of Sir Walter Iialeigh to establish a colony in America is common knowledge, but the events of early Virginia ~istory have been passed over, especially those which had such a profotind influenee in causing tho people to move soutlnvard from Jamestown. 'l'here arc parts of this ,vork ,vhich are not prin1arily connected with Surry County history, but they have been set down in order to establish a clearer understanding of the events that transpired in the territory embraced in s·nrry County. · The vnst territory ,vhich first comprised the county, and its gradual breakup into counties has made it very difficult to determine ,vhat is essentially Surry County history and what beJongs to the ne,ver counties. The general rule follo\\1ed in these sket~hes is the discontinuance of reports of the vari ous sections as they assum'1d the responsibilities of a separate county. The first part of this work deals prhnarily ,vith the coining of ,vhite people, and the establishment of, their system of government over the regions that the Indians struggled to retain as their o,vn. 'r he second part is more varied and con siders the political, the military, th~ industrial, the agricul tural; the educational, the religious, the public press, and the rise of different social groups within the county. The work is open to criticism for containing more infor mation dealing ,vith the northeastern section of the county than any other part. 'rhis is to be regretted, but repeated requests to persons living in distant parts of the county for source material were disregarded. · · The ,vriter here ackno,vledges his appreciation for the constructive criticism and suggestions given by Dr. R. D. W. Connor, Chapel JiilI,· N. C. The suggestions of Dr. l\f. C. S. Noble, Chapel Hill, N. C., proved of inestimable value in securing data on certain periods of the county development. 'l'he reading and revising done by Supt. J. B. ll-0bertson, Burlington, N. C., and Mrs. Katheryn I-I. Bro,vn, IIarliugcn, 'l'exas, are duly appreciated.-Mount Airy, N. C., Nov. 1, 1935. CHAPTER ONE INDIAN INHABITANTS 'rhc early history of Surl'y County is shrouded· in uncer tainty of Indian invasions and occupations; this fact is evident from Indian sources, and is confirmed by reports of the earliest white traders and settlers in this section. Surry, Stokes, Rockingham, Forsyth, Yadkin, and Wilkes Counties ,vere in the section claimed by the Algonquians, Cherokees, 'ruscaroras, and Sauras; ,vhile the entire state ,vas subject to attacks of the Iroquois regardless of the tribe occupying the region. 1 'fhe successive invasions of these Indians seem to have co1ne from the north,vest. A glance at a map ,vill sho,v that North Carolina is on a line ,vith the ,vestern end of Lake Superior, the southern tip of Lake l\fichigan, and the Bering Strait. No,vhere else along the Atlantic coast is there evidence to be found of as many Indian linguistic stocks as thrf\ugh North Carolina.2 Investigations have shown that the Iroquois Indians' earliest known home "'as along the Saint Lawreuce river. 'l,hese people gradually extended their control along each side of the Great Lakes. 'l'he Cherokees at one time (lCCt1pied the southern and ,vestern tip of this · Iroquois advance.• 'rhe Cherokee legends and excavations have proved ·that the mounds of. the Ohio river regions ,vere constructed. by.. these Indians; even the legends of the Dela,vares assert that their enemies fought from mounds. In the Walam Ohun, the 1 Report of the Bureau of Ethnology•. 1898, 1>nge 20. 2 .Powell's 'Mnt> of North Arnericnn Indinns. 8 llnndbook of American Indians, Hodges, Vol. .I, pnge ~46. 1 INDIAN INHABITANTS Dela\\'ares declared they advanced from the north,vest, and only after the term of four chiefs. succeeded in driving the Cherokees toward the southeast. At last, after seventeen 1nore chiefs had served the tribe the ocean ,vas · reached, and at the end of six more leaders the appearance of the \\1 hite men ,vas noted. The Delaware migration was also confirmed by the Wyandots and the Cherokees.• With such facts it. is easy to surmise the Tuscaroras, the Nottoways, and the l\feherrin Indians ,vere forced at various times from the main body of Iroquois as fresh groups of invaders s,vnng round the southern end of the Great Lakes and drove the detached elements toward the southeast.11 The tribe of Algonquians had flrtnly planted the1nselves along the coast from N-orth Carolina north,vard to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, witl1 a connecting territorial clain1 through Maryland and Virginia to the l\Ussissippi Valley, where the main body of their linguistic stock resided. The . most powerful section of the Algonquians, near the Surry· County borders, ,vas the l\fonacares ,vho centered their claims about the Peaks of Otter and their chief villages ,vere l\fohoc, on the. Jatnes river; and Nabissan, on a branch of the Roa noke river." These places are mentioned by John Lederer in an account of his travels, in 1670, ,vhile exploring the upper James river and his southern trip to the lands drained by the Catawba river. '11he territorial claims of the Tuscaroras, an Iroquois lingl'list stock, came to the ,,icinity of Burlington, N. C., thence to the Roanoke river at a point near the junction of that river and the Dan, then along the course of the R-Oanoke to the Albemarle sound; the entire basins 0£ the Tar, Neuse, and Trent rivers ,vere ,vithin the territory of these Indians. The upper waters of the Cape Fear river ,vere also in their claims.' The history of Surry County is most YitaHy concerned with the activities of the Cherokees and the Sauras, in their struggle to establish definite claims to this region.
4 Report of Bureau of Ethnology, 189'8, part I, pnge 20, 11 Powell 'a Map of North American Indiana. 0 Powell's Map of North American Indians. 'Powell's Map of North American Indiana. 2 INDIAN INHABITANTS The Cherokees were the mountaineers of the southern Jn... dians. R,ecords show them to have been an aggressive people, and since their relations with ,1/hite men began they have shown a tenacity . of purpose that is difficult to match.· In fact, so wedded were these people to their mountains that even today they are in possession of a small part of their former empire,' and all the efforts of the national and state governments have failed to remove tbetn frotn the mountain fastness. · The original Cherokee territory comprised a bout forty thousand square miles ,vhich necessitated continual fighting in order to maintain their claims. '' As is always the case with tribal geography, there ,vere no fixed boundaries, and on every side the Cherokee frontiers were contested by rival claimant.s. In Virginia, there is reason to believe, the· tribe was held in check in the early days by Po,vhatan and the Monacans. On the east and southeast the Tuscaroras and the Catawbas ,vere their inveterate enemies, with hardly even a momentary truce within the historic period; and evidence goes to sho"' that the Saura or Chera,v .,vere fully as hostile. On the south there was hereditary war with the Creeks, ,vho claimed nearly the ,vhole of upper Georgia as their original possession, but who. ,vere being gradually pressed do"'n toward the Gulf until through the mediation of the United States, a treaty was finally made, fixing the boundary bet,veen the two tt·ibes along a line running abottt due ,vest from the mouth of Broad river on the Savannah. To,vard the ,vest the Chickasa,v on the lowe1· Tennessee and the Sha,vano on the Cu1nbe1·land repeatedly turned back the tide of Cherokee invasion from the rich central valleys, while the po,verful Iroquois in the north set up an almost unchallengad claim of paramount lordship from the Ottawa river 0£ Canada soutlnvard at least to the Kentucky river. '' On the other hand, by defeating the Creeks and the expulsion of the Sha\\7ano, th~ Cherokees made good the clahn ,vhich they asserted to all the lands f1•om upper Georgia to the Ohio river, includh1g the rich hunting grounds· of Ken tucky. IIolding as they did the great mountain barrier between 11 Report of Bureau' of Ethnology, 1888-4, pnges 260 and 818·0. 3 INDIAN INHABITANTS the English settlements on the coast and the French or Spanish garrisons along the Mississippi and the Ohio, their geographic position, no less than their superior number, ,vould ·have given them the balance of power in the South but for the looseness of tribal organization in striking con tra.st to the compactness of the Iroquois leaguJ, by ,vhich the French power ,vas held in check in the North.' 'I> But the frequent division among the Cherokee chiefs prevented united action;_ nevertheless, they were able to maintain their position against the neighboring tribes. . As. to the origin of the Cherokee name there are various interpretations. The best explunation is given by Mooney, '' The proper name by ,vhich the Cherokee call themselves is Y un,viya, or Ani-Y u1nviya in the third person, signifying 'real people,' or 'principal people.' Cherokee, the name by which they are comn1only known, l1as no meaning in their language, and seems to be of foreign origin. As used among themselves the form is Tsalagi or TsaJ·agi. It first appears as Chalaque in the Portuguese narrative of De Soto's expedi tion, published originally in 1557, ,vhile ·we flncl Charaqui in a French document of,1699, and Cherokee as an English form as early, at least, as 1708. " 10 'l'hese Indians have been especially fortunate in the type of leaders they have had for the greater part of their dealings "'ith ,vhite men. One of the early tl:avelers11 stated that the Cherokees in their disposition and manners are grave and steady, dignified, and circumspect in their deportm~nt; rathe1· slo,v and reserved in conversation, yet frank, cheerful and humane; tenacious of the liberties and natural rights of 1na11; secret, deliberate and determined in their councils ; honest, just 11nd liberal, and always ready to sacrifice every pleasure and gratification, even their blood and life itself, to defend their territory and to maintain their rights. The 8aura (Sara) or Chera,v Indians ,vere of the Siouan linguistic stock, 1\1hich according to 1\1:ooney ,vere supposed to have· originally held the regions near the North and South Carolina line. Tl1e Siouan Indians with ,vhotn A1nerican his-
. 11 Report of Bureau of Ethnology, 1898, page 15. 10 Report of Bureau of Ethnology, l 808, page 15. u Report of Burenu ot Ethnology, 1888•4, page 872. 4 INDIAN INHABITANTS tory is most vitally concerned were offshoots that migrated to the Great Central Plains before the coming of white men to America. Others ,vith Catlin, contend that the original home of the Siouan Indians was on the plains ; and the Sauras, (Cheraws), and Cata,vbas were driven southeast before the advance of the Cherokees.12 The Portuguese narrative of De Soto's march through southwestern North Carolina reported stops being made at a number of Saura villages; this ,vas · in the year 1540. The regions about the Broad river ,vere kno,vn to the Spaniards as the province of Xula-the territory of the Suwali or Sauras. The town of Xula was near the foot of a mountain, beside a small rapid stream. The second mention of the Sauras is contained in• the account of Juan Pardo who in 1556 left a garrison of thirty Spaniards at Joara (the Xula of the De Soto expedition), but soon after his departure the Indians became hostile and forced the Spanish force of gold seekers 11 to flee to the lands of the Creeks. · The follo,ving year Juan Pardo returned to Xula, but upon not finding the garrison he hastened over the route taken by De Soto a number of years before. 'I'he next account of the Sauras is gained from John Lederer, a trader, ,vho undertook an exploring expedition in 1670 at the instigation of the Virginia governor.-·He reported visiting the villages of the Sau11as along the Dan, Yadkin, and Catawba rivers. 14 By 1728 the center of the Saura territorial claims ,vas iu Rock ingham, Stokes, and Surry Counties in North Carolina and the adjoining counties of Virginia.15 Colonel Byrd of Virginia ,vhile on l1is task of surve:l'ing the line between North Carolina and Virginia definitely located the upper and Jower Saura towns along the Dan river.18 ,vithin a few years of Colonel Byrd's visit to these villages, they ,vere abandoned because of the constant attacks from the Cherokees, 1"Ionacans, Tuscaroras, and Iroquois. · At this point in the narrative it might be profitable to 12 Catlin's Gallery ot Indians, page 62. ia Report of Bureau of Ethnology, 1898, page 27, u John Lederer's Second Exploration of 1670. 15 Wm. Byrd's Dividing Line Histories (Boyd), pages 208·0. 18 ,vm. Byrd's n1vJding Line Histories (Boyd), pages 208-9. 5 INDIAN INHABITANTS consider in a f e,v paragraphs the d,vellings, manners and customs, and the routes of travel used by the aborigines in this part of the state before the advent of Europeans. Usually, at the mention of· an Indian dwelling, the majority of people think of the tepee or wigwam which was used by the aborigines inhabiting the Great Central Plains. Nothing is farther from the truth concerning the Indians in the eastern part of the United States. Copies of the paintings by John White sho,v the dwellings of the Secotan and IIat teras Indians to have been constructed of poles closely set· together ,vith grass and twigs interwoven to form the ,valls and roof, and about the entire village ·was a palisade of upright tree trunks. n In ·the ,vestern part of North Carolina the homes of the aborigines are described by Lederer, Lawson, B'artram, Adair and numerous others who visited the early Indians living in the Piedmont and Mountain sections of this state. The huts ,vere of ,vaddle construction consisting of an average width of sixteen feet and the length varying from twenty to forty feet. These houses were built of young saplings placed close together and fastened at the top to £orm an arched roof; tvdgs and bark were used to weave between the poles, and over all, ,vithin and without, mud was used to plaster the entire structure. The interior of the dwelling ,vas divided into rooms by curtains made of grasses or skins of animals. 'fhe largest room was used as the living .quarters, while the smaller ones were bedrooms. 'fhe furniture, usually, was of a very simple order; the beds being either mounds of earth, or wooden bunks, covered with grass and skins. In the living room ,vere a number of benches placed against the walls being constructed either of earth or forked sticks forced into the ground, ,vith cross pieces placed upon them in sufficient ·num bers to support a covering of twigs and skins. The cooking, as a rule, was done out of doors, but in inclement weather the meals were prepared in one of the rooms. Usually the walls were adorned with skins upon which was ,vritten, in picto graphs, the outstanding events of the warrior's .life.1'
21 P11intfngs In State Museum at Raleigh, N. O. 11 Handbook of American Indians (Hodges), Vol. I, pages 511>·8. 6 lNDIAN INHABITANTS At the time Bartram and Adair traveled among the In dians of western North Carolina, the aborigines' dwellings had undergone a marked change. The huts were built of logs with a roof covered with long strips of bark, ,vhile the interior remained practically as described above. In fact, by 17 40 the abodes of the Cheiokees. and the Sauras ,vere on an equality, with the cabins of the white pioneer. At the mention of the red men, Caucasians are prone to, think of the ruthless methods of Indian warfare and fail to consider the aborigines' viewpoint and the reasons back of such customs. A war once started among the Indians became a question of exterminating their enemies or being wiped out themselves. Ancient Rome at the height of its greatness dealt ruthlessly with its vanquished foes. Onc_e the red man agreed to a treaty he observed it faithfully,,. because he was a firm believer in the integrity of his pledged word. Every ,var· with the aborigines in this country was brought on by the white man's disregard of treaties made ,vith the Indian. The necessities of life were chiefly of a physical nature, and the Cherokee devoted his time to securing a sufficient food supply, and the punishment of his enemies. His skill with the bow, cleverness and agility in the simple athletic sports, or the unfagging manner, which characterized his pursuit of an enemy, all determined the \\7arrior 's reputation among his fellows. Menial labor waq scorned by the. warrior as the work suitable for weaklings and women. As to the Cherokee's general character, R-0yce states: "He was in fact possessed of great ingenuity, keen wit, and rare cunning. In the consideration of matters of public importance, his conduct was_ characterized by a grave dignity that was frequently almost ludicrous. The studied stolidity of his countenance gave the spectator no cue to the in,vard bent of his feelings or determination. 'l'he anxious prisoner, from a 'Yatchful study of his face and actions, could read nothing of his probable fate. He ,vas physically brave, and would, without hesitation, attack the most dangerous beasts of the forest or his most ferocious human enemies. In the hands of those enemies he would endure, ,vitb the most unflinching nerve, the cruelest tortures ~heir ingenuity could devise, and 7 INDIAN INHABITAN'l'S at the sume time chant his song in the recital of his numberous personal acts of his triumph over them. His movements ,vere stealthy and l1is blows fell at an unexpected moment from the hidden ambush or in the dead hours of the night. His nature ,vas cruel, and in the excitement of battle that cruelty was clothed in most terrible forms. He ,vas in the highest degree vindictive, and his memory never lost sight of a per sonal injury. He was inclined to be credulous until once deceived, ·after which, nothing could remove his jealous distrust. . '' His confidence once fully secured, however, the unselfish ness of l1is friendship as a rule ,vould put to shame that of his more civilized Anglo-Saxon brother. His scrupulous honor in the payment of a just debt ,vas of a char•acter not always emulated among commercial nations. His nohle qualities have not been granted the general recognition they deserve, and his ignoble traits have often times been glossed over "'ith 11 the varnish of an unhealthy sentimentality.' ' ' Tl1e deference shown to ,vomen by the red men has been such that the Caucasian appears _in a very sorry light in com parison. There is not a single recorded incident of a pure blooded Indian having criminally assaulted a ,vhite woman, even in the heat of the bloodiest massacre/0 The explanation is to be found in their custom of tracing their ancestry through the female line, and the conception that every ,voman held the possibility of creating a po,verful line of ,varriors. This faith in the ,voman 's po,v.er of fruitfulness ,vas further extended into a belief that all food crops ,vonld yield better returns if they planted the seed than if 1nen did the ,vork. The women ,vere upon an equal footing ,vith the warriors in determining affairs of state, and on innutnerable occasions the decision of the ,vomen 's council decided the policy of the tribe.21 As a rule the Indians of this region ,vere monoga1nist. The marriage ritual usually consisted of an exchange of gifts and the approval of the "'omen's council before the union would be recognized. The young' warriors were allo,ved free- st Report ot Bureau ot Ethnology, 1888-4, page 872. 20 Oatlin's Gallery of Indians, page 589. 21 Handbook ot Ametican Indfnns (Hodges), Vol. I, pnges 408-9, 8 INDIAN INHABI'rAN'I1S d·om of courtship the same as white people exercise today. The process of divorce was as simple as the marriage ritual, the ,voman simply returned to the home of her parents, or the ,varrior left permanently l1is dwelling. The children inva riably ,vent ,vith the mother in cases of separation.22 The Indians "'ere deeply religious, constantly making gifts of the chase and crops for a successful culmination of · an enterprise. 'l'hey acknowledged a supreme spirit and a future life, but the chief concern was to appease the ,v·rath, or to prevent the unfavorable action of evil spirits, ,vhich "'ere supposed to be ever present and ,vo1·ldng to brlng about their undoing.23 Prior to 1760, there ,vas a network of Indian trails which traversed the Piedmont and. ~'fountain sections of this state. There is a marked similarity to our present day raihvays and highways systems. 'l'he chief trail that traversed Surry County was the soutlnvest fork of the Saura-Saponi trail; it joined the Occonee trail-east and ,vest route of travel-at Boone ville, crossed the Yadkin riv~r to the north side and followed the course of the Ararat river-known to the Indians as the Tararat-to the section near Mount Airy, then turned east ward crossing north of the Saurato,vu l\iiountains, and formed a junction ,vith the 'l'utela-Saura trail near l\{artinsville, Virginia. There was another much traveled trail that followed the course of New river; the beginning of this one was at Tutela ( near Salem, Virginia) and connected with the Occonee trail in the vicinity of Wilkesboro, N. C. Between these main north and south routes there ,vere· less frequented trails along the Elkin, Mitchell, and Fishe rivers, up the face of the Blue Ridge 1\1:ountains to points along the Ne,v river trail. 24 If the reader ,vill study a map of the county he ,vill see with ,vhat skill the aborigines took advantage of the topography of the region in making their routes.
22 Handbook of American Indians (Hodges), 'vol. I, pngo 809. 23 Ibid. . 24 Report of Bureau of Ethuology, 1924·5, pngo 7 48. 9
CHAPTER Two WHITE EXPLORERS As the first white men, to cross this part of the. state, came from Virginia, it might be ,vell to consider a few historic facts that have an important bearing on Surry County history. ~ . As a consequence of a Cherokee intrusion into Piedmont Virginia in 1654, the English settlement:;; a.long the Ja~es river ,vere suddenly checked. According to records of that time a force of six hundred Cherokee warriors erected a fort at the present site of Richmond and from this base proceeded to harass the ,veak allied tribes near the English settlements. The Virginia Asse1nbly at once ordered a :force to be organ ized and sent against the ne"' menace.· The Virginia troops were completely crushed and the leader required to sign a humiliating treaty ,vhich the Assembly repudiated and required the unfortunate man to bear the expense of ful fllhnent of the treaty stipulations.1 In consequence of this check the white settlers were forced to extend their clearings along the coasts of the Chesapeake Bay and nearby ,vaters. The Virginians turned early to the profitable fur trade after the first frenzy of gold seeking was over. In the further ance of this trade, many of the more adventurous traders made their ,vay into North Carolina: at first in the coastal plains, but by degrees, excursions ,vere made into the Piedmont regions. Some time after the Cherokees defeated the Virginians at the £alls of the James river iIJ. 1654, the Indian trail from Bermuda Hundred, Virginia; through Weldon, Hillsboro, Randleman, Salisbury, and Charlotte, North Carolina, ,vas 1 History ot Vil'ginln (Burke), Vol. 2, pnges 104; 107. 11 WIIITE EXPLORERS being traversed ~y the pack horses of Virginia traders in search of valuable furs which ,vere collected by the Indians. 1670 is the earliest date of w·hich there is any probability· of a trader from the English settle~ents traversing this section of the state, although the Spaniards seeking gold may have crossed Surry County on s01ne expedition from their fort and mine near Lincolnton, North Carolina. In the above mentioned year a German trader by the na1ne of John Lederer undertook an exploring expedition under the orders fro1n the governor of Virginia. An account of this expedition is best told in the ,vords of the trader himself. '' The 20th of l\tiay 1670, one l\iajor Ilarris and myself ·with twenty Christian horsemen, and five Indians, marched from the falls of the James river in ''irginia toward the 1\1:onahins, and on the two and twentieth ,vere ,velcomed by them ,vith a volley of shot.'' Then they f ollo,ved a difficult path, from the twenty-fifth of ]\fa/ to June third, and arrived at l\Iahock. '' The third of June ,ve came to the south branch of the James river, ,vhich l\{ajor I-Iarris observing to run north ward, vainly imagined to be an arm of the lake of Canada.'' Ilere Lederer 's companions turned back to the English set tlements. "The James river is here as broad as it is about one hundred miles lo,ver, at 1\1:onahi the passage over is dan gerous by reason of the rapid torrent made and shelves forcing _the ,vater into narro,v channel. ... '' From the fifth which ,vas Sunday until the 9th of June, I traveled through difficult "'ays ,vithout seeing any to,vn or Indian, and then I arrived at Saponi, a village of the Nahys sans about one hundred miles distant from Mahok situated upon a branch of the Cha,van, alias Rorenock river .... ' 'From thence by ·Indian instruction I directed my course to Akenatzy, an island bearing south and ,vest about fifty miles distant upon a branch of the same river from Saponi. By easy journeys I landed at Akenatzy upon the 12th of June. The current of the river is here so strong that my horses had much difficulty to resist it, and I expected every minute to be carried a,vay ,vith the stream. This island, though small, maintains many inhabitants, who are fixed here in great security being naturally fortified ,vith fastness 12 ,vIIITE EXPLORERS of mountains and water on every side. . . . '' It was at this village that Lederer witnessed the murder of the Cherokee envoys, and as soon as possible he left the village. "The 14th of June, pursuing a south-south·west course s01netimes by beaten path, and s01netimes over hills and rocks, I ,vas forced to take up my quarters in the woods ; for though the Oenock Indians whom I then sought were not in a direct line above thirty odd miles distant from Akenatzy, yet the ·ways "'ere such, and obliged 1ne to go so far about that I reached not Oenock until the 16th. The country here by the industry of these Indians is very open· and clear of ,vood .... They plant abundance of grain, reap three crops in a si1mmer and out of their granary supply all adjacent parts. These and the mountain Indians build not their ·houses of bark but of watling and plaister. '' Fourteen miles ,vest-southwest of Oenocks d,vell the Shackory Indians upon a rich soil, and yet abounding in antitnony of which they sho,ved 1ne considerable quantities. Finding they agree with the Oenocks in customs and man ners I made no stay hei:e but passing through their to,vn I traveled till the 19th of June; and then after t\vo days trou blesome journey through thickets and marshy ground I arrived at Watary about forty 111iles distant and bearing west-south,vest to Shackory.· '' I departed from Watary on the one and t,ventieth of June; and keeping a west course for more than thirty· miles I came to Sara; here I found the way more level and easy. Sara is not far distant from the mountains which here lose their height and change their course and naine; for they run due "'est and receive fro1n the Spaniards the naine of Snala. From these inountains or hills the Indians draw great quantities of cinabar, ,vith ,vhich beaten to pow·der they colour their faces. '' From Sara I kept a sonth-sontlnvest course until the 25th of June and then reached Wisachy .... The 26th of June, having crossed a fresh river which runs into the lake of Usher~,, I came to the to,vn, ,vhich ,vas more populous than any I have seen before in my march. ''2 2 John Lederer's Second· Exp1orntion, 1670 18 WHITE EXPLORERS Fro1n this town Lederer started on his return journey home, using a more southern route than he had taken before ; passing through a large town of the '' Toskiroro '' Indians. Tbe second white person of whom there is grounds to suppose traversed Surry County ,vas a trader by tbe name of Daugherty, ,vbo by 1690 had taken up permanent resi dence in the chief village of the Cherokees, and was exerting a powerful influence over those people/.At the time Daugherty carried· on his fur trade, the trail from Richmond, Virginia, . passed through the section about Danville and then joined the Saura-Saponi route ,vhich ,vas being extensively used. The ,vestern fork of this trail served as a convenient con- neetion with the Occonee path ,vhich f ollo,ved the course of the upper Yadkin to its source thence crossed the Blue Ridge ]\fountains to the vVatauga river, and along that stream to the Holston, then down the latter river to the Cherokee capital. To Colonel Byrd of Virginia must be assigned the dis tinction of probably being the third white person to have entered the original territorial limits of. Surry County. The ol'iginnl survey of the line bet,veen Virginia and North Car- · olina stopped at the banks of Peter's Creek, in wl1at is now Stokes County. This ,vas the end of the ,vork done by Colonel Byrd in 1728 and for twenty-one years no ft1rther effort ,vas made to extend the survey.• The line bet,veeu the two colonies "'hiQh vitally concerns the present bounds of Surry County ,vas surveyed in 1749. Tbe surveyors started their ,vork at the point where Colonel Byrd discontinued his task in 1728. The ne,v work was under taken by four surveyors, two from each colony concerned, with their aides. These men can certainly be declared to have been the first Englishmen to officially traverse the northern limits of Surry County. Williatn Churton and Daniel Weldon ,vere the North Carolina commissioners, ,vhilt' ,Joshua Fry and Peter Jefferson were the Virginia surveyr,rs. 'l'he ardu ous task ,vas undertaken in October, 1749, in face of the most trying circumstances. The survey stopped at Steep Rock
3 Report of .Bureau of Ethnology, 188°8-4 1 Vol. 5, 1>ago 188. • Wm. Byrd's Dividing Lino Historic& (Boyd), )lngo 284. 14 WHITE EXPLORERS Creek, a distance of ninety miles from Peter's Creek.' Sorry to relate,- no detailed account has been preserved, and author ities are today ,vithout accurate evidence for ascertaining the exact. primary· location of the boundary along the north side of Surry County. Concerning this ,vork, Governor Gabriel Johnston ,vrote in his report to the Board of Trade: "In October, 1749, the line bet"► een the northern part of this province no,v ih the possession of the Earl of Granville and Virginia ,vas carried nearly one (hundred) mile more to the ,vest,vard and almost across the 1nountains. It ,vas done ,vith great care and exact ness, and it is believed that ten n1ore miles further would have carried them to the other side. But the excessive seyerity of the " 1eather and want of food for their horses obliged them to return. They crossed a large branch of the l\fississippi ,vhich runs bet,veen the ledges of the 1nountains that nobody ever dreamt of before. I have sent a draught of this line for their Lordship's vie,v. ''0 'l'he second surveying party to enter Surry County ,vas under the direction. of the representatives of the l\Ioravians. Bishop Spangenberg made a detailed report of his labors to select n tract of land suitable for a l\{oravian settlement. In the early part of September, 1752, he left Edenton upon l1is mission, and by November 29th, 1752, the party ,vas busily engaged in surveying land in the neighborhood of Quaker 1\:Ieado,vs. By December 3rd, tl1e party ,vas among the head streams of New river at a distance of fifteen 1niles south of the ''irginia line. This is the first definite account of a survey being 1nade in- that part of the state for liom_estead purposes. After enduring severe hardships from the cold and lack of food the party camped on the head ,vaters of the Yadkin river, this "'as oil· December 14th, 1752. Fortunately, Owen-a ft•ontiersman-and his companion, "'bile on a deer hunt met the surveying. party and returned ,vith them ·to their cabin near l\{ulberry Fields. This stop ,vas very opportune because IIenry Antes ,vas sufrering from a 11 North Onrolinn Colonial Records, Vol. 4, pngo xiii. 11 North Onrolhm Coloninl Records, YoJ. ·4, })age 107,l. 15 WI-IITE EXPLORERS severe cut on his arm. At l\{ulberry Fields a survey ,vas 1nade on both sides of the Yadkin river, for a distance of ten m1·1 es. ' As Spangenberg ,vrote concerning this section: '' 'l'hese are old Indian fields-,vhere the Cherokees probably lived once. They have a pleasant situation and remarkably fertile soil. Morgan Bryant had taken them up but they are uninhabited.'' The surveying party then continued do,vn the Yadldn river inspecting other sites for a possible settlement. So, it £alls to the lot of Bishop Spangenberg, Ifenry Antes, I-Ienry Day; John Perkins alias Andrew Lambert, John l\ierk, I-Ier1na11 Loesch, and William Churton (the surveyor) to have visited and surveyed along the southern side of the County." 'fhc exact time ",Jien Owen and Morgan Bryant, another frontiersman, came to this part of the state cannot be set. There is abundant proof in the first volu1ne of Surry Coni1ty Deed book that the latter had extensive holdings on both sides of the Yadkin river; especially, in the region of IIogan 's creek and Elkin river. Even prior to the coming of these two men there are accounts of Christopher Gist having a cabin where the Yadkin comes nearest to the Virginia line." 'I'he three men were cert~.inly in this part of the state before 17 50. On the map made by Joshua Fry and P'eter Jefferson in 17 49 the other settlers in Surry County ,veh~ as follows: Cossart had four thousand acres at Yadkin Folks and five thousand acres at l\f ulberry Fields; Gi~t, junior, at l\1ul berry li'ields; Peter l{ing on the head,vaters of Fishe '8 river; Loven at junction of Loven 's (now Lovell's) creek a;nd Rock creek; Easley on Johnson's creek (no"' Ararat river) ; Mount at junction of Loven 's and Jo11nso11 's creeks; and Freeman at junction of Dan river and Deep creek.
' History of "'nchovJn In N. 0., by Olcivcll, pngc 0, • History of ,vnchovfn In N. 0,, by Olowell, pngo o, 9 History of North Onrollnn, by A&ho, Vol, 1, pngo 282, 16 CHAPTER THREE FRONTIERSMEN 'l'he period of greatest expansion in North Carolina, dur ing the colonial era, ,vas "'hile Gabriel Johnston ,vas at the head of the provincial government. His administration may he divided into early and late periods, each vitally inter ested in the n1omentot1s problems of the colony, especially the latter part because of its important bearing upon the settlements ,vhich ,vere being made in the regions later to beco1ne 'Surry C~unty. . · At the time Johnston assumed the responsibilities of governor the settled area of North Carolina was confined to the coastal plnins. lJp until the outbreak of the War of the Austrian Succession in Europe, the hnmigrants ,vere chiefly Scotch, nncl S,viss who settled in the upper coastal regions of the colony. From 17 40 to 17 49 the European wars halted t.he migrations, and during that tin1e the colony ,vas activel3 engaged in aiding England in ,vaging the conflict.1 A cause of irritation during the period ,vas the continual disagree1ne11t bet1''een the officials and the people. 'l'he gov ernment officials demanded payment of taxes in specie ,vhile tho colonists contended for the right to pay ,vith deer skins, tobacco, hemp, flax, and bees,vax. Then there ,vas the question of gt'anting blank land patents "'hich at one tilne assumed the proportions 0£ a major scandal. In 1739 the Assembly iinponchecl Chief Justice Smith, nud in consequence the col ony "'ns kept in an uproar until 1744.:i
1 History of N01•th OnroHnn, Asho, }lngo 277. a Colonlnl ltccords, Snmulors, Vol. 4, 11ngos 851-2. 17 FR.O N'l'IER,Sl\iEN Follo,ving the signing of the treaty of Aix-la Chapelle in 17 48 there was a renewed rush of Europeans to America. These immigrants ,vere chiefly Scotch-Irish and Germans, who poured into the Piedmont regions of North Carolina. As the settlements began to be made there arose a serious controversy between the co]onial government and 1\{cCulloch, a large land cnvner, over an extensive land grant between the Cata,vba and Yadkin rivers; bloodshed resulted fro111 an armed clash between settlers and s11rveyors of l\fcOulloch. Then in 1746 the northern counties of the colony engaged in an armless rebellion because their representation had been reduced so that the apportionment of representatives "'oukl be more evenly distributed. These counties refused to attend assemblies or pay taxes to the colonial govern1nent; later even the southern counties declined to bear the entire cost of the government and defaulted in the payment of taxes. This trouble ,vas not settled until DobbR became governor in 1754. Added to these difficulties, it became impossible for the higher courts to function in the northern counties, and • as an observer at that· thne stated: '' In the older counties there is perfect anarchy. As a result crimes are frequently occurring such as murder and robbery. Tl1e c.rhninals cannot be brought to justice. The citizens do not appear as jurors and if court is held to decide such criminal matters no one is present. If any one is imprisoned the prison is broken open aucl no justice adn1inistered. In short such matters are decided by blo,vs. St.ill the county courts are held regularly, and ,vhat belongs to their jurisdiction receives custon1ary attention.'' An additional source of irritation to the settlers in North Carolina ,vas t11e confusion created by the collec tion of rents in the Earl of Granville's tract of land, and by the conduct of his agents and surveyors.• Sir John Carteret, later Earl of Granville, had in 1729 refused to sell his share of the Carolinas when the other seven Lord Proprietors sold their holdings to the . crown. So by royal order Granville's part was assigned from 85 degrees and 84 minutes north latitude to Virginia lii1e, This assign- 1nent meant that two-thirds of North Carolina became the
1 Colonial Records, Saunders, Vol. 4, pages 1811•2, 18 FRON'rIERSl\IEN individual property of the Granvilles, '' In the winter of 1743 his line was run from IIatteras tO' Bath and in the spring of 1746 it ,vas continued to Saxapah1nv, passing near the present town of Sno,v Ilill, and Princeton; and when extended farther west it became eventually the southern boundary of the counties of Chatham, Randolph, Davidson, and Rowan. From the time it ,vas run all the interest of the cro"'n ceased in the rents ,vithin that extensive territory, they belonging exclusively to Granville, ,vho appointed Moseley and Halton, his agents, for collecting the rents and for 1naJdng grants in his name.',. As was noted above, Chur ton was the chief surveyor for the Earl Granville, and was a North Carolina commissioner ,vhen the line ,vas · extended between this colony and Virginia in 1749, A thorough under standing of this is necessary in order to appreciate the diffi culties encountered by the flrst settlers of Surry in securing titles to their lands, and in paying of taxes and rents. Following the close of the War of Austrian Succession in 1748, North Carolina received a large number of Scotch .Irish and German settlers. To comprehend fully the signifi cance· of this movement it ,vill be necessary to revie,v briefly the conditions in Europe which prompted this migration. During the rules of the first Stuarts upon the English throne large numbers of Scotch and English "'ere induced to move to the northern parts of Ireland in order to 1nnke secure the English control of the island. The chief settle ments were made about Londonderry and Belfast in the section no,v kno,vn as Ulste1'. In a short time an extensive trade ,vas built up ,vith the other parts of the British Isles, and foreign posts. In fact, so aggressive and extensive were the commercial activities of these people of northern Ireland that the merchants in large cities of Scotland and England were hindered by this new opposition. Later the farmer and manufacturers added their complaints against the activities of the Scotch-Irish. By the time the Hanoverean kings came to the Britisl1 throne the tariff regulations of the Islands were carrying provisions for the curtailment of Irish products on English and Scotch markets. During Robert Walpole's 4 Colonfnl Recor • 1 History ot North Carolina, by Ashe, p·ngo 2'77. 11 Ibid, page 282, r Mat> made by Joshua Fry and Peter Jofforson, copy In ,vnshlngton, 20 FRONTIERSMEN. fatlier of the noted Cherokee sage Sequoyah.' It is supposed he lived here· a number of years with his Indian wife. Morgan Bryant was reported by Spangenberg to have had land claims about Mulberry Fields, ,vhile the Surry Deed book sho,vs that as early as 1752 he bad recorded grants along the Yadkin river in the vicinity of Hogan's creek and Elkin river. Span genberg mentioned O,ven as being at Mulberry Fields, and another account states he lived to the northwest of Bethabara.' The real opening of this section of the state dates from the arrival of the Moravian Brethren upon the tract of land selected by Bishop Spangenberg. The signing of the treaty of Aix-la Chapelle, in 17 48, served only as a truce, between the chief contending European powers for the mastery of the world trade and control of North America, and had allowed six years of uninterrupted migration to the New World. During the interval between 1748 and 1754 England and France intensified their activities of consolidation in their colonies and at the same time arranged friendly terms with the Indians. It was on such a mission that Christopher Gist left his home on the Yadkin to go into the regions of the Ohio river valley. Both the English and French renewed their effo!'ts to make secure their domination over the Cherokees in event of hostilities.1° The decision \\'as of vital concern to the early settlers in the vicinity of Surry County. The lands of the Cherokees lay partly within the terri torial claims of the English and the French, and comprised at the beginning of the French and Indian War not less than forty thousand square miles. In the French possessions these Indians controlled very near to the Mississippi river ; and to Oolumbia, South Oarolina, and Asheboro, North Carolina in the English claims. This naturally placed Surry County in the section which fell to the Cherokees-after the withdrawal ~f the Saura Indians. It was during the Cherokee occupa tion that the In(lian Village at the south end of Mount Airy was constructed, because by 1780 this tribe of Indians hacl extended .their claims as far toward the east as Asheboro, 8 Ro1>ort of Buronu of Ethnology'- 1898, pages 108·0, 0 History of Woohovla In N. o., oy Olewell, page 84. 10 :Report of Bureau of lilthnology, · 1soa, pago 89. 21 FRONTIERSMEN and in that vicinity had built the village of Keowee ; besides, Spangenberg stated the Cherokees had had a village at M~l .. berry Fields. Concerning the Cherokees, Connor writes : "With the exception of the Five Nations the Cherokees were 'historically the most important Indian nation in American history .... Before 1780 they treated with the white men on terms of equality and had never bowed to his yoke, while both the French and English early sought alliance with them ,in their struggle for mastery in North America.' ,n By the beginning of the French and Indian War · these red men had advanced rapidly on the road of civilization; within their dominion were sixty-four towns and villages. About the cabins were large orchards, their grain fields were extensive and well kept ; each warrior owned from two to twelve horses, the herds of cattle, and the droves of hogs were on the increase. The loose government which Christian Priber, the Fre'nch Jesuit or government official, had devised for the Cherokees was functioning with the Raven as Emperor, the Warrior as war chief, and Little Carpenter as peace chief.11 At the time the Cherokees were making such rapid advancement,, the occupation by the white men of the Pied mont region of North Carolina was under way. Bishop Span genberg reported visiting white settlers, especially along the head waters of the Catawba and Yadkin rivers. The year 1758 is of special interest to this section of the state because it marks the beginning of the Moravian settle ment at Bethabara, and also records the trip of Washington and Christopher Gist, as a guide, 11 to warn the French to remove from the upper Ohio valley. The moves and counter moves of the Virginians and the French colonials precipitated the war which drove the French forever from the continent of North America; a war that retarded for years the white settlements in Surry County. Soon after the defeat of Braddock's army, in July, 1755, the frontier counties of North Carolina .were exposed to the attacks of Indians friendly to the · French, especially the Shawnee and Delawares. "On .July 22, a Dunkard with his u History of North Oarollna, by Connor. Vol, 1, pago 6'1, 11 Report. of Bureau of EthnoJogy, 1888·4, page 142. 13 History ol North 0Rrollna, by Ashe; .Vol. 1, page 288. 22 FRONTIERSMEN wife arrived (Bethabara) from New river. Ile had· traveled seventy miles in a circuitous route, and reported the beginning of Indian outrages in his section, relating many instances of cruelty and bloodshed. ',u The most alarming reports con tinued to reach the Moravian settlement. Haltem and Owen came from a section ·north of Wachovia and said that the families in that neighborhood were leaving their homes. A man arrived from the Yadkin valley and reported that the neighbors up -and do,vn the river were gathering together for mutual protection against wandering bands of savages or organized attackers. Even from Haw river came an appeal for help.' '10 • During the winter of 1756 Peyton Randolph and Will~am Byrd for Virginia, and Hugh Waddell fQr North Carolina arranged a treaty with the Cherokees, whereby the co~onial governments were to build three forts. Virginia was to build Fort Loudon; North Carolina was to construct Fort Dobbs; and South Carolina was to erect Fort Prince George. All were to be occupied by the Indians as a proteotiop. against attacks by the French Indians, but as soon as the forts were con structed white troops were placed in them. This so enraged the Cherokees that for a short interval Little Carpenter ( Attakullakulla) became unfriendly and allowed a few attacks to be made upon the English settlers. At this period the friendly treatment of the Indians by the· Moravian Brethren prevented a general attack along the frontier/• Another incident which enraged the · Cherokees occurred in the late winter of 1756. A body of warriors were returning from the Le,vis expedition against the Shawnees and took some horses, which were ranging loose in the Valley of Vir ginia, to replace their own that had been lost during the excursion. The owners of the horses gave pursuit and fell upon the warriors at night; killing fourteen of the Chero kees. To add greater injury, the bodies of the dead were shamefully outraged and the scalps later sold to the Virginia government as those of Shawnee. The Indian custom strictly forbade the mutilation of a body after life became extinct. u History of ,vachovln !n N. O. 1 b)• Olewell, page 88, u History of Wachovln In N. 0., ·bt Olewell, page 84. 11 History of North Onrollnn, Vol, 1, by Aaho, page 800, 28 FRONTIERSl\iEN .. -,:::a ~ ,,,, . ••, ... '1-" ·!~ij;;:;T~.. .- - p - ,-11------. - -,----~.. ~~~,,;;;;--- BOONE DISCOVERS TIIE BODY OF FISHE 24 FRONTIERSMEN The chiefs made every efl:ort to adjust the matter . with the colonial governments of first Virginia, then South Carolina, and last North Carolina, but each turned a deaf ear to the pleas for justice. n Finally the head men of the tribe allowed warriors to attack the frontiersmen until the death list was evened up. Naturally, new attacks by the white men were made in retaliation. It was during an attack of reprisal by the enraged Chero kees that Fishe and his son were killed; and their companion, TJ1ompson, was wounded; near the mouth of Fishe river." The latter person was pierced in the hip with an arrow, and in his attempt to flee was shot in the chest with a second arrow to the extent the arrowhead protruded between his shoulders. Fearing to remove the last arrow lest he bf eed to death, Thompson determined to make his way to the Moravian settlement. In this condition he crossed the Yadkin river to escape the savages. As night approached· it began to rain. A new banµ of warriors forced him to recross the Yadkin and make bis way along the Little Yadkin, then to the Town Fork, and at last coming to the road from Upper Sauratown to Bethabara, he made his way to the settlement and gave the alarm. Thompson was twenty-four hours in ·making this journey. The following day the arrow was removed by Dr. Bonn, but the heroic Thompson died of his 1 wound. D · The bodies of Fishe and his son were found later by Daniel Boone and buried near their home. au After the warning had been sent out concerning the im pending raid, the settlers assembled at B'ethabara for protec tion. The following day Bennett Laskly, his daughter, and a man named Robison went back to their home to care for their stock and other possessions; while they were at work the Indians attacked, killing Las!dy and Robison, but the daughter escaped by running through the cabin and then made her way to the creek, where she hid in the reeds and n North Carolina Colonlnl Records, Vol. &, pngQ xlvlll. · 11 Papers of Arch, D, Murphe)', Vol; 2, N, o. His, Com., page 882, "History of Wnchovla ln N. O. by Olnwell, PJIIO 4'7•8, 10 Papers of Arch, n. Murphey, 'vol. 2, N. O. Hts, Com., page 882, 25 FRONTIERSMEN water until dark. She finally made her way back to the Moravian settlement after narrowly escaping capture while on the way .11 In 1767 the people of the frontier were compelled to sub mit to hostile raids because fresh injuries were committed by the English colonial authorities upon the Cherokees. The offense this time was committed in South Carolina at the Indian village of Little Keowee, ne~r Fort Prince George. While the warriors ,vere on a hunting trip some o.'fflcers from the fort visited the village and criminally assaulted a number of women. As soon as the outrage became known at the Cherokee capital of Chota the entire nation went into a frenzy of excitement and the young warriors prepared to go on the warpath. The head men counselled peace and compliance with treaty obligations with the English.:':, Sup ...nose the act had been reversed and white women had been outraged by drunken warriors, would the colonial authori- ties have worked for peace and tried by all means at their disposal to restrain the enraged frontiersmen Y Even at the height of a fearful massacre, which followed a few years later, there is no record incident of a Cherokee warrior having criminally assaulted a white woman. Little Carpenter worked faithfully to hold his people to their pledged w.ord to aid the English. Nevertheless, numerous warriors made raids along the frontiers of South Carolina, and North Carolina; so that many innocent fam ilies in Surry County paid the price of revenge for the lustful acts committed by the officers from Fort Prince George. In the fall of 1758 the South Carolina Assembly arranged t-\ treaty with a delegation of Cherokee ch~efs, correcting the complaints of that tribe. B'ut Governor Lyttleton of South Carolina was desirous of a military record to rival those being made in the northern colonies; so he suddenly demanded the delivery of all Indians who had killed a white man during the recent raids. Shortly afterwards the commander of Fort Loudon demanded •the delivery to him of twenty-four chiefs who had been unfriendly to the English." 11 Papers of Arch. D. Murphey, Vo), 2. N. O. Hist. Oom .• pngo 882. 11 Report of Bureau of Ethnology, 1898 page 42. 11 South Oarolhrn Historical Oollectlon, by Onrroll, Vol. 1. t>nges 440-7, 26 FRONTIERSMEN A new delegation of Cherokees went to Charleston to adjust the matter but" Governor Lyttleton bruskly stopped the Indian spokesman at the very beginning of his reply to the governor, and ordered the entire party to accompany his army to Fort Prince George. Here the Indian delegation was cast into prison. '' The breach of promise, an Indian holds, an atrocious crime. To requite good intent with real evil, they with reaRon deemed an unpardonable injury. But what completed the ill usage, the thirty.. two Indians upon arrival of the army at Fort Prince George were all shut up in a hut scarcely sufflcien t for the accommodation of six soldiers where they spent their time conceiving plots for obtaining their liberty and satisfaction for the injustice done them.' '14 In face of all this, Little Carpenter assumed the task of peacemaker and honestly tried to fulfill the unreasonable demands of Governor Lyttleton in order to free the thirty-two chiefs. But as the South Carolina authority states: '' But in whatever light we view the act it appears to be one of those base and unjustifiable advantages which policy and craft commonly take of the weakness and simplicity of more unfor tunate neighbors; and nothing less could have been expected than those wild and independent warriors would resent such. base and unmerited usage at the first opportunity offered.'' As soon as the Warrior ( Oconostota), the war chief of the Cherokee, was freed ; he a~embled three thousand war• riors and began the seige of Fort Prince George and Fort Loudon. The soldiers at the former fort retaliated for the death of their commander at the hands of Oconostota by breaking into the hut where the thirty-two Indian· hostages, every one a chief of prominence, wf,re confined and butchered them to the last man. 15 The southern frontiers became the scene of bloody mas .. sacres by the Indians, and fierce retaliation on tlte part of the white men. Tl1e deeds of barbarity during thiij war were not committed solely by the Indians. Soon after the conflict started the North Carolina Assembly passed a law encourag.. ing scalping of Indians, as the following quotation ,vill show: H South Oarollna Historical CJolleotlon, by Oarroll, Vol. 1, t>agos 440•7. 211 Report of Bureau of Ethnol~gy, 1898, page 48, also In Hfstorlcal Colleo• tlon, by Oarroll, Vol, 1, t>ngo 461, 27 FRONTIERSMEN '' And for the greater encouragement of such persons as shall enlist voluntarily to serve the said companies, and other. inhabitants of this province who shall undertake any expedi tion against the Cherokees and other Indians in alliance with the French ; be it further enacted by the authority afore said that each of the said Indians who shall be taken a captive during the present war by any person as aforesaid, shall, and is hereby declared to be a slave, ·and the absolute right and property of who shall be the captor of such Indians. ! • • .And if any person or persons, inhabitant of this province not in actual pay, shall kill an enemy Indian or Indians, he or they shall have and receive ten pounds for each and every Indian he or they shall so kill, and any person or persons who shall be in actual pay of this province shall have and receive five pounds for every Indian or Indians, he or they shall kill, to be paid out of the treasury, any law, usage, custom to the contr.!lry notwithstanding. '' Provided alwgys that any person claiming the said re,vard before he be allo,ved or paid the same shall produce to the .Assembly the scalp of every Indian so killed: and make oath or otherwise prove he was tht person who killed or was present at the killing of the Indian whose scalp shall be so produced...• And as a further encouragement shall also have and keep to his or their own use all plunder taken out of the possession of any enemy Indian or Indians; or within twenty miles of any of the Cherokee towns or any 1 India.n town at war with any of his Majesty's subjects.' ' ' On February 27, 1759, Fort Dobbs in North Carolina was attacked by the Cherokees but a timely warning prevented a surprise. Later attacks were made upon Bethabara settlers, but thanks to the warning messages sent by Little Ca~penter, out of respect which he held for the ''Brethren,'' the people were ready for the attack. About the same time the people around Walnut Cove with great difficulty were able to repel 1 the attempt of the Indians to destroy the scttlement. ' In 1759 or 1760 the Cherokees made a raid to the mouth of Smith's river in Rockingha~ County where they watched 18 North OaroJfna Stnte Records, Vol, XXIII, pago 517, 2 ' History of North 011r0Jlna 1 Ashe, page 801, 28 FRONTIERSMEN Greer and Henry Hicks, and companions practice shooting until all had fired their guns, then the war whoop was given. The gEJJlnnt defense of Henry Hicks for his wife and little son touched a responsive chord in one of the warriors. '' One of the Indians who admired Hicks for his bravery and gallant defense took his little son in his arms and said that because his father was so brave a man he would take him home safe. He carried him on his back all the way to the Cherokee town. This woman and child were regained in 1761 when General Waddell marched to the Cherokee towns. ',. The same authority reports that by the end of the Chero kee War there ,vas a line of forts from Smith river in Rock ingham County to a place near Long Island on the Ho}ston river. There were forts at Smith river, Bethabara, Fort Waddell at the forks of the Yadkin, Fort Dobbs near the Catawba, Fort Chiswell on the New river, and Fort Stalnecker 1 or Crab Orchard near Roan Mountain. ' Companies of rangers patrolled the regions around these forts. Surry County (the present territory) was patrolled by rangers from the fort on Black Water, a tributary of Smith river. General Wade H. Hampton was in charge of these men who guarded the regions from Mulberry Fields, along the Blue Ridge Mountains to the f~rt on the Black Water. In fact, the guard of fifty men was in trusted with the protec tion of all land between the upper Yadkin arid the Dan 0 rivers. ' '' They were clad in hunting shirts with white buck skin leggings ; they ranged the woods in all directions and slept wherever night came on. They generally made a tour or circuit once a month. "On one of their tours through the Hollows (in Surry) they were passing along a small Indian trace when they were hailed by a man at a little distance from them. They went up and found him to be one William McAfee, ,vho had left the fort at Bethabara in company ,vith another man to hunt in the Hollows. Here they were attacked by some Indians. McAfee was shot through the thigh "'hich was broken and his horse killed, but l1is horse ran off with him three hun- 2• Papers of A, D, Murphey, Vol, 2, N. 0, Hlatorlcnl Commission, page 882, 21 Papers ot A. D. Murphoy, Y<>I. 2, N. O. Historical Commission, pages 886•0, ao Ibid, page 884. 29 FRONTIERS)IEN dred yards before he fell dead. Here ,vas McAf ee ,vitb his thigh broken thirty-three miles from the fort or from any house where white people lived, in ,vood~ and unable t.o move. In the evening of th·e day Hampton and his rangers pa·ssed and discovered him, they placed him on a horJe and brought him to the fort where he was attended to and his wound cured. He lived for many years and lame as be was he ,vould follow his favorite pursuit of ·killing deer. " 11 · While these events were taking place near home a colonial force under Colonel Montgomery was £orced to retreat after a severe battle on June 27, 1760, near the present town of Franklin, North Carolina. This defeat sealed the fate of Fort Loudon. The Cherokees under the direction of their Emperor, The Raven, and Oconostota pressed the seige ,vith renewed vigor. On August 8, 1760, Captain Demere arra·nged terms of surrender ,vhich allo,ved the garrison to retain their arms and sufficient ammunition for the march ,vith the expressed stipulation that all remaining arms, cannons ( ten in number) and ammunition were to be handed over to the Cherokees. The troops made a day's journey while the fort was being searched by the captors. "By accident a discovery was made of ten bags of powder and a quantity of balls that had been secretly buried in the fort, to prevent them falling into the enemy's hands. It is said that ten cannons, small arms and ammunition had been thrown into the river with the same intention. Enraged at this breach of the capitulation the Cherokees attacked the soldiers next morn ing at daylight, killing Demere and twenty .. nine others at the first fire. The rest were taken and held as prisoners until ranso1ned some time later.'"' At this time Little Carpenter did one of the noblest deeds of his long life of chivalrous acts. The fall of Fort Loudon released for other work over a thousand warriors, and until the summer of 1761 the raids along the frontiers of North Carolina were pressed with renewed vigor. The suffering and loss of property is inesti mable, the entire labor of many white settlers was swept away. In June, 1761, Colonel Grant advanced from Fort Prince 31 Papers of Archibald D. Murphey (Pub. of N. 0. Hist. Oom. Vol. 2, page 384). · . 32 Report of Bureau of Ethnology, 1898, page 44, 30 FRONTIERSl\'.IEN George with a force of 2,600 men while Colonel Stephen advanced down the Holston river with a force of Virginians and a few men from the upper parts of North Carolina. Little Carpenter made frantic efforts to secure terms of peace before the invaders reached the large towns of his people. He went first to Colonel Grant, then to Stephen, and finally b~ck to Colonel Grant. The aged chief accepted all the t~rms except the one demanding four warriors to be delivered up to be pu~ to death before the English army. Upon this refusal the chief ,vas sent to Lieutenant Governor Bull of South Car olina. Little Carpenter's speech before the Lieutenant Gov ernor Bull is one of the most pathetic to be found in any language in appealing for peace." Not only had the people of Surry County sections suffered untold losses, but also the entire frontier from Georgia to Maryland had been ravaged. The Indians ,vere brought to the verge of collapse through invasions, exposure, starva tion, and smallpo~. A terrible pric~ to pay for Governor Lyttleton 's thirst for a moment's display of military glory. The ravages of smallpox were just as severe among the white people as among the Indians, besides there was an epidemic of fever which swept off vast numbers of the settlers. The loss of life among the settlers has never been accurately estimated, but the number of Cherokee warriors dropped from five thousand to t,vo thousand three hundred which· gives some indication of the way the red men .waged the Cherokee War ,Of 1759-61. 84 As a result of the bloody struggle the northwest part of North -Carolina was prepared for the rapid settlement by the ,vhite people, at the same time the control of the Occonee trail passed into their hands and made it much easier for the tide of English migration to enter the fertile valleys of the Tennessee. 33 South Oarollna Hist, Oollectiou, by Oarroll, Vol. 1, pages 452-8. 34 Roport ot Bureau Ethnology, 1898, Mooney, page 45, 31 CHAPTER FOUR FRONTIER LIFE The former chapters of this narrative have dealt with the activities of the pioneers as they were busily engaged in creating the broad foundation of a commonwealth. It might be well to view these people as they move about performing their daily tasks. It is true that the passage of many years has cast a halo about the heads of the early settlers, but at the time of their coming into tbe original territorial limits of Surry County it ,vas toil and immediate dangers ,vhich absorbed their attention. The outer fringe of the frontier has always been com posed of the adventurous, the bold, the crea1n and the dregs of society; the scion of an ancient family became the neigh bor of an ambitious son of a poor peasant. The frontier has ever been the place to try on the rack of disheartening l1ard ships the will of the men and women who seek a new chance in life; the ,veak are ruthlessly trampled underfoot by the more progressive. Surry County between 1750 and 1775 ,vas no exception to this rule of the frontier. '11hese early settlers were not saints, but were practical people who met the problems of their times in a way that seemed expedient for their age and conditions. The furnish ings of their cabins ,vere of the simplest sort ; consisting chiefly of articles fashioned by the master of the home, such articles that were brought from the old homes ,vere cooking utensils, spinning ,vheels, and the necessary parts of the 1001n 38 FRONTIER LIFE which could not be easily made at the new home. The axe, the gun, and ammunition were indispensible articles for use by the men. It was early observed by travelers who passed through the settlement of the Scotch-Irish and Germans that their small farms "'ere well cared for when compared with those of the English in the eastern part of the state. As Connor states in speaking of the ,vestern settlers, '' These farms were similar, agriculture was less dependent upon slave labor, and the land therefore better tilled. The industrial enterprises were m<'re important. With the Scotch-Irish and German settlers, indus tries which the eastern planters usually left to negro slaves were conducted by skilled white laborers. Among the more prosperous settlers in these communities were weavers, jointers, cooper, ,vagon-makers, wheelwrights, tailors, black smith, hatters, ropemakers, and fullers .... The chief wealth of both Gerinan and Scotch-Irish was in their own capacity to manufacture what they needed. When the articles brought with them began to ,vear out, the blacksmith built his forge, the weave·r set up his loom, and the tailor brought out his goose. A tannery was built on the nearest stream and mills for grinding the wheat and corn were erected on the swift ,vater courses. Sawmills were set up, and logs were turned into plank. The ,vomen not only made their dresses but the material as well, spinning the wool and afterwards the cotton into linsey and checks and dyeing it according to individual taste. . . . In other words the people were an industrial as "'ell as an industrious people.''' In volume "A" of Surry County Deeds there are numer ous incidents to show these seitlers were trying to rigidly adhere to the custom of indicating a person according to tbe rank he had attained in frontier society. As the documents of the time clearly indicate, such titles as planter, carpenter, "'heehvright, etc., were esteemed and at every opportunity were set forth.' It was customary at that period for the magistrates and other official~ in civil offices to bold higher 1 History of North Carolina, Connor, Vol. 1, pages 170-1. The American Hist. Society Publlcatfona. 2 Surry County Deed Book ••A.'' 34 FRONTIER LIFE. ranks in the militia of their respective districts. The English laws of inheritance were in operation in this section of the state. The scarcity of clergymen gave rise to universal disregard of the marriage ceremony. It was customary for the con tracting parties to make a public declaration to their friends that they intended to live together as man and wife, and at tl1e most· favorable· opportunity secure the official sanction from the first visiting clergy or magistrate. Children of such -.unions were not regarded as illigitimate or denied their right ful social position. '' Sex relations ,vere extremely lax in colonial times. The expense of marriage licenses and fees, the long and difficult journeys that were often necessary to reach a clergyman· or a justice, the absence on the frontier of the restraints of organized society, the presence in the colony of a large number of .women, white and black, degraded by their servile condition, all contributed to widespread immorality. Men and ,vomen often lived together as husband and wife without troubling themselves about the marriage ceremony, or simply agreed to postpone it to some more con venient time. To qheck such practice the Asse1nbly passed a strict law for the punishment of fornication and adultery, and enacted that any couple who came into the province as man and ,vife must be ablo to establish the fact, of marriage previous to their coming o.r be expelled from the government. Looseness in sex relation characterized all classes. Miss Schaw commented on the attention that masters paid to their female slaves, and· no social stigma seems to have attached to the. 'gentleman' for breaking his marriage vo,vs. Ju wills of the .period we often find bequests to sons who did not bear their father's name. ''1 Another element which operated against easy marriage ,,vas the colonial l~ws on the subject. According to the la\'\' of 1751 only the Anglican clergy and magistrates were per mitted to perform the ceremony of marriage.' In 1766 the law ·was .revised to permit the clergy of Presbyterians to perform the marriage ritual.' • 1thitory of North O'arolh1a, Connor, Vol. I,. t>Rge 208, • North Cnrolfna Lnws, Edited by Potter, 1821. 11 Ibid. 35 FRONTIER LIFE The frequency with which laws ,vere passed attempting to regulate bigamy on the part of the men certainly attests to the prevalence of the practice of deserting homes in one section and migrating to a new location and again marrying. In fact the moral practices of this age under consideration ,vere such that accordi11g to our standards of today man w·ould be placed beyond the pale of respectable society. The "'omen ,vere hedged about by· a set ~f rigid customs which required them to lead a very restricted life. The people of the frontiers were called upon to· endure another hardship besides the terror of the Indian raids. The exposed settlement lent themselves readily to the piratical raids of ,vhite kidnappers. The deserted mother or ,vidow was especially liable to be visited by these land pirates, who frequently disguised themselves as Indians before making their raid upon an isolated cabin. These ruffians would carry their victims to another colony and dispose of them as indentured servants. This practice was not confined to the kidnapping of white women and children but was constantly practiced upon the Indians. At one time a governor of South Carolina maintained a very profitable trade in the sale of kidnapped Indians. In 1741 the Asaembly made an attempt to restrict the possibility of a kidnapper disposing of his victim in North Carolina as an indentured servant. "That no person, ,vhat soever, being a Christian or of Christian parentage, who from and after the ratification of this act, shall be imported or brought into this province shall be deemed a servant for any term of years, unless the person importing him or her shall produce on indenture, or some specialty or agreement, signifying that the person so imported did contract to serve such importer, or his assigns any number of years, in. consid .. eration of his or her passage, or some other consideration therein expressed; and upon any contest arising between the master of any vessel or other person importing any servant or servants without indenture, upon any bargain or specialty as aforesaid, the same shall be determined at the next county court to be held for the county ,vhere the said servant or servants shall be imported, the justices of ,vhich court are 86 FRONTIER LIFE hereby em,powered to hear and determine the. same, in a summary way, and such determination or judgment shall be conclusive and binding on the importer of servant or servants, either, for the discharge of said servant or servants, or to oblige him, her or them to serve the importer, or his assigns as the matter shall appear. " 0 As to the rights of a father over his children, the fol lowing quotation from an act passed by the North Carolina Assembly in 1762 is submitted as a sample. '' That where any person hath or shall have any child or children under age of twenty-one years, and not married it shall and may be Ia,vful to and for the father of such child or children whether born at the time of his death, or in 'ventre sa mere,' or whether such father be within the age of twenty-one years, or if full age, by deed executed in his lifetime, or by his last ,vill and testament in writing in such manner, and from time to time as he shall think flt, to dispose of the custody and tuition of such child or children, for and during such time as he, she, or they shall remain under the age of twenty-one years, or for any less time, to any person or persons other than the people called Quakers and Popish Iwcants ; and every such disposition therefore made, or hereinafter to be made shall be good and effectual against all and every person and persons claiming to custody and tuition of such child or children as guardians, in socage or otherwise; and the person or persons to whom such custody and tuition hath been, or shall be so disposed or devised, shall and may maintain any action of ravishment of ,vard or trespass against any person or persons who shall wrongfully take a,vay or detain any such child or children, for the recovery of such child or children, and shall and may recover damages for the same in the said action, ,vith costs, for the benefit of such child or children.''' There were lighter moments in the Jives of the frontier people. The dances, quilting parties, barn raisings, corn shuckings, and general musters afforded opportunities for • North Oarolfna Laws, Edited by Potter in 1821, page 152. 'North Oarolina Laws, Edited by Potter in 1821, pages 210·11, 37 FRONTIER LIFE gatherings of both men and women. The men were devoted to horse racing, cock fighting, gambling, and tests of strength. The game of gouge was so extensively practiced that numerous laws were passed in an effort to put a stop to this barbarous practice.• Excessive drinking at these gatherings was a com mon practice. • North Carolina Lawe. Edited by Potter In 1821, page 194. 88 CHAPTER FIVE FRONTIER TROUBLES The conclusion of the bloody Cherokee War in 1761, and the general Peace of Paris in 1763, both to all outward pur poses had prepared the way for a period of prosperity and quiet for the American colonies. The pioneers returned to their clearings and took up with renewed energy the task of preparing the foundation for white domination of the territorial limits in Surry County. The new stream· of immi gration began to flow into the valleys of the county. The sound of the axe was frequently heard as the newcomer cleared fields and erected his cabin somewhere along the Fishe, l\fitchell, and Elkin rivers. The more adventurous settlers pushed their way to the regions of the Yadkin river, while the visits to the New and Watauga rivers were becoming more frequent. But the peaceful prospects for the frontier were broken from the most unexpected quarter. Immediately following the arrangement of the Peace of Paris, in 1763, the British Parliament in compliance with the requests of the English merchants passed a law aimed at the money systems of the American colonies. '' This law was aimed at the 'cheap money' which Americans were fond of making when their specie was scarce-money which they tried to force on their English creditors in return for goods and in payment of the interest and principal on debts. Thus the first chapter in the long battle over sound money on this continent.' '1 This currency act fell heaviest upon the frontier 1 History of United States, Be~rd, page 81, 39 FRONTIER TROUBLES people, removing from them the only circulating medium of exchange since there were no authorized storage ,varehouses for the reception of their produce as there were in the eastern parts of the colony. This law was soon followed by a more severe 1neasure of the cro,vn, and especially intended for the frontier regions. Tbe Procla1nation of 1763 ,vas regarded by the settlers in Surry ,vith dismay but the Indians considered it their Magna Carta. The settlers of Surry County entered into the French and Indian War ,vith as much enthusiasm as any of the other colonists desiring to fight in the common cause of the colonies against the French encroachment. rro these people the French and Indian War was waged for the purpose of ·removing the French from the back country in the Mississippi Valley and the Appalachian Mountains. The French were attempting to build up an einpire in North America which ,vould restrict tbe English possessions to a narrow strip of land along the Atlantic seaboard; and it ,vas to remove this danger that North Carolina went to the aid of Virginia soon after Governor Dinwiddie began his operations to oust the French from the Ohio valley. The colonials saw in this ,var the opening up of all that vast region for settlement, following the defeat of the French, and the forcing of the Cherokee to sue for peace. Especially were the conditions favorable for an advance after the Chero kees had been completely whipped in 1761. Yet, within t,vo years after the conclusion of peace with the Indians the British Government astonished the frontiersmen· by the proclamation of the king which withdrew all the Indian lands from further colonization. This was but another move of the Home Government in its policy of closer regulation of colonial activities for the good of an Imperial policy in Europe. The British Government had secured the consent of the colonies during the French and Indian War for the creation of a Superintendent of Indian Affairs, ~nd had per- 40 FRONTIER TROUBLES suaded the colonies to pass laws ,vhich delegated authority of dealing with the Indians to these British appointed super intendents.2 In accordance ,vith right gained from the colonies the king issued an order on 1\1:arch 16, 1768, calling upon the gov ernors of the Southern colonies to meet at Augusta, G~orgia, and hold a Congress with the Indians. The most important part of the proclamation is as follows : '' ... that these proofs will consist, First, in a total oblivion and forgetfulness of all past offenses, fully persuaded that they were entirely owing to the deceiving arts of the French and no ways to be attributed to any ill will in them; second, in opening and carrying on so large a traffic with them, as will supply all their wants; third, in a continual attention to their interests and in readiness upon all occasions to do them justice; and last, in the most solemn assurance, that those forts, now ceded to us, by means of which the French really did intend to subvert their liberty and accomplish those evil designs, ,vhich they artfully imputed to us (the 'Design of extirpat ing the whole Indian race with a view to possess and enjoy their lands') shall never be employed but to protect and assist them, and to serve for better convenience of commerce between the Indians and us, and the cultivation of friendship and good will between them and the subjects of his Majesty... "And if the Indians requested it, the'·' Alabama" forts, Tom bigbee, and Fort Loudon were to be destroyed in order to keep the red men on friendly terms.• In accordance with the king's instructions, Governor Dobbs of North Carolina, attended the Congress at Augusta, Georgia, and later made a report to the colonial Assembly, but the latter was not done until he was requested to do so by the Assembly. Later the king's proclamation for the Congress was requested to be sent to the Assembly.' Soon after the Congress at Augusta had been held, sur veyors started the work of marking the line between the 1 North Carolina State Records, Vol. 25, page 857, This law was to hold force only T\VO yearst nevertheless the British continued, to exercise the rights after a repeal blll haa been passed by the Assembly. North Carolina Records, vol. 28, page 480. 3 North Carolina Records, vol. 6, pngo 075. • Ibid. . 41 FRONTIER TROUBLES colonies and the lands of the Indians. It so happened that the survey stopped before it reached the North Carolina boundary. After repeated protests from the Cherokees to Superintendent Stuart about the settlers encroaching upon their lands, Governor Tryon was instructed to have the line surveyed across the back country of North Carolina. With· a large force of troops and· retainers, Governor Tryon set out from the capital for Salisbury after sending instructions to Superintendent Stuart to m~et him at Reedy Creek, a place west of Salisbury. The head men of the Chero kee Nation were also told to assemble at Reedy Creek to witness the running of the line. The independent attitude of Stuart in absenting himself from the meeting greatly offended Governor Tryon; moreover the Governor was forced to acknowledge to the Indians that he had not brought enough supplies to feed his .forces and theirs, and that it would be necessary for some of their men to be appointed to go home while a few went with his men to get the presents. So the "Emperor,, of the Cherokees indicated in which direc tion he wanted the line to extend and left the remainder of the work to the surveyors and Indian representatives. 6 On July 16, 1767, Governor Tryon issued the following proclamation from the governor's home in Brunswick, ' '. . . I have therefore thought proper by and w~th the advice and consent of his Majesty's Council to issue this proclamation strictly requiring all persons settled within Indian lands to remove from thence by the first of January next, that no persons on any pretense whatsoever may disturb the said Indians in the peaceful and quiet possession of the lands to the westward of the.aforesaid line, or presume to hunt thereon, or any other way or means to give them cause ~f uneasiness. And all persons who regardless of their o,vn interest and dis obedience to his Majesty's command, shall neglect to remove from the Indian lands as required, or shall at any time there after settle thereon, will not only expose their families and eftects to · the depredations of the Indians, but also deprive themselves of the protection· of this government. And as no land. will be granted within one mile of the aforesaid- line the 6 Colonial Records, Saunders, vol. vii, page 4'70. 42 · FRONTIER TROUBLES Surveyor General or his deputies are forbidden to make sur veys or returns df surveys into the Secretary's office, within one mile of the said dividing line. Any of the inhabitants of this Province who desire to trade with the said Indians are required to take out a license from the Governor or the Commander-in-chief for the time being, and subject them selves to such general regulations as may be required by the Superintendent of Indian Affairs. . . . ''' Along ,vith the above proclamation of Governor Tryon and his Council 'the f ollo,ving order from London was issued : "BY THE KING, A PROCLAMATION, 16, July, 1767. ''. . . We the refore taking this matter into our Royal consideration also the fatal effect which would attend a dis content amongst the Indian in the present situation of a~airs, and determined upon all occasions to support and protect the said Indians in their just rights and possessions, and to keep inviolate the Treaties and compact which ha_ve been entered into with them, do hereby strictly enjoin and· command, that neither yourself or any Lieut.-Governor, President of Council or Commander-in-chief of our said Province of North Caro lina do upon any pretense whatever upon pain of our highest displeasure and of being forthwith removed from your or his office, pass any grant or grants to any person whatever of any lands within or adjacent to the territories possessed or occupied by the said Indians . • . ''' . It was such orders as these that drove the frontiersmen of Surry to desperation and open defiance to the British Government. The backwoodsman failed to see the Imperial policy which required the maintainb.tV,e of friendly relations with the Indians, and the protection of their territory against the too rapid occupation by the white s~ttlers. 'l1hese people saw only the blocking of their purpose for waging the French and Indian War, even after the French had been driven from North America. A few years later the timely intervention of Little Carpenter and The Warrior prevented Commissioner Cameron from attempting to drive the Watauga settlers off of the lands which belonged to the Cherokee.• Even at the e Oolonfal Records, Saunders, vol. vll, page 602•8, ' OoJonlal Records, Saunders, vol. vii, page 605. 8 Annals of Tennessee, Ramsey, page 65•70. 43 FRONTIER TROUBLES time these chiefs saved the settlers they regarded the l{ing's Proclamation of March 16, 1768, as Magna Carta of their territorial rights. To the Scotch-Irish this was but another English trick to prevent their economic independence, and a chain to hold them in subjection to the British merchant and manufacturers. In Surry the Proclamation of 1768 was trampled under foot as the settlers continued to settle in the for bidden areas. In con~equence of this, these people were brought into confli~t with the crown two years before the noted Stamp Act aroused the people of the maritime section of the colony to stubborn resistance to royal authority.' When the Stamp Act was passed in 1765, and e1forts were made to enforce it in North Carolina the frontiersmen were just as violently opposed to the measure as were the people of the coastal regions. Soon after the repeal of the Stamp Act the eastern representatives hastened to pass a bill through the assembly for the erection of a governor's palace. The col lecting of this additional tax proved especially ·galling to the backwoodsman because of the inequality of the levy, and his impression gained that he was hedgod about by so many restrictions in his struggle for a Ii ving. In addition to all this there were the haughty county officials. '' The county justices nominated for the governor, three freeholders from whom he selected the sheriff. The governor also appointed the registrars and the officers of the militia. There was a clerk of pleas who farmed out the clerkships of the counties. More9ver these local officials con trolled the Assembly. No law :forbade multiple office holding, and the Assemblymen were also generally clerks, justices, an1 militia colonels, who formed what in modern parlance we call 'courthouse rings. ' When these 'rings' were composed of high minded, patriotic men, as in most of the eastern counties, government was honestly administered, but in the 'back country' such officials were rare, local government was usually inefficient, often corrupt and generally oppressive.' '10 These men as a rule were members of some influential family 0 Rowan County deed Book of 1'152. 1°Colonial Records, Saunders, Vol, vU, page xiii, ff, FRONTIER TROUBLES of the eastern Carolina, and were placed· in the positions through favoritis1n. Besides, these officials usually ,vere not in sympathy with the Scotch-Irish or Germans who made up ·the majority of the western settleme.nts. At every opportunity these officials sought to enrich themselves at the expense of the poor and ignorant. Under such circumstances there is little wonder that the people of Surry were ready to echo the statements expressed in the "Nutbush" papers of i 765, and were willing t_o enroll •in the ranks of the_ Regulators. In the preceeding paragraphs a clear background has been given for the hostile attitude assumed by these farmers in the western parts of North Carolina who designated themselves Regulators. The immediate causes for the trouble are .sum marized by Saunders as follo,vs: (1) Unlawful exactions of fees by clerks and county register of deeds. (2) Unlawful exactions of taxes under color of legislative authority. (3) And indirectly the unduly unequal distribution of benefits and burdens of the provincia] government.11 From 17 65 to 17 68 every legal means was tried to secure correction of the evils under which the people labored. Even in thu Petition from Rowan County in 1769, of ,vhich the people of Surry had a hand in shaping, is given a clear state ment of their grievances and suggested remedies. The ,vriter is taking the liberty of quoting the Petition of 1769 from Rowan County in full even if it may seem to be tedious. '' To his excellency William Tryon, Esquire, Captain General, Governor, and Commander-in-chief' of and over the Province of North Carolina. "To the Honorable Members of his Majesty's Council, Mr. Speaker and Gentlemen of the Hou~e of Assembly. "The humble petition of us inhabitants of Orange and Rowan Oountys, truo and faithful subjects to his Majesty King George the Third. ''SHEWETH "That we your poor Petitioners, now for and long bnve laboured under many and heavy Exactions, Oppressions, and Enormity, com• mitted on us by court officials in every station; the Source of which our said Calamity, we impute to the Countenance and Protection they receive from such of our Lawyers and Clerks as have obtained seats in· tho House of Representatives, aud who intent on making their own u Colohlnl Records, Saunders, vol. vii, page xiv. 45 FRONTIER TROUBLES f ortunos; are Blind to, and solely regardless of their Country's Interest are ever planning suoh schemes or proposing such Lawe a.• may best Effect their wicked purposes-Witness the Summons and Petition Act, calculated purely to· enrich themselves, and Creatures, at the expense of the poor Industrious peasants, besides a certain Air of Confidence, a being a Part of the Legislnture gives these gentlemen, to the perpetuation of every kind of Enormity within reach of their respective offices; and seeking Numbers either from Interested views for tho sake of treats, or fr<;>n1 otlter sordid Motives. are still so infatuated, and will ho; as to vote for those gentlemen, whereby to advance them to that importante trust; tho themselv_es and families· sink as a consequence, and seeing these inconsiderate Wretches involve your poor petitioners, together with Thousands of other hones·t industrious families in Common Destruction. "We therefore humbly implore your Exce1lency, your honours, to consider of and pass an Act to prevent and effectually restrain every Lawyer and Clerk whatsoever, from offering themselves as Candidates at any future election of Delegates, within this Province; and in case any such should be chose, that choice shall be utterly void, in the same manner as the Law now allows in case of Sheriffs being elected. '' And may it piease you to consider of, -and pass an Act, hereby to allow Clerks of Courts ect., certain yearly stated salaries, instead of prerequisites; making it highly penal for tiny Clerk to demand or even to receive, directly or indirectly any fee or gift or reward, under Colour of hie Office, any other than hie certain stated salary; and in order to rate the said salary, ir.ay it please you to lay a certain fine of so much in the pound, on every Action brought to Trial; with half so much on such as are compromised before Issue Joined as to you in your great wisdom, shall seem meet; which said fines shall be collected at the same time and in the same manner with all other taxes. And may it please yo·u to consider of, and pass an Act, effectually to restrain Lawyers from demanding or even receiving any other, or greater. fee or rewards, than is now established by the Law of the Province, with only half so much for such actions as shall be compromised before Trial. And as we rightfully conceive, the fees now allowed by Law are highly sufficient; and that any other or greater ~ee, were Oppression and Cruelty, and ·serve no other purpose, than to enrich one part of his Majesty's Subjects and beggar the other; We therefore beseech you to make such sovere act, in order to restrain such open ViolJtion of the Law, as to you in your great Wisdom shall seem meet. And seeing the now Acting Clerks have notwithstanding their many Enormities so fortified them selves against all Lawe now in force as to render themselves invulner abfo and prosecution partly from their own superior Cunning, and r,artly from our invincible Ignorance We humbly beseech you to tnko the same under your serious Consideration, and for our Relief, to pass an Act to can in all the. now .acting Clerks, an Courts of Justice; And we humbly conceive such Division, cannot be prejudicial to any number of persons whatsoever, and if obtained thro your Candor would confer the highest Bene1lt on you poor Peti tioners. We beseech you to consider of some proper Staple or Staples of the manufacture or the produce of the Country to answer foreign Demands. Would not (with Submission) potash be a fine Article to answer tl1e British Markets; and in a country abounding in wood, the very ashes now thrown away, might with encouragement (if manufactured) be a saving or rather gain of some Thousands per annum to the province and render voyages to Riga, Narva, and Dan~ick from Great Britain for that useful commodity needless. '' And seeing the state of the Sinking fund is a Mystery that exercises the ablest Heads among us, and according to the best Calculations thereto made 27000 pounds sterling (besides ,vhat is now afloat) was collected from the Province as the payment of the tax for the year 1767 more than has been emitted; and as we humbly conceive the said sums, are now in the hands of the treasurers, Sheriff's, and other Officers; to the great prejudice of the Country, of whom these sums are redemanded we therefore humbly implore you, to make diligent Inquisition into their several Departments and inform yourselves justly of the sums raised, by whom, and what uses applied; As also enquire strictly into the sums remitted from England, the Quantity and Disbursements of tho same; in like manner to inform yourselves how Starkeys Notes have been disposed of, and whether the province has been charged therewith in common with other Emmissions, which we should not, as his Majesty never assented to the Act for striking said notes. Lastly we humbly implore you to have your yeas and nays inserted in the Journals of your House, and copys of such Journals, transmitted along with the copys of the Acts to every Justice that by this means we may have opportunity to Distinguish our friends from our foes among you, and to Act according at any future choice. And by granting us these just and wholesome and necessary laws you will heal the bleeding Wounds of the Province, will conciliate the minds of your poor petitioners, to every just measure of Government, will make the Laws what our Constitution ever designed they should be, our protection and not our Bane, and will cause Joy, Gladness, and prosperity, diffusely to spread themselves thro every Quarter of this extensive province from Virginia to the South and from the Western Hills to the Great Atlantic Ocean. And your petitions as in Duty bound shall ever pray. ,m A summary of this remarkable Regulator petition is as follows : (a) To disqualify lawyers and clerks from holding seats in the Assembly. (b) '110 give the clerks salaries and take away fees. ( c) To confine lawyers to the fees prescribed 12 Oolonial Records, Saunders, vol, viii, page 81-84, 48 FRON'l1IER TROUBLES by law. ( d) 'ro call in all acting clerks and fill their places with gentle1nen of probity and intelligence and to insert in said act a clause prohibiting judges, Ia,vyers, or sheriffs fron1 receiving their fees before the suit, in which they are inter ested became due,· was finally determined, which they hoped would prevent the odious delays of justice so destructive yet fatally common among them. ( e) To repeal an act prohibiting dissenting ministers from celebrating the rites of marriage r a privilege granted them by the Act of Toleration. (f) To divid~ the province into districts for the collection of taxes. (g) To tax every one in proportion to his estate because the customary poll tax placed the greater burden upon the poorer western section of the colony. (h) To repeal the Summons and Petition Act which was replete with misery an·d ruin to the lower class of the people in the province and in lieu thereof pass an act to empower a magistrate to determine all actions for less than five or six pounds without appeal, to be assisted however, by a jury of six men, if demanded by either party. (i) To make inspector's notes on imperishable com modities of the produce of the province, la,vful tender at stated prices in all payments throughout the province. (j) To divide the conn ty ( this section is the first effort to bring about the erection of Surry County). (k) To make certain staples of manufacture to answer foreign de1_11ands. (1) To ascertain what taxes ,vere collected in 1767, by ,vhom and to ,vhat purposes they ,vere applied specially and look into the matter of taxes generally. This was done in view of the belief that 27,000 pounds sterling were collected more than due. (m) To provide that the yeas and nays should be inserted in the Journal of the Assembly and that the copies of this Journal be sent to every Justice. Such were the famous de mands of the Regulators which called down upon their heads the noisy condemnation of the governing class in the colony; a set of principles which ,ve accept today as just and requisite for honest government. Saunders declares, "B'ut it is the end that proves the work of the forty-seven seutions of the state constitution adopted in 1776, thirteen, mor~ than one-fourth are the embodiment 49 FRONTIER TROUBLES of reforms sought for by the Regulators. Yet though many men have maligned the unhappy Regulators no .man has dared to reflect upon the 'patriot of '76' who thus brought to such glorious end the struggle the Regulators began and in which they fought, bled and died. The· war of the Regu .. lators ended not with the battle of Alamance in 1771 but ,vith the adoption of the state constitution in 1776. ',.. •• Oolonial R~«.lords, Saunders, vol. viii, pretacory notee. 50 CHAPTER SIX EARLY LAND GRANTS Tl1ere· is abundant material here at hand in Surry County to ·make a very interesting account of the first settlers within its borders. Not only is there an inexhaustible supply ·of accounts of ne,vcomers, but also much of their daily lives are written into the county records. This chapter will be con fined exclusively to the narration of the earliest and more prominent .· sett~ers of what is now Surry County and the adjoining lands as mentioned in the first deed book of the county. In a former chapter, mention "'as made of the early fur traders, and trappers who came within the limits of ·the county. So far, investigations have shown that the first grant of land issued under the Earl Granville's seal was made out to .Andrew Bailie under the· date of 17 44 and is recorded in Rowan County.1 But Bailie never came to make his home upon any of his ·holdings within the territorial limits of this county. Christopher Gist is supposed to have established a claim in this section but the records are silent, the map of 1775 at the University of North Carolina shows his home in the section near Wilkesboro, N. C. Gist left the colony in 1750. A photo static picture of the map made by Joshua Fry and Peter Jefferson, in the Congressional Library in Washington, D. C., shows Gist's (junior) home at l\{ulberry Fields. This map was 1nade in 1751 from surveys made in 1749. The inost extensive land holder prior to the coming of the Moravians ,vas 1"Iorgan ·Bryant (Bryan) · ,Yho according to 1 Rowan County Dt?od Book ot 1 '182·62. 51 EARLY LAND GRANTS records obtained a grant under date of August 20, 1752 and other places under date of October 28 of the f;ame year. As yet the full grant to this n1an has not been. unearthed but there is sufficient evidence to state the holdings were very extensive and well chosen. To quote from a deed issue 2 Surry Count)' Deod Book • 1 A,'• 52 EARLY LAND GRANTS Deep creek thence north 200 poles to hickory thence east 100 poles to a black oak and hickory thence south by the line marked trees to the fork of Deep creek to an ash saplin, thence down the said creek to the mouth of a branch called Smith creek thence up said creek known as Smith creek to marked black gum thence south by a line of marked 't1·ees· to corner poplar thence to first station.'' This same Morgan Bryant held a grant of land along the upper Yadkin according to a_deed issued by a Mr. Payne to a ]\,fr. Gordon calling for three hundred acres; "on the north side of the Yadkin river above the mouth of Elks, alias Reddy 's river . . . which said tract of land was granted by the late John Earl Granville unto Morgan Bryan by indenture bearing date the 27th day of October, 1752 and by the said Morgan conveyed to Joseph Bryan by a c'!eed bearing date the 17th day of April, -1756. "' The large tract of land which was secured by the Morav ians is well known and its bounds established so there is not need to discuss them here. In 17 48 Edward Hogans secured a grant of land on the south side of the Yadkin, evidently in the neighbo:::'hood of Hogans creek. On November 27, 1758 John Thomas ,vas given a grant of land calling for a large island in the Yadkin river. Henry Cassart established a claim for a large tract on November 12, 1754 which is described as follo,vs: "a parcel of land situated, lying and being in the Parish of Saint George in the county of Anson in the said province lying on the north fork of Galey ales creek alias lVIuddy creek that runs into the Yadkin river and joins to the north side of t,vo tracts ( numbers 9 and 10) belonging to the United Fratrum; beginning at a white oak ,vhich is the boun- dary of the east and west lines of number nine . aforesaid running thence south 160 chains all along the north line of number nine and ten aforesaid containing. four lines to the said north fork running west 80 chains thence north 160 chains thence 890 ( ?) chains to the first station, containing in the whole 1280 acres.''' This grant must have been adjoin ing the Wachovia tract of the United Fratru1n but according to the state map at the University 0£ North Carolina this man's holdings are represented as being in Wilkes County. 8 1 Sur1•y Oouu ty Deed Book ' •A, ' • Surry County Doc 56 CHAPTER SEVEN SURRY COUNTY CREATED The efforts of the people in the northern part of Rowan County to create a new county did not meet with immediate success, due to the greatly disturbed conditions of the ·colony and opposition to the British colonial policy. The bill for the creation of Surry County was lost in t)le Assembly of 1769 because of the sudden dissolution of the legislature after adopting a resolution denying the right of the British Parlia ment to tax the province. The extra session of the Assembly which convened in 1770 was so exercised over the violent turn of affairs with the Regulators that that body lost its better judgment and passed the Johnson Bill but did not take time to create any new· counties. Finally on January 26, 1771, the bilL was signed by the governor for the establishment of the county of Surry. · It is a common belief among the people of this county that the act which called the county into existence established its western boundary along· the Mississippi, but such a belief is not based upon facts. The crest of the Blue Ridge Moun tains was the legal limit along the west side of the nEnvly created county, although officials claimed to the settlements in Tennessee. The complete act for the erection of the county is as follows: AN ACT DIVIDING THE NORTHERN PART OF ROWAN COUNTY, AND ERECTING A NEW COUNTY AND P AltISH, BY THE NAl\fE OF SURRY AND SAINT JUDES PARISH. 57 SURRY COUNTY CREATED I. Whereas the large extent of the county of Rowan, renders it grievous and burdensome to many of the Inhabi tants thereof to attend the Courts and General musters, and other Public businesses appointed thereof; II. Be it Enacted, by the Governor, Council, and As sembly and by the authority of the same, that from and after the first day of April next, the said County of Rowan be ·divided by a line beginning at a Point Forty-two miles north of Earl Granville's line, on. Guilford County line thence running north to the Virginia line ; thenQe westwardly along the said . Virginia line to the mountains, thence along ·the mountains to the ridge that divides the waters of the Y ad.kin and the Catawba rivers ; thence along said ridge to the north west corner of R-0wan County ; thence east along the Rowan County line to the beginning, be thenceforth erected into a Distinct County and Parish, by the name of Surry County and Saint J udes Parjsh. . III. And for the due administration of Justice, be it enacted by the authority aforesaid, that after the aforesaid first day of April, a co·urt for the aforesaid county of Rowan be constantly held by the Justices thereof, at the Court House in the said County at Salisbury, on the first Tuesday in Febru ary, May, August, and Nove1nber, in each year, and also that a court for. the said county of Surry, be constantly held by the justices thereof, at Gideon Wright's, on the third Tuesday in February, l\fay, August, and November, in each year, as by the laws of this province, and shall be by commission to the justices of the said counties directed. IV. And be it enacted, by the authority aforesaid that nothing herein contained shall ·be construed to debar the sheriff of the said county of Rowan, as the same stands, to mak~ distress for any .levies, fees, or other dues, that shall be due from the inhabitants of the said county on the first day of April, in the same manner as by law the said sheriff could, or might have done, if the said county had remained undivided, and the said levies, fees and other dues, shall be collected and accounted for in the same mant\er, as if this act had never been made, any thing herein containing to the contrary, not,vithstandiug. 58 SURRY COUNTY CREATED V. And be it further ena_cted, by the authority aforesaid, that a.fter the first day of April, the said county of Surry shall be, continue and remain, part of the district of the Superior Court of Justice usually held for the District of Salisbury; and the sheriff: of the said county of Surry shall, from time to time, account for and pay to the public treasurer of the southern district of this province, for the time being, all public levies by him collected, or wherewith he shall stand chargeable in the . same manner, and under the like •pains, penal ties as other sheriffs. VI. Provided always, that nothing herein c~ntained shall be construed to alter or derogate from the right and royal prerogative of his Majesty, his Heirs and Successors, of grant ing letters of incorporation to the said member or members to represent them in Assembly, and of granting markets, and fairs to be kept and held in them respectively; but that the said right and prerogative shall and may, at all times here after, be exercised. therein by his Majesty, his Heirs and Successors, in as full and ample manner, to all intents and purposes whatsoever, as if this Act had never been made. VII. And be it further enacted, by the authority afore said, that Griffith Rutherford, John Dunn, Matthew Locke, Martin Armstrong, and Anthony Hampton, Esquire, be ap pointed commissioners; and they are hereby empowered and required to run the said dividing lines between the counties of Rowan and Surry, agreeable to the directions of the Act; which said lines when run by the commissioners or a majority of them, shall be by them entered on record in the court of each of the said counties, and shall hereafter be deemed and taken to be the dividing iines between the said counties of Rowan ·and Surry. VIII. And be it further enacted by the authority atore said, that the said Griffith Rutherford, John Dunn, Matthew Locke, Martin Armstrong, and Anthony IIampton, the sur veyor or surveyors of them be, and they are hereby empowered and directed, to agree and contract with workmen for erecting and building a court house, prison and stocks, for the use of the said ·county of Surry, as they, or the 1najority of them, or their survivors, shall agree upon. 59 SURRY COUNTY CREATED IX. And for reimbursing the said commissioners the money they shall expend in erecting the said buildings, be it further enacted, by the authority aforesaid, that a poll t_ax of two shillings ·proclamation money per annum, shall be_ levied on each taxable person, in the said county of Surry, for three years next after the said day of April; and all persons who shall neglect to pay the said tax till after the tenth day of March in each year shall be thereafter liable to the same distress as for non-payment of taxes; and the sheriff of the said County is hereby directed ·and required, on or be fore the Tenth Day of June in the said year respectively, to account for and pay the money so by him collected, to the com missioners aforesaid, after deducting Eight Per Cent for his trouble in collecting the same ; and in case of failure or neglect therein by the sheriff, he shall be liable to the same penal ties as by law may be had against sheriffs who neglect to account for and pay any public taxes.· X. And if defraying the eharges of running the said Unes between the counties of Rowan and Surry; be it enacted by the authority aforesaid, that the inferior court of the saiq county of Surry, shall lay a sufficient poll tax on the inhabi tants of their said county; which shall be levied in the same manner as other public taxes, to pay and satisfy their said commissioners for the charges and trouble in running the aforesaid lines. XI. And whereas the number of jurors to serve at the Superior Court for the District of Salisbury, for the County of Rowan, were formerly twelve Grand Jurors and twelve Petit Jurors; be it enacted by the aforesaid authority, that justices of the said County of Rowan shall for the future, appoint only six persons to serve as petit jurors and six per sons to serve as Grand Jurors, at the said Superior Court of Salisbury; and law usage or custom to the contrary notwith- standing. . XII. And be it further enacted by the authority afore said, that the justices of the inferior court of Surry County shall, and they are hereby directed before every Superior Oourt held in the District of Salisbury aforesaid to nominate and appoint six freeholders to serve as Grand and Petit Jurors 60 SURRY COUNTY CREATED at such Superior Court; A list of ,vhich jurors so nominated, shall, and be delivered by the clerk of such court to the sheriff, who shall, and is hereby required to summons the persons so nominated to serve as jurymen at the said Superior Court; which jurymen so nominated shall have and receive the same allowances, and shall be under the same rules, fines, and restrictions as other jurymen in the respective counties in this province. XIII. And be it further enacted by the authority afore said, That the freeholders o.f said County of Surry, shall, on Easter l\fonday, next meet at the place where the Inferior courts of the said County are to be held then and there to choose and elect vestrymen ; which vestrymen so chosen after taking oaths by law appointed for their qualification, sha11 be and are hereby invested with all full power and a~thority, and liable to the sa1ne rules, 1•~3trictions, as the vestries are by law subject to; and shall be and· remain the vestry of the said Parish and County, until the time appointed for the election of vestrymen through the province. XIV. And whereas some doubts ha,,e arisen, how far the breaking of the last Superior Court of Justice held for the District of Hillsborough, by the Insurgt.1nts, without a Regular Adjournment thereof to the next term, may affect the opera tion in law of action, writs, suits, process, petitions, and recog nizances, returnable to, or depending in the said court ; For removing of which doubts, be it enacted by the authority aforesaid, that all actions, suits, writs, process, petitions, in dictments, information and presentments ,vhatsoever hereto fore commence in, issued from, or returnable to the said court, the adjournment ,vhereof to the term in course was prevented as aforesaid, shall be, and hereby continued to the next term in course; And all Subpeonas for Witness and recognizances for appearance of person, as effectual as if a regular adjourn ment had been made of the said; And the persons summoned as witnesses and entering into such recognizances, bound to appear to the n~xt term accordingly.''~ Perhaps it might be of interest to insert at this point a few sentences in reference to the origin of the name for Surry 1 North Oarolfna Stnto Rocol'ds, Clarke, vol. 28, pages 844•0, 61 SURRY COUNTY CREATED I County. In the old Saxon language the word meant ''South River,'' and at a very early date was applied to a section in the southern part of England. During the middle ages the Duke of Surry was a powerful feudal lord and held a promi nent place at the councils of the king. From about the middle of the fourteenth century to the latter part of the eighteenth c1Jntury the influence of this family was in eclipse. At the time Surry County was created in North Carolina the Lord of Surry was an active member of the British Board of Trade,· a body· which had charge of the administration of all colonial affairs of America. In the State museum at Riileigh is a photograph of this important peer, the Honorable Charles Howard. 62 ··-~ ------!:=·- ..... :.. . :.:.., ~; ~--.:i.-:"!''"" - • - ·-- ...... _ - .,, CHAPTER EIGHT REGULATOR TROUBLES . As was stated in a former chapter the people of the north- western part of North Carolina disregarded the order of 1763 . I to stay out of the lands assig.ued to -the Cherokees, and as proof of this defiance the following narrative is taken· from one of Murphey's papers. The incident is supposed to have occurred sometime between 1766 and 1770. '' A party of three white men were camped near the mouth of the Watauga river when thay were attacked by a party of Indians. The two Linville brothers were killed while John Williams, a youth of sixteen years, was wounded. ''John Williams was shot through the thigh· and the bone fractured severely. He ran about fifty yards before the bone gave way and he fell. The Indians did not go in search of him, but gathered up their skins and guns, and catching up their best horses they went off. Williams, crawling on his hands, found an old horse at the camp. He tied a. piece of rope in the horse's mouth for a bridle and then crawled on to a log and mounted the horse, and with his leg broken rode from near the mouth of the Watauga to the Hollows in Surry before. he came to a house. He was five days on this journey ,vithout anything to eat except blackberries. He ,vas nearly exhausted ,vhen he i·eached the house. He was taken care of, got nearly well, l1a.d another alarm. and the bone was broken the second time. Yet he recovered and lived to an old age in Surry, ,vhere he later became a J ustic.e of the Peace. ''1 1 Papers of A, D. :Murphoy, vol, 21 Historicnl Oommfsslon, pngo 880, 68 REGlJLATOR TROUBJ.iES ...... _ --..:._----:__ __ ::-,...__ ~. ,,.._ ~ . --- -.::it,. • .. _ - .._;;...~ ·,. ~ '---,,__ ------. ------"'-, '... ------.... ':,, ----,. "- -:--....._ -.. ·- . .--- • -- .... < ----- ,._____., ___ . ~ ...... _ ""--~ ,----.,-·•· ...... ~-~------_____-._!!_:_ ... ,-----..-~--______ YOUNG JOHN WILLIAMS ARRIVES AT THE OABIN IN 'rHE HOLLOWS OF SURRY 64 REGULATOR TROUBLES The two Linville brothers mentioned in the above account l1elcl land grants in what is now Forsyth County according to the records in Rowan County. 2 According to Ashe, the first white man to establish a cabin and develop a claim, in the lands drained by the Watauga river ,vas named Bean.3 The Rowan County records show that this 1nan owned a farm adjoining the land given Daniel Boone by Squire Boone. It is interesting to note that Daniel sold his farm of six hundred acres for eighty pounds sterling at about the same time Bean is supposed to have settled on the Watauga river. From the deeds of these two farms it is evident that their lands were either in what is now Yadkin or Wilkes County.4 By removing to the ,vest of the Blue Ridge these t,vo men laid themselves liable for arrest on tw·o counts, namely; violH;tion of the Imperial Order of 1768, by establishing a home in forbidden territory; and trading ,vith the Indians ,vithout a royal permit. From the reports that Boone, Bean and other adventurers made of the land across the Blue Ridge a region was opened up for settlement at the very moment the Regulator disorders ,vere reaching their most violent stage. At tl1is point it might be ,vell to relat~ an incident ,vhich occurred concurrent to the Battle of Alamance. Tbe l\{ora vian records sho,v that the people in the IIollow: of Surry and along the Yadkin river ,vere strong in their sympathies of the Regulator cause. 11 It happened that a large force of pioneers under Suthe1•land had gathered from Surry and were ,vithin a few miles of Alamance when Governor Tryon forced a battle. According to Caruthers the Su1•ry County leader wept because of his failure to reach the scene of action in tin1c to prevent the disaster of the Regulator ,s cause. This ,vriter also states that the result of the battle ,vould probably l1ave been different if these fronticrs1nen had found their places in the battle front, 8 'rhe Moravian records credit Robert Lanier "'ith t11e state- ment that he talked with Ila1'mon Ilusbancl after the battle 1 Rownn Oounty Doo it State Records, Clarke, vol. 28, pages 908•7, ao State Records, Olarke, vol, 28, pages 906•'7, 70' CHAPTER NINE BEGINNING OF REVOLUTIONARY WAR · Thus far these chapters on Surry County have dealt with the county officers and policies which were of such vital im portance in causing the people of the back settlements to dis regard the county government. The flrst representatives for Surry County to be elected to sit in the provincial assembly "'ere Robert Lanier and Richard Gorde (Goode).1 It so hap pened that Lanier never arrived at New Bern in time for the first session of the 1770-71 assembly, while Richard Gorde never did report to be s,vorn in. The representatives for the January, 1778, meeting of· the assembly were Robert Lanier and Jonathan Hampton; but for the meeting held in Decem ber, 1778, and January, 1774, Hampton was· replaced by Charles McAnnalley. Then in the eventful meeting at New Bern during spring of 1775, the county representatives were Robert Lanier and James Glen, the latter was branded a supporter of the king's cause.• Prior to the meeting of the provincial congress at Hills boro in August, 1775, the affairs in Surry County were •mov• ing rapidly toward a break with the royal officials of North Carolina, under the leadership of Robert Lanier, who must have been living in the Hollows of Surry (region about Mount Airy) during this period. In Surry records Book ''A' t, page 4, this indenture is made under date of May 27, 1771, for Martin Armstrong to Robert Lanier of a. deed for 890 acres, '' A parcel of land lying and being in the county of Surry on 1 Mora\'lan Records, l!,rles, l11Rtorlcnl Oommlaslon, vol. 1, pago 4'10, 1 North Onrollnl\' Hnndbook, 101-8, pago 888, 71 BEGINNING OF REVOLUTIONARY WAR both sides of the Tarrat river (now ,vritten Ararat), begin .. ning at a black oak on side· of the above named stream thereof running north 60 chains to two white oaks; thence west 60 chains to a post oak ; thence 60 chains to a pine ; thence to the beginning, containing more than 390 acres of land with same more or less, it being the land purchased of J obn Stuart and sold to the aforesaid-free of all incumbrances whatso ever except the Earl Granville, his rights ·on the annual quit rents that shall hereafter become due.'' The Stuart tract was· an extensive grant along what is now Arara~ river and Stuarts creek, which was originally deeded to Susannah Bledsoe by her father.• The delegates from Surry to the provincial congress at Hillsboro during August, 1775, ,vere Robert Lanier, William Ifill, Joseph Williams, Joseph Winston and Martin Arm strong. Up until August 11, Surry County had no regular constituted committee of correspondence, but on that date Joseph Williams, Robert Lanier, William IIill, Joseph Wins ton and Martin Armstrong, all liberty men, were eiected dele~ gates to the provincial congress to be held at Hillsboro, and were appointed a committee to for1n a committee of Safety, which included themselves and several others, of ,vhom only a Mr. Lynch is mentioned in the Moravian record of 1775. Traugott Bagge, Jacob Blume, and George Ilauser, Sr., were appointed members but excused theinselves because n1ilitary service was to be instituted·and·they did not bear arms.' On November 16th, it was noted that the county committee had taken over most of the business formerly transacted. by the justices of the peace sitting as a court of pleas and quarter session. The county court of Surry had met as usual in Febru ary, adjourned on the first day because no business came be f~~e it. July 29, the Bethabara diary notes that in a meeting of the town folks it had been agreed that if the law ceased to £unction the people would have to elect justices to take the place of those formerly appointed by the British government. Here is a clear indication that the radical ideas practiced by • Surry County Deed Book • 1 A," 4 Moravian Records, Fries, Historical Oompilaslon, vol, 2, pages, 989-40, 72 BEGINNING OF REVOLUTIONARY WAR the Watauga .association had rooted itself to the east of the Blue Ridge mo"ntains. As far as the writer has been able to learn, it is the first ~eflnite pronouncement in North Carolina for the popular election of judges.' The following letters are submitted to show the general trend of affairs during·the summer of 1775: ' 'Betbabara, N •.0. July 10, 17715. '~ Mr. Traugott Bagge, Merch· 't Salem, Caro Mr. Shobe. "I received yesterday a letter . of the committee of the county· from Samuel J'ohnston., Esq. (Moderator), wher,,in he requests the committee to summons the free-holders to meet and choose five dele• gates for said county to attend a general convention to be held· at ~illsboro the 20th, of next March, ''I therefore, as there is no committee in our county, have thought it would be 1,roper that the people should be acquainted with what is requested of them and have inclosed an advertisement and hope you will make it as public ae po$sible. "You will, I hope, be kb1d enough to inform Dr, Bonn of the snmo, not doubting but it will be agreeable to you both to comply with tho request and that you will give your attention agreeable to tho advertisement. "I reaeived your letter some time ago and shall comply as tar as is in my power to court, but hope if I should not at that time pay you as much as you expect you will be. easy a little longer, as I am now on my way home from making a PUROHASE of .the clerk's place of this county, whi~h wlll take near or quite all of tho money I then command. If it suite I could furnish your town with any quantity of beef at - ·(illogible} hind quarter and at 1 1-2d. 1 the rest. '' J'o Williams, ' • "To Traugott Bagge, Jacob Blume and Geo. Hauser: "Surry County, August 11, 1775, "Gent.: '' The pres~nt ala:rming distressea of America have induced the in• habitants of this county· to choose as their delegates and the same distresses have induced ua to nominate a committee· to meet and consult for our common peace, liberty and safety. "You gentlemen, are nominated and we hope yoµ will set in said committee and serve the public until the good people at large choose others, at least two out of every captain's company. • Moravian Records, Fries, Historical Oommlaslon, vol. 2, page 845. • Moravian Records, Fries, Historical Oommlaslon, vol, 2, page 988, 73 BEGINNING OF REVOLUTIONARY WAR "Our bleeding countrymen demand the utmost attention of every friend to this province and continent. ' 'J. Williams, '' Ro. Lanier, "Wm. Hill, ''Jo. Winston, '' Martin Armstrong, Delegates.'' '' N.B. · The committee must meet for the . first time on the 25th, instant.'''• It will be noted that above was a general letter calling for a general meeting of the men of Surry County tu consider ,action to be taken in disturbed conditions of the county. The meeting ,vas called for the 25th of August, 1775. The follo,ving is the report of that meeting. "Proceedings of tho Safety Committee in Surry County: '' Liberty or Death-God save the king. "Aug. 25, 1775, "Surry County, N. C. '' Committee met according to appointment Aug, 25, 1775, "Present-Benjamin Cleveland, John Hamlin, Jesse Walton, Samuel Freeman, Benjamin Herndon, C~arles Lynch, John Armstrong, James Hampton, Richard Gorde, Augustus Blackburn, James Doke, Matthew Brooks, John Huds/)6th, George Lash, John Snead, Malcom Curry, '' Benjamin Cleveland was elected chairman. · · '' Resolved, wo think proper to declare our disapprobation and abhorrence of certain papers by the name of protests, cot, signed and transmitted to Governor Martin in opposition to the common cause of liberty; some of whicb papers contain many falsehoods and matters of encouragement to the most wicked measures and ,designs; the said paper being calculated to divide the good people of this province and destroy its internal peace and occasion the efrusion of blood. ''Resolved, we determine by all lawful ways and means to dis• continue and suppress such mischievous and baneful papers and all combinations against the common cause of American liberty, and do our utmost endeavors to support the congress in defending our just rights and liberties. . · '' Resolved, that those who now would subject all America and this province to a dependoncy on the parliament of Great Britain are guilty of a very dtutgerous innovation, injurious to the crown and inconsistent with the liberty of the American subjeots, . '' Resolved, that by t.he law of nature and the British constitu tion no inan can be leg,.dly taxed or have his property •taken from him without his consent, given by himself or his representative. 'Records. of tho Mornvlans in N, O. (Hist. Oom,),. vol, 2, page· 980. 74 BEGINNING OF REVOLUTIONAitY WAH, '' Resolved, tl1at the late acts of the British parliament for raising a revenue in America by laying taxes on· us without our consent and against our protestation, are opposite to our ideas of property, and inconsistent with the spirit of the constitution and does in fact at one stroke deprive this whole continent of all property, and of their most invaluable rigb ts and liberties. · '' Captain OharJes Lynch and Mr. William Mcrridith, members of the committee, came in and took their seats .. '' Resolved, that thitJ committee highly approve the proceed'ings of the continental congress held in Philadelphia in September last, and that we will endeavor to carry their recomniondation into execution. '' Resolved, that the wort11y delegates who represented this prov ince in said congress deserve our warmest and. most grateful thanks for the faithful discharge of their office and that Colonel Armstrong present them in our names and in behalf of this county. '' The committee adjourns un:til tomorrow at 7 o'clock.'' The following day the members met and adopted these resolves: "Saturday, Aug. 26, 1775. '' Committee met according to adjournment. "Resolved, that the diff:erent captains of this county do call their companies together at their usual places of exercise on Saturday the second day of September, in order to choose three in each respec tive company as committeemen, and those men truly elected shall meet in committee on Wednesday, the 20th day of September next, at the oourt house in the said county. '' Resolved, that a part · of this committee, viz: Charles Lynch, John Armstrong and Matthew Brooks be appointed to wait on the :Moravians in order to procure ammunition it any found. Also that Traugott Bagge, Jacob and George Houser, appointed of the Moravian congregation to set as a committee with us at this meeting, to give a more satisfactory answer for their non-attendance and give in the same personally at our next meeting, the 20th of Septembor next. · '' Resolved, that we for ourselves and do recommend it to others to issue no warrant for debt or execution except sueh that have been obtained already before this date, and it any debtol' is likely to remove himself so that there is just cause to believe· the eredltor will lose bis debt he shall or may apply to the committee of the district ·the debtor lives in, and whioh will take it in hand to secure the debt by taking security or stopping a reasonable part of his e1rects for tho same. · '' Resolved, that Benjamin Cleveland, Jesse Wal~on and Benjamin Herndon wait on Mr. Oharles Gordon to secure all the ammunition they 'shall find in his possession. '' Resolved, likewise if any ·person of this committee should find 75 BEGINNING OF REVOLUTIONARY WAR out any ammunition in this county they shall be justified in securing the same for public service by giving security to the possessor thereof. "By order of: ' 'Benjamin Cleveland, Ohainnan, "William Lenoir, Olerk. ,,, The place as delegates was refused by Traugott Bagge, George Houser and Jacob Blume· because their religious faith forbid the bearing of arms, but had pledged themselves to be always willing to obey those in authority. • '' Salem, N. O. "Aug. 24, 1775. '' Dear Sir: '' Your favor of _the 10th instant, I duly received and notice the contents. Shall give Mr. Kershaw notice thereof by first opportuJiity. '' Enclosed a letter to the committee appoint«;,d for this county which .I make free to desire you to deliver, and wherein Jacob Blume and George Houser decline being members thereof. I doubt not but our reaeon tor it will justify · itself and meet with you and every person's approbation, who know me and my brethren as long aa you do, and I request your friendship in this and other similar causes which may occur. Remain with regard, dear sir, '' Your very humble sarvant, '' Traugott Bagge. '' '' To Ool. Martin Armstrong, ' •• '' Proceedings ot the Safety Oommittee in Surry Oounty. ''Wednesday, Sept. 20, 1778 •. "Committee met according to adjournment. Present: Benjamin Cleveland, chairman; Josee Walton, John Hamlin, Samuel Freeman, George Wheatley, J'ohn Hudspeth, Paul Pattrick, Richard Gorde, Joseph Winston, James Hampton, George Lash, John Pinchley, Fred• eriok Alberton, David Martin, John Parks, David .Allen, Matthew Moore, John Dunkin, William Hickman, Jacob Ferce, William Brown, James Jones, William Han, James Doak, Elijah Isaacs, Thomas John• son, Joseph Phillips, Oharles Waddle, John Armstrong. "Resolved that as Mr. John Hamlin refuses to act as one ot the sub-committee ot safety tor this county that we recommend Mr. William H·an in his stead. · '' Resolved, that we will agreeable to the resolves of the conti· nental . congress, suppress all immoraUty and vice, all kinda of sporting, gaming, betting or wagering what&Ot\Ver. '' Committee adjourns until tomorrow at 6 o'clock.'' ' ' Thursday, Sept. , 21, 17'15. '' Committee met according to adjournmont. "Rules of committee: • Oolonfal •c<>rd SaiinC,era, vol, 10, pages 228•9, 'Records ot the Moravian• In N. 0,, Fries. (Hid. Oom.), vol, 2, pare e,o. 76 BEGINNING OF REVOL.UTIONARY WAR '' Resolved, that every person keep their seat, {2) and when they make a ~otion they shall rise up and address the chairman, (8) and that he shall put the question and the votes to be taken. · "(4) Only one to speak at a time, (5) and if on~ makes a motion and it is not seconded for it not t9 be noticed. "(6) And that no member of this committee shall depart without leave. '' {7) And that any member of this committee behaving disorderly either by getting drunk, swearing or any other vice shall ~e 11ned and subject to the same penalties as officers ot the court and no notice taken of their motion until satisfaction h, made to the com• mittee, and the fines applied as other fines of like nature for the use of the parish. '' Resolved, that for a committee of secrecy and intelligence this committee has truly elected John Hamlin, chairman; Joseph Winston, Richard Gorde, Jesse Walton, Joseph Phillips, James Doak, ·and Matthew Moore. '' Resolved, that those who stand in opposition to tho common cause shall have no benefit of tho proceedings of this .committee. '' The committee adjourned until further orders. '' Benjamin Oleveland, Chafrmnn. "By orde1· of Wm. ·Lenoi~, Clerk. " 10 From this set of rules adopted under date of Septem her 21, 1775, the proceedings of the day before must have been transacted under difficult circumstances and amid an exceij sive amount of disorder. This · point is self-evident that in carrying out the recommendation of the continental congress they grimly set the task of reforming themselves first. Now it might be well to notice the active preparations of hostilities going forward within the limit.a of the county, and for that purpose a letter from .Alexander Martin is quoted : "Dau River, N. C. '' Se.pt. 22, 1775. ''Sir: "I am favored with yours by Mr. Brooks and observed the inhabitants are dissatisfied at being called and boing stationed at Salisbury, that the men do not list tor that purpose. I am sincerely sorry that you have listed any person only to remain in Surry and not informed them that they belong to the continental nrmy and may be called to Virginia, South Carolina, or even Bo&ton; that they are to be embodied and to march to the frontiers in the tlrat place to loarn the motion of the Indiana, that dllring, this time they are to 1°Colonial Record,, Saunders, Yot: 10, pages 229•80. 77 BEGINNING OF REVOLUTIONARY WAR ~e trained in arms, if no danger to remain somewhere in Salisbury district until it is necessary to march elsewhere, and not at Salisbury town. · '' As to a commissary, Mr. Lanier is appointed, and appJication must be had to hi~ or Mr. Joseph Williams, but I do not think it necessary to keep the men you list at Richmond until you compl_eto the .company; they may go on furlough until the first of October, when I expect you will be ready to march. to Salisbury. If Mr. Lanier and Mr. Williams decline acting victual then supply your own comp1.1ny until further orders.- As to wag~ns, Mr. Lanier is obliged to find hie own wagons. As to baggage wagons,· a bant horse must be suffioient for yourselves. I shall make use of no more as the con• gross allowed none. The men must carry their blankets on their backs, Should the men want any necessaries please apply to the Mo• ravian stores and you or I will see the payment when- tho money comes up. I am much pleased with Mr. Brooks, and I will do tiny• thing in my power to serve hfm., I wish . he would accept the ensign's commission should your committee recommend h;im to tho provincial council, however, tho eithe_r of the other gentlemen is · agreeable. Mr. Samuel Hunter of Beaver Island, in this county, is already •appointed sutlor, should he decline, I shall have it in my power to oblige Mr. Brooks. '' Those men who cannot get guns cannot go without them, the extraordinary sum of 54'¼, pence per month was to encourage those to 1lght who had guns, they are to borrow if possible, on terms I wrote you. I am pleased to hear you recruit your company fast. I know not what band your lieutenant here has made. I ·shall attend nt Campbell's on Monday next to meot a number of recruits for· you and Davidson and shall inform you after .that time. Your brother, Colonel Armstrong, desires to know when the district committee sits. I really cannot tell, but I believe tho minute men are raised which Colonel Wade will certify. I hope your county is going on with expedition in tho.t service, two companies of minut~ men be raised in Surry. Enclosed I send the copy of a test which please to propose to the two Wrights,· as I mean to show as much indulgence as possible to ignorant people. I would have no man used ill, but Colonel Wright and his broth~r appear to be enemies to their .country and its liberties. If they sign this test it is well, if not I shall be very sorry to treat either of them ill, which I must be oblige by my duty to do. On their refusal please to certify to me, also some othtlrs, whom you know to be obstinate enemies, but use vory gentle measures with them. '' I am, dear Captain, "Your most obedient servant, 1' Alexander Martin.'' 78 BEGINNING OF REVOLU'rIONAitY WAH, .As to the activities of R-Obert Lanier as coinmissary officer, n letter of his under elate of Sept. 26, gives ample proof, and nt the same time sho,ving he was not a strong advocate of prohibition: '' To Capt. John Armstrong.' m "Sir: "Cnpt. Jolin Armstrong's company is in want of sundry articles to equip themselves as soldiers to serve under him. If you , think snfe to furnish them with such things as they want and take pay, I do hereby oblige myself to pay for tho samo as soon as tho money now in making shn.11 be set up. If the above moots with your appro• bn Uon send mo an account of the same. '' I am yours, cct. '' Robert Lanier.'' The follo,ving postscript was on the reverse side of the sheet: . · '' To Mr. Jacob Fockle, Sept. 26, 1775. ,,., "I nm also in need of a barrel of whiskey for my own use. If it should ho applied for, please send it and you shn11 have tho money ns soon as I return and I hope to be obliged by you. '' I am yours, oct. Across the front of the above letter ,vas this notation: Mr. Bagge: "Doar Sir:-I received this order from Mr. Lanier, but had not the quality required. I thought proper to send it to yon. '' I nm, sir, yours, ect. '' Fockle. '' In fulfilment of the above mentioned order, Bagge received the following memorandum: '' Salem, Sept. 27, 177 o. '' Deliver to mo by Traugott Bagge for Col. Alex. Martin and myself: Seventy yards of Osnaburgs at 2 pounds 7s. sterling; 1½ yards Russian drill at 4 pounds, Os.; 12 yards Russian duck at 8-3, 1 pound 19s; 1 string button moulds at 2s; 10 ounces of thread at 6s, 5 shillings. "Jno. Armtsrong. " 11 11 Rocords ot tho MoravJans In N. 0,, Fries (Hist. Oom,), vol, 2 pages 941•2, 11 1 Records ot tho .Mornvlans in N, 0,, Fries (Hist. Oom,), vol, 21 page 042. 111 Rocords of tho MoravlRt1a ht N, 0,, Fries (Hist. Oom.), vol, 2, page 848, 79 CHAPTER TEN CAMPAIGN AGAINST INDIANS In the summer of 1776 the Indian ,var cry was ~eard within the borders of Surry County. Late in the fall of 1775 the British Government formulated a concerted attack upon North Carolina by its naval force, an uprising of royalists sympathizers under the leadership of Brigadier .. general Don ald McDonald, and an Indian attack all along the frontiers. So, in the early summer of 1776 the British dftlcials began to carry out this plan of operation as their chief move of the year in conquering the revolting colonies. The battle of Moore's Oreek Bridge on March 4th destroyed the Troy army and temporarily forced the British fleet to retire from the North Carolina coast. 1 The Surry Militia got as far as Cross Creek at the time of the Battle of Moore's Creek:* In accord ance with the prearranged plans of the ·English the Indians ,vere to attack as soon as the news reached them that the British fleet had appeared along the coast. The Cherokee began their raids upon the frontiers when the false report reached' them that Sir Peter Parker had captured Charleston, S. C. The gallant defense of Sullivan's Island and the· repulse of Sir Peter Parker in the harbor of Charleston prevented further outrages and frustrated for the time further execu .. tion of the plan agreed upon. lt however might be put into execution any time unless the power of the Cherokee was at once e1fe.ctually broken, and to this end expeditions were simttl taneously sent into the Cherokee country from both the Car- 2 History of ·Norf.h O'arollna, Ashe, pago 4866, . 2 • Records of the Mornvlans, Frlo11 1 lllstorlcnl Oommlsslon, ,•ol, 2, page 1020, 81 CAMPAIGN AGAINST INDIANS olinas, · and Virginia. South Carolina sent some 1500 men under Colonel Williamson ; Virginia sent some 1500 under Colonel Christian; while North Carolina sent 2800 men under General Rutherford, besides some three or four hundred n1en under General Williams, ,vho united with the forces under Colonel Christian, so that North Carolina sent more than both the others put together.• The force under Colonel Williams was composed entirely of Surry County men, while another regiment acco1npanied General Rutherford on his march across the Blue Ridge Mountains. It is the purpose of this-Chapter to present a fe,v facts concerning these two forces. In the Colonial Records this information is given : Colonels Joseph Williams, and Love, Major Winston and 600 1nen were sent to the· aid of Colonel Christian in the campaign against the upper towns of the Cherokees in the summer of 1776. It seems that the state of Virginia had asked for a force of 800 men, so, the North Carolina Council of Safety ,vrote General Rutherford to grant the request, and further stated, '' ~y advices from Sur,ry County we learn that you have ordered no men fro;m there to join against the lower Chero kees, we would the refore recommend that you order 800 tnen above mentioned out of that county.',. ''We have this day sent 150wt of powder to Surry County. If you cannot spare any powder which you have, give an order to commanding officer to carry to Colonel Martin Arm strong for powder above mentioned, as much as you think necessary. ''We have also directed Colonel Artnstrong to spare some lead (for which we gave him an order on Locke) if wanted." There was also a request that fifty bushels of salt be sent at the same time.' Under date of July 22, 1776, the Council of Safety ,vrote Colonel Armstrong, "Since writing the above we have d~ rected General Rutherford to send 800 men to the assistance of the Virginians against the Overhill Cherokees and to ren dezvous at Stalnacker's on the Holstein (IIolston), and have 8 Oolonfal Records -vol, 10, page 15, · • State Records, o\arke, vol. 11, pages 18·1'1, 1 State Records, Olarke, vol. 11, page 888. 82 CAMPAIGN AGAINST INDIANS recommended to him to order them from Surry, as Mr. Shep pard informs us that no men have marched from that county against ·the lower Cherokees. It will be necessary that this detachment march as expeditiously as possible and therefore, for fear of delays we have directed Gener~l Rutherford to give the commanding officer of such detachment an order on you for a part or the whole of the 150wt of powder sent by Mr. Sheppard. Should they also apply for lead for whioh we have sent you an order on Mr. Locke, you will be pleased to furnish as much as you can spare. If General Rutherford sends the above po,vder and lead ,vith the detachment the Virginia Council of Safety will direct further supplies of these articles for Surry County if necessary. ,,e As to the military operations of Colonel Christian there is available a fair amount of material. In August Colonel Chris tian collected 11is army at Long Island on the Holston, at that time a famous rendezvous for all ,vestern settlers in the valley of the Tennessee river. The American force advanced cautiously along the Ilolston River until the Frencl1 Broad River was reached, here a large force of Cherokees ,vas reported to be stationed ready to contest any attempt at passage. "Just before reaching the river the Indians sent a Tory trader ,vith a flag of truce to discuss terms of peace. l{nowing that his own strength was overwhelming, Christian allowed the envoy to go through the whole camp and then sent him back with the message that there could be no term$ uitfil the Cherokee towns had bAen destroyed." When the Tory trader returned to the Indians they were so discouraged by his report that all thoughts of resistance at the river ,vere abandoned. '' 1t is probable that nearly all their bravest men and resources had been drawn off to oppose the forces coming from the Carolinas on their eastern border, and the few ,vho remained felt themselves unequal to the contest.''' Colonel Christian continued his advances a£te1' cautiously crossing the French Broad some distance below the· regular fording J)lace. In Nove1n ber the Little 'l'eunessee River Wai roached, where a number of recently deserted villages ,vere e Stato Records, Olnrke 'fol, 11, pRge 884. ' Report of Buronu of Ethnology, Moon&)', pagos 50·1, 88 CAMPAIGN AGAINST INDIANS destroyed; the orchards and granaries ,vere also laid ,vaste. The few warriors encountered were killed. In the meantime messages had been sent out to the farther towns, in response to ,vhich s·everal of their men came into Christian's camp to tr~at for peace. Op their agreement to surrender· all prisoners and captured stock in their hands and to cede to the whites all the territory occupied by the Tennessee settlements as soon as representatives of· the whole tribe could be assembled in the spring, Christian consented to suspend hostilities and retire ,vithout further injury.' . The suspension of hostilities and the arranging of trade relations caused Colonel Williams to severely criticiim Colonel Christian because the ,var was still in progress along the eastern border, and such terms permitted the Cherokees to concentrate· their ,varriors against General Rutherfo·rd and Colonel Williams. Colonel Williams also contended that Colonel Christian and the Virginians were very lenient with t.he Cherokees because they were seeking trade advantages at the expense of North Carolina.9 No,v let us consider the Surry County troops ,vho took part in the Rutherford Expedition. In the late summer of 1776, Colonel Martin Armstrong with a regiment of 800 men joined General Rutherford's army at Cathey 's Fort on the Catawba River. In this company Benjamin Cleveland was a captain and William Lanier ,vas a first lieutenant. The orders from the State Council of Safety hindered General Rutherford in collecting his army and supplies for the contemplated attack on the Cherokees. The following letter clearly states some of the difficulties he had to overcome. The person who had sent in false reports to the Council was none other than Colonel Martin Armstrong of Surry County. '' Salisbury, August 6, 1776. "Sirs: ''Your favor of the 29th, July by Mr. Toadvlne is before me and shall immediately comply with tho order of the Oottncll by sending Lieutenant~Colonel Williams ol Surry with 300 men to Virginia and as soon as salt from Cross Oreek comes to hand shall send fifty bushels under their care. 8 State Records, Saunders, vol, 101 pages 884•5. 0 Oolonlal Records, Saunders·, vol, 10,. pag'1e 901•012. 84 CAMPAIGN AGAINST INDIANS '' I am sorry to hear that ·your advices froni Surry were falsely grounded, both with Respect to Militia and Ammunition. '' At the first alarm· I had from the frontiers, I determined to leave the Surry militia at that time to defend their own and leave suWicient from other counties to put a stop to the Rage of the enemy and nt the same time sent express orders to Colonel Armstrong of Surry to hold himself in Readiness to join me, if required, with the half of his militia and march against tho Cherokees in case the Council should give me express orders to carry the war into the Nation; and on Tuesday the 23rd of last month I wrote him e~press orders to join me at ·headquarters with 300 men equipped for the purpose of war against that day four weeks. '' Whereas I can not take any men from Tryon, nor from the Battalion of Rowan (being frontiers) the current of Tories running strong in Guilford and Anson; tho Surry Gentleman's Insinuation to Virginia, your Board thereby depriving me of 300 men and many inhabitants in the neighborhood of this place ill with fever alJ con spire to render it' absolutely necessary that 500 or more join me from Hillsboro district and therefore bave wrote by express for that purpose, "No wonder that this and many more distresses and disorders should attend us, whe·n gentlemen and whom wo ought otherwise to look up, and .from whom we ought to have many and necessary orclors to have to denyed their power, "Sirs etc., '' G. Rutherford.' no As has been shown above, the preparations of General Rutherford's army ,vas greatly hampered by the orders from the State Council of Safety in its efforts to comply ,vith the requests of Virginia and South Carolina to aid them in filling out their ranks and supplies of war materials. Not until the latter part of August, 1776 :was General ltutherford in a position to order a concentration of his troops at place· of Rendezvous on the Catawba River. From this place he sent a report to the Council just before he began the march against. the Cherokee. "Camp on Catawba River, Sept. 1, 1776. ''. • . If tho Indians ovacunto tho Middle and Valley towns and our pl'ovisions will hold out and it be possible to march to the Ovorhl11 towns porhnps I shall go to that plaoo or perhaps send a detachment to join the Virginians. 'l'hoso under my command consist of 1971 privates on foot, about 80 light horse, the number of ofricer,, pack bol'ses, masters and drivers are not yet tnkon. F<;)r tho presout 111Oolonlnl Records, Saunders, vol, 10, pages 726•7, 85 CAMPAIGN AGAINST INDIANS plan I refer you to• Colonel Williamson '1:1 letter, I have ordered one hundred-thirty men under three captains to Range and defend the forts on the frontiers of Tryon, 175 on the frontiers of Rowan, 100 •.on Surry, '' I am very imperfect in health, but will be as assidious I as possible in executing the important trust repc,sed in me. '' My best compliments to the gentlemen of the Council. "Sirs etc., · '' Griffin Rutherford.' ,u T-he actual campaign against the Cherokees under Ruther ford reported comparatively little fighting. The season was not favorable for the undertaking because the various delays had prevented operations during the summer months, the cold weather of fall starts early in September in the mountains. In consequence of this the entire force suffered many hard $hips which might have been avoided if an earlier start could have been made. The delay being due to the false report sent to Council of Safety by Armstrong. The march against the Cherokees began at Cathey 's Fort. The line of march lay over the Blue Ridge Mountains by way of the Swannanoa Gap, then down the Swannanoa Creek to its junction with the French Broad River and r. n to Richard's. Creek at a point near the present town of Waynesville. Fol lowing the course of this creek to its head and then down a tributary of the Tucksugee to the present site of! Webster, thence crossing over the headwaters of Cowee Creek and down that stream to the Little Tennessee of Cowee River ; from this ·place the march lay across the ranges to the waters of the Ifiwassee River at a point below the junction of Valley River "'here the force under Colonel Williamson was met.11 · '' The Indians attempted resistance but were every,vhere defeated. Their most determined opposition was oft:ered while Rutherford was passing through the Waya Gap of the Nan. thala Mountains. The invaders lost .more th~n forty men, killed and wounded, before they put the red men to flight. Unable to offer further resistance the Cherokees fled to the f.astness of the Great S~okey Mountains, leaving their crops 11 O~lonial Records, Saunders, vol. 10, page 188, 12 Report of Bureau of .Ethnology, 1898, Mooney, PRgo 205, '86 CAMPAIGN AGAINST INDIANS and towns at the mercy of the enemy. All told Rutherford destroyed thirty-six towns and laid waste a vast stretch of the surrounding country. ,ua On one occasion when Rutherford sent out a scouting party with orders to destroy Sugartown (near Franklin, N. C.) the Indians succeeded in surprising the party and only after great difficulty and timely arrival of reeinforcements were they saved from complete annihilation.u There are many incidents of individual acts of heroism and patient endurance of the hardships of the march. Captain Moore gave a vivid account of a scouting party which had been sent out by General Rutherford. It was while Benjamin Cleveland was returning from this campaign by way of South Carolina that he passed through ·a section of country which delighted him so much he deter mined to remove there at the close of the trouble with Britiah. This resolution was later carried into execution.1 5 The conduct of the white men toward their Indian cap tives was more brutal and fiendish than the red men whom they held up to scorn for their methods of conducting war. 11 Report of 13ureau of Ethnology, 1898, Mooney, page 40. 14 Report of Buroau of Ethnology, 1898, Mooney, page 49. 15 King's Mountain Heroes, page 451. 87 ..... ;:... -; __...... ,,. - ,:;,,- .,, CHAPTER ELEVEN LAST YEARS OF THE REVOLUTION Following· the disastrous defeat ·of the Americans under General Gates at Camden, S. C., the Patriot cause e~perienced its darkest hours. Tory sympathizers were encouraged· to assemble unde1• the leadership of Samuel Bryan and Gideon Wright while the Patriots were at a great disadvantage .of trying to protect their own homes and at the same time comply with the requests of the state authorities to send all available troops south to check the British ·advance. A heavy guard had to be secured by Colonel Armstrong to. transport 4000wt of lead from the Chiswell 's mines in Virginia to the hard pressed Americans near Charlotte. As to this task the letter from Armstrong to Gates will show the difficulties he had to overcome : · "Surry County, N. C., Sept. 6, 1780. "Sir: '' This morning have received from Cbiswell mine 2762wt of bar lead f o.r use ot our troops under your command, which will torward to any place you shall direct, the whole expense of carriage amounts to 2400 pounds sterling. This currency, which I have given eight shillings per dollar, which I hope, sir, you will by some means or other order to be paid me. The wagoners live in Virginia and will not receive this currency, having bargained with Colont,l Preston before they would agree to bring this lead over the mountains. ' 'Yours etc., '' Mark Armstrong. 111 While Armstrong ·was engag~d in. transporting the l~ad so urgently needed it became necessary for Colonel William Campbell to come to Bethabara with his Virginia militia force 1 State Records, Olarte, vol. 14, page 698. 89 LAST YEARS OF REVOI..1UTION to suppress the 'l1ories. The lack of authority and the scarcity of provisions prevented him moving against the Royalists along the Yadkin lliiver. In a letter to Colonel Armstrong under date of September 18, 1780, Colonel William Preston told of plans to raise a force of 500 to 1000 men to come to Surry to aid in holding down the Tories while the militia 1 of Surry moved south to meet the B11itish. The devotion of the Surry Patriots to the American cause certainly stands out clearly at this period, because while the Tory forces in the county were numbered betwe~n 800 to 500 the authorities I complied with the state ord~ and dis patched every available soldier southward to c){ck the Brit ish near Charlotte. In a letter 0£ General Sumner to General Gates under date of September 24, 1780, these st.1tements are found: "Colonel Armstrong of Surry County, who, I am informed, has orders to join this camp ( at McAlpines Creek) ·with the force from that county, has taken a different route to join the force collecting to oppose Ferguson, who from best intelligence we have received, is in the neighborhood of Burke County Court House with a large number of disaffected and some British troops.' ,a According to the records, Colonel Joseph Williams was in the car11p of General Sumner on October 15th and reported the movements of the Tories as passing through Old Richmond and Bethabara with the ulti mate goal of joining Cornwallis at Charl_qtte.' On October 4th the sheriff of Surry County-a Mr. HHdspeth was killed while resisting the Tories at Old Richmon~ The Surry troops under immediate command of Major Joseph Winston were united with those from Wilkes County under Cleveland, and on September 80th, at the Catawba river they joined the troops coming from Watauga. Immedi ately after this union of forces a council was held and the following dispatch sent to General Gates: '' Rutherford County Camp, Near qUbert Town, ' 'Sir: Oct. 4, 1780. "We have now collected at this place about 1500 good men drawn 2 State Records, Clarke, vol, 14, page 626. 1 State Records, Clarke, vol, 14, page 646, 'State Records, Clarke, vol. 14; page 669, · 90. LAST YEARS OF REVOLUTION from tho counties of Surry, Wilkes, Burke, Washington, and Sullivan of this State, and Washington County of Virginia.'" _The message also requested that a commanding general be sent to assume command but until such an officer arrived Colonel Campbell of Virginia ,vas selected to superior com mand. Colonel Ferguson being daily informed of the movements of the Patriots, began to retire in an effort to reach Corn wallis' camp before the rising bands of Americans could unite. The American commander, realizing that foot soldiers would not be able to overtake the retreating Tories, ordered all who possessed horses to press forward· while the infantry was to f oHow as speedily as possible. '' The advance party mounted infantry, being joined by Colonel Williams of South Carolina with a few South Carolina militia (most of whom were recruited in North Carolina) in the evening arrived at a placo called Cowpens, in South Carolina, where two beeves were killed and order was given for the men to cook and eat as quickly as possible; but marching orders were given before those who were indolent had prepared anything to eat, and they marched all night (being dark and rainy) and crossed Broad river the next morning where an attack was expected. But· not flr.,ding the enemy tl1e detach ment,· almost exhausted by fatigue, hunger, cold and wet, and for want of sleep, pursued their march a few miles when they met two men from Colonel Ferguson's camp who gave some account of his situ ation. Then, being revived by hopes of gaining the desired object, the officers held a short consultation (sitting on their horses) in which It was concluded that said detachments should be formed into four oolumns; two of the columns should govern their march by the view of the other. Colonel Winston was placed at the head of the right column; Colonel Cleveland at the head of the left, and Colonel Shelby and Sevier at the heads of the two middle columns; and as Colonel Campbell had to come tho greatest distance from the State of Vir ginia, he was complimented with· the command of the entire detachment. '' When they had marched in that order about a mile, Colonel Winston, by a steep hi11, had got so far separated from the other columns as to be out sight and hear of them, when son1e 1nen rode in sight and directed him to dismount and march up the hill, which was immediately done, with the expectation of meeting the ene1ny on tha hill; but before his men had advanced two hundred paces from their horses they wore again hailed and directed to mount their horses and push on, and that the enemy was a mile ahead. On which they rau witli great anticipation down the hill to their horses, moubted a State Records, Olarke, vol, 14, page 668. 91 LAST YEARS OF REVOLUTION them, and rode like fox hunters as fast as their horses could run through rough woods, crossing branches and ridges without any person that had any knowledge of the woods to direct or guide th«;)m, They happened to fall in upon tho left of the enemy (being tho place of their intended destination). At this very moment tho firing began on the other parts of tho line, when all dismounted uncler fl.re of tho enemy, and the right and left columns surrounded them as quickly as possible. In the meantime, the enemy cha1·god with bayonets on the two middle columns, who being armed with rifles and not. a single bayonet amongst them, were twice obliged to retreat a small distance, but they wheeled again with increased vigor and fought br11vely. The enemy being surrounded, their left wing began to retreat by drawing up closer toward their right. At length they hoisted a flag · and surrendered themselves prisoners of war. Not a single ~an >f them escaped that was in camp at the commencement of the battle.'-,. ·•, Out of the Patriot force of 700 there were thirty-two killed on the field and about forty died afterward of their • wounds. The Tory loss in killed were 250 and 987 prisoners. Wheeler regards the arrival of the troops under Colonel Winston at their designated place after their mad rush through the woods as nothing but the interposition of divine power.' · Caruthers has this statement in referonce to the surrender of the British force. '' '11he attack was made on three sides si,multaneously by the American troops, each one of the colonels commanding a division. After firing a few rounds the smoke obscured the British troops, and the An1ericanR unable to see, faltered. At that critical moment Jesse Franklin rode up in advance of the line and perceiving the situation of the foe, confused by the smoke and shooting above the heads of their assailants, he encouraged the troops to make another etrort, assuring them the victory would be theirs if they ad vanced until within good range of the enerny and then fired. In that moment Colonel Ferguson fell and confusion ensued. Captain Ryarson, being the next highest officer assumed the co~mand, but all his efforts to restore order were unavailing. Surrounded and exposed to a fire_ which they could not return they soon surrendered. Captain Ryarson · delivered up his sword to Jesse Franklin saying to him, 'you deserve it, 'History of North oaroU11a, Wheeler. vol. 2, page 106, 'Wheeler's History of North Oarolfna, vol, 2 page 107 . . 1 92 LAST YEARS OF' REVOLUTION sir I' This is Franklin's own account of it corroborated. by many others. . . ''1 The point in the above story that has puzzled the ,vriter is: why did Franklin ride a horse up the steep mountain side ,vhen all the other men dismounted at the base. '' The s,vord was, for a long time preserved as a relic, but a party of .gentlemen, on one occasion, in testing the temper of the metal, broke it into fragments. The pieces ,vere made into knee and shoe buckles, and were preserved by different members of the family. ''0 Following the battle of I{ing's Mountain 500. prisoners were placed in Colonel Martin Armstrong's care for safe keeping, but he allowed so many to escape, besides acting without State authority in pardoning the others that he was deprived of all military offices for the remainder of the war. A tragic end for a man who bad spent the best part of his life in scheming to advance his own interests at the expense of his neighbors and country. 10 Colonels Winston, Cleveland, and others were voted ele gantly mounted s,vords by the Assembly of 1781.11 In one of the former chapters a letter was quoted which made reference to a petition that had been sent to the Royal Governor Martin pledging the Loyalists support of his gov ernment. After diligent investigation the ,vriter is able to present. the paper ,in full with the exception of the signers. '' Address of inhabitants of Rowan and Surry to Governor Martin: "Permit us, on the behalf of ourselves and• many others of bis majesty's most dutiful subjeets within the counties of llowan and Su~ry to protest against any person or pers(?ns who may violate any of his majesty's laws or the peace of his government. We are truly invigorated wiih the warmest zeal and attachment to the British constitution and laws upon which our lives and fortunes .and the welfare of the province now depends, and we utterly protest against meetings of people against the peace thereof or anything which may give birth to sedition and insurrection. We cannot but express to your excellency that· we considAT such association at this crisis of very dangerous fatality to your excellency's good government of this province, distress the internal welfare of this county and mislead the unwarry from the path · of their duty and we do assure your • Caruthers, Revolutionary Inoidents, vol • .2, pages 208•4. ° Caruthers, Revolutionary Incidents, vol. 2, page 204. 10 State Records, Olarke, vol. 17, page 668. u State Records, Clarke, vol. 17, page 697. 93 LAST YEARS OF REVOLUTION excoJlcncy that we aro determined, with tho assistance of G·od, in our respective stations steadfastly to continue hie majesty's loyal subjects and to contribute all in our power for the preservation of the public peace, that we shall endeavor to cultivate such sentiments in nll those under our care and warm their brensts with the true zeal for his majesty and affection for his illustrious family. May the Al mighty God direct his council, his narliament, a~d all those under him, that their endeavors may be for tho advancement of piety and tho safety, honor and welfare of sovereign and his kingdom that ·the malice of his enemies may be assuaged, their wild designs con founded and defeated so that the whole world may see his sacred person and country are the special obj~ct of divine dispensation and providence. "Signed by Samuel Bryan and 194 other~.' 111 The political hostility bet,veen the A'rmstrong family and the Wrights asserted itself during the trying days of the Revolution. As the Armstrongs became more active and out spoken in the cause of the colonial rights their political ene mies espoused the cause of the royal governor. Gideon Wright and his brother were made colonels in the service of the king, and every favorable opportunity struck a blow for the royal cause. On one occasion Gideon Wright was able to force his rival, Martin Armstrong, to flee from his home and seek safety in Virginia. ia '' Sir: '' Lnst night I arrived home from your cnmp and found Tories · are too strong for what force I can raise. They aro determined to make me prisoner. They number about three hundred. They have moved from Riehmond ( county seat of Surry) but intend to return in a few days, The mon I have here cannot be depend.ed on, etc., of a truth my present circumstances are bad. I am on my way to Henry County, Virginia, to hasten aid from that place and bring them through this county, but am of the opinion they r.annot be here before next Friday. The county at this. time is expo-sed for almost every good man that could be collected is now in s~rvice, and unless some timely aid comes am afraid the enemy will persevere further in their hostile r:chmne already begun. '' These, sir, are the present circumstance which will only affect this county for some few days before we have a force collected able t·o repel them, but if some of the light horse could be spared from camp perhaps work would be accomplished sooner, but this by no means should be a request if they are more useful in other places. Colonel 11 Oolonfal Recordsl Saunders, vol, 91 page 1160, 13 State Records, 0 arke, vol. 14, page 675. 94 LAST YEARS OF REVOLU'I1ION Wright and ,1ia brother are at the head of thoso bandits of plnndorors whose ignorance is to be dreaded, having not the least principle of honor or honesty. "I nm, etc., '' Mark Armstrong. '' Evidently, the people of Surry didn't regard Gideon Wright as such a depraved person as ) .... rmstrong considered him, because he was allowed to purchase a large tract of land in ,,,hat is no,v Stokes County and some years after the Revolutionary War he deeded the property to his, daughter.If The most important engagement between the Tories and Patriots ,vithin the original limits of Surry County occurr~d in 1780 at Shallow Ford, in the present oounty of Yadkin. On October B, 1780, while most of ,the Patriot forces had gone toward Charlotte to resist Cornwallis' advance, the Tories under Wright and his brother moved upon Old Richmond with a force estimated at nearly five hundred men. After some shooting that resulted in the death of a number of inhabitants the force moved on the Bethabara. "It looks no,v as though the entire Tory party has risen both in this neigh borhood and about Abbots creek. Both parties are under arms and have been stationed only a few miles from Bethabara at the bridge n~ar Andreas Volk, in preparation for a small engagement.' ' 111 The anticipa~ed battle occurred at Shallo,v Ford on October 14, 1780. The Tory force under command of Gideon Wright planned to follo,v the route taken by Samuel Bryan and his band of Royalists some time previous in making a way to the British troops in South , Carolina. As the Tory band moved south to form a. union ,vith Cornwallis' force at Charlotte, the Ameri can leac?~~:n~ in the neighboring counties began military move ments to intercept the Tories. When· General Smalhvood ,vas informed of the contemplated Royalist plan he at once moved westward from his camp twelve miles south of Guilford Court House and arrived at the Moravian to-wn on October 15, and at once sent out scouts to,vard the Yadkin river. ie 14 Reool'ds of the Moravinns in N. 0,, Fries, (Hist, Oom,) vol. 2, pages 634-5, 111 Moravian Records, vol, 81 page 820. 14 Stntc Records, Olnrko, vol, 9, page 692, 95 LAST YEARS. OF REVOLUTION About the same thne · that General Smalhvood started ,vest, General Sumner sent forth a body of Patriots under the command of Colonel Paisley. To quote from a letter of General Sumner to General Gates under date of October 13, 1780, '' Colonel Williams and Mr. Lenear arrived in camp, informed me of Tories getting very troubleso1ne in Surry, being embodied to the number of three or four hundred. I had some accounts at the same time that one Wright, their head man had sent several of his men into Charlotte to get a ,vay open for them to join the British army. I have thought pr(jper therefore to detach a party of three hundred foot ,vith a f e,v horses under the command of Colonel Paisley to endeavor to disperse them and cut them off from Charlotte.'' While the Tory force moved south from Old Richmond and attempted to Qross the Yadkin at Shallow Ford, on ,vhat is now the H untsville-Le,visburg road, a small party of Vir ginians and Surry Patriots boldly attacked the Royalists. The battle is described as follows by Colonel Paisley: '' Last Sat- . urday abo~t ten o'clock we were ,vithin about one and a half miles of Sballo,v Ford when we heard a foray. ,ve advanced up ,vith all possible speed thinking our light infantry ,vas engaged and discovered that the Virginians and some of the Surry troops had attacked the -three hundred Tories under Colonel Wright. Our loss ,vas only Captuin Francis, killed, and four ,vounded. Fourteen of the enemy were found dead on the ground among ,vhich ,vere Captains Bryan and Burke. Captain Lasey was mortally wonnded and is now in our hands ,vith three more wounded prisoners which were all ,ve took.' m According to General Smallwood's report to General Gates on October 16, 1780, his scouts reported "On October -14th the Tories were defeated at Shallow Ford by 11:ajor Cloyd with one hundred-sixty Virginians anq Carolina militia, there were fifteen killed and four wounded of the Tories, and one ,killed and four .wounded of ours. The Tories escaped, all being well mounted.11 ir State Records, Olarke, vol. 14, page 790. 11 State Records, Olarke, vol. 14, pages 698-9, 96 LAST YEARS OF REVOLUTION As to the importance· of this battle the following -letter from the State authorities to General Smalhvood will explain: "Sir: "Yours of the 16th to Mr. Peen was yesterday received by the Boarcl containing the interesting intelligence ·of the defeat of the Tories at Shallow Ford. We congratulate you on this occasion, also ~fajor Cloyd and the brave men under his command who effected this important st1·oke. The ready attention you have paid this part of the State long distracted by these miscreants, but at length happily ·subdued demand the acknowledgment of the county, etc. . . . " 19 On October 18, 1780 the Boa.rd forwarded th'e f ollo,ving letter to our delegates in Congress: "Gentlemen: You have the account of Lord Cornwallis' retreat from Charlotte with precipitation by reasons as we suppose of Fergu. son's defeat; as also the killing and dispersing of a number of Tories at Shallow Ford by Major Cloyd of Virginia. These events are truly interesting to this State and give a sprightly countenance to our affairs so lately clouded and embarrassed.' " 0 Following the battles of Shallow Ford and King's Moun tain, the British retired for a time from the borders of the state. But during the interval bet,veen these fights and the battle of Cowpens there was an unusual quiet within the borders of Surry County. Most of the men under ColonelR Winston and Cleveland returned home to " 1atch over their possessions in case the Tories renewed activities. It ,vas dur ing this time that l\fajors Micajah and Joel Le,vis and Captain Jesse Franklin did some valuable service in sttppressing the Royalists in the present limits of Surry County, ,vhile Colonels James and John Martin, Matthew Moore, and Joseph Wins ton, of what is now Stokes County, ·were rendering a like service in their neighborhoods. Ast~ the perilous time which existed in tho early months of 1781, the follo,ving incident is cited as typical: '' On his (Jesse Franklin's) arrival at the fort (Wilkesboro) he ascer tained that tbe Whig families on Mitchell's river, in bis (ather 's neighborhood, were entirely destitute of salt. He was to return to the army, and as it was very little out the " 1ay, 19 State Records, Olarke, vol. 14, page 4:31. 20 State Records, Olnrke, vol. 14, page 421. 97 LAST YEARS OF ·R.EVOLUTION he deter1nined to go by his father's and carry a little salt to distribute among his friends to serve them until supplies could be obtained in some other way. He set out from Wilkes boro on a young horse not yet bridie-,vise; and in order to avoid the Tories, who were constantly on the outlook for ltim, he made his way along the mountains entirely out of all the settlements. He met with no mishap until late in the evetiirtg, as he was getting near home, when he was suddenly surprised by a party of Tories ,vho had been lurking around his father's premises seeking to ensnare him for a long time. Surrounded by rifles, he " 1as compelled to yield himself into .their han.ds. They soon dismounted him and tied his hands behind his back. In this condition they replaced him on his horse and having stacked their guns beside a large ,vhite oak tree, they led his horse under the pendant boughs of a dog,vood, and taking the bridle off his horse tied it around his neck and drew the reins tightly over the. limb above his head. In this situation tl1ey commanded him to take the oath of allegiance. Although nearly s~rangled, he refused to obey them. Almost maddened by his refusal, they loosed the horse, thinking it ,vould run off and leave him suspended by the neck. The horse, ho,vever, stood perfectly still until one of them seized a bough to strike it, and just at that critical moment the bridle broke and he dropped into the saddle as the horse bounded away at full speed. The \\1oods were clear of brush or undergrowth; and the horse so fleet that before they could get their rifles ready he ,vas beyond range, but he heard bullets whistle after him as he sped away. He spent that night at his father's house, in the hayloft and the next day he set out ,vith a young man named Taliaferro for general Greene's army.' m No,v let us consider for a few minutes an incident which occurred in ,vhat is now Stokes County, but at that time ,vas ,vithin the boundaries of Surry. Early in the year 1781, Colonel John l\Iartin had discovered, ,vith the aid of field glasses, the location of the Tory Den on. Saurato·wn ]\foun tain, especially by ,vatching the glo,v of the camp fires by night. (The above fact was told by Mr. Zack Smith of 1\1:outit Airy, which J1e declares to be a tradition handed do,vn in his 21 Rc,•olutionnry Incidents, Caruthers, vol. 2, page 206, 98 LAS-T YEARS OF REVOLUTION family.) So, when in February, 1781, Ambrose Blackburn reported to Colonel Joseph Winston that the Tories had robbed his home, even to his pants-the Colonel then furn ished him with a pair of buckskins, and immediately sent off runners to call out fifteen of his men under his· command, among whom were Captain Joseph Cloud, John Martin, and Joshua Coxe (the names of the others are not mentioned), and as soon as the men could be gotten together, which was·a very short ti.me, perhaps only a few hours, they ,vere in pur suit. Their course lay across the Sauratown Mountains, at or near Quaker Gap. In the evening of the same day, the Whigs met a boy carrying a bread tray and returning on the ·trail the Tories, who, when asked by the Colonel where he had been with the tray, replied that he 11ad gone to a neighbor's house to return some meal. The boy was closely questioned, but not until Colonel Winston threatened to hang him. did he tell the exact whereabouts of the Tories. He said that he had just seen them and they were not more than a mile off, and that they were encamped on the top of the Chestnut M·ountaf:n, near the Virginia line. The P'atriot party soon overtook the Royalists and a running fight ensued. The Tories scattered in every direction. The entire Tory force was killed except Captain Stanley, who was spared at the intercession of 12 Blackburn. '' • · With the advance of the British army under Cornwallis from Salisbury, by way of Shallow Ford, to Salem it would naturally be expected that the Tories ,vottld have becci~1e more active and aided that General more efl:ectnally than they did. Possibly the explanation is to be found in the presence of General Pickens' detachment having crossed the Yadkin river and encamped near Mitchell's river in what is no,v Surry County.21 It seems that6iis force under General Pickens' com mand ,vere acting independently of the Patriot's retiring army, and did not become a part of the force until General Greene l1ad recrossed the Dan river and made his camp ~long Troublesome creek. H 22 Ro,•olutlonary Incidents, Caruthers,, vol. 2, pages 260-8. 28 Stnto Records, Olnrke, vol, 22, png6 101. ,. Rev. Hist. of N. O. British Invasion, by Gen, Grnhnm, pnge 146. 99 LAST YEARS QF REVOLUTION From various sources it seems that General Pickens' forces '"ere considerably scattered prior to the time of Cornwallis' passage through Salem and Bethania. General Graham de clared that his corps follo,ved the British army to the Shallo,v Ford crossing of the Yadkin,:N ,vhile William Lenoir states that after collecting his company of volunteers, following the battle of Co,vpens, he hastened to join General Greene's army, but before he reached Salisbury was informed the American army had marched toward Virginia, and then Le_noir changed his course toward Salem, crossing the Yadkin river at Enoch's ferry. On the way he succeeded ·by strategem in retaking three British dfflcers who had been captured by General ~{organ at the battle of Cowpens, but had made their escape· from the guard. Several outlying Tories were also taken who ,vere in company with the British officers. In pursuing his march, Lenoir made his camp for the night near the old 1\iioravian town, where he learned that the British army was near at hand. Not knowing ,vhere to find General Greene, Lenoir turned his course toward the upper waters of the Yadkin to effect a junction "'ith General Pickens, which meeting took place near Mitchell's river in Surry County. 20 Caruthers, writing in his Revolutionary Incidents, is of the opinion that General Pickens was operating iµ the rear of the British army until after Pyle's massacre. Lossing says that Lee crossed the Dan river and follo,ved Pickens and Old ham on the 18th, implying that Pickens ·was ,vith the main army on the other.side of the river.; but he came directly fro1n the ,vest, and according to the statement of General Graham, ,vho "'as one of Pickens' corps, was· on the field of operation before the arrival of Lee. It was while General Pickens' forces were in the neighbor hood of Mitchell's river that Major Lewis and his brother Joel, joined the Patriot forces as volunteers, although they held commissions in tbe Continental army, besides it was at this time. that Jesse Franklin and his friend Taliaferro enlisted. along with numerous other Patriots in this part of the state. The above named men took an active part in the Pyle's 21 Rev. Hist, of N. O. British Invasion, by Gen, Grahnm, pngo 140, 28 Stnte Records, Clarke, vol, 22, page 208. 100 LAST YEARS OF REVOLUTION massacre, which occurred while Corn,vallis was encamped at Hillsboro. The following day Major Lewis was killed while out with a scouting party. A group of Tories trapped Major Lewis by stating they were ''friends" and ·had, been sent forward under the orders from Captain Jesse Franklin. Before Lewis could recover from the mistake in identity he was shot a number of times.21 His last living moments were spent in the hous~ of a Mr. Dickey.• The next important engagement in which the men from Surry County were participants was the battle of Guilford Court House.' It is not the intention of the writer to enter upon a lengthy discussion of this battle, but will quote a fe,v passages to show the part played in that fight by some of the men. There is no doubt that th~ Whig families of western Surry County ,vere represented; the most prominent of those families being the Cunninghams, McGraws, Thompsons, Un derwoods, Williamses, Franklins~ and Taliijferros. Among the men who had cast their lot with the Royalists were the Bryans, 'Wrights, Robertsons, and ~obertses. In regard to the :fighting during the battle, the British officer Tarlton, says it was '' one of the most hazardous as well as severe battles that occurred during the. w&r. '' There has been much discussion as to the part played by the North Carolina militia in the battle, the inference being that these men quit th~ir post in heat of battle. Captain Dugald Stuart stated in a letter '' In the advance we received a VERY DEADLY FIRE, frQm the Irish line of the American army, composed of their marksmen lying on the ground behind a rail fence. ONE HALF OF THE HIGHLANDERS DROPPED ON THAT SPOT, there ought to be a pretty large tumulus where-our men were buried."" Later during the battle the North Carolina miltia ,vith d1·ew to the left wing ·of General Greene's army a,nd there did valiant service during the remainder of the battle. As to the desperate character of the :fight the following paragraph from Caruthers' Revolutionary I~cidents is quoted: '' There 27 General Joseph Graham's Papers, page 825. 28 General Joseph Graham's Papers, page 204. 29 Revolutlonnry Incidents, Caruthers, vol. 2, page 184. 101 LAST YEARS OF REVOLUTION was a young man killed by the name of Taliaferro who was from Surry County, and canie down as a volunteer with Jesse Franklin, late governor of the state. In what part of the army they were eng~ged I have not learned, but from circumstances I infer that th~y were on the left, either with Butler's brigade or with Campbell's riflemen. They rode down, but tied .their horses in the woods at some distance from the scene of· con flict. At the close when Tarlton ,vas sent with his dragoo:ns to extricate the Hessians, as Lee had left with his cavalry, he soon scattered them, killing some, and wounding others. When all were flying for safety, · these t,vo young men rari toward their horses, and ·were pursued -by some dragoons. Franklin by cutting his bridle, barely made his escape, but Talia£ erro, ,vho undertook to untie his bridle was cut down by the sword of a dragoon when in the act· of mounting. Franklin after wards, when the BritiRh left the neighborhood, returned t~ the place, buried his fri.end, and carried back his armor to his family. In that merc:iless onslaught of the dragoons, sev eral must have been killed and more wounded, as Tarlton intimates in his history; but scattered as they were through the woods ·in every direction, Virginians and North Caro linians together, they could not possibly be all found and reported at the Iron Works by the second day after the battle. ,,ao As to the aid rendered by the Tories to the British forces during this fight Caruthers, in his book states : '' While en camped on the Alamance so far as we can learn, he received not more than two small accessions of Tories, under Colonels Field and Bryan ; perhaps only one under Colonel Field, for as Bryan had joined them the fall before at Cheraw he might have continued with them or rejoined them near Yadkin but that is a matter of very little consequence. We know he was with them on the Alamance only from the Order Book and he may have joined them there.' '11 For the remainder of the war there was nothing of im portance to occur in which the Surry people were actively engaged. Nevertheless, there were aseries of legal r·evolutions I IORevolutfonary Incidents, Caruthers, vol. 2, pages 148•4. 11 Revolutionary Incidents, Caruthers, vol. 2, page 98, 102 LAST YEARS OF REVOLUTION which occurred following the close of the war that are· just as vital to the legal conceptions of the people today.· In these laws which were enacted, the Surry County representatJ:v~s took an active part. These enactments removed some of · the most objectionable obstacles to equality ·before the· Jaw courts. The Surry County representatives who took part in the· dis•cussion and passage of the memorable acts were as follows :· J oh-n Arrttstrong, State Senator ; and Joel Lewis and James· Martin, members of the House of Commons during the sessloif of 1784. The State Senator for Surry in 1795 was·. Gideon Edwards-he had· served the county as delegate in the Fay etteville Convention and· had established himself as an ex treme radical by refusing to ·vote in favor of the State enter.: ing the Union-the representatives in the House of Commons ,vere Hugh Armstrong and l\{icajah Oglesby. In order that these legal reforms may be fully understood~ a few paragraphs wHI be devoted to giving a background for. th.e changes that followed the enactment of the statutes. When the English settlers came to America they naturally brought with them their manners and customs of living and as soon as a· government was set up the laws of their homeland ,vere declared to be in force in the new settlements. The court proceedings· were reproduced here· in the ne,v world. As time passed and the colonies became firmly planted, the settlers became more and more conscious of their rights and privileges. By the beginning of the eighteenth century there was a definite cleavage in the attitude with which the American regarded· his rights ·under the English Constitution, and the attitude taken by the native of the British Isles. The possible explanation for this di:trerence in conception of individual rights is to be found in the constant vigilance ,vhich the colonists kept over their pr.ovincial assemblies and through those legislative bodies scrutinized every move made by the Home Government in its efl:orts to regulate the colonial affairs for the good of the entire Empire. Because of this thorough knowledge of individual rights before the la~ here in America, it is easier to understand why it was possible for the colonists to discard old English ens .. toms of inheritance and entail. The laws governing the descent 108 LAST YEARS OF REVOLUTION of propei:ty and the rights of each property ow~er were. hampered by the English law which we:fe of the feudal age. To Virginia belongs the hQnor of first discarding these r~Jics of the by-gone ages, esta.blishing in their place more demQ-· cratio privileges. Thomas J eiterso:p. was able to get through the Virginia Assembly, measures ·which allowed every child to snare equally in his p.arent's property and a law that removed the entail restriction on selling of property. These measures we.re enacteQ during the Revolution while the people were proclaiming the democratic doctrines. The enactment of sim,Har laws in North Carolina· didn't occur until 1784. There is no denying the fact that laws of such a character "'ere revolutionary in effects. The whole system of precedents which had been built up deaJing with the in heritance and entail of property was swept aside, requiring a· long· and laborious rebuilding of this particular part of jurispruderice. At the expense of being an ennui, the most significant parts of the law passed by the North Carolina Assembly in 1784 is quoted below: · '' Whereas it will tend to promote that equality of property which is of the spirit and principJo of a genuine republic, that the real estate of persons dying i.ntestate, should und,,rgo a more general and equal distribution than hitherto prevailed in the State: '' Be it there£ore enacted : That when any person shall die, seized or possessed nf, or having any right, title or interest in and to any estate, or inheritance, of land, or other real estate in fee simple, and such person shall die intestate, his or her estate or inheritance shall descend in the :following manner, to .wit, to all the sons to be equally divided arnongst them, an~ t ., . ,vant of sons, to all the daughters to be divided amongst them equally, share and share alike, as tenants in com1non lb severalty, and land settled on ·him or her by his deceased parent in fee simple, equal to the share which shall descend to the other sons or daughters, as the case· may be, respectively; and in case any son by his or her deceased parent, not equal to the share which shall descend to such sons or daughters, as the case may be, respectively as aforesaid, then so much of the lands or ·other real estate of the deceased shRll 104 LAST YEARS OF REVOLUTION descend to such son or daughter so as provided for, as will make the estate of all the children entitled by this act to the inheritance, as nearly equal as can be established ; and as each and every of the children of the deceased so inheriting, shall have, hold and enjoy, in the land so descending, such estate as the said deceased had and held in the same at the time of his decease. Provided always, that if any child of such in- testate shall have died in the lifetime. . of the. parent, his or -her lineal descendant shall be held to represent their .Parent, and shall stand in the same place he or she would have done, and be entitled to the same portion of the estate of their grand father or grand-mother, as their father or mother would have been entitled to if living; such part or portion to be divided amongst the sons, and for want of sons amongst the daughters, as tenants in comm.on in severalty, and not as joint tenants. ., It will be noted in the above paragraph that the property was to he divided equally among the sons of the family and in case there were no male children then the property was to be divided equally among the daughters. Under such an ar rangement the daughters were at a disadvantage in heriting property from their parents. So in 1795 this defect was cor rected by the following enactment: ''Be it enactec;l etc., That f ro·m and after the passage of this act, all females shall be entitled to take by descent, equally with males, share and share alike, according to the rules of descent upon males in the before recited act; (1784) any law, usage or custom to the contrary notwithstanding.'' . Now let~s go back to the consideration of other provisions of the 1784 act. The old feudal practice of Great Britain in excluding the claims of half-bloods to a sbare in the estate ot the deceased, since such a ruling was in opposition to demo- . era.tic principles, the existing law was changed in order to correct_ this evil. In another section of the same law the more distant relatives were provided for on occasions. The second important feature of this momentous act of 1784 dealt with the rights of entail-this right had served to benefit a few at the expense of creditors, '' And Whereas entails of estate tend only to raise the wealth and importance u North Carolina Laws, Edited by Potter in 1821, pagea 466-6. 105 LAST-,.YEARS OF. REVOLUTION of partic11lar families and individuals, giving then1 an un equal and undue influence in a republic, and in manifold instances the source of great contention and injustice. Be it therefore enacted, That from and after the ratification of this act, any person siezed or possessed of any estate in gen-: eral or special entail, whether by purchase or descent, shall be held and deemed to be siezed and possessed of the same in fee!shnple, fully and absolutely · without any condition or limitation whatsoever, to him, his heirs and assigns forever, a~d shall. have full power and authority to sell or devise the saJDe as he shall think proper, and such estate shall descend unde~ the same rules as other estates in fee-simple; and all sa.les and conveyances made Bona Fide, and for valuable consideration, since the first of January in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and seventy-seven, by any tenant entail, in actual possession of any real estate, where such estate hath been conveyed in fee-simple, shall be good a~d effectual in law to bar any tenant or tenants entail and te;n.ants in remainder of and fr~m claim and claims, action &~d actions, and right of entry whatsoever of, in and to such en.tailed estate, against any purchaser, his heirs or assigns, now: in actual possession of such estate in the same manner as if such tenant entail had possessed the same in fee- simple. ,,.. · - · Under this same act the part of an estat~ to ,vhich tJ}e widow is entitled was set as one-third provided the husband does not make a will providing for his wife otherwise. In order to make sure that all former laws dealing with inheritance and entail were set aside the last section of the act of 1784 reads as follows: '' And be it enacted; That every law heretofore in force in this State, and every clause or part thereof, which come within the purview of this act, are hereby repealed and made void. ',.. aa North Oarollna Laws, Edited by Potter in 1821, page 467. 14 N'orth Oarolfna Laws, Edited by Potter in 1821, pages 469-472. 106 CHAPTER TWELVE CREATION OF NEW COUNTIES As was stated in the former chapter, Surry County was not troubled with any more threats of invasion by the British armed fore es. True, there were frequent clashes .between the Patriot and Royalist factions within the limits of the county. It lllight be well to consider the county history for a few paragraphs in connection to its division into new counties, ~nd the work of extending the state line along the Virginia border. The territorial extent of the county was requced on three separate occasions prior to the end of the Reyolutionary War, and twice since that period. There has also been one enlarge ment of territorial limits during these periods. As was stated before, the original extent of the county at the time of its creation was bounded Qn the east by Guilford County, on the south by Rowan County, on the west by the crest of the Blue Ridge ( the eastern boundary of the Chero kee lands), and on the north by Virginia. Even prior to the creation of the county the white people had settled along the Watauga, Nolichuky, Ilolston, and Clinch river valleys and until the survey made by Anthony Bledsoe, those settlers had contended they were within the bounds of Virginia. Bledsoe's survey was made the same year that Surry County was cre ated. By treaty arrangements with the Cherokees, these western lands were ceded to the white settlers for a · period of years. Technically, Surry County included, in 1771, the -territory embraced in the following co.unties : Stokes, Forsyth, Surry, Yadkin, Alleghany, Wilkes, Ashe, Watauga, and the 107 CREATION OF NEW COUNTIES northern parts of Caldwell, Avery, and· Mitchel"l. 1 Surry County courts extended their jurisdiction beyond these limits and included the present counties of Johnson, Carter, Sulli van, ·washington, Greene, Hawkins, and Hamblin all within the limits of eastern Tennessee. The section in Tennessee neyer submitted willingly to the control of Surry County, as has been expiained before, and in consequence of this opposition set up what was known as the Watauga Association. · The first dismemberment of Surry County occurred when Burke County was created in 1777 .. Tliis new county embraced a small section of Surry in the mountain part of the state, all that part of Rowan west of the. Catawba river to the Blue Ridge ~fountains was included, also that part -of Mecklenburg County west of the above naMed river.• The second division of the county took place in 1777, when the people along the Nolichucky, Watauga, Holston, and Clinch rivers petitioned the North Carolina provincial congress to create that section into a special district, under the· name of Washington. Part of the petition is as follows: '' The humble petition of the inhabitants of Washington dis trict including the rivers Watauga, Nona~huckie, etc., in committee assembled, humbly sheweth_ that about six years ago· Colonel Donelson ( in behalf of the colony of Virginia) held a treaty with the Cherokee lndians in ordet to purchase the land of the western frontiers in consequence of which treaty many of your petitioners settled on the land of· the Watauga, etc., expecting to be in the Virginia line, a11d con sequently hold their lands and their impro'V'ements as first settlers, but to their disappointment ·.v-hen the line was run they were ( contrary to their expectations) left out ; finding themselves thus disaJ)pointed and being too inconveniently situated to move back, and feeling an unwillin.gness to lose their ·tabor bestowed on their ph1ntations, they applied to the Cherokee Indians· and leased the land for the term of ten years. '' The purcha~" was no sooner made than we• were alarmed by· the present reports of the unhappy dinerences between 1 State Record&, Olarke, vol. 28, page 844. 2 State Records, Olarke, vol. 24, pages 142·8. · 108 CREATION OF NEW COUNTIES Great Britain and America, on which report ( taking the now united colonies as a guide) we proceeded to choose a com: mittee, which was done unanimously by the consent of the people. This comn1ittee (willing to become a party in the pres.. ent unhappy contest) resolved (which is now on our records) ·to adhere strictly, to do justice that we have admitted com mon proof against the right to require the colony seal. .... ''We shall now submit the whole to yonr candid and im:. partial judgment. We pray your mature and delib~rate con sideration on our behold, that you may annex · us to your province ( whetl1er as county, district, or other division) in such mantter as may enable us to share in the gloriot~s cause of liberty, enforce our laws under authority and in every respect become the best member of society.,,. • This important document was signed by one hundred ten mett, many of w~otn became prominently identified with later history of Tennessee. The Provincial Congres~ of !'lorth Car~ oliua acted favorable on the request, and were given to estab lish a district governtne}lt, thereby removing all claims to that tegion by the Surry County officials. The third dismetn berment of the county occurred in 1779 when the Provincial Congress gra~ted the petition for the erection of Wilkes Count:v,. The law cre'ating this county out of Surry territory called for the eastern boundary to start twenty-six miles due west from Old Richmond. The survey was to start on the northern .line of Ro,van and extend due north until the Virginia line was reached, then westward along this line to the Smoky Mountains, then along the crest pf this range to the northern boundary of Burke County, then eastward to the beginning. As originally planned, an~ surveyed the head,vaters of Mitchell, and Fishe rivers were placed within the jurisdiction of Wilkes County.• The fourth partition of the county occurred in 1789. A report of the ,State Senate under date of November 26, 1789, is as follows : '' That the Aeveral documents addressed to your 1 State Records, Olark&, vol. 24, page 148, 'siate ~cords, Olarke, vol. 24, page 148. Also North Carolina Laws Edited b:, Potter, 1821, page 860. 109 CREATION OF NEW COUNTIES committee in support of the petition also by oral testimony of several gentlemen well acquainted with the situation and extensiveness of the said county it appears that the prayers of the petitioners is just and reasonable. Your committee are therefore of the opinion that the said county of Surry be divided agreeable to the prayer of the petitioners. '' The county was to be divided _by a line equidistant .fro~ Rock~ ingham and Wilkes Counties, and was to run to the Rowan line, so as to leave an equal number of acres in each county.6 The new county was named Stokes. · The final and last division of Surry Cou1;1ty occurred .. in 1850 when all the lands to the south of the Yadkin river were made into Yadkin County. In consequence of· this divi sion Surry County lost the homesteads of some. of its mo~t illustrious sons, the Williamses. The acquisition of territory by the county occurred in a very singular manner. In 1779 when Wilkes County was created, the western boundary of Surry County was a straight line north and south at a distance of twenty-six miles from Old Richmond. But in 1790 Jesse Franklin, while a _member of the House of Commons from Wilkes, introduced a bill to annex ·that part of Wilkes drained by the Mitchell and Fishe rivers to Surry County because their common inter~ ests were with the latter county and to facilitate attendance at courts.• So, in 1792 the annexation was ordered made by the Legislature. This boundary change confused the historian, Wheeler, and caused him to state that Franklin, in 1791, removed from Wilkes and settled in Surry;' while in reality he continued to occupy the same home. · While the county and the State were actively engaged in making every eft:ort to prevent the British entering North Carolina, the officials were busy attending to the civil needs of the people. The large number of settlers who continued to cross the Blue Ridge Mountains and make their homes along the tributaries of the Tennessee river necessitated the exten- 11 State Records, C1larke, vol, 26, page 14. • North Carolina Laws, Edited by Potter in 1821, page 698, '"'h<'olor, History of North Oarollna, pages 410 and 466. 111 CREATION OF NEW COUNTIES s.· on of the line between Virginia and North Carolina. The following letter of Colonel Joseph Williams to Governor Cas,vell is submitted: · "Surry County, June 4, 1779. "Sir: '' The commissioners appointed to extend the boundaries between this state and Virginia informed me they intend entering upon that duty _about the last ot August or first of September next, it being a · suitable season tor finding latitude; that they are to be furnished with a suitable guard to be officered by such as your Excellency shall think proper to appoint (and whereas Colonel Rohert Balter who I am informed was recommended by the Assembly to command the said guard is de·ad) if your Exdelleney has not alteady made an appoint ment in Colonel Salter's place and oan be induced to belie'Ve, from the slender acquaintance you have bad of me that I am equal to the task of the appointment, and cheerfully enter on the execution thereof agreeable to such instructions as :t shall receive .fro"1 your Excellency. "I flatter myself that I can from the acquaintances I have made when I had the ho:por · of a C\ommand in the western waters, raise a sufficiency ot volunteers that are extraordinary woodmen, you '11 please to honor me with an ·answer by Mr. Rice who waits on your Excellency. I am, · "Yours most obedient humble servant, · ''Jo. Williams. ' '' In compliance with the above letter Governor Cas,vell issued ·on July .7, 1779 a commission for Colonel Joseph Wil liams to take charge of the guard for the survey in running the line between this state and Virginia. If the volunteers could not. be secured he was to draft men in Wilkes, Surry, Washington, and Burke Counties. In the early fall the survey "'as undertaken and the line extended for a distance of about fifty miles.• • State Records, .Olarke. vol. 19, page 109. • State Records, Clarke, vol, 19, page 818. ' 112 CHAPTER THIRTEEN POLITICAL In the previous chapters an effort has been made to give a connected narrative of the military events during the Revo tionary War. It might n·ow be worth our time to review tbe political changes which took place in this section of the state, and the great reform that swept over the entire state. Some of the reforms which were made had their qrigin in the demands of the Regulators. · For convenience a recapitulation.. of the Surry and Rowan County Regulator demands are here suipmarized to show especially those sections which became a part of the state system of government during the Revolution and the period immediately following the war. (1) The disqualification of county officers from holding seats in the state aasembly. (2) To pay county clerks salaries instead of allowi~g them to collect fees. ( 3) To prohibit judges, lawyers, and sheriffs from receiving all their fees before the suit ii}. which they were interested had been finally determined. ( 4) To grant the right of performing the marriage ceremony to. t4e clergymen re gardless of the religious sect. ( 5) To tax everyone in pro portion to his estate. ( 6) To remove the burden of court cost from those acquitted by the open courts. (7) To provide the "yeas" and "nays" of the assembly: be inserted in the legis lative journals so that the constituents of th:e represenbitive could more easily determine his political activities. ( 8) To provide that voting at elections be done by ballot or ticket rather than by word of mouth. 113 POLITICAL It is true these demands were radical in 1769, but by 1784 they were looked upon as logical and just. . 1 During the first county court held at Gideon Wright's home, in Surry in 1771, a very unusual incident occurred, ,vhich so far in the writer's investigation proves to be the first time in western North Carolina history a county court refused to take the usual oath of allegiance to the British Crown.1 It ,vill be recalled tliat the first Surry County court was held during the exciting times of the Battle of Alamance. Gideon Wright had made a trip to Governor TryQ:µ 's camp and upon the payment of twenty pounds sterling had secured the gov ernor's approval for holding court at Wright's home, as well as the appoint1nent to a county office/' When the justices of the peace assembled on May 22, 1771, to hold the first . county court for Surry the question arose as to the type of oath to be administered and the legal procedure to be adopted. After · much discussion it was determined to abide by the vote of the taxable persQns present. By the vote of the twenty-one men it was decided to abolish the oath of allegiance to the British Crown. Later these justices of the peace became actively iden tified with the patriot cause. When the final break occurred with the English Govern- 1nent and the royal authority was swept aside in the state and county, the people along the Townfork Creek made another revolutionary step in judicial affairs. The suggestion ,vas that the justices of the peace receive their position by popular vote instead of by governor's appointment or by legislative enact ment." These people soon after,vard put their suggestion into actual practice. But this incident was not the first time that county judges were elevated to the bench by vote of the people of Surry. The settlers along the Watauga and Holston Rivers, regarded at the time as part of Surry County, had selected their judges by popular vote according to terms of the Asso ciation; this was as early as 1771. 1 Record• ot the Moravian& in North Oarollna, Fries, Historical Oommlsslon, vol, 2, page 458. a Records of the Moravlans in North Oarollna, Fries, Historical Oommlsslon, vol, 2, page 0,2. · • Records of the Moravfans In North Oarollnn, F1·ies, Historlcnl Oommisslon, ,·ol. 2, page 845, POLlTICAL As the war progressed the more. radical group of thinkers. secured control of the state and county governments and numerous revolutionary ideas ,vere forced through the Ass~m bly. Possibly the most outstanding reforms whic~ w~re put through were those affecting the laws of _inheritance. lJnde~ the old English system all property rights descended to the eldest son unless a will _disposed of it otherwise, but now. in accordance with an act of 1784 passed by the State Assembly, all children inherit equally unless changed by a ,viU. Another reform corrected the la,v of escheat which made it· possible for persons holding large tracts of land or other valuable prop erty, to be sued and the property sold in order to collect a debt. On political questions, Surry County, from the earliest days has displayed a tendency to side with the radical ele ments. Evidently this is due to the type of settlers who con stantly watch their officials, and at the first indication of political arrogance are willing to cast the old aside. A people striving to attain a purer democracy than was possible for their fathers. ·A people who will not fall down and worship blindly the wooden image erected by the noisy politicians, but because of their strong admixture of Scotch-Irish blood, delight in reasoning on matters of public interest. The advo cate of reactionary or conservative policies will find to his dismay a dwindling following. The people for generations have had instilled in them the political psychology that progressive leaders are more willing to advance the interest of the greatest number. To illustrate this quality of the Surry pe9ple; soon after the Revolutionary War started the voters of the county turned from the leadership of the Armstrongs, Williamses, Martins, and Winstons to men of more progressive ideas to represent them in the legislative hall, but the older leaders were intrusted with military duties. In politics the county has been by turns Regulator, Patriot, Anti-Federalist, Jeffersonian Republican, Jacksonian · Democrat, Whig, Radical Repub lican, Conservative Democrat, Populist, Democrat, and Republican. The long and weary &volutionary War left Surry County exhausted. There were times when the struggle assumed the character of family feuds rather than that of civil war. The 115 POLITICAL stories of cruelty and murder are not all confined to the fol lowers of the Royal cause. The accounts of the Patriot activi ties abound with incidents of swift vengeance. It was because of these acts that the late .enemies found it very difficult to lay aside their animosities engendered by the strife and all work for the advancement of the state and county. Then there was the insistent demand that the property of the Tories be for feited to the state. In this connection it might be well to state a fact or t,vo in respect to the effect of these Tories upon the county politics. Immedi~tely following the war these people, naturally opposed the harsh measures of suppression. It is "'orthy of note that the state legislature placed on the list of those forfeiting prop erty only one Tory from Surry County.' Later the descendants of these Tories often were to be found in the party of opposition. The complete collapse of the financial system of the state and Continental Congress naturally paralyzed trade and in dustry. The long war also interferred with the agricultural advancement of the county and in consequence many acres were permitted to lie farrow. With the return of peace it would be natural to suppose tbat those who were engaged in the service of the county would ~eturn to their clearings and resume activities of developing the county. But strange to relate many of those who had taken part in the campaigns against the Cherokees were so impressed ,vith certain sections they had traversed,. that as soon as peace was restored they packed up their belongings and hastened into the regions about Asheville and the valleys of the French Broad and Ten nessee rivers. Among these people were many of the young sons of the most prominent families of Surry.• The policy of the State, at this period, in granting land to all ex-service men of the Revolution was · another induce ment for this westwat·d movement. This policy was a heavy drain upon the young manhood of the county and no doubt ·was a severe blow to the progress of this section . . 'State Records, Olarke, vol. 16, page 126. . 1 Oolonlal Records, Saunders, .vol. 10. POLI'rI.CAL In this connection it might be of interest to note a fe,v facts gathered from the census taken in 1786. There were 340 white men over 21 years of age and up to 60 years of age; 584 whites under 21 and over 60 years of age ; 436 white females of all ages; 104 blacks between the ages of 12 and 60 years ; and 94 blacks under 12 and over 60 years of age making a total of 1,559 persons within a territory now com prising Stokes, Forsyth, Surry, and Yadkin. Four years later ·( in 1790) the census revealed the following facts ; 1,531 white males over 16 years of age ; 3,288 females of all ages ; 17 free black pe~ons ; 698 slaves of all ages-giving a to.tal repre sentative population of 7,181 persons. In 1789 the county was divided by an act of the State leg islature which called for a line to be run, "Starting at a line equidistant from Rockingham and Wilkes counties and run to Rowan county line, so as to leave an equal number of acres in each county.',. As a consequence of this division of Surry County the county s.eat was moved for the third time-the first being at Gideon Wright's house, the second at Old Rich mond,-the site for the new court house being at Rockford, which was about the center of the reduced county. In 1929 this building was burned. At this point it might be proper to mention the strange end of the county seat, Richmond, which was a town of twenty houses in 1789. "Jealousy, rivalry and self-seeking at the beginning, accompanied by injustice toward a neighbor land owner (Gideon Wright, a Tory during the Revolution). Fif teen years a county seat, but of those nine years of war, local as well as national, for there were many Tories along the Yad kin. Later chances for speculation spoiled by division of the county. A hamlet sinking in character and in the esteem of neighbors, until current gossip said, 'if you want to go to hell .you need not go fu1•ther than Old Richmond. ' And then a . cyclone-a cyclone so intense that it literally swept the wicked little place off the face of the earth, blowing the court house • State Records, vol. 2lS, page 14, 117 POLITICAL doors yard" away up the hill, and scattering shingles as far as Danbury and Germantown, if tradition may be believed. And the town was so destroyed that it was never rebuilt.''' , Tl1e position of the county opinion respecting North Caro lina entering the Federal Union was one of opposition. In the Convention at Hillsboro in July 1788, the county was repre sented by Joseph Winston, ,James Goins, Charles McAnnally, Absolam Bostick, and Matthew Brooks. It will be noted that only Joseph Winston was of tlie old political school tl1at had aided in placing the State on record for independence in 1776. When th~ Convention met at Fayetteville in 1789, the attitude of the county was reflected in the vote of the county delegates upon the renewed proposal of the State entering the Union on condition that personal liberty of the individual was safe guarded against encroachment by the Federal Government. The delegates were Joseph Winston, Gideon Edwards, Abso lam Bostick, Edward Lovell, and George Houser. According to records, Edwards was the only one from the county to vote against the final acceptance of the Federal Constitution.' In a former paragraph it was pointed out that following the surrender of Cornwallis and the signing of the peace treaty feudalistic conflicts ceased. The county was exhausted from the conflict, besides large numbers of its young men removed to the west. A study of the census figures also shows that large numbers of new settlers came and started farms ,vi thin the county's boundaries. The complete collapse of the financial resource is best re flected in the reports of the sheriffs of this period. These officers on many occasions complained their inability to collect, while on one occasion carelessness on the part of a sheriff allowed the county and state to lose an enormous sum of money. To quote from a state senate report of 1789: '' Your committee to whom was referred the petition of William Meredith, late sheriff of Surry County, report that they are of the opinion the state should not be deprived of its revenue by the negligence of any officer in not safe keeping 'Records of the Moravtans, Fries, Hlstorlcnl Oommlsslon, vol, 2, page 049, • Stnto Records, Olarke, vol: 22, page 88. 118 POLITIOAL the public monies by him collected and that the said petition should be rejected. Which is submitted. '' H. Hill, Chairman. ''' While on the subject of taxes and tax collection in Surry during this period-1781 to 1789-these interesting facts are to be found in volume 21, State Records: In 1784, William Meredith, sheriff, owed the state in taxes 256 pounds sterling, 15 shillings and 4 pence. In 1785, Richard Gorde, sheriff, settled; in 1788 he owed the state 680 pounds sterling, 8 shill ings, 8 pence. In 1789 Hugh Armstrong, sheriff, owed 105 pounds sterling, 19 shillings. It is significant that as soon as these officials failed to make complete returns of all the monies collected they were removed from their place of trust by action of the people.10 A close study of the first four census reports will impress students that the fortunes in the western lands which were being opened up during the period under discussion were serious to the county. The continued loss of this young blood had a retarding influence upon the development of the county. In spite of this loss, the county made some progress along financial, agricultural, educational, and religious lines. During this time the county stands out most prominently in the political realm due to the large number of its leaders in state and national affairs. It was due to the efforts of ,Jesse Fra~k lin, while a meinber of the United States Senate, that the ter ritory north of the Ohio river ,vas closed to the slave owners. It came about in this way: A Cuban slave owner atte1npted to settle in Ohio with his slaves. The question was brought before the Senate, and Mr. Franklin happened to be chair man of the committee to consider the matter. 1'1r. Franklin exerted J1is influence to ha,te the Ordinance of 1787 upheld which excluded all slavery from the northwest territory. The report of the Senate Committee's report incorporated the contention of Mr. Franklin.11 The golden age for Surry County in the realm of politics "'as from 1800 to 1840. The men giving this coun~y as tl1eir P State Records, Olarko, vol, 21, page 67 4, 0 • State Rooorde, Olarko, vol, SU, page 1077, u North Onrollnn Booklet (January, 1007), pngo 186, 119 POLITICAL homes were numerous. The high state offices were graced by their presence, and in the national affairs the representation was very strong, because there were a number of young ,men who went to Tennessee, Kentucky, and 1\1:ississippi and cast their lot ,vith those rapidly growing commonwealths. In the year 1837 there ,vere four men in the United States House of Representatives who gave Surry County as the place of their birth. While in the United States Senate in 1814 the county was represented by Jesse Franklin, a North Carolina senator; and John Williams, a ',f ennessee senator ; during the same year Lewis Williams had just been chosen as representative from North Carolina. The sons of Joseph Williams have certainly established a lasting record for the States in which they chose to cast their lot.~. The old family home was on the west bank. of the Yadkin river,. and during the political activiti~s of Lewis, Robert, and John Williams was within the limits of Surry County, but at the present time is in Forsyth County. At the time of Lewis Williams' death in Washington, D. C., in 1842, he was spoken of as the '' Father of the House of Representatives.' '11 He has to his credit fourteen consecutive terms in office, and was also instrumental in establishing the Whig party in North Carolina.11 · • Now let's review for a few minutes the type of men the county contributed to the State. After Jesse Franklin· had withdrawn from the United States Senate, the State of North Carolina called him into service as councilor of the state from 1817 to 1819. The next year he was elevated to the highest office of the state; being governor from December 7, 1820, to December 7, 1821. In his inaugural address, Governor Frank lin made a strong plea for public education. :B"rom 1824 to 1835 Mr. Meshack Franklin held the position of councilor of state. The next man of note from Surry· County to hold a high state position was· Daniel W. Courts, who was chosen treasurer in 1837 and i889. Then with tire return of the Democrats to power in 1852, Courts assumed his duties again as treasurer and continued in office until 1862. 11 North Oarollno Manual, Connor, 1918. ia History of North Oarotlno, vol, 2, Bo)'d, (Publhd1ed by Lewis Publishing Oo.) page 188. 1'20 POLITICAL During this period under discussion (1800-1840) the coun ty was ably represented in the State Senate and House of Commons. The State Senators at various times were Jesse Franklin, Thomas Wright, Gideon Edwards, William P. Dob son, Solomon Graves, Pleasant B. Roberts, Henry P. Poindex ter, and Meshack Franklin. In the House of Commons the county was entitled to two members and during this period there were numerous men sent to represent the county. The list is too long to be inserted here, but to give the reader an insight to the type of men chosen the following names a-re selected: Charles Taliaferro, who served three. terms;· Lewis Williams, later a United St.ates Representative; Nicholas IIorn, who served ten terms ; Thomas Wright, Pleasant B. Roberts, Henry P. Poindexter, ·Daniel· W ..Courts, and G,olihu Mnore all served at least two terms; and Alfred C. Moore, who was chosen· speaker in 1829. The political views of the Surry people at the opening of the nineteenth century was strong in support of the J effer•· sonian doctrines. As was pointed out in· a former section the attitude of the people was Anti-Federalist when the question over acceptance of the NatiQnal Constitution was being dis oussed. There is . a chance for an interesting study in the changed attitude which took •plaoe within the county as the number of slaves increased in proportion to the white popula tion. This point is evident: That during the early years of the nation the people of Surry were democratic in their daily lives as well as their politics. To give·an illustration of his tendency for democratic principles: Jesse Franklin refused to his dying day to have a picture made of himself, even when requested by the national government, because it smacked too much of an aristocratic order. 14 Again Franklin's advocacy of public schools supported by the state was many years in advance of the other thinkers of his day. Another element which entered into th~ democracy of the people was the nearly equal distri bution of the wealth of the county. Agriculture was the chief mode of livelihood, · , In time, ,vben the Jeffersonian Democrats became arrogant from their continuance in power, the electorate of Surry 14 Blographloal History of North Oarollna, Ashe, vol, ,, page 188, 121 POLITICAL County turned with all the ardor of crusaders to· the doctrines of the coinmon people as voiced by Andrew Jackson and his leaders. From 1835 until the Civil War there was only a I brief interval during which the W.hig elements were able to secure majorities in the county elections. This shows the people were opposed to a landed aristocracy based upon slavery, which tended to stamp out the small independent farmer. In 1835, when the State Legislature finally agreed to a convention to revise the constitution along more democratic lines, this county was represented by two of the strongest men in the convention: namely, Meshack Franklin and William P. Dobson who worked constantly through the convention session for the removal of the inequalities between the east and west parts of the State, and for the· greater freedom of the in dividual through the poor man being permitted to vote in all governmental affairs. The popular vote of the county in re spect to the calling the convention was 1,410 for the conven tion and 29 against the proposal. 111 When the new constitution was submitted for popular acceptance the county stood 1,751 in favor and 4 against. Later when the question of free suf frage was submitted for popular approval this county stood 1,083 for free suffrage and 120 against the measure.18 Iil the above paragraphs the political activities in Surry County have been traced down to the year 1835, the chief point· being the gradual change of the people in giving their support to the Whig party in opposition to the Jacksonian principles. The county in the early period had consistently given its support to the doctrines of Thomas Jefferson. As long as Jesse Franklin and his brother Meshack Franklin lived, the county kept faith with those democratic principles, but by the end of President Jackson's administration it became very cli'fiicult for the Democrats to maintain their supremacy in the county. The explanation is to be found in the changed living conditions. I · The development of the farm lands by 1850 showed a re- ~arkable increase, the cleared acreage had t·eached over one hundred thousand acres while the unimproved was over three 11 North Oarollna Manual, 1918, by Connor, page 1011 •. 18 North Oarollna Manual, 1918, by Connor, page 1011 • . 122 POLITICAL hundred thousand acres. The value of property had passed a million dollars ; domestic animals of all descriptions totalled nearly sixty thousand; the corn crop alone was over a half mil lion bushels ; the production of butter and cheese was over a hundred thousand pounds.17 The above values are submitted to show the advance the county had made, which had a direct bearing on the political views of the people. The increase in wealth was accompanied by a rapid growth of extensive plan. tations worked by numerous slaves. The landed aristocracy gained the ascendency in 1838 and remained in control most of the time until 1846. In the spring of 1834 all the opponents of Andrew Jackson drifted together and assumed a new party name-Whig. In North Carolina-Jackson was immensely popular with the rank and file. It was there:f ore necessary for the leaders of the new party to find some issues besides opposition to the national executive. Such issues were at hand in local politics. The burn ing questions in the State were: aid to internal improvements, and the revision of the State constitution. '' These measures were now championed by the Whigs, and as these measures were especially popular in the western counties of the state the new party found here its greatest strength and suppo111 t. It is ,vorth recording that most of the Congressmen who re volted against Jackson were from the western counties-Bar ringer, Deberry, Graham, Rencher, Sheppard, and Williams (Le"'is Williams of Surry) and likewise Senator Mangum. Undoubtedly these leaders realized the necessity of economic improvement in their section and felt that Jackson's financial policy, which raised discount rates, would tend to delay that improvement; and so they took the leadership in the revolt against his administration. ''11 There wafJ a new element which entered into the life of this period under discussion. This new factor was the begin ning of the n1odern factory system. The earliest recorded fac tory for the manufacture of cloth was started by Mr. Jacob Brower, near Mount Airy, N. C., about 1840.11 The second fac- n Oensus Report for 1860. 11 History ot North 0arolina, Boyd, vol. 2, page 184. 1" Statements ot Mr. Joe Fulton, Mrs. John Brower, and Mrs. Oora Gilmer, alJ ot Mount Ah•y. 123 POLITICAL tory to begin operation was at Elkin, N. C., in 1848; employing· 15 workmen. By 1850 this factory· had increased the number of its employees to thirty-five, and by that year the capital in vested in factories was $128,455. This factor of the county his tory will be discussed at greater length in a following chapter, but at this point the facts are submitted to show the growing conditions which were undermining the position of the landed aristocracy and put an entirely changed meaning to the prin c!ples of democracy. Here is a -reassertion of the industrial instinct of the German and Scotch-Irish settlers of this region. There was another element of society which was struggling to give political expression to its views. This group was the merchant-professional class. In the various villages which were beginning to arise in the county ·were to be found these mer chants and professional men. Too frequently these people found themselves without the social circle of the large slave owner class. Naturally, these people were willing to unite.with the small independent farmer and the factory owner to gain their political ends. The changed conception to,vard the state and county sup port of public education should be noted here, although the subject will be discussed at greater length in another section. From the beginning of the struggle for public education Surry County showed a willingness to accept the doctrine which Jesse Franklin had so earnestly advocated while he was gov ernor. The Whig elements opposed this innovation because it would prepare the poorer farmers, merchants, or the profes sional men in an educational way so that the latter class would be qualified for public office, which the landed aristocrats sq far had t,een able to hold as their particular field of activity. To fully appreciate the importance of this phase these figures are submitted from the census of 1850: pupils in public schools numbered 2,098, while there were 415 pupils in the. 140 pri vate colleges, academies, and preparatory schools in the county. The Whigs naturally had to advocate some reforms in order to get control of the public offices which up until 1888 were in the hands of the Jacksonian Democrats. Undoubtedly the panic in 1887 had a great deal to do with upsetting· the politi~ 124 POLITICAL cal attitu~e of the people. Besides, at this time the state was strongly agricultural and crop exportation was agitating the eastern and western parts of the state. The que~,\ir-n of equaliz ing the representation in_ the state legislature J-. J aroused the old hostility between the east and west parts o! the state. The program of progressive state improvements also enhanced the chances of the Whig party. During the Whig control Richard C. Puryear of Surry County was chosen to represent the con gressional district in the United States Congress from the year 1855 to 1857. 20 This is especially noticeable in the vote of the county when in 1856 it gave a plurality for governor and president in favor of the Democrats. 21 Now let's consider for a few moments the component parts of the revived democratic party upon its return to power after the Whig regime. First, there was the old element of small in dependent farmers who possessed no slaves at all, or perhaps not over two or three negroes. As a rule they were without education and didn't aspire to public office. But with the coming of the public school they speedily grasped the oppor tunity to prepare themselves for places of public trust. Second, the professional class comprised the lawyers, doctors, min isters, and bankers. These people found it difficult to enter the higher social order if removed any distance from their an cestral plantation~. Naturally they assembled in the villages ,vhich ,vere growing up in various parts of ~he county. Third; the merchants allied themselves with the rising professionals, as the best mean$ of advancing their interests. And fourth, as the manufacturing class developed those individuals saw that the best way for advancement was to be found in the policies of the new democratic party rather than with the landed, slave-holding aristocratic Whigs. So, by 1856 the small farm ers, professionals, merchants, and manufacturers had com bined and gained control of the government. In 1848 the Democratic candidate for governor was David S. Reid, who made a vigorous campaign on the issue of state senatorial suffrage: Under the Constitution of 1776 a restric tion was placed in the franchise of senatorial elections to fifty- " North OaroUna Manual, 1918, Oonnor, page 9.85. i.1 North Carolina Maunal, 1918, Connor, pages 985 and 998 125 POLITICAL acre freeholders. This ,vas at variance ,vith the State Bill of Rights. This property qualification worked no hardship until capital was invested in other things than land and slaves. ''Especially, after 1830 did factories and small shops multiply, each having its landless workers or owners. The same fact held true of the professional class. Thus there was an increasing number of citizens without property in land who were de prived of the senatorial suffrage.' ,aa It was a remedy for t~is deficiency that D. S. Reid used· as his campaign issue. The democratic candidate was defeated in the state by only 864 votes. · The question was again brought to the attention of the state through the action of one of Surry County's representa tives in the legislature. '' In the legislature of 1848, which was equally divided between both parties, Mr. Sbeek, of Surry County, a Democrat and a member of the House of Commons, introduced a resolution for a constitutional amendment re moving property re~trictions in senatorial elections. It re ceived the necessary three-fifths majority, but failed to secure the required number of votes in the Senate. The immediate re sult of the issue ,vas its liberalizing influence on the Demo crats. ' 123 The man from Surry had struck a responsive chord with the popular desire and with this as an issue the Democrats began the advocacy of numerous progressive measures during the legis~ative session of 1848, and subsequent campaigns until the ontbreak of the War Between the States. In· 1857 the resolution offered by Mr. Sheek was incorpor ated in a constitutional amendment and submitted to the peo ple for approval. The amendment was accepted throughout the state, the Surry County vote being 1,083 for the suffrage extension and 120 against the measure." In 1859 the Whig party merged with the Know Nothing party and was known as the American party. The North Caro lina Fifth Congressional District elected Richard C. Puryear, o,f Surry County, on the .American party ticket. When the 22 History of North Carolina, Boyd, vol, 2, page 289. 11 History of North Oarollna, Boyd, vol. 2, page 291. ,. North Oarollna Manual, 1918, by Connor, page 1011. 126 POLITICAL famous I~ansas-Nebraska Bill was up for consideration, Pur year opposed the bill on the grounds that foreigners in the country would be permitted· to vote.21 When the time came for the decision to be made by popular vote about North Carolina withdrawing from the tJnion, the vote ,vas against such withdrawal. T. V. Hamlin was the c9unty representative at the state convention which decided the question of the States withdrawal. The following ordinance . ,vas adopted by the Convention: '' An ordinance dissolving the Union between the State of North Carolina· and the other States united with her under the compact of government en titled 'The Constitution of the United States.' ''WE THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA IN CONVENTION ASSEMBLED, DO DE CLARE AND ORDAIN, AND IT IS HEREBY DECLAR,ED AND ORDAINED that the ordinance adopted by the State of North Carolina in the convention of 1789, whereby the Consti tution of the United States was ratified and adopted, and also all acts and parts of acts of the General Assembly ratifying and adopting amendments to the said Constitution are hereby repealed, rescinded, and abrogated. We do further declare and ordain that the Union now subsisting between the State of North Carolina and the other States under title of 'The ·united States of America' is hereby dissolved, and that the State of North Carolina is in full possession and exercise of all those rights of sovereignty which belong and appertain to the freed and independent State.' ,2e When the war broke out party hostility within the county was forgotten, and for the duration of the war fusion candi dates ,vere elected to office. · At the' expense of being tedious the following political sta- tistics of the county are inserted showing Surry County's vote .for governors from 1886 to 1866 : Oandidate Party Votes 1836-E. B. Dudley ...... Whig ...... 888 R. D. Spaight ...... Democrat ...... 1,035 1838-E. B. Dudley ...... Whig ...... 1,205 John Branch ...... Democrat ...... 1,089 25 History of North Oarollna, Boyd, vol. 2, page 812. 2e North Oarollna, Connor, vol. 2, page 150 (American History Society Publi· cation,) 127 POLITICAL Candidate Party Votes ]840-John M.· Morehead ..... Whig ...... 1,130 R. M. Sanders ...... Democrat ...... 984 1842-John M. Morehead ..... Whig ...... 984 Louie D. Henry ...... Democrat ...... 950 1844-W. A. Graham ...... Whig ...... l,032 Michael Hoke ...... Democrat ...... 1,023 1846-W. A. Graham .... ·..... Whig ...... l,103 Jamee B. Shepard ...... Democrat ...... 1,145 1848-Charles Manly ...... Whig ...... : ...... 1,090 · D. S. Reid ...... Democrat ...... 1,226 18~0-Charles Manly ...... Whig .· ...... 1,017 D. S. Reid.·...... Democrat ...... 1,352 1852-John Kerr ...... Whig ...... , ...... : ... 1,206 D. S. Reid ...... Democrat ...... 1,376 1854-Alfred Dockery ...... Whig ...... 464 Thomas Bragg ...... Democrat ...... 797 1856-John A. Gilman ...... Whig ...... 579 Thomas Bragg ...... Democrat ...... 877 1858-D. 1{. McRae ...... Whig ...... 464 John W. Ellis ...... Democrat ...... 989 1860-John Pool ...... Whig ...... 549 John W. Ellis ..... ; .... Democrat ...... 933 1862-Z. B. Vance ...... Whig ...... 658 W. J·. Johnson ...... , Democrat ...... 204 1864-Z. B. Vance ...... Whig ...... 484 W. W. Holden ...... Democrat ...... 886 1866-W. W. Holden ...... Republican ...... 616 Jonathan Worth ...... Conservative ...... 829 The reader will note a decided drop in the number of votes cast in the elections between the years 1850 and 1854 which is due to the creation of Yadkin County from Surry. This division of the county took place in 1850. Now let us consider a few presidential elections as recorded in the votes of Surry County : Candidate Party Votes 1836-White .- ...... Whig ...... · 546 Van Buren ...... Democt·at ...... : ...... 723 1840-Harrison ...... Whig ...... 1,191 Van Buren ...... Democrat ...... ·...... 812 1844-Olay ...... Whig• ...... 996 Polk ..... , ...... ,,, .... Democrat ...... 880 1848-Taylor ...... Whig ...... 1,182 Case ...... Democrat ...... 852 128 POLITICAL Candidate Party V ot~s 1852-Scott ...... Whig ...... 1,042 · Pierce ...... Democrat ...... 937 1856-Fi11more ...... Whig ...... 362 Buchanan ...... Democrat ...... 706 1860-BelI ...... ,vhig ...... 502 Beck.enridge ...... Southern Democrat ...... 811 Douglas ...... Northern Democrat ...... 28 1868-Grant ...... Republican ...... 818 Seymour ...... Democrat ...... 737 The political activities between 1865 and 1875 are the most difficult to trace and interpret of any other period of Surry County's history. The collapse of the social structure, the free ing of the slaves, the repudiation of the state debts incurred by the Civil War, the closing of all banking institutions, and the uncertainty of Congress accepting the Presidential plan of restoration of state and individual rights, all added to the confusion. In consequence of the large numbers of troops supplied by the county to the Confederacy during the Civil War, there were many men who were in doubt as to their rights as citi zens. TJ1e Presidential proclamation of May 29, 1865, cleared the matter to an extellt; but the exceptions noted removed the ablest men of the county from holding political offices. '' Four teen classes were excepted from the benefits of this proclami. tion. 1'11ese. included the diplomatic . officers of the Confcd eracy, those who left the service of the United States to aid the Confederacy, the governors of the states in insurrection, all military and naval officers in the Confederate service whose rank was above that of colonel and lieutenant, respectively, and all who vol11ntarily took part in the war whose taxable property exceeded in value $20,000. Any person belonging to an excepted class could make application to the President for a special pardon, and a promise of liberal executive clemency was extended. ' '" At the same time t.he President appointed William W. Holden provisional governor of the state with instructions to call a state convention to revise the State Constitution to . . . 27 History of North Carolina, HamHton, vol. 81 page 660. 129 POLITICAL meet the changed conditions of the country. As soon as pos sible after Holden assumed office he appointed county officers, selecting them chiefly from the ranks of the old Whig party. On August 8, 1865 the governor's call for the convention dele gates was issued. 28 In compliance with this proclamation the people of Surry elected Samuel Faulkner (Forkner) to repre- sent them in the convention. When the question of abolishing _slavery and forbidding secession by constitutional amend- 1nents to the State Constitution were submitted for approval or rejection by the voters of Surry County, the vote stood 452 for and 41 against the amendment abolishing slavery. 'fhe second amendment prohibiting secession ,vas accepted by a vote of 527 for and 18 against it.29 In the official election which was held at the same time that the amendments were submitted to the people, the vote on the candidates for governor stood 616 for W. W. Holden and 329 for Jonathan Worth. From these figures it is clear that the slogan: "William W. Holden and Go Back to the Union, or Jonathan Worth and Stay Out of the Union' ,ao had been used with telling effect in Surry County. For the county delegate in the State Convention, Harrison M. Waugh was chosen. He had served before in this capacity in 1860, bu.t his opposition to the war had caused his retirement. In June, 1866, Jonathan Worth declared his candidacy for re-election as governor, then Holden came out ,vith a strong declaration in favor of the Fourteenth Amendment to the national constitution, and through his influence secured the nomination of Alfred Dockery as Republican candidate at the convention ,vhich met at Raleigh in September, 1866. The campaign was spiritless. '11he Surry County vote was: Jona than Worth, Conservative candidate, 47 4; and Alfred Dock ery, Republican candidate, 158. So, in no uncertain terms the election of Surry gave its aJ>proval to orderly government and accepted in good faith the Presidential pla~ of reconstruction. The refusal of North Carolina and the other Southern States to accept the Fourteenth Amendment to the national constitution afforded the opportunity desired by the leaders in 11 History of North Carolina, Hamilton, vol, 81 pages 60-8, 20 North Carolina Manual, 1918, by Connor, page 1014. • 0 History of North Carolina, Hamilton, vol. 8, page 66, 180 POLITICAL Congress to force the Congressional Reconstruction on the So11th. In pursuance of this plan an act was passed oh March 2, 1867 declaring '' no legal governments existed in the ten .rebel states and provided that these states should be divided into five milit~ry districts, each under an officer of the army of not Io,ver rank than brigadier-general, and made subject to the military authority of the United· States. '' North Carolina and South Carolina formed the sec6nd district.',.. The civil authority ,vas subordinated to the military in all matters. Each state ,vas to frame ne"' constitutions, ratify tl1e Fourteenth Amendment, and enfranchise the negroes, at the same time disqualifying many of the white electors. Jonathan Worth and other officials ,vere forced from office. By August 1, 1867, the rules for elections were published by the army authorities and the '' iron clad'' oath required of all voters, which naturally excluded most of the native whites. The election of delegates to the Convention of 1868 ,vas held on November 19th and 20th. Surry County was included in a military district that embraced Ashe, Alleghany, Surry, Wa tauga, and Yadidn Counties. The delegates selected wer~ Samuel Faulkner. (Surry), Evan :6enbo-w, George W. Bradley, Edwin C. Bar.tl~tt, and John G. Marler. The '' Canby Constitution'' was produced by the convention that met in Raleigh, January 14, 1868. The conduct of this convention was anything but of savory reputation. When the ,vork of the delegates ,vas submitted to the state for approval, the vote 0£ Surry County showed 851 for the constitution and 614 against it. It was during the military period and the governorship of W. W. Holden that the Ku Klux Klan was organized in th·e county in order to hold in check the violent negroes and the scheming white leaders. Soon after the defeat of Dockery in the race for the gov ernorship in 1866, Holden deserted tl1e cause of President tT ohnson and began to pay court to the Congressional leaders in the Republican party at Washington so as to secure their approva~ as leader of the party ·here in North Carolina. The election held on April 21st, 22nd and 23rd resulted in a com- :u History ot No1•th Cnrotfnn, Hamilton, vol. 8, pnges 88-9. 131 POLITICAL plete republican· victory. The Surry County vote ,vas: Holden, republican candidate, 830 votes; and Thomas S. Ashe, con servative, 596 votes. There were many who registered but re fused to take any further part in the election. The type of voters who cast their ballots for Holden 11:nd his adherents in the election of 1868 ,vere of a far different caliber from those of 1865. The small independent" farmer had been driven into a combination ,vith the aristocratic Whig ele ment to resist the deliberate plan of the Congressional leaders to create a Republican party in the South by an enfranchise ·ment of the ignorant negroes: The Presidential plan for the gradual granting of this privilege was wrecked.32 The political adventurers of the county allied themselves with W. W. Hol den and the Republican party. The county senator at this time was Samuel Faulkner, and the county representative was A. S .. Hendricks. In 1872 the county electorate repudiated the Holden ad- 1ninistration of the state and county affairs by a substantial Conservative victory, the official vote being: Cald,vell, Re publican candidate, 838, and Merrimon, Conservative candi date, 989. · The county representative .for the .years 1870, 1872, and 1874, respectively, were H. C. Hampton, Harrison M. ,vaugh, and William M. Haymore. In the memorable cam paign year of 1876 the county registered a decisive repudia tion of the Republican regim~. For governor the vote ,vas : Settle, Republican candidate, 1,042; and Vance, Conservative candidate, 1,286. The county representative was J. F. Graves. This political campaign was not only a- memorable one in Surry County, but the entire state became excited to the highest pitch over the possible outcome of the election. As ·was sho,vn above, Vance's· majority o-ver Settle in the county was 244 votes. Even with that majority the D_emocratic candi date for governor didn't secure as large a vote as ,vas given tlie national Democratic ticket. In this_ particular field the official count of the county was: Hayes, Republican, 1,012; while Tilden, Democrat, received 1,352 vot.es . .·The next ten years of political life of the county were more or less· checkered when the election returns are· studied. The 32 History of North C1aroUna, Hamilton, vol. 8, pages 97-9. 132 POLITICAL period ,vas a time of depression for the farmers and in their distress they turned to many of the so-called leaders who held any solution for their problems. The Farmers' Grange· offered one type of solution for the ills to which the farmers had fal len, and by the close of 1877 there ,vere a number of clubs ·organized in the county. The peculiar crop system of the time had brought on political discontent. The money lenders of the section forced the farmer to depend on one crop to meet his obligations and for Surry the one crop was tobacco. When the markets ,vere flooded with large crops the prices naturally dropped. Then a period of national depression came and the price continued to tumble still lower. As a result ninety per cent of the farmers were in debt. This discontent, naturally, found expression in the politics of the period. As the grange movement died out, the Farmers' Alliance moved toward the center of the politica_l stage. While the farmer's condition was gro,ving worse, the manufacturer's business was on the increase and was earning .splendid returns. By 1890 the farmers had secured sufficient power to dominate the state legislature. Though the county vote on state tickets remained 'fairly constant, the county representatives and senators ,vere repeatedly changed, as the people endeavored to find a satisfactory spokesman for their distress. The county voted Democratic in 1880, but in 1884 the COl,lnty 's 'native son, 'l'yre York, Republican, received a plurality over Scales, Democrat. In the following two years the county again placed itself. in the Democratic column, but in 1896 a heavy vote ,vas cast in favor of the Populist-Republican candfdate, Daniel Russell. The policy of the '' Bourbon Democrats'' was repudi ated in unmistakable terms. From that day to the present the county has continued more or less hostile to the continuance of the outworn arguments for Democratic control. Because the Democratic leaders stubbornly refused to con sider the plight of the agriculturist, the farmers proceeded to form a party of their own, commonly known as the Populist, and ,vhen opportuni.ty arose a union was formed with the Iw publicans. This combination was successful in electing their candidate in the 1896 campaign. · 188 POLITICAL There is no denying the fact that the Democratic party's refusal to better the condition of the farmers forced them into political revolt. This political turnover had its origin in 'the 33 previous decade. To quote from Hamilton: ' 'The Democratic party of the late eighties could scarcely be called progressive. The instinct of political leadership of the older day spent itself now in preventing negro equ~lity in politics and had little energy for other tasks. It was chiefly interested in keeping in power, and maintained with truth that only by its success could good government be maintained. But it was unintet·ested in questions on social reform. It was indifferent to progress in public education. It sought at all costs to avoid spending money and failing utterly to distinguish between extravagance and proper investments £or the future, it capitalized the habit of poverty, which had always characterized the state. Its con trbl was in the hands of the elderly men who, naturally con servative, looked pityingly and scornfully upon progressive and ambitious youth, and if unable to enforce a somewhat rev erential acceptance and support of their ideas, methods and rule, were able to combine very successfully to stifle opposi tion. Their argument was chiefly the negro and reconstruction. One too young for service then had small chance for promo tion from them or even for a hearing ·whatever might be his object and however great might be the logic and eloquence of his argument, if it· differed fr.om the accepted dogmas of the party faith. Their faces ·were tu med to the ·past and the only question was ho,v long they could maintain control and pre serve the status quo. 'Under such conditions there is no wonder that the Democratic leaders were referred to as 'Bourbon Democrats. ' '' The same authority., as q_uoted above has this to say in re spect to the Republicans: "In addition to the inseparable asso ciation of the Republican party with the negro and the result ing social stigma, it was dominated and controlled by federal office-holders who quarrelled and squabbled over the spoils of office and who in the main saw politics from the angle of place. Many of them wanted. the party to remain in the minority, n History of North OaroHna, Hamllton, voJ. B, pages 224•6. " History ot North Carolina, Hamilton, vol. 8, page 224. 184 POLITICAL that the number entitled to spoils might not, increase. Some few leaders were of a di1ferent stripe, and in the rank and file of the party, particularly in the west, were good men, but in the party as a party there was at the time small hope for the future. In addition, it was a fact unchangeable that unaided by Democratic revolt it could not win:'' As lias been stated be-. fore, the negro element of the population in Surry County had never assumed serious proportions, because their numbers have constantly remained a very small part of the entire pop ulation. Even during the Republican regime of reconstruction in the county the rank and file of the white members were sincere in t~eir belief that the Republican party would best serve the interests of the small farmer. By 1892 there was a definite breaking away, on the part of the farmers, from the Democratic ranks to join the new political party known as Populist. At this point it might be profitable to quote from the Populists' State platform of 1894 to show the reforms demanded : ''We demand of our general assembly at its next session· to pass a bill reducing the legal rate of interest to six per cent. We demand our general assembly of North Carolina to the passage of a secret ballot la,v to secure the voters who cannot· read au opportunity to vote. '' We demand of our general assembly of North Carolina to force as far as is in its power all the railroad property and interests that are now escaping taxation, in whole or in part, to pay its full and equal share of th6 taxes for support of the government of North Ca;rolina, as property of farmers, laborers, and other citizens are now taxed." The platform of the Democratic party in the state devoted its entire space to the denunciation of the national government and the ~1orce BilJ, ,vhile the· Republican party of the state denounced everything De1nocratic, both state and national. There was another sorious problem which deeply concerned the people of Surry in the election of 1894 and 1896. That was the controversy over the money standard. It is true this was a national questio;n, but the people of the .county were deeply 135 POLITICAL concerned. 1\iany members of the Democratic party ,vere shaken from their party allegiance as a result of the concl1usi~n that the best basis for sound money was gold. The financial panic of 1893 was used in the subsequent election ,vith telling effect in the county. In consequence of all these economic ailments the electprate of the county turned ~rom the Democratic columns and gave itself ,vhole-heartedly to the Populist-Republican program of relief. The election vote 1n 1896 has been given before, but the majority over the Demo crats is here given in order to emphasize the- revolt ,vhich took place in the county-the majority vote ,vas 510. The national union of the Democrats and Populists ,vith Bryan as candi date secured a majority vote, but the Populist-Republican combination in state politics was able to secure control of the county representation in the legislature. At the same time the ·county offices were intrusted to the same party. Although the Populist-Republican administration in the state discredited the party in North Carolina, the conduct of the officers in Surry County was such that there have been• only a few breaks in their retention of power. In 1924 W. W. Carter, a Democrat, was elected senator from ·surry and Stokes Counties; and in 1926 John H. Folger, a Democrat, secured the election as state representative. The Republican state sena tors from Surry since 1894 are as follows : S. E. Marshall (1894, 1901, 1903) ; J. A. Ashburn (1896) ; J. Guy Carter (1907) ; Rufus L. llaymore (1911, 1915, 1919, 1923) ; S. 0. Maguire (1926); and R. T. Joyce (1929), who changed his residence to Stokes County a few months before the election. Some of the above named men had legislative training in the state house of representatiyes. The complete list is as follows: 1\1. H. Norman (1894); John M. Brower .(1896), who had also served two terms in United States Congress; W. W. Hampton (1898) ; Samuel Brim (1900) ; John H. Dobson (1902-1904) ; Jack Albright (1906); Samuel E. l\Iarshall (1910); Rufus L.· Haymore (1908, 1912, 1916) ; Matthew H. Norman (1914) ; S. 0. Maguire (1918-1920); H. II. Barker (1924); and Dr. Holman Bernard ( 1928). There are certain elements which have entered into the success of the Republican party in Surry County. Their }J<'>lit- 136 POL1TICAL ical opponents have failed to grasp the full significance of these factors. First, the greatest voting strength of this party rests with the farmers, and the political principles have been for the betterment of that section of the party. Second, the distribution of offices has not been confined to any particular group or groups of professjonal men. There has been a fa~r distribtuion of offices for the various elements composing the, party.. Third, the persons selected as party candidates have come from all parts of the county (,vbile the Democrats have centered their selections on lVIount Airy, Dobson, and J~lkin) ~ Fourth, party ruling as to the number of terms a person may be a candidate has eliminated a baneful office-holding clique ,vhich seeks to perpetuate itself in office. The ~esult of the 1928 county election is abundant proof of the electorate's· condemnation of the party controlled by a pernicious clique. rrhe condemnation would have been more severe if the stay at-homes had vot~d according to their convictions. Fi£th, the Republican party has advocated numerous popular reforms, many of ,vhich have been taken over by the state Democrati~ organization when the continued opposition threatened its majority. The granting of the Australian ballot is an example. And sixth, the Republican party of Surry County is· not hin dered by having its principles of social reform within the county restricted so as to conform to the state control, as the Democrats are required to do. Seemingly the Democrats, up until the present, have failed VJ grasp the significance of these principles. There have been advanced no constructive programs for... the betterment of the farmers, the drop in prices on farm products have been loudly lamented, but a political pledge to place farming upon an equal footing with othe.r business is conspicuous by its absence. The rights and privileges of the ~actory workers are subordi nated to the desires of the mili owner. This attitude is assumed in face of the State Constitution ( Article 1, section 1.) which declares: ''. This we hold it to. be self-evident that all men are created equa} : that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, the enjoyment of the fruits of their own labor, and the pur suit of happiness.'' Plainly · the party has abandoned the 137 POLITlCAL rights of the common man. The old cry against the negro in politics is still used in the political arena, although the Demo crats use the negro names and votes to fill out their ranl aa otark's Comment in the Greensboro Dally News, January 181 1988. 189 POLITICAL were lacking. The attitude of the farmers, due to low prices, and the mill workers, disc.ontented over the repeated wage cuts, made it difficult for the political prognosticators to fore cast the trend . .The election on November 8, 1982 gave the Democrats a majority of . over 2,~00 votes on the Presidential, State and County tickets. In 1984 the Demo~ratic candidates were elected by an average majority of 2,100 . .The much talked of '' New Deal'' has not arrived in Surry County. The wage earners and farmers have not awakened to the necessity of uniting their political powers, and dictating the selection of : candidates favorable to their interests. A c~sual study-of the farming tables and manufacturing data in the appendix of this volume will show that the factory owner. is making. larger percentages· of profit than the farmer or laborer. The "New Deal" means more than gifts of charity, it. means officials pledged to the welfare of the masses, not the inte11'1eEl professi.onal..mill owner group. ,,,.,.,.,.,,, C I, It. fi . 140 ~.. # M-~•\ - ..,,r ~ - . -~, ~~.:.;;-'?'_'--£; , . ~.-re-- . ~ ~V ··""~ - .. • . • ~- ~l,,.._- --::~·-- . ~~ '~n~ ~- ~~.- aiit:9~:-_;imi~ -.:~✓ .·" • ~ 1/;. .~- -:,.:....;:::::~~· -=-- , . _:-.. ~ ·~-"':.~ -~ ..._,_ -- CHAPTER FOURTEEN MILITARY The military annals of the county follo"1ing the· Revolu tionary War do not stand ·out as prominent in our history as do the activ.ities during the struggle for independence. Tpe reason for this difference is to be found in the fact that the scenes of war- activities were further removed irom the boun daries of the county, thereby causing a lessening of source material that deals with incidents that so vitally concerned troops from Surry. In each of the periods of American history when an appeal to arms was sounded the people of the county have responded readily. The county had increased enormously in population imme diately follo,ving the Revolutionary War but until after the War of 1812 there was a constant thr~at of Indian attack upon the borders of the county. After the opening of the 19th cen tury if the Cherokees had -sided with the British in the War of 1812 then North Carolina and Tennessee would certainly have been called upon for large bodies of troops in order to~ hold these red men in check. Fortunately for Surry county and western North Carolina, the governing body of the Chero kees remained loyal to the United States and even agreed to send "'arriors to aid in a campaign against the Creek Indians. 2 This momentous decision of the Cherokees had a direct effect upon the military operations and activities ,vithin the state boundaries. So far the writer has found no definite proof that this county had troops in General Jackson's army, ,vhich 1 History of North IJarotlna, Ashe, vol, 2, pRge 285. 141 MILITARY ,vas sent against the Creeks. There is sufficient proof though that the militia companies were used along the Indian fron tiers to defeat any attempt that might be made against ,the· settlements in North Carolina. From the Muster Roll of 1812 the following information is gathered: Nathan Horton was Lieutenant-Colonel commanding; Merrit Burgin was first ma .. jor; Samuel DaV'idson was second. majorc The officers of the Second company were Samuel Speer, captain; Thomas D. Kelly, first lieutenant ; Bower Whitlock, ensign; and John Kelly, Jr., ensign. Judging from the names of this company most of the men were from the regions about the present town of Elkin. The county militia organization in August, 1814, showed a marked increase in the number of privates. The list of the· first Surry regiment failed to designate the officers but in the list is to be found the names of company -officers of 1812. The offi cers of the second Surry regiment were Abner Carmichael, captain; a&d John Welch, lieutenant. The privates in the forces of 1814 seem to have been selected more generally from all parts of the county than in 1812. So far the writer has not been able to secure a pension list of war veterans of 1812, and by this information secure material to give an accurate ac count of troop activities during this period of national hostilities. It might be well to digress here to give the names of the Revolutionary War pensioners as named in the 1840 census. The pensioners were William Going, age 78 ; Morris Richards, 79; J·ohn Reaves, 79; Felix Vanant, 85; Edmund McKinney, 83; Benjamin Shinalt, 78; Robert Davis, 86; David Cockran, 78; Thomas Wright, 82; Perry Chinn, 77; Daniel Cockran, 78; Reuben Bryant, 85; John Rose, 91; George Mix, 85; and John Angel, 79. The next period of military activity for Surry county and the state was the Mexican War. The information of this war is very meager as far as investigations haV'e gone. No doubt there is available material at ~be War department in Washington, D. C. From the "Roster of North Oarolina Troops in War With Mexico" the information is such that it may well be . 142 MILITARY said the soldiers of Surry County were in Company '' F'' with George Williamson as captain. This company was organiied at Yanceyville in January, 1847. This company saw active service under the command of Winfield Scott in Mexico. No doubt the Surry soldiers took part in the numerous battles· which were fought while the America}! army was making its way from Vera Cruz to Mexico City. The war in which the county was more vitally interested than any other was the Oivil War. The length of the struggle and the strenuous efforts put forth by the people to make the issue a success combine to make it stand out in the memories of the people yet living. The immediate cause of War Between the States was not primarily over the question of slavery. It is true that in the years preceding the struggle sectional di1ferences had arisen over the hostile conception of slavery. The immediate cause of war was over the •tight of the States to withdraw from the Fed eral union. It was the all-irnportant question of state rights. The people of the South upheld the early conception of the union that the States were older than the national union. By the time Andrew Jackson became president, the ·states west of the Appalachian mountains had formulated the. doctrine of national supremacy and it was the furtherance of this prin ciple that produced the civil conflict. The large slave owners of the state were conservative in their views and when the crisis arrived threw their influence on the side of Union loyalty. The slave holding class in North Carolina in 1860 represented only 27 per cent of the white population of the state. The Democratic party, ohieffy small farmers, merchants, manufacturers, and professional men was the noisy element that demanded hasty action and immediate ,vithdrawal from the Union follo,ving the election of 1860. The first convention which was called to consider the state's ,vithdrawal voted against the proposal. But ,vhen Lincoln de clared the seceding states in rebellion and issued a decree of blockade, the coast of North Carolina was included in that re gion to be patrolled.1 This event occurred before the state had 1 History ot North o,.-rollna, Hamlhon, vol. 81 page 8. 148 l\iILI'rARY deter1nined to leave the Union. Then came Lincoln's call upon the state for troops to be used against the Southern states. By this time the .Whig elements in the state withheld their opposi tion to the withdrawal from the Union. With these facts in mind it is easy to understand why the political leaders of the county and state didn't use the slavery question as a major issue in upholding their right for secession . .Once the state had cast its lot' with the Confederacy the entire region began to resound with the tread of men being trained in the arts of war. In at least three places in· Surry county military companies were organized and preparation made to get them in serviceable condition. There are numerous incidents told of the training of these men. Company A, 28th Regil)lent was ·organized by Captain Richard E. Reeves. Com pany C, 21st R-egiment was commanded by Captain B. Y. Graves. Company H, 21st Regiment was under the command of Captain J. R. ·Waugh, and Company I, 21st Regiment was organized by John C. Gilmer. Later during the war nu~erous recruits were obtained through conscription and placed in various organizations of the state.' In all, 'this county con tributed at least seven hundred soldiers to the Confederate cause and at least one hundred to the Union forces. At one time during the· struggle e1forts were made in the county to organize a company of cavalry but when applica tion was made to the Confederate government at Richmond for equipment the plan fell through because of the scarcity of saddles and swords.' Accurate accounts of the. various campaigns in which the Surry County troops took part are to be found in the monu mental work of Clark. The women and old people who remained at home dis• played as much courage and fortitude. as· did those on the battle front. The large quantities of supplies and equipment I I sent to the front are ample proof of their fidelity to the cause of the state rights. As to the abundance of these supplies the following sentences are quoted from the report of Major Gen. eral _Stoneman (Union Qfticer), dated April 13, 1865: '' 'l'he 3 Roster of North Oarolin11 Troops, Moore, vol, 2, 4 Report Ourrent in Author's Fnmily, 144 l\1ILITARY tithing depots along the routes traveled by our various pa.rties have furnished us with supplies in greatest abundance. The nu1nber of horses and mules captured and taken along the road I have no means of estimation. I can say ho,vever that ,ve are much better mounted than when we left Knoxville. Have a surplus of led animals and sufficient besides to haul off our captures, mount a portion of the prisoners and about a thousand contrabands (slang term for slaves), ~nd this after crossing Stone Mountain once and the Blue Ridge three times and a march made by headquarters since the 20th of last month of 500 miles and much more by portions of the command. ''1 Just prior to Stoneman 's raid a slave trader by the name of Frank Allen passed through the county purchasing negroes for his customers in Tennessee and Kentucky. He succeeded in dodging the Union lines and delivered some of the negroes to Kentucky. The others were carried all the way to Texas.• As will be noted the county was free of hostile invasion until the spring of 1865. The county was visited by a Union cavalry division under Major.General George Stoneman. This force s~t out from Knoxville, Tenn., in March for an invasion of north,vest Virginia and western North Carolina. At the expense of being tedious a complete account is given here of Major Stoneman 's cavalry raid. . In most of the accounts of the closing months of the War Between the States the activities in the western part of North Carolina are neglected. The invasion of the eastern counties by Sherman's army is well known, but the raid and devasta tion wrought by Stoneman 's cavalry division has been a sealed chapter in our annals. The movements of Stoneman 's division were a-part of tbe Union plan for simultaneous invasion of North Carolina. In the early pa rt of March, 1865, General Stoneman began his march from Knoxville, Tennessee, upon receiving his orders from l\fajor-General G. H. Thomas. The .advance through Greenville, Morristown, and J on~sboro, Tennessee, see111s to h~.ve been accomplished ,vith ease. The reports sent iu 11 War of the RebeJUon, vol. 49, part 1, series 1, page 828, e Reported by body sorvnnt of Author's family. 145 MILITARY by Stoneman shed niuch light on the stress and chaotic condi tion existing in the regions traversed. The first serious effort at resistance to Stoneman 's advance ,vas made in the neigh .. borhood of Boone, N. C. Perhaps the best report of this en~ counter is to be found in the official report. "Boone, N. C., Near Watauga Pass :M:nrch 28, 1865 '' Major-General G. H. Thomas, . · ''We arrived here this A. M. the 12th Kentucky in advance cap tured the place; killing 9, captu1·ing 62 home guards, and ~O horses. We are getting along very well. L·~st night in crossing Stone Mountain one caisson and one ambulance tell over the precipice and were lost, several horses and three men were disabled. I shall be compelled to alter slightly frolll the proposed route on account of the great scarcity ot :forage and subsistenco for the men. Our advance is the first indica tion the people have had of our JP,ovements. We shall with ordinary good luek be out of the mountains, tomorrow. '' George Stoneman. '" From Boone the Union forces were sent in various direc tions with orders to reassemble in the piedmont section of North Carolina. One section of the army went south to attack Asheville, another went north into Virginia, and the main division continued east\\·ard toward Wilkesboro, N. C. After assembling at Wilkesboro the ·raid was continued east,vard to ,Jonesville, N. C., then north through Mount Airy, The Blue Ridge Mountains were again crossed and at Hillsville, Vir ginia, tlie cavalry force was again divided. One part attacked Wytheville, a~d the second force made a raid to the ,,icinity of Lynchburg, and the third part moved eastward through Stuart towar.d Martinsville, Va. At the latter place the. forces reassembled and came south through Danbury, N. C., and Ger .. manton on the way to Salem, N. C. For some time Salem was used as a base of operation to· send out raiding parties to cut the railroads to the north ~nd south of Greensboro, N. C.; meanwhile every eilort "'as being made to c,pture Jefferson Davis as he hastened southward after the fall of Richmond, Virginia. · It was originally intended that General Stonema1\ $hould continue his march through Greensboro and Chapel 1Iill and 'War of the Rebellion, vol, 49, part 1, series 1, page 112, 146 MILITARY join Sherman in the vicinity of Raleigh, but upon instructions . . . the course was changed southward against Salisbury, States- ville, and Charlotte. After a sharp battle in the vicinity of Salisbury that place was entered ai;id vast stores of war ma terial were des·troyed along· with great property loss. Instead ot continuing south General Stoneman suddenly turned west and entered Statesville. From this .place many raids were sent out to cut the railroad lines, and attempts were made to catch J elrerson Davis as he made his way toward the Gulf of Mexico. While in Statesville, General Stoneman sent in his report of the progress made by his raid; it is quoted. in :ft1ll below : '' Sir: "I have the honor to report the following as the result of our operation since my last dispatoh from Boone, N. C. "From Boone it became necessary to cross the Blue Ridge into the Yadkin river in order ·to obtain supplies for men and horses. There we were three days d~tained by a freshet, from thence we struck for OhristAinsburg. On the rout-3 I detadhed Ool. Miller with a portion of hie brigade t.o Wythe\fllle; ancl Maj. Wagner with a portion ot the 1ath Pennsylvania; and Ool. Palmer's brigade to Big Lick. rrhese three points were struck almost simultaneously. Ool. Miller attacked and after some hard fighting captured WythevUle, destroyed the depot ot supplies at that point, and also at Max Meadows. Major Wagner after striking the railroad at Big Lick pushed on toward Lynchburg de stroying on his way important bridges over Big and Little Otter, and got within .tour miles ot Lynchburg. With the main .body I effectually destroyed the toad ·between New river and Big Lick and then struck for Oreeneborough on the N oith Oarotlna road. Arriving near Salem, North Carolina, I detalled Palmer's brigade to destroy the bridges between Greensborough and l>anville, and Greeneborough and the Yad kin river, and the large depots t>t supplies along the toad. This duty was performed with <'onsidera~le fighting, the capture of 400 prisoners to my entire satisfaction. With th& other two brlgado8, Brbwn 's and Miller's and the artillery Uhder the command ot Lieut. Regan we pushed tor Salisbury,· where we found -over S,000 troops under the command of Maj.•Gen. William :M. Gardner and· fourteen pieces of artillery under the command of Ool .. PembertQn, the whole formed be hind Grant's creek about two and one-half miles from Salisbury. As soon as a proper disposition could be made I ordered a general charge along the entire line, and the result was the capture of the whole fourteen pieces of artillery, 1,364 prisoners including 58 oitieers. All the artillery. and 1,164 prison~rs are now with us, tbe remainder of the forces was chased through and se'1eral mlles beyond town, but scattered and escaped in the woods. We remained in Salisbury two 147 MILITARY days, during which time we destroyed fifteen miles of 1·ailroacl track and bridges toward Oharlotte and then moved to this point. From hero we shall move to the south side of the Catawba river, and be. in a po sition to operate toward Charlotte or upon tho flank of tho itrmy moving north. · '' 1.,ollowing is a. partial list of tho public property captured mostly at Salisbury and destroyed by tts: Four larg13 cotton factories and 7,000 bales of cotton; four largo magazines counting 10,000 stands of small arms and accoutern1ents.; 1,000,000 rounds of small arms am ntunition; 10,000 rounds of fixed artillery amn1unition; and 70,000 pounds of powder; 35,000 bushels of· corn; 50,000 bushels of wbeat; 160,000 pounds of bacon; 100,000 suits of grey uniform. clothing; 250,000 army blankets; 20,000 pounds of harness leather; 10,000 pounds of saltpetre, and also a very large amount of sugar, salt, rice, and other stores and medical supplies, valued by the rebel medical director at $100,000 .in gold; in addition to all this, the arsenal at Salisbury the military prison was being :fitted up and was filled with machinery fro1n R-aleigh and Richmond, all of which was destroyed. The tithing depots along the route encountered by our various par• ties have furnished us with supplies in greatest abundance. The num ber of horses and mules captured and taken along the road I havo no means of estimating. I ean say, however, that we are much better mounted than when we left Knoxville. Have a surplus of lead animals and sufficient besides to haul of all ·our captives., mount a portion of the prisoners and about a thousand contrabands, and th!s after cross ing Stone Mountain once and the Blue Ridge three times and a march macle by headquarters since the 20th of last month of uOO miles and much more by portions of ~he command. The rapidity of our move ments has in most instances caused our advance guard to herald our approach and· made. the_ surprise eompiete. _General Gillem the im.me diate commander of division, who is entitled- to a full share of what ever is due will make the detailed report of the expedition. The only casualty on our staff was Captain Robert Morrow, assistant Adjutant General who while gallantly assisting Major Keogh, my aide-de-camp i~ leading the 11th Kentucky cavalry into the fight at Salisbury was on his twentieth ·birthday, Reverely, but not dangerously wounded in the left knee. These two young officers as also Major Bascome, assist ant Adjutant-General, my chief quartermaster and Oaptain Ammen, assistant Adjutant-General; I wi~b to bring to your special attention, and through you to the attention of the General•in-cl1ief. • '' G. Stoneman.'" In regard to General Stoneman 's raid, General Sherman 1nade this reference in his report of May 9th, 1865. "In the meantime llajor-General Stoneman in command of a division 8 "'nr of tho Robolllon, vol. 49, 1>art 1, series 1, page 828, 148 MILITARY of cavalry operating from east Tennessee in connection with Major-General George H. Thomas in pursuance of my orders of January 21st, 1865 has reached the railroad about Greens- borough, N. C., and had made sad havoc with it and had pt1shed along it to Salisbury, destroying in route --~>ridges, cul verts, depots, and all of rebel supplies, and had extended the break in the railroad down to· the Catawba briclge. '" · . At this point it might be well to turn to the report of Lieutenant Theodore ]\fallaby and quote his ac<,ount of opera tions through this part of North Carolina. "On March 29 marched thirty miJes and en.campe·d near Wilkesboro, N. 0., at 7 P. M. 30th moved at 5 A. M. and joined the First l3rigade which had taken a different route across the Blue Ridge from Boone. The First Brigade ford~d Yadkin river wh!ch was rais.. in~ to.o fast for the balance of t1!_e command to follow, went into camp at 12 M., having n;iarched eleven miles. 31st marched at 7 A. M. April 1, command march,. to Jonesville and went · into camp at 8 P. M., distance 33 miles. Third marched at 5 A. M., crossing B1ue Ridge Mountains through Fancy Gap, halted at Hillsboro, Va., at 1 P. M. ''10 Ncnv let's c~nsider the report of Brigadier~General Alvan C. _Gillen who commands. the First Division: '' April 1st, ·in_it,jtcµed to Jonesville, April 2nd crossed the Yadkin at Jones ·ville a·nd marched to Mount Airy, N. C., by w~y _·of Dobsoi;i; ar riyeq at Mount Airy about 9 P. M.; learnhig ·that a train of wagon~ had left that place at 3 P. M. going in.the direction of Hillsville, Va., Colonel Palmer was directed to send a detach ment in pursuit with orders of follow until he captured the train... An officer of the Fifteenth Pennsylvania cavalry had charge of the pursuit party, and after reaching the top of the Blue. Ridge halted until the remainder of the company came ·up next morning. The comin_and marched from Mount Airy at daylight on the morning of April 3rd and arrived at IIills ville, Va., at 1 P. M., where the failure of the party sent in pursuit, of· the rebel wagons was learned. Another party was sent wi~h orders to capture the train at all hazards. In a f e,v hours the officer in charge of the party reported that he had · 9 War ot the Rebelllon, vol. 47 series 1, page 476. 10 War of the Rebelllon, vol. 49, part 1, seriea 1, pages 828·9. 149 MILITARY possession of seventeen wagons and one forge. The wagons were loaded with forage, which was fed to Brown's B'tigade while the animals ,vere turned over to the quartermaster's de partment and the wagons burned. From Hillsville Colonel Mil ler, commanding three brigades was ordered to take 500 men from his brigade and proceed by way of Porter's Ford on New river to Wytheville and destroy the railroad bridges over Reedy creek and at Max ~eadows together with the depot of supplies at Wytheville.'' When the Union forces assembled at Martinsville, Va., they were opposed by a force of Confed erates ·under General Wheeler. The line of march of the Fed erals was next directed· toward Danbury, N. C. '' On the 10th .(April) we moved south arriving at Germanton at 12 A. M. The number of negroes who were following the column had increased to such an extent as to endanger the safety of the command in case it should become closely en.gaged with the enemy. Several hundred were sent from this point to east Ten nessee under a sufficient guard for their protection. They all reached their destination in safety and most of those flt for military service, I have since learned are now in Col. Bartlett's 119th United States Colored troops. From Germanton Col. Palmer was detached with his brigade and instructed to pro ceed to Salem and destroy the large factories engaged in mak ing clothing for the rebel army, and thence send out parties .to destroy the railroad south of Greensborough and that one party should attempt to cut the road between Greensborough and Danville, and after executing these orders to withdraw acro~s the Yadkin at Shallow Ford. ,m According to a statement by l\fr. Joe Fulton, Mount Airy, N. C., the Union forces overtook a large wagon train of provi sions for the Confederate army of Virginia, at Dalton, N. C., .and destroyed it. The wagons. were all placed in a heap and burned. For many years afterwards the place was plainly marked by a pile of wagon tires. The wagon train was under the command of Mr. Whitehead. This wagon train is evidently different from the one mentioned i_n General Gillen 's report of his activities in the vicinity of Hillsville, Virginia on April 8, 1865. 11 \Var of the ReboUion, vol, 40, part 1, aeries t, pages BBQ-7, 150 MILITARY While the Union army was using Salem as a base for raids, a report ,,1as received that Jefferson Davis was on his way south and had passed through Danville. Every effort was made to intercept him before he traversed North Carolina, but without success. '' Knoxville, May 4, 1865 "Major G. H. Thomas: '' The following dispatch May 2nd just received from Gen, Tillson. From other source I learn that Davis passed Concord, north of Char lotte on the 24th through Yorkville, south of Charlotte on 28th. At this rate of travel he ought to be on or near the Savannah river and if he has not yet crossed my cavalry now under Colonel Palmer, a very energetic and capable officer ought to be up with him. Davis has promised to every man in their arrival in Mexico $400 in gold. Davie, himself is· riding in an ambulance, every man is splendidly mounted, but Dibell 's whole command is very much scattered and discouraged. '' G. Stoneman.' 111 In a letter report to his superior officer, Stoneman stated that Jefferson Davis had with him in his train a body guard to care for the forty barrels and the hundred sacks of gold belonging to the Confederacy, at the time he crossed· the Savannah river." By the time General Stoneman reached Statesville, N.· C., he was ordered by General Sherman to cease operation be cause he had entered into a truce with General Johnston, eom mander of the Confederate force in North Carolina. The authorities in Washington, D. C., at once rejected tl1e terms, and hostilities began again. In a report sent in on April 19, 1865, Stoneman tells of his ordering Colonel Palmer south from Lincolnton, N. C., to capture Charlotte and bt:1rn the city, at the same time Brigadier-General Gillen was to capture Asheville, while Colonel Kirk was dispatched into the moun tain counties to prevent bands forming. The next period of military activity in which the county took part waEJ the Spanish-American War. This was of such short duration that the people of the county did not become thorot1gl1ly aroused, besides the recrttiting of the military forces were dependent upon volunteer enlistments. So far the 11 ,vnt of tho RobelHon, vol, 49, part 1, series 1 pag& 608. ia Wnt• of tho Robellion, vol, 40, part 1, series i. pages 488-9; 546, 151 MILITARY investigations have revealed very few enlistipents frotn this county that ,vere actively engaged in rr1ilitary operation,,eithet· "in the West indies or in the Far East A few from the ~ourlty who offered their services to the nation rose to prominence in the army o·r some other branch of government work, notably Mr. Will Brower who later became a judge in the· Philippine Islands. The volunteers from this county were about evenly divided between the first and second regiments, there were also numbers of Surry men in the regular army. The first.regiment went into camp at Raleigh, and were. mustered into the ·national service on May 2, 1898. By the middle of the month the regiment entrained and again went into camp near ,Jack sonville, Fla. In August pre'parations were made to embark for Porto Rico, but the order was countermanded. On Decem ber 7th the regiment embarked from Savannah, Ga., on the .transport Roumania for Havana, Cuba, The men· of this regi 'meut were the first American soldiers to arrive at the Cuban city and they were joyfully received by tl1ose islanders. On March 18 the regiment returned to Savannah and was then mustered out. The second regiment ,vas divided into s1x parts and detached to duty along the coasts of South Carolina and Georgia. The men from Surry County we~e stationed at Lands End, S. C. The regiment saw no active battle service. The great World War was in progress long enough to get the entire population of the county aroused to the danger con fronting the nation in case the Germans were successful in the struggle against the Allied Powers. The long and weary diplomatic exchanges which President Wilson carried on with the contending powers thoroughly acquainted. t~o 1,eople :with the principles at stake. Wlien the German government finally broke faith and entered upon unrestrained submarine warfare .President Wilson went before Congress and asked for a declar ation of ,var. The speech was delivered on April 2, 1917. The most important parts were as follows: '' We are now about to accept the gauge of battle with the natural foe of liberty, and sb~ll if necessary speecl tho whole force of the nation ·to check and nullify its pretentions and its power. We are glad now that ,ve see facts with no ·veil of false pretense about them, to 162 MILITARY fight thus for the ultimate peace of the ,vorld and for· the . liberation of its people, and, small, and the privilege of men everywhere to chose their way of life and of obedience. "The world must be safe for democracy. Its peace must be planted upon tested foundations of political liberty. We have no selfish end to serve. We desire no conquest, _no domin ation. We seek no indemnities for ourselves. We ~eek. no ma terial compensation for the sacrifices we shall freely make. We are but one of the champions of the rights of mankind. We shall be satisfied when those rights have been made as secure as the faith and freedom of .nations can make them . . . . '' There are, it may be, many months of fiery trial and sacrifice ahead of us. It is a fearful thing to lead this great, peaceful people into war, into the most terrible and disastrous of all wars, civilization itself seems to be in the balance. "But the right is more precious than peace, and we shall fight for things which we have always carried nearest ·our hearts-for democracy, for the rights of those who submit to authority, to have a voi~e in their own governments, for the right and liberties of small nations, for a universal dominion of right by such a concert of ·free people as shall bring peace and safety to all nations and make the world itself at last free. '' To such a task we can dedicate our lives and our fortunes, everything that we are and everything that we have with pride of those who know that the day has come when America is privileged to spend her blood and her might for the principles that gave her birth and happiness and the peace which she has treasured. "God helping her, she can do no other. " 14 The militia company at Mount Airy was under the com mand of Captain Walker. This military unit 11ad had exten sive field practice along the l\!exican border some months prior to the American declaration of ,var against Germany. Promptly upon the notice of a state of war the military com pany was mustered into the national service and sent to train ing camp. Here the company was disbanded and its members scattered in various other national units in order to lessen the heavy loss of life upon any one location of the nation, 14 Wnr Message of Preslde•1t \Vilson, 153 MILITARY There were many volunteer enlistments in the army, navy, and marine corps of the United States. Those who joined the army and saw service in France took part in the fighting· at Saint Mihiel, Argonne Forest, about Ypres, and aided h1 breaking through the Hindenburg line between Cambrai and Saint Quentin. Those enlisting in the Navy and Marine Corps did valiant work in the war zones and in convoying troops as well as supplies to the shores of ~,ranee. The county contributed 40 officers and 878 me~ for the army, 68 for the navy and marine corps, making a total of 941. Of this number 31 were killed or died of disease; 45 were wounded. There were 58 negroes called to military duty, of whom 29 went overseas. Ada Austin Carter and Victoria Koontz have the distinction of being the only women from Surry County to be enrolled in naval service. Government medals for heroism were awarded to Lieut. G. !\lack Byrd, and Sergeant-Major Fred C. Pruitt.n The people of Surry showed their loyalty to the nation in other ways than contributing sons and husbands. The various plans for production and conservation of foods were entered into readily and beneficial results were obtained. The various Liberty Loans of the national government were oversubscribed for the county's allotme.nt. All classes of society gladly pur chased the bonds offered. The Red Cross units were exceed ingly fortunate in over-subscribing all work assigned them in the county. No data is at hand as to the funds and material collected by the local Red Cross units. The ladies of the county rendered valuable aid in preparing garments to be worn in winter by the armed forces. 11 List• supplied author by .the AdJutant•General at Raleigh, 154 CHAPTER FIFTEEN MANUFACTURING The earliest manufacturing enterprises in Surry County ,vere carried on in the home of each family. The settlement by the pioneer ·naturally was upon widely scattered farms which forced each man to make practically all the improvements ·to be used upon the farm. The manufacture of the various types of cloth. was done by the women from their spinning wheels and looms. The Moravians were the flrst within the original · boundaries of Surry to definitely establish a community de voted to a distinct division of labor in the production of manu facture. A glance at the trade qualification of the first brethren will show the thoroughness with which that order planned its settlement. '.rhe first mills to be established were those which most vitally e:flected the lives of the people-namely, grist mills. There are frequent references in the Moravia11 diary that show the pioneer traveled many weary and dangerous miles to have his grain or corn ground by efficient millers. While the Revolutionary War ,vas in progress the county of Surry not only supplied a large numbel' of men for the cause of liberty and also for the king, but there ,vas a large contribution in manufactured articles. From tho state records, volume 12, page 689, this interesting bit of information is obtained. A list of supplies needed by the army is mentioned, and the part assigned to Surry County for fulfillment was: 68 hats, 268 yards. of linen, 112 pairs of shor.:s, and 112 pairs of 155 1\1:ANUF ACTURING socks. A few pages further over in the record states that ,var rants \\1ere to be issued by the captain in the county for th~ collection of .the materials needed. In· volume 14 of the State Records, is to be found the statement that the Moravians agreed to send 100 sides of tanned leather for the -state but wished a guard to prevent it.s being stolen on the ·way. The request for three or four sets of shoemaker's tools needed by General Butler was to be. supplied.1 The search for iron ores in America is a very interesting story. From the earliest settlement of the English on the con tinent there was diligent search for iron and gold. The hoard ing of iron ores, or the refined metal, is often attested in the colonial records. In times of great peril this ore and all metal implements were concealed in ·order to prevent it falling into the hands of the enemy. In the Moravian records there is an account of large· quantities of iron being carefully placed ·in the creek to prevent the Cherokee Indians from discovering it and making use of the metal. It is interesting to know that even prior to the Revolutionary War the mining of iron was being carried on within the borders of Surry County. Daniel Allen at a very early date was engaged in the working of an iron mine, and by the year 1781 the state congress granted Minor Collier and Hannis More exemption from military duty for three months provided they worked in the iron wo1•ks of Allen. for six months! This mine of Allen's is stated as being along the Yadkin river. Later evidence indicated that this early iron mine was in the vicinity of Rockford, N. C. Later this sphere of industrial activity became important after a lapse of many years. At thiM point it might be well to pause long enough to give some facts concerning the development of the manufacturing system as we kno,v it. About the year 1760; a series of me chanical inventions were made in England which were to revolutionize the prevailing system of manufacturing. The inventions of Hargreaves, Arkwright,. Orompton, Kay and Oartwright all tended to speed up the production of cloth by· 1 State Records, Olarke, vol. 14, page 801, ~ State Records, Olarko, vol, 17, P!lge '162, 156 MANUFACTURING each worker. The practical application of-steam as a source of · power for running machinery was made by James Watt. These improvements in manufacturing were speedily followed by the invention of the cotton gin, which gave a· great impetus to the growing of the product. The control of the manufacture of cloth, through the possession of improved machinery remained for many years in the hands of the English. .. The British government refused for nearly half a century to permit the exportation of machinery to be used in the manu facture of cloth in any other nation. The government and capi talist class sought to make the machines a national secret, which would give them the commercial supremacy over the other nations which were depending on the domestic. system. "The domestic system of manufacture has come .down to our age with very little· modificatiop. '' As the name implies the task of weaving the cloth was done in the home of the in dividual worker, and the finished product ,vas taken to the broker· for distribution. This system naturally had its a<;lvan tages for the ,vorker. But when met with the newer factory system, which had developed in England by the ·beginning of the nineteenth century, the older order was then pushed aside. So in this section ~f the history of Surry County a ~urvey will be attempted to show the steady growth, then to the dis continuance of the domestic system of manufacture, and the remarkable, growth of the factory system within our borders. It is true the development had been_ more recent in the south than in the north. The latter section early turned to the fac tory for its economic salvation, and as speedily as possible ob tained knowledge of the English methods of production and machinery. As has been stated before, this section of the state for some years prior to the Civil War was controlled by the Whig party, which naturally was pledged to the support of the growing manufacturing class. Yet this county was dominated by the aristocratic slave owners, who were chiefly members of the Whig party. Locally these people didn't ,velcome the coming of the manufacturer or the white mill worker. It was viewed as a threat against their social supremacy and an undermining of the economic structure based upon the use of slavery. 157 MANUFACTURING To quote a few facts from the census report of 1840, in order to emphasize the· statements made : There were ~ight persons engaged in mining; in agriculture there were 3,915'; commerce 25 ; manufacture ( domestic system) and trade 294 ; learned professions and engineers 29. · · In this · same year Jacob Brower started a cotton and ,voolen mill at Mount Airy. · Within the next ten years a remarkable change took place in· Surry County. The old Scotch~Irish and German _instinct began to reassert itself, expressed in the establishment of .fac tories. along the then- prevalent ideas. After this start, the development must have been rapid, because in 1850 the census reported the capital invested in manufacturing enterprises at $123,445; employees 168; annual value of production $99,979; wl1ile the value of manufactures under the domestic system was only $40,037. The county had made very satisfactory progress in the manufacturing lines by the opening of the Civil War. It is true the continual disturbed condition in the nation over the rights of the state, and the question of slavery had retarding effects upon industry. The conflicting principles of using slave labor in the mills in competition with the free white labor· presented a serious problem. The Civil War settled the ques tion of slavery but it did not solve the problems of the county following the collapse of the Confederacy ; and the property loss, inflicted by Stoneman 's cavalry in the spring of 1865, nat urally retarded the manufacturing enterprises of the county. The recovery of the county within five years is remarkable when the census of 1870 is considered. There were thirty-six mills in the county, nineteen of which were water driven. All hands employed numbered 218, the investments were $191,450; the wages paid amounted to $18,216; the material used was valued at $120,231 and the finished products amounted to $182,620. One of the oldest and most prominent of the mills during this period was the Elkin Manufacturing Company, estab lished in 1848, and at the time under discussion was capi talized at $20,000. This mill produced high grade cotton sheet ing. Another mill of note was the Green Hill Mills, Mount 158 MANUFACTURING Airy, organized in 1869 and having a capital of $40,000. The mill produced both cotton and woolen goods. The Brower brothers were also operating cotton mills· at Hamburg and B1.1ck Sho_als near Mount Airy. The Hamburg shoe mill was under the management of Mr. John M. Brower. The tobacco factories were located at Mount Airy, Siloam and Rockford.8 By 1877, the manufacturing enterprises were on a rapid increase and were scattered over a wide range of products. The most promine'nt industries were blacksmithing, cabinet making, cotton cloth, iron mining, saddles, shoes, tanneries, tobacco plugs and twists, and wagons. There were approxi mately eight blacksmith forges scattered over the county. The cabinet making was centered in Mount Airy. The cotton mills were located at Elkin and Mount Airy. The chief center of iron mining was at Tom's Creek. The saddle and shoe manu facturing were done exclusively at Mount Airy, while at Dob son and Jonesville the tanneries were located. The tobacco manufacturing was the greatest industry of the county, mills were located at Toms Creek, Dobson, Elkin, Siloam, ·Rockford, and 1\1:ount Airy. In the last named place were eight of these factories. The centers of wagon making were Rockford and Mount Airy, the latter place having three such factories. 'rhe North Carolina handbook for 1879 contains interesting data on the growth of industries in Surry. This report shows that there were five iron foundries, one lime kiln, three wagon factories, forty-six mills of various types, thirty saw mills and four tanneries. The rapid expansion of manufacturing enterprises 'in Surry County during the '70 's is more apparent ,vhen con trasted with the far1n situation of the same period. In 1870, the value of farm property was $880,837 and in 1880 it was $781,068, a decrease of nearly $50,000.' During this same period is a marked tendency of the people to desert the farm and go to the towns which were growing up ,vithin the borders of Surry. · The early part of the '80 's show a continual growth of 1nanufacturing enterprises throughout the county. There were a Handbook ot North Oarollna1 1870, • Oensus Report for 1870 and 1880. 159 l\fANUFACTURING twelve blacksmith shops, the building contfactors were listed as thirteen and a new coach and wagon factory was start~d in Elkin in 1884 under the management of J. W. Motsinger. The mills devoted to cotton manufacture were increased with two ne,v plants at Mount Airy. Three cooperage plants were organized in the _early '80's, two factories at Rockford and one at Dobson. These two towns also had a majority of the licensed distilleries. Rockford also possessed a saddle and harness shop as well as a large tannery. In this. same period there ,vere t,vo ne.w wagon factories established at White Plains. The number of tobacco factories within the county had reached thirteen with most of the plants being located in l\fount Airy.5 Just prior to the financial depression of 1893 the tobacco manufacturing in Surry County reached its zenith ,vith twenty-one in operation. The building of the Yadkin Valley Railroad to Mount Airy, and the construction of the Winston Salem-Wilkesboro Railroad no doubt had a great deal to do with the rapid development of manufacturing. The period of the ·,90 's ,vitnessed the extinction of 1nany tobacco manufac turing plants. They .were driven to the wall· by the panic of 1893. and the cutthroat methods of competition of the rising Tobacco Trust. With the decline in tobacco manufacturing the people of the county began to establish furniture factories which \\'ere able to profit by the vast supply of .timber to be found in the county. During this time the granite quarry was started. To quote from the North Carolina I-Iandbook of 1893; '' Near Mount Airy in Surry County there is a wonderful outcrop of light gray granite ·occupying an exposed surface of many acres and now the scene of very active and extensive operations; the material ·being largely used for building bridges, pi.ers and abutments, arid for paving. '' In that book is a very interesting photographic copy of the quarry taken soon after work was started there. · The twentieth century was ushered in with practically all the manufacturing concerns of the county operating on flrin financial principles. The f aw remaining tobacco .factories were either purchased or forced from the field by the American 'fo- • Bransou 's North Oarollni Directory, 1884. 160 .MANUF AC'l 1URING b·acco Trust, but the new industries ,vhich had arisen were ·entering a new field that held no powerful trust or combina tion. The furniture factories at Elkin and Mount Airy were ,vell managed and down to the present their history had been one or continued progress and business expansion. The blanket factory at Elkin has establish~d· a national . ' . reputation· for the high quality of its product. The Elkin shoo manufacturing company had made splendid· advancement in the styles,.qui}lity and workmanship of their finished products. At the present" time the Elkin shoe is known over an extensive area of the South. The history of the Green Hill arid Laurel Bluff mills in recent years is more or less checked, experienc ing frequent changes in management and ownership. In 1907, there was a serious effort· made to establish the Cham berlait1 .Cotton Mills at Mount Airy, but the pani~ of that year wrecked the new enterprise. During the World War ·extensive _opera tion in mining manganese, which is to be found in paying quantities in the county was carried on, but the g.reat distance from a railroad ma.de this industry unprofitab1e after .the· close of the ,var and the mining operations· were discontinued. Within recent years a mirror factory, two button 'factories, a s,veater factory, and a number of hosiery mills l1aye ·been started in the county. · ,In 1927, Surry County ranked twenty-third in the state in industry ,vith fortr-flve manufacturing plants, employing ·2,875 workers, having a yearly payroll of $2,889,000; the mills ,vere valued at $4,269,743 while the ·value of the output was 6 $8,890,227. . The quarrying and manttfacturing of granite had grown into enormous proportions. In fact, the county occupied the flrst rank in the state in 1927 for its mineral production, ·.with a value of $1,468,118. This amonnt is about threa-fourtbs · of ' ... the total value of minerals for the entire state.' · Before closing this. sketch, 'it might be well to digress long enough. to give a few· sentences on each of the incorporated towns of the county; namely, l\fount Airy, Elkin, Dobson, and Pilot'. Mountain. · · . . . . 0 North Oarolfnn SooloJ Rnd Econornto, Hobba, PRge .$89. ' North Oorollnn Social and Economic,, Mobbs, page 818, 161 MANUFACTURING There is no authentic account as to how Mount Airy ob tained its name, but on the map made by Joshua Fry and Peter Jefferson the word "Mount" is placed at the Iodation of the present town. Evidently they used the word to indicate the home of a pioneer. In possession of the Wachovia Histori cal Association at Winston-Salem, is a map· which shows a road to "The Hollows" but omits the ,vord "Mount''. On the map by Henry Mouzon, published in 1775, the word "Mount" is used, also a road is shown leading to it from Bethania, while a map dated 1835, in possession of the writer, the words '' The Hollow'' are used. The first post . office by the name of Mount Airy was located on the old Armfield homestead about a mile to the south of the present city limits. In 1885, the town was incorporated, having a population at that time of approximately 2,000 inhabitants. By 1888, the Cape Fear and Yadkin Valley Railroad line had been built to the town. The :first location for the station ,vas near the present site of the Martin Memorial Hospital, but later surveys made it more practicable to place the station in the valley of Lovill 's creek. The next town to incorporate was Elkin. The exact begin ning of the town cannot be ascertained. The origin of the to,vn name must have come from the Elkin river. In Book ''A'' of Surry County· deeds, Morgan Bryant owned a large tract of land on Elk river, while subsequent deeds place the land in question along what is now known. as Elkin river. However this deed in question was secured about 1760. The map by Joshua Fry and Peter Jefferson makes no notation of the place, while the map by Mouzon and the Wachovia map locate .the river, but no habitation at Elkin. The map of 1885 gives the location of Jonesville. By 1848, mills were established at Elkin and continued to run until wrecked by the Union forceR in 1865. During the last decade of the nineteenth century the Southern Railroad Company extended its lines front Winston Salem to Wilkesboro, thereby affording rail connections for shipping the manufactured products of the town. Since the dawn of the twentieth century the to\\'n has shown steady growth down to the present time. 162 MANUFACTURING The county seat of Dobson did not come into existence until after Yadkin County had been formed from Surry. Then the county court was moved from Rockford to the more cen trally located place of Dobson. This place owes its existence to the judicial activities of the county which are transacted at court. It received its name in honor of Mr. Wm. P. Dobson, an. eminent lawyer and state legislator of pre-Civil War days. The people of Dobson secured a charter of 'incorporation in 1889. The fourth incorporated town in the county is Pilot l\foun tain. Thus far the writer has been unable to secure facts relat ing to the early history of the community in spite of repeated requests for information. The charter for the town was issued in 1891, but before that time a number of tobacco factories were in operation. These factories were later forced to suspend work through the action of the Tobacco Trust. Besides these towns there are a number of prosperous vil lages: namely, Westfield, White Plains, Low Gap, Siloam, Rockford, and Ararat. These places stand a chance of great • development wl1en the full utilization of the hydro-electric power of the county is harnessed to its greatest capacity. As yet the county possesses about 25,000 horse power in the streams that is not under control. The years of panic and depression during the 1-Ioover ad ministration worked many hardships on the manufacturers of the county. A few of the small industrial plants were forced to the ,vall, but the others were able to weather the period of small business returns. At the present time there are furniture factories; hosiery mills; grist mills; shoe, .blanket, sweater, swimming suit, but ton, cotton cloth, ladies' underwear, men's and boys' under wear mills, and quarries all being operated within the limits of Surry County. 163 ------ CHAPTER SIXTEEN AGRICUL-TURE The history of agricultural deYelopment in Surry -County naturally had its beginning .with the coming .of the first settlers within the borders of the county. But as has been pointed out in other places the early industrial system was interwoven into the same economic system. The extreme distance of one farm from another, and the complete absence of a large center of population forced the people to be self sustaining. Even prior to the Revolutionary War the people of this region were under a serious handicap in not having a ready market to dis pose of their surplus crop production. At certain intervals this farm discontent reached serious proportions not only in a flnancial way but also had had. an important bearing on the political concepts .of the time. The flrst of these disturbed conditions was the Regulator troubles; second, the period of depression following the War of 1812 ; third, the collapse of the farm systems of the county following the Civil War; fourth, the discontent during the '90's; fifth, the depression about the year 1907 ; and sixth, the present (1929~88) collapse of farm management. in competition with the highly efficient city organizations. Of all these periods of farm depression the first was l1andled the worst and resulted most disastrously for the farmers. The Regulators were organized as a device to pro vide some '\\·ll.,y to dispose of their surplus crops, to ,vatch. the officials jn the administration of laws, and to seaure a cheap tt1ediun1 to circulate in the place of money. The distress of the people in this section was so great that ln desperation the 165 l\fANUFACTURING farmers were willing to take up arms against the govern1nent, which refused to recognize their troubles and set about to cor rect the evils. The large number of Regulators who dispo~ed of holdings and crossed the Blue Ridge Mountains to make (l fresh start in life give ample proof of the wretched conditions which they faced. · .BY the outbreak of the Revolutionary War the far~ condi tions had begun to improve slowly. The war naturally speeded up the demands for farm products to supply the armies of both Patriots and Royalists. The frequent referen·ces in the State Records testify as to what use the people of Surry made of these conditions.1 There are numerous declarations that there were abundant supplies to be found in Surry County while the adjoining counties were represented as being stripped of supplies. a · Following the War of Independence there was a slump in the price of farm com~odities. · But at no time until the War of 1812 did the agricultural depression drop to the low ebb which was reached during the Regulator crisis. The constant arrival of new settlers within the county created a demand for shpplies from the established homesteaders, and in this way kept the prices at a steady level. · · The chief crops of this period were corn, wheat, and oats. The domestic system of manufacture necessitated each farn1er having hia sheep and other domestic animals in abundance. The early censuses do not record the wealth of the inhabi tants in terms of lands and domestic animals. With each suc ceeding census more information was collected by the govern ment in its effort to secure a more accurate estimate of re sources. As has been· pointed out before,. the migration from the county was very · great between the Revolution and the War of 1812 due to the opening up of lands in Tennessee and Kentucky. Again, large numbers of the :militiamen may have seen lands in Alabama and Mississippi ·and later migrated to that section. This was at the beginning of the great cotton· growing era throughout the South. Unfortunately, Surry County was too far north to benefit in this crop expansion, • S(ate Record&, yol. 10, page 886. 2.Stute Records, vol. 10, page 886. 166 MANUFACTURING and was forced to rely on the staple crops of corn, wheat, 'and other grains-there. was some tobacco grown. Aa during the Regulator period the Surry farmers were at a great disadvan tage in getting their crops to a favorable market. The constant drain of the young progressive men of the county to the new lands in the 'Mississippi Valley had its dead ening effect on the home lands. By 1887 the state was in the grip of the financial panic, Surry County was ~ard hit and the farming class became loud in , their demands for relief. This protest was taken advantage of very skillfully by Lewis Williams, a· native of Surry, to build up a powerful Whig party in his part of the state by advocating state aid for rail roads that would put this section of the state in close connec tion with the sea coast.• The farmers turned to the support of these political policies with the fervor of crusaders. From this depression farm conditions steadily improved until just prior to the War Between the States.' . . The census of 1850 reported 1,503 farms containing 104,119 improved acres and 302,795 unimproved; the, farms were valued at $1,040,670; there were 8,179 horses, 10,261 cattle, 11,702 sheep, and 84,519 swine; the crops were reported as fol lows: wheat, 25,412 bushels; rye and oats, 168,516 bushels;. peas and beans, 1,088 b'ushel,s; and the flax crop consisted of 8,659 bushels of seed and 82,212 pounds of flax. The tobacco crop contained only 48,958 pounds. These figures show the people were still paying their greatest attention to things which would immediately benefit them and not something ,vhich would be considered a money crop. · The decade following 1850 was marked by a steady in crease in the farming industry within the county. It is true the public mind was deeply agitated by the problems of state rights and limitations on slavery. The crop yield continued to show a steady increase and for some years there was pros perity, but just before the close of the year 1860 there was a decided drop in · crop prices which aroused farm discontent. The price slump continued downward until some time after the Civil War had got under way.• 1 Hletory of North OnroHnl!J. Oonnor, vol, 9, page 9'/0 (Lewis Pub. Oo.). 4 Bustnen Barotneters by .uabaon, pages 141•2, 1 Business Barometers by Babson, pages 84•5, 167 MANUFACTURING ·The demands for provisions to be used by the armies called for increased production of food crops. The farming activities of the county expan~ed rapidly, even though large numb.ers of the male population were at the battle front. The aged men and ,vomen, the .children, and the slaves resolutely· set to work to do their part in .winning the war with adequate food supplies. The best· estimate of these efrorts is stated in the reports of the northern officers who invaded the county in 1865 \vith the 8et purpose of destroying the agricultural resources.• It is true, to,vard the end of the war prices for farn1 products were quoted at high figures but those quotations ,vere in terms ·of paper money ~ssued by the State and Confederate Govern ·ments. A very few farmers of the county foresa,v the inevit able collapse of the Confederacy and sold their products for _only gold and silver coins.' . The county was completely prostrate after the invasion of Stoneman 's cavalry. The collapse of the Confederacy, the forced repudiation of all Confederate and State debts con tracted during the war, the closing of all the banks of the state, and the freeing of the slaves all made a very dismal out _look for the agriculturist. The inhabitants of the county were forced back to the primitive custom of trading by barter.' The soldi~rs returned home and grimly set to ,vork rebuild .ing their fortunes upon a ne,v system of farming, that of per sonal labor in place o:f slavery. For a couple of years the barest .of living ,vas maintained by the majoriy of the people, even those who produced a surplus crop were confronted w'ith a market that quoted a do~nward trend in prices, due to the national panic and depression in consequence of retrenchn1ent .of all commodities to peace time prices.' · It was during this critical period that the lien system of farm financing came into prominence, and forced the farmers 1into placing their reliance upon the tobacco crop to extricate • I themselves from debt. Money was scarce and those in position to loan it charged ruinous rates of interest ; then in the fall e ,var ol the Rebelllon, vol, 49, part 1, sorios 1, pn.go 828, 'Personal letters and papers in author's possession. • Local data in author's possession, 11 Business Bnromoten by Babson, t>agos 86•86, Farm Forol!nstor for 1080, No, 61, pages 10·11. 168 MANUFACTURING the farmer ,vas confronted with a downward trend ·in market· p_rices. Many farm:Ls were sold under the auction hammer in consequence of the intolerable conditions ; many farmers. moved away; others sought employment at the mills that were starting up in the county. The quoting·of a few census facts for the year 1870 might aid in showing to what extent the county had recovered from the effects of war. The true valuation of real ~nd persona~. property ·was $2,605,860, while ·the assessed valuation was $1,208,980; the total taxation was $16,687; state taxes $11,574; the county taxes $5,118 ; the county public debt was $4,500; acres of improved land, 52,899; value of farms, $880,887; value of farm materials, $446,128; value of livestock wa~ $215,008; the number of horses was 1,129; mules, 864; cows, 2,178; oxen, 820.; sheep, 6,414; swine, 11,684; amount of wheat, 26,701 bushels; corn, 190,171 bushels; oats, 89,821 bushels; irish potatoes, 14,707 bushels; sweet potatoes, 15,868 bushels; tobacco, 254,286 pounds; and wool, 12,690 pounds. A comparison with the figures from the 1850 and 1860 cen suses show to what extent the people had fallen. Suffice it to point out in this connection that the same census reported the population increased only 872 persons. Although in the period·· between 1870 and 1880 the manufacturing businesses showed a steady increase in volume of products and profits, there was no corresponding improvement in the agricultural lines. This discrepancy in seeming good times found expressi~n in the organization of a number of farm grange clubs within the boundaries of the county. The assessed valuation of the 804,742 acres of farm land was $781,062 in 1877, a. decline in value of over a half million. dollars when compared with that of _two years before.10 By 1880 there was a decided upward trend in farm prices and ready markets for the farm products. The nutnber of farms increased and tlie cleared acres sho,ved advances. Three years later there were 25,884 acres in corn with a yield of 897,148 bushels; oats, 9,199 acres yielding 7,078 bushels; ry~, 8,027 acres giving 10,482 bushels; tobacco, 2,186 acres planted and yielding 905,250 pounds; wheat, ·9,828 acres giving 42,046 10 Bronson's North Oarollna Directory, 1877, 169 MANUFACTURING bushels.21 An explanation for the large increase in the tobacco crop is to be- found in the existence of thirteen tobacco fac tqries in the county at this time. In face of these agricultut'al improvements three-fourths of the county was in virgln tfm ber. The close of 1883 again found the farm prices on the do,vnward move, approaching panic conditions. st In 1886 the property values had advanced to $1,118,660; the 'domestic animals were en.umerated as follows : horses, 1,501; mules, 831; cattle, 6,116; hogs) 12,222; and sheep, 6,532. The accession of sheep is traceable to the demand for wool ·by the three woolen mills within the county.11 Although, the farm reports show a continued augmentation in crops, there were decided fluctuations in prices offered on the open markets, which created discontent among the farmers ; and not until 1887 did ·business begin to advance. There was a decided cor relation between this discontent among the farming class and the oscilJating tactics in politics of the period. The agrarians were troubled with: inability to ship the surplus crops out 01 the county, low prices, and tight money. By 1893, tobacco had .definitely established itself as the money crop of the county with a production of 1,429,025 pounds. The number of horses, hogs,· and sheep had decreased, while the number of mules increased. The 281,981 acres of farm land were valued· at $1,002,515, according to records of the time ... , The panic of 1893 placed. a heavy hand upon agriculture- in this county, bringing with it a list of evils, and many schemes for th~ir correction which the farmers tried to have enacted into law. During the period of depression the organi zation of units of Farmers' Alliance, a more pretentious and ~etter managed und~rtaking than the Grange, was carried fo·rward to improve their conditions. The Alliance not only sought higher prices for crops, but also conducted purchasing agencies for their club members. In politics the Alliance tlrst supported the Democratic party but, falling, to obtain tbe leg islative reforms demanded, became known as the Populist party. u Branson' s North OaroU-'a DJreotory tor 1884, 19 Farm Forecnster tor 108.0, N•>. 5'1, pages 10·11. 11 Handbook of North Onrollna, 1886, pages 126•7. st Handbook of ,North Oaroll~ta, 1898, pages 191-2. , 110 MANUFACTURING. . . Recovery in the agricultural mark~t was gradual and- not until the Spanish-American War did .. the conditions again be 1 come normal. G The twentieth century was ushered· hi by· ·a wave of high prices for. farm products. By 1906, the agricul turists of the county were ·confro~ted with a. falling market which was :followed the next year by panic conditions in manu".' 2 f acturing and banking busiriesses. ' ·Again, the agrarians made every etlort to better their lot by the organization of a Farm.. ers' Union to hold and market their tobacQo." A slight advance in prices caused the members to desert the union and sell on the· open market, which was the very thing the warehousemen and manufacturers desired in order to crush the union. There was small improvement in prices until the op_ening of the World War. At this point it might be well .to quote from the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey, July, 1912, as to the condi~ions in the county. '' About forty-two percent of the county is cleared and more is being prepared for agricu} .. ture each year. Much of the land along· the Blue Ridge is better adapted to forest growth thari to any other purpose, and at least twenty-flve_percent of the area of the county should be kept in forest. The best farms lies along the Yadkin river, where the land is worth· from. $75 to $150 per, acre. Improved upland far.ms are worth .from $80 to $60 per acre while land at considerable distances from the railr9ad is worth from ·$iO . to $20 per acre. The great majority of _the land is held in small farms, less· than six percent of them being in tracts of over flve hundred. acres. . '' Agriculture is the principle industry, tobacco being tbe chief moriey cro·p. The corn, wheat and other crops which are raised are principally consumed locally. Surry County is noted for its apples, Mount Airy being one of the principal apple markets of 'the State. Fair public roads extend from the ra'ilroad points through the county. Surry County l1as not, however, begun to improve her roads systematically, though :11 Business Barometers by Babson, pages 92 and 182. Farm Foreoaster, 1980, pagos 10·11 (No. &'t). . 18 Bueh1ess Barometel'S b)' Babson, pages 94 and 192•8, P'arm Forecaster, 1980, pages 10•11 (No. 6'1). · 17·1 MANUFACTURING the: need -for it seems to be as great as in any county of the State, immense quantities of produce being l1auled to the rail roads at all times of the year." During the World War the farm product& brought splen did prices and the various crops were yearly increased. The farmers found themselves in good financial shape ; and' a gen eral trend was evidenced to invest in the most mode~n methods ·of agriculture. There were heavy investments in im- _proved farm equipment.IT . . ' The fail of 1919 and. the spring of 1920 beheld. the defla tion from war prices on all agricultural pr9ducts and the sud den price collapse caught many farmers with large d~bts ,vhich had been contracted during the wave of warthne prosperity. During the next few ye.ars the tobacco gro"'ers of the county became members of the Tri-State Tobacco Associa tion which ,after , a short, but stormy, career went into the hands of receivers because of mismanagement on the part of the officials of the association. The years 1926 to 1929 reveal these startling facts concern ing the county's standing in agriculture ; the acres devoted to tobacco l1as steadily enlarged from 17,572 to 19,214 acres; the yield per acre has fluctuated from 682 to 705 pounds; the pro duction increased from 11,105,504 to 12,719,668 pounds; the price per pound declined front 25c to 16c; the total value of the crop dropped from $2,776,876 to $2,085,147; while the value per acre has gone from $158 to $106.1' The 1981 statistics on this crop are even more discouraging than the above facts. This is a very unfavorable trend in the money crop of the county. Statistics on the corn production for the same years are as follows: 85,789 to 81,147 acres, yielding 28 bushels (in 1926) to 18 bushels (in 1928) ; total yield,' 821,997 bushels (in 1926) to 582,494 bushels (in 1928); price per bushel, 85c (in 1926) to $1.17 (in 1928); total crop value, $78,158 (in 1927) to $628,018 (in 1928); value per acre, $22.22 (in 1929) to $19.58 ( in 1926). On the whole an improvement on the market price for this crop at' the end of the year 1929.1' st Farm lrorecnetor, 1980, No, 57, pago 18, JI Farm F'orecneter, 1920, No, 68, page o. 10'Fnrm Forecaster, 1929, N'.o, 58, page 18, , 172 MANUFACTURING . The ,vheat crop statistics are as follows: 16,6Q7 acres . planted in 1926 to 10,705 acres in 1929; the acre yield ~a~ 15 bushels in 1926 to 9 bushels in 1927; total crop yield in 1926. was 821,997 bushels to 532,494 bushels in 1928; price per. bushel in 192.6 was $1.39 to $1.58 in 1928; tho total value was $346,256 in 1926 to $164,857 in 1929; and the value per acre was $20.85 in 1926 to $15.40 in. 1929. 20 A clear indication here of the farmer depending on the other parts· of the country while he devoted his time and fields to the growth of the money crop-tobacco. A study of data on oats, 11ye, irish and sweet potatoes, cow peas, and soy beans reveal similar trends of these crops being sacrificed for the money crop-tobacco. These staple crops show sufficient stability to justify the agrarian in turning from the falling prices given .for tobacco and devote more acreage to the cultivation of food crops. One of the most promising farm crops of this region. is sho,vn in the rapidly expanding acreage in apple orchards. In 1928 Surry County shipped one hundred and eleven car loads of apples, while the total for the entire state ,vas two hundred and thirteen cars. The next year a better record was made by the county. Out of one hundred and seventy-seven car loads of apples shipped from the state, this county sent one hundred 111 and twenty-one cars. . In 1929 the county ranked second in the state in the ship ment of cabbage." The farmers were severely hit by the disastrous drought in 1980 which lasted from May until September. In 1929 the farmers of the county were receiving lower prices for their products, while the manufacturers and mer chants were enjoying unprecedented prosperity. The succeed ing years found the prices on products continuing to drop until in 1982 wheat was bringing less than fifty cents per bushel and corn about thirty-five cents. At last an groups of society within the limits of the county came to realize that: as pros pered the farmer, so did they. 90 Irarm Foreoaster, 1929, No, 68, pnge 14. 11 Farm Foreoastor, 1929, No. 68, page 80. 11 Farm F'oreoaster, 1929, No. 68, page 80. Noto :-Tho Farm Foreoaster Is sent tree trotn the Depnrtmeut of Ag1•loul• ture, Raleigh, N. 0, 178 MANUFACTURING · By the end of 1932 the plight of the agriculturist was in such deplorable condition that many farms were lost through mortgage foreclosures and tax sales. In addition to these dis tresses ·. a large part of the county suffered from a severe drought through the months of July and August. Under Federal and State._ guidance ·the farmers have en.. tered into agreements which regulate their pro.duotion of to .. bacco. The prices received _in 1_934-35 sho,~ the wisdom of such a course. 174 CI-IAPTER SEVENTEEN EDUCATION The history of public education is written indelibly in tbe county records, but contrary to the general impr~ssion it was founded upon the principle of making orphans, illegitimates, and children of poor wido"'ij useful and trained members of society. Tlie aid ren~ered by the state to education prior to the Revolution was confined to court orders of granting ap prenticeships in caring for the training of children in the . above mentioned classes. '' The poor law and the apprentice ship system not only had their foundation in similar laws and practices in England, but in many cases the legislation was directly taken over, certainly adapted, from the principles :found in the famous series of poor-relief and apprenticeship statutes which developed in England dur~ng the second l1alf of the sixteenth century . . . The execution and enf orceinent .of these acts, however, were placed in the hands of local jus tices of the peace, who were country gentlemen. It should be noted at this point that many of the early colonists were of this class and were trained in the interpretation and adminis tration of these laws. ''1 Prior to the Revolution, North Carolina had built up a fairly definite system of educational requirements respect·ing orphans and apprentices. As a rule the orphan or apprentice was taken into the home of the guardian ang treated as a mem ber of the family. ''The master was probably required to give his apprentice practically the same care and attention given his o,vn children, for when it appeared that the apprentice 1 Public Sohnol Education ln North OaroUna by Knight,. pages 14•1.6. 175 E · )UCA'l'ION was ill-used, not properly provided with acco1nodations flt and necessary or not properly taught as agreed to in the in dentures, he was removed and re-apprenticed to ~on1e other master approved by the court. This important feature of the apprenticeship practice seems to have been a reguiar requirement.' '2 To e1nphasize this point of educational requirement for orphans and apprentices the following pnragr~ph is given from a North Carolina Ia,v passed in 17 62 : '! 4. Provided always. 'rhat nothing herein before contained shall extend to discharge any apprentice fron1 his appren ticeship; and the Superior court of the district~ C\: 1 the inferior court of pleas and quarter sessions of the county wherein such guardian shall reside, respectively, upon complaint to them made of such guardian abusing the trust reposed in l1im, by misusing the child or children. so committed to his tuition as aforesaid, in being about, or intending to marry ·such child or children in disparagement, neglecting the care of their education suitable to their estate, or wasting, converting to his o,vn use, or otherwise mismanaging such estate, to make and establish from time to time, such rules or orders for. placing such child or children under the care and tuition of any other person or persons securing the estate, and for the better education and usage of such child or children as they, in their discretion shall meet and deem necessary. ''1 This principle of public education, by means of apprentice-. ship, "'as co11ti_nually used in Surry County until past the first half of the nineteenth century. Two incidents are here cited from Book'' A'' of Surry County Records under date of April, 1772: '' That B(ltty Ward of Guilford County apprentices her daughter, Mary Ward, four years, three months of age, to Roper Ward and by him to be instructed in household work and to read the Bible. On the same page is this indenture, that the same Betty Ward apprentices her ·son, Randall Ward, age three years, t~o months, to Charles McAnnally, ,vho pledges himself to the said Randall a trade At the same time providing him an education in_ reading and \\·riting. 'H 'Public Education ht Nort.11 Oarolinai.... l{nlght, pnge 29. 8 Laws of North Oarolina, Edited by rotter in 1821, pnge ~11, • Surry County Records, Book '•A,'' pago 21. 176 EDUCATION From the above paragraphs it will be seen that the state and county were making an. effort to provide educational ·means for persons who otherwise might have proven public charges. There was another phase of educational activities in the county which was not conducted by eith_er the state or county. . . The Scotch-Irish have for generations been noted for their· fondness for education of their children, so when these people came to this part of the state and settled they at on~e ·busied themselves ,vith erecting ch1:1rc~es and providing some means of enlightenment if their scanty means would permit. Nat urally, most of the educational work fell upon the parent when the fa.rms were far apart, but where there were near neigh bors, an old corn field school was soon erectt~d . and a teaoher employed by those . who were wealthy enough to bear their part of the expense. By the .beginning of the nineteenth century there was a new development in the school system in the state and is re~ £erred to by the authorities on education as the a.cademy move ment. As a rule these institutions ·were private and secured their charters from the state. '' The privileges accorded these schools were usually the same. Certificates could be granted, but degrees were not allowed ..'l.'he pupils and teachers "'ere occasionally exempt,ed from military duty, now and then the school property was exempted from taxation, ancl occasionally permission was given to raise funds by lottery. In most cases the trustees selected the teachers and had general control over the school. ''1 Of this type ofeducational institution the r.ecords show that in 1818 the ''Jonesville Academy of Surry County'' (located in what is now Yadkin County) was given~ charter. In 1838 a charter was issued for the Franklin Academy ( the exact location in the county unknow.u).8 And in 1867, the Rockford Male and Female Seminary ,vas chartered. From the material at hand the honor of conducting the first school of prominence in Surry County belongs to P~ofessor Hickman, ,vlio managed a school about t\\10 miles fron1 the first l\Iou11t Airy post office (this_ office was located on the old 1 l>ubllo School Ji}duoation In North O'arolinn, Kuight, pnge 48. 6 i.;<1ucntiou Report, 1890·8, 'by Mebane, pages 689-00. · 177 EDUCATION Armfield homestead-the present home of Jim Belton). After diligent search as to the site of this school the writer is of the opinion that it must have been in the neighborhood of the Rockford Street Graded School, Mount Airy. Professor Hick man was able to build up a wide reputation for the thorough ness of his instruction. The school was operated continuously from 1811 to 1820 and was '' patronized not only by Surry but by adjoining counties of North Carolina and Virginia. llere ·were trained the scions of the families of Franklin, Martin, Moore, and others. Judge John M. Cloud was one of the pupils. "Late in 1836 Professor Blakely, a well educated Virginian, had a successful school of one hundred boys at the Old Hollow meeting house about a mile west of Mount Airy, for five years ·or more. He removed to Georgia and was succeeded by F. M. Gambrii1 of Wilkes. Judge ,Jesse F. Graves was one of the pupils and Jonathan X. Courter (Carter) ,vho achieved much . rep.utation in the Confederate Navy received his appointment while a student here. ''' . In another pert of this work reference has been made to Jesse Franklin's interest in public education. At every oppor tunity he spoke and labored to create a sentiment in favor of public support for education. This was in keeping ,vitb bis staunch support of the Jeffersonian principles 0£ government. In Franklin's address as governor of'the State in 1821 there is a strong plea for universal education. '' The gradual growth of the free school idea reveals the slow development of two im portant principles of education which today are present in every adequate and sound ·pu~lic school system. The first of' these is the democratic principle that education is the function of the State rather than a family function or a parental obli gation, and that the responsibility of providing the means of education restr primarily with the State. The other principlEl is that the State has the power and the right to raise by taxa tion on property of its members sufficient for adequate school Httpport. Both of these are now generally accepted in North Carolina, though. here .as elsewhere they have ,von acceptance 'Education Report, 1896·8, Mebnne, pages 689-90. 178 EDUCATION in face of such· bitter opposition {ind cold ·indifference that their period of intense struggle is now •not only difficult to ·recount, but ev~n more difficult perhaps _to realize.'"• ... The desire of Franklin for State support of schools was not granted during his term in office, but in· 1825 the legisla- ture passed a law creating a literary fund. This fund ·was not enough to be· of material value in aiding the local· tax districts in financing public schools. In Surry County a substantial ma jority ., 1ote. was secured in favor of' the measure for schools when the question was submitted to the electorate. The dis tricts were to levy a tax amounting to twenty dollars for each school district which was to be s·uppJemented by twice that amount from the proceeds of the liter& :.·y fund ..- · . In accordance with these provisions a glance at tl1e 1840 and 18&0_ censuses for Surry County will be of interest. In 1840 thefe was no accredited academy or grammar sch:ool, there were fourteen private and common schools with 335.pu pils attending at public expense. There was ~ large nun' ber of pay students. There were 2,705 white people over twenty years of ·age who were unable to read or write~ The condition of public schools in adjoining counties ,vas worse than in Surry. The census of 1850 show that there ,vere 140 pupils in colleges, academies, or private schools with an· income of $2,480; .while in the public schools were 2,098 pupils, with a school incon1e of $2,264. In the .entir~ county there were 2,513 white scholars. The whi~e people over twenty years of age who were unable 1o read or write numbered 8,163. · The early public schools in •Surry County were looked upon with disfavor because of the way they were administered; i_t smacked of charity, However, the county school system was fairly · ,vell established by 1850. From the scattered reports available it is clear the county teachers were notoriously negli gent of their duties. Most of the teachers were pomads and poorly equipped for their tasks, nevertheless, the census re port for 1860 shows a marked increase in public school attend ance. Under the· guidance of Qaly~_H. Wiley~tate superin tendent, the county .renewed its e1forts in ~ducation and by the opening of the Civil War -had a ,vell ordered public school • Publfc School Educntlon In North OaNlh10, Knight, pages 84-5, 179 EDUCATION syste1n. According to !(night, Superintendent Wiley made a visit to the county and delivered talks in the interest of public education, but thus far the writer has not had the privilege of examining those records very closely. Surry County school chairmen early formed the habit of forwarding report'J to the state educational department, this as early as 1853, and by 1860 the accounts sent in ,vere full and accurate.• During this same decade in which the public schools were . making such rapid strides forward, there were some private schools that attracted wide attention. '' In the fifties Mr. West and his ,vife who held a high place among tbe educators of their· day had a well patronized mixed school· .at Rockford. After some years' service here they moved to Mount Airy and had separate schools ,videly celebrated for boys and girls, attending pupils from Virginia, South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama. They were succeeded by 1'fr. Reed and his ,vife who also taught for some years "'ith success. '' The Rockford Male and Female Seminary, after the cutting off of Yadkin County, was held in the old court house and was flourishing" at the outbreak of the Civil War.10 For some time after the start of the ,var both the public and private schools continued to operate, but later the call to arms closed the private boys' school and seriously crippled the public schools. The local tax funds ,vere diverted to 1norc urgent needs of the county government. Besides, the male teachers were not exempted from military duty and that called a,vay the best and ablest instructors to fight for the state. From an account given by Mebane, the inference is 1nade that Miss Lizzie Gilmer conducted a school for girls at Mount Airy, even during the darkest period of the Civil War,11 but her per sonal letters show she taught in a college at Statesville. . The legjslature which ,vas elected on November 9, 1865, finally passed an educational law abolishing the office of state superintendent and '' allowed the justices o! the county courts to lay and collect taxes at their discretion for co1nmon school support; and county school committees were given discre- 0 Pnblio School Educ11tion in North Carolina, Knight, pogo 104, J() Ji~ducation Report, 1896-8, Mebane, pageR 689-00, · 11 gducntfon Report, 1806-8, Mobnue, pnges 689-00, 180 EDUCATION tionary powers to grant aid to the extent they may be author ized by the court, to subscription schools, teachers of which have qualifications prescribed for common schools, and to allow SH\!h schools to be carried on in the sohool rooms of their districts. ; '11 The following year the county courts were re quired to appoint a county superintendent to be governed un der the same rules and regulations as were in fQrce before the Civil War. The local school trustees were appointed in the manner that prevailed in ante-bellum times. The disturbed condition of the county over political matters, the rights of the negroes, and poor agricultural progress were serious hindrances to educational development. Not until 1869 was there a satisfactory plan worked out for the control of schools. In that year the law directed the '' co~nty commis sioners to order a tax for sites and for building. or renting schoolhouses, to be assessed and collected in the same manner as other county taxes. Local township committees were to establish a.nd maintain, for at least four months in each year, a sufficient number· of schools at convenient localities which be for the education of all children between the ages of six and twenty-one years residing therein. There was a county examiner who issued teacher's certificates and assisted in enforcing the prescribed courses of study.' '11 At the close of the Civil War, Mr. Reed and his wife re newed their educational work at Mount Airy. Some years later they w~re succeeded by James S. Hill who conducted a boys' school for a brief time, but-finally he accepted a position with the Brower Mills and turned the school over to Gus Grayham. The following year Sam Burton assumed the responsibilities of managing the academy. It was under the administration of . .Uufus H. Smith that the Mount Airy school for boys gained a wide reputation for the thorough and faithful type of instruc tion given. Smith continued to conduct his school in and near the vicinity of Mount Airy until 1878. During this same period Miss Lizzie Gilmer was conducting a school for girls at the site of Dr. R. E. Hollingsworth 's home. 1 ' PttbJlo School Educatkn, In North Carolina. Knight, page 222. 13 Public School '.mduoatl<>.n in North Carolina, by Knight, pages 285-6. · 181 EDUCATION The school law of 1871 corrected some of the defects of the previous educational enactments, but even this was not en tirely satisfactory. About this time J;teverend J. H. Llewellyn assumed the duties of county superintendent and continued in office for about thirty years. According to accounts, in 1877, there were in Surry County fifty-four white and fourteen col ored school~ supported by public taxes/' In 1878, Mebane states, that Gus Grayham assu1ned the principleship of the boys' school formerly maintained by -Rufus Smith, but local accounts at the present time. fail to confirm the statement. The private girls' schools of -the. county were run by Miss Lizzie Gilmer, at Mount Airy; and Miss Lu·oy C. Journey, at Dobson .. By 1884 the male academy at Mount Airy was being managed by ,T. F. Davis; and the fem ale academy was ·in control of the same teacher as in the 70's. During the eariy 80's· Mis_s Metta Folger m_aintained a -female acadeniy at Elkin. 'In 1884 there were fifty.:nine white and fifteen colored public schools maintained by the county;' two years later the number had increa~ed to sixty-eight white and eighteen colored public schools. 11 At the beginning of the last decade of the nineteenth century the p·ublic schools had mciunted to ninety-one (white, seventy-three; and colored, eighteen),· while the institutions of secondary learn1ng ,vere centered in Mount Airy and Elldn. The girls' schools were conducted by Miss Lizzie Gilmer, at Mount Airy; and Mrs. R. B. Galloway, at Elkin. The boys' school was under the management of R. H. Skeen, at the present site of Dr. R. E. Hollingsworth 's home. 18 Six years later a male academy was in operation at Elkin with a Mr. Brown in. charge. In Dobsqn L. M. Lyon was conducting a co~educational school, while the Trinity Academy in Pilot Mountain was administered by J.B. Sparger with ·Miss Lou .Cass as assistant. During this same year there were seventy.. six white and nineteen colored schools supported by county taxes.1' · · · . By the close of the nineteenth century the people of the county had definitely launched a policy of ·public school ex- u Bran~on's North Oarollna··Dlre,itory for 1877. t11 Branson's North Carolina Directories for 1884 and 1886, ui Branson's North Oarollna Directory for 1890. n Branson's North Carolina Directory for 1896. 182 EDUCATION pansion. To l\fount Airy belongs the distinction of organizing the first graded school in the county (1899), supported largely by local taxation and donations from the Peabody fund. Special mention is due W. F. Carter for his untiring efforts, ,vhile committeeman during this period, to place. the graded school upon a higher standard. He was committeeman for fifteen years, ten of which he served as chairman of the com mittee. The following year (1900) Dobson voted a bond issue of one thousand dollars for educational purposes-the first issue of this kind to carry in the cou~ty. · To summarize the school situation at the close of the last century it might be well to quote from Charles H. Utley's, '' Surry County School Gro,vth ''.-a splendid study of the re cent development of education in the county. '' There were 8,647 children of _school age in the county, 7,5.47 were white children, while 2,960 had been in school for the year just closed, the daily attendance had been only 1,804 ... The total fu~ds for the year reported had atnounted to $10,536. All property in Surry County on the tax books was assessed at $2:578,425. . . "For school purposes 47c was levied on each $100 valua tion of property. Average salaries paid white teachers in rural schools was $28 per month, in towns, $100. Average length of rural schools was nineteen weeks, of the town schools twenty eight weeks ... '' As the sun of the old century set, the white children of Surry County had nineteen one-room frame houses, and sev~ enteen one-room log houses in which to be ed'ucated for citizen ship in this great republic. There were twenty-two white school districts without any sort of school house. The colored people had fourteen school districts, six houses, four of them log houses, and eight districts ,vithout even a shelter.' '11 The above is truly a sad picture for the enlightenment of the younger generation in face of the large property valuation. Yet, this meager beginning for the twentieth century owes its existence to the unfagging zeal of Reverend J. H. Llewellyn, county superintendent, and Professor Cundiff and Dr. Thomas, mem• 1• Mr. Utley's articles cnme out in serial form in Ute Mount Airy Times dttr- Jng the spring and summer of 1980. . 183 EDUCATION hers of the County Board of Education. According to Utley 's account, Professor Cundiff had conducted successfully for a 1iumber of years an academy at Rockford and later at Siloam. Upon the retirement of Reverend Llewellyn from the office of county superintendent his place was assumed by his friend a·nd co-,vorker, Professor Cundiff!. Inspired by this man's zeal for kno,vledge and in conjunction ,vith the state,vide revival for public education under Governor Aycock, Melver, and Joyner ; the people of the county set to work building school houses within reach of every child. By 1912, the teaching staff in the county numbered one hundred and fifteen persons. 11 The type of professional training was on an average with a ma jority of the counties of the state at the time. That is to say, the largest number of the teachers held only county certifl~ cates which were based upon only elementary schooling; with few exceptions the schools continued to be the one-room, one teacher type. Soon after the state legislature passed a law aiding l1igh schools, Dobson, Pilot Mountain, and White Plains hastened to take advantag·e of the proffered aid. Elkin and 1\lount Airy a few years prior ( 1905) to this had begun to off er courses and credits for work in secondary. schools. '' Reports for the year 1910 have not been located. How ever the records for 1908 have been found artd coming so near the close of the decade are given. That year, the county raised for school purposes, $21,556.56. The same year the rural school census was 7,758, the total rural enrollment was 6,008, and the daily average was 3,685. There were a hundred teachers; seventy-seYen first grad~, and twenty-one second grade, there were six college graduates in the rural schools. ''20 The early years of the twentieth century noted few changes in the attitude of the people toward the schools; there was evidence of increased daily attendance, and the number of teachers and school houses grew. Not until 1908 were the peo ple brought to the full realization of the necessity for uni versal education. That year the educational qualification for 19 NQrth Carolina Year Book for 1912. 10 Taken ll'om l\fr. Utloy's article, Surry Oounty So)lool Growth. 184 EDUCATION voting ,vent into effect, in consequence many persons were disqualified because of tb.eir failure to secure a primary education. Immediately folio,ving 1908 there was observed a distinct change in the attitude toward local school taxes. More and bet• ter.school facilities became the order of the day. "During this decade (1910) there were several distinct advancements made in the county. One was the employment of a whole time super intendent ; another was the building of a new and commodioµs school building in the town of Elkin, for many years badly needed; another important factor and of far reaching influence was the beginning of Mountain Park school.' '11 T;he school at Elkin began to , move forward under the guidance of Professor Zeno Dixon who took charge in 1913. The standing of this school among the public institutions of the state is a fitting tribute to the labor and progressive poli cies of Professor Dixon. The Mountain Park school was started in 1918 ; in a very humble way it sought to prepare the boys ll,nd girls of the western part of the county for the duties of responsible citizenship. · In 1914 J. H. Allen assumed the duties of county super intendent and continue~ in office for eight years. During hit1 superintendency marked progress .was made throughout the county along educational lines. In a small way the jdea of school consolidation was :fostered; county-wide graduation from the elementary grades was established, thereby laying the foundation for the coming of the county high schools. By 1920 '' there were in Surry County 8,853 white children in rural districts, of which 7,132 were enrolled in school for the period mentioned. The average daily attendance for the year was 4,086. ?.'he daily attendance for some reason had fallen qo,vn ... There were ninety-nine white schools in the· county, fifty one of these had only one room. ''11 •rhe total white teaching force was 172 persons, of which number two men and one woman were gra·duates of a college. '' The average length of term of all rural ,vhite schools was 115 days ... That year 11 Surry County School Growth. by Utley. "Surry County School Growth. by Utley. 185 EDUCATION high school subjects ,vere taught in six schools ... In 1920 the county invested in schools in to,vns and country, for both ,vhite and colored, the sum of $93,302.12. ''23 Two years later the county's rank in the state for scholarship and teachers was ninety-seven from the top. · ·The splendid "'ork performed by Professor Hendren at Pilot l\fountain ,von him the office of superintendent ,vhen a successor to J. H. Allen ,vas sought in 1922. Under bis leader .ship the county has moved forward in the march for educa tional efficiency. This advance bas not been an easy task be cause he found the county at the bottom of the list of counties in school matters. To supply a correct idea of the task before Stiperintendent Hendren, and the ,vork thus far accomplished, the follo,ving figures are· quoted from State School Facts, No vember 15, ·1928, as to Surry 's rank in the state school system: Year 1923-24-rank, 100 ( at the bottom) ; 1924-25-rank, 98 ; 1925-26-rank, 98 ; 1926-27-rank, 96 ; and in 1927-28-rank, · 94. Now let's notice the scholarship of the teachers during this same period; year 1922-23-rank, 97; year 1923-24-rank, 99; year 1924-2{?-rank, 93 ; year 1925-26-rank, 99 ; year 1926-27 -rank, 95 ; and year 1927-28-rank, 94. It will be observed froin the above situations that there has been a gradual climb from the very bottom of the educational ladder. · Within nine years Superintendent Hendren has brought about a ,vonderful change in the school system of the county. The one and two-room schools have been abandoned; con- . sblidation has gone steadily forward and at the present time there are nine county high schools : namely, Beulah, B'ryan, Copeland, Dobson, Flat Rock, Franklin, Pilot Mountain, West Field, and White Plains. Out of this number six are upon the state's accredited list. At last the country boys and girls, with these better educational facilities, are enabled to cope more s~ccessfully with those of the towns and cities. It is to be hoped the forward movement will continue until the county schools rank ,vith the wealth and other material accomplish ments of the people, a few items of which are here given to emphasize the distance the county must go educationally to 23 Surry County School Growth, by Utley. 186 EDUCATION attain its correct rank. Per inhabitant assessed valuation in 1926-rank, 41; value of personal property per inhabitant in 1925-rank, 23; tax value of land per acre in 1924-rank, 44; bank resources per inhabitant in 1925-rank, 35; farm ,vealth per country d,veller in 1919-rank, 44; motor car per inhabitant in 1928-rank, 35; per cent of federal income tax payers in 1926-rank, 29; buying power of the county in 1927-rank, 80; value of factory products in 1927-rank, 23; the arithmetic ayerage rank of the county, 57.3.24 With such ranks in other lines the position of the county in education is nothing short of a major disgrace, and the blame is not to be placed upon the _school officials, but upon the people themselves for not providing and demanding greater facilities and more efficient .,teachers to prepare their children to compete upon an equal footing with other students of the state and nation. · The legislative enactments of the 1931 legislature have 1nade it imperative for reorganization of the number of schools 1naintained by the county. A number of small districts have been incorporated with larger schools. The financing of the schools has been placed more directly under state control, which promises to be a great benefit in preventing useless expenditures of local funds. In 1934 Mr. J. W. Comer assumed the duties of superin tendent of public schools. Under his management consolida tion of schools has continued and the qualification of teachers raised. 24 North Onrolfna and Economic by Hobbs. A list of former teachers may be secured from Branson's North Carolina Directory starting with the year 1877 through 1896, and the North Oarolina Year Book trom about 1900 to the present. These books are to be had at the library of the University of North Onrolina, Ohapel Hill, N. C. These books contain complete lists of professional persons within the county. 187 CHAPTER EIGHTEEN CHURCH ORGANIZATION The collection of material and the arrangement of facts for this sketch has proven one of the most difficult of the entire series. Efforts to secure information on religious activi ties of the people of Surry County has forcefully impressed the writer of the reticence of the populace to disclose their spiritual activities. Repeated appeals ,vere made to numerous individuals, and through the local press· for sketches of the various churches of the county, ~ut with one exception there was no response. Because of this relu~tance of the churches to reveal their ministerings to the people's spiritual needs of the former generations the information for this discussion is regretfully scanty. From the material at hand it. seems, the ~riends were the first, to establish a meeting house within the present limits of the county. The place of gathering for religious purpose was in the vicinity of Westfield., and was known as '' W estfleld Meeting Place. '' The earliest gathering was in 17 52. The denomination at the time was lo(!ked upon with disfavor by · the colonial officials, although the sect in its tenets emphasized strict submission to government exactions, simplicity of living, and frugality. By 1765 the Friends ,vere forbidden by law to exercise the privilege of adopting and caring for orphans. At the close of the Civil. War there ,vere two churches main tained in the county: namely, at White Plains, and in the vicinity of W estfleld. By the close of the nineteenth century a church was established in Mount Airy. 189 CIIURCII ORGANIZATION During tl1e early decades of the county's history the l\{oravians exercised a strong influence in the religious life of the people. Not only the ministers of this sect attracted the popillace to their creed, but also the physicians, such as Dr. Baum, were sought far and wide by those requiring mediQal aid. At the present time there is a church maintained by the M;oravians at Mount Airy, having been. built in 1925. .. As to the exact year of the entry of the Baptist organiza~ tions into the county there is no official record ,vhich has come to view, but from- other sources. the inference is to be made that the early Baptists we.re members of the Primitive branch of the sect. Not until 1879 is there any mention of· the Mis sionary Baptist organization in this county. By 18'12 the Primitive Baptists had churches at Ararat, Codies Creek, Flat Top, Fishe River, Franklin, l\fit~hell 's River, R-0und Peak~ Sno,v Creek, and State Road all having J 01111 Jones· as pastor, while J. H. Llewellyn served as pastor at White Plains. In 1878 the same churches were maintained but the 11umber of ·pastors had increased with T. J. Lawson, Nathan Alberty and M. G. Harbor entering the ministry. The Handbook of North Carolina for the following year gives the number of Baptist churches at t,venty-five. · The first Missionary Baptist church in Surry County seems to have been organized through the efforts of Reverend C. C. Haymore and Dr. A. C. Dixon, at Mount Airy in the northern part of the city. By 1890 the records reveal that the Missionary division of the Baptists was making steady gains in. oonvert':I and organization of new churches. During. the same period the Primitive Baptists were in a retrograde move ment in membership and church organizations. The first efforts of the Methodists at church founding in Surry County are uncertain as to the exact beginning, but it must have been some time about 1825. It is to be regretted that most of t}le churches of the county have been negligent in. .preserving adequate data of all local units. The census for 1850 shows that there were church accommodations for 6,455 persons, but of course this was for. all denominations. By 1872 there were Methodist churches at Siloam, Rock£ ord, l\fount Pisgah, Hebron, Beach Creek, Mount Airy, 1\1:ount 190 CHURCH ORGANIZATION Herman, Hicks Chapel, Oak Grove, New Salem, Grassy !{nob, and New Hope. The pastor- for the Mount Airy Church. ,vas J. F. Heitman, while F. A. Bishop was the_ circuit rider .for ~11 the others. -Six years later the Methodist circuit riders in Surry County were W. S. Creasy, Charles Gentry, and James Wilson. By 1890 there is mention of George T. Simmons having c~arge at Elkin, Grassy Creek, and Maple Springs. · The· Christian'. church-a division of the Methodist-main tained two pastors at Mount Airy from 1872 unt,l some time in the 90 's with Jesse Biggs and R. T. Sandevs pastors, but the exact location of their places of worship cannot be given. Tht~ Northern Methodist in 1872 had a pastor at Elkin, a Reverend C. W. Blaylock, and at l{ount Airy the Reverend Sandy Gwyn. The Handbook of . North Carolina for 1872 states there were twenty-seven Methodist churches in ·the county. The beginning of the Presbyterian denomination dates from 1858 when a church was organized at Mount Airy with Robert S. Gilmer as elder. It was not until 1872 that the deno minational :followers succeeded in raising sufficient :funds to erect a building. Reverend C. M. Payne became the first pastor. Since that time the congregation has called -sixteen men to .fill the· .pulpit._ ·Some .time prior to· 1872 the negroes succeeded in erecting a Presbyterian church near the Atlantic and Yadkin Railroad Station. The next church of this sect was erected at Elkin ; while the last one was pear the quarry and iEJ known as the Flat Rock Presbyterian.· Throughout the county the ilegroes have their own church buildings and administ~ative organizations, but the exact number cannot be given, nor the total membership.· · In order o:f establishment within ·-the limits of Surry county is the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (lformous). The followers of this :faith haYe been much mis understood and frequently called upon to endut·e persecutions because of their religious principles. Tlte exact date of the coming of the first _missionary O"f this creed is not known, but it must have been just b~fore or after the Civil War. As early as 1869, Franklin D. Haymore; Allen, Zachariah, and Rufus Taylor, James Madison. Hiatt, and their 191 CIIURCH ORGANIZATION families made the long journey to the territory of Desert, which territory later became the state of Utah. Some time later Isaac and E. Frank Hiatt, and :Pixie Hiatt left Surry county and went to Utah. Most of these emigrants returned later to the community of their birth and have continued their sublime faith in the teachings of this church. By 1890 the members of this faith increased and, the regular leaders were John H. Jones, James Monroe Shelton, Jacob F. Hiatt, and J. Monroe Hiatt. Mr. J. Monroe Shelton was superintendent of Sunday School for more than thirty years. When the membership reached about seventy-five, efforts were begun to erect a church in 1911. This building was located at Sheltontown on the road between 1\1:ouut Airy and W estfleld. On August 25, 1912 the North Carolina Conference of the Church was held at Sheltontown "'ith Elder Charles A. Callis of the Southern States l\ilission presiding. At a Conference held on ~ay 21, 1931 Elder George Albert Smith, of the Quorum of Twelve Apostles, who lives in Salt· Lake City, Utah, was present. At the l>resent time the membership of this denomination is over one hundred and fifty .1 The Episcopalians about Mount Airy first banded together in 1890, holding services in Miss Belle Graves' old school house on Rockford Street, but construction was begun on the church within a few years. The cornerstone of the present Trinity Episcopal church was laid in 1896. Among the pio neers of this denomination were Mr. Thomas Fawcett, 1\1:rs. Mary L. Fawcett, Mrs. M. L. F. Armfield, Miss Belle Gravea, and Messrs. Thomas Woodruff, Sr., Thomas Woodruff, Jr., Frank Woodruff, and George Woodruff. The Pentecostal Holiness Church, organized in 1916, first held its meetings in the hall over the Welch D_epartment Store on South Main Street.· In 1917 Rev. John Goins erected a 1 The information on · the establishment and growth of Ute Mormons was given by Mi:. David L. Hiatt, Mount, Airy, N. O. · 192 CHURCH ORGANIZATION ,vooden church on Durham Street, and in 1931 a largo build ing was constructed on Rockford Street. This denomination has meeting places in other parts of the county. . In the summer of 1919 Father Alfonso Buss organized the Catholics of the county. The Catholic Church, the Church of the H~ly Angel, was erected in 1921. The membership in this church has increased rapidly under the guiding hand of Father Adler. 193 CHAPTER NINETEEN NEWSPAPERS One of the most influential powers •iu the shapin·g the policies of the county is the ne,vspaper. From a very early period after. the discov.ery of tlie printing press the desire for news gave ris_e to the issuing of ncnvspapers .of some type. The people and politicians have long known the ·desirabil~ty of courting the favor of this important part of our modern civilization. For the individual it has atrorded ·a convenient ,vay of spreading ideas of government, the rights of the people against the attempts of encroachment hy officials ,vhen these rights are in danger. In the news columns serious problems of the day are discussed and often a suggestion is n1ade to correct the evils ,vhich may be complained of. The founders of tl1e Republic regarded the rights of a free press o~ such vast importance that every safeguard was incorporated in the Constitution to provide for free discussion of all public ques tions in the columns of the press. . To the average individual of the present time a newspailer is regarded as an indispensable part of his home life. From a ne,vs sheet he 1nay, during l1is leistire time, glean the chief events of the world. The business of collecting news, and conveying it to the vast number of anxious readers, is one of the great industries of the country; and certainly, a business ,vhich exacts the greatest demands for accurate reporting in order that the readers may form a clear understanding -·of the problems which .confront the people. Yet, there is another angle of ne\\1spaper obligations ,vhich has become firmly established in the minds of the readers. It '195 NEWSPAPERS is the privile·ge of using the news cohunns as an open forum, where the individual may write his personal opinion on mat ters of importance and expect to be accorded an opportunity to be heard by all, provided his statements are not in viola- tion of a statute. · The political phase of ne,vspaper activity has been kno,vn, and used for a long time by all political factions. It is an efficient ,veapon for use by parties ~n po,ver, or the party "'hich has been banished from popular favor. The paper affords a convenient way for 'the dissemination of various party policies, and at the same time is a ready vehicle for exposing the inefficiency of an official. It is true that the ne,vs may be so conveyed through the press that facts are distorted from their true setting, but such is the exception rather than the rule of the high standard of journalism. For many years Surry County was forced to rely upon publications outside of its territorial bounds for ne,vs events of the world. After diligent search the writer has been unable to find satisfactory proof as to the exact year ,vhen a press was established in the county. During the period of financial and agriculturial depression after the Civil War, namely in 1874, "the first newspaper of the county was issued by J. T. Brown, and was known as the ''Mount Airy Ne,vs. '' This paper ,vas Democratic in its political attitude and was very instrumental in restoring the county to conservative policies when the State was in control of the radical Republicans ,vith W.W. Holden as l~ader. The source of information in regard to this first paper is very indefinite. As to the number of years it ,vas issued there is no record, and as to what became of the enterprising editor no trace has been found. There is certainly a ,vealth of information to be obtained from the old papers ,vhich must be stored a,vay in some homes ,vithin the limits of Surry County, and if properly cared for by tbe public library will prove a gold mine of useful information for investigators of the county. 196 NEWSPAPERS The papers of the period between 1874 and 1900 were naturally more or less violently partisan, the one party strug gling to discredit the officeholders, and the party in po,ver attempting to maintain its supremacy. , . During the critical years of 1877-78 when the troubles of the farming class were demanding relief from too rapid expansion of the manufacturing class, this county was being served by two newspapers. '' The Surry Visitor'' was pub lished at Mount Airy by l\fr. J. M. Brower. This publication was, evidently, very instrumental in conveying the owner's political policies, because during the life of the paper he was elected to the United States Congress from the fifth congres sional district of North Carolina. A few years ago (1929) when Mr. Tom Bro,ver's home was destroyed by fire a com plete file of this publication was lost. At the same time that Mr. J. M. Brower was editor of "The Surry Visitor," a lVIr. Charles Harryman ,vas edit ing the "Mount Airy Watchman." This paper upheld the D;,•lnoc~1·atic policies within the county. Again, the writer is f .>reed to state regrets at the inability to secure copies of the publication.1 In 1880 the '' l\fount Airy Times'' was edited by Thomas L. Henritze. As to the t:ype of paper it " 1as, the follo,ving sen tences are quoted from its prospectus : '' We hope to be able to give those who become our patrons a live readable ne,vs paper; and no labor or expense will be spared_ to bring the TIMES fully up to that standard. IN POLITICS it will be Conservative-Democratic, and will be devoted· to the advance ment of that party in Surry and surrounding counties. Believ ing as we do that the true theory, and only proper 'foundation for our government is the right of the States to govern then1- selves as to their local affairs, restricted only by the Constitu tion, and the " 1ill of the majority lawfully expressed, we shall earnestly advocate that principle. Deeming the PEOPLE the Government, and the officers thereof simply their serva~1ts, ,ve shall esteen1 it a duty to criticise such acts as do not see1n 1 Brnnson's North Carolinn Directory, 1887·8, 197 NEWSPAPERS to be in accordance with, or such as are calculated to ,vork against their interests.' '2 Information as to the length of time the paper was published is not available. By August, 1892 the "Yadkin Valley Ne,vs" ·was issuing its -thirteenth volume with George P. Pell as editor and O\\'ner. The sheet was a nine column issue, and boasted of a cii;cula tion of 2,500 subs~ribers. It was Democratic in its political afflliation.3 Some time later the publication passed into the hands of MT. Hay,vood who after a few years' -effort among the Surry people sold his printing business to P. D, Hamer. In the year 1896 the '' Mount Airy Ne,vs'' was edited and owned by W. J. Boylin. The town of Elkin was also support ing a newspaper kno\\1n as the '' Elkin Times, '' a Democratic ,veekly and edited by W. B. Bell. With. the beginning of the t"wentieth century this county "'as ·supporting three weeklies r namely, the '' Mount Airy News''; the '' Elkin Times''; and the '' Pilot News,,' the latter being the first appearance of a paper in the town· of Pilot Mountain. This sheet was edited by H. H. Lowery who sold his holdings in 1903 to John E. Hart. Up until 1905 the · "Mount Airy Ne,vs" was controlled by T. J. Lowery, when t~e present owner, J. E. Johnson disposed of his "Elkin· Times" publication to T. M. George. The same year J. E. Albright launched the '' Mount Airy Leader'' as a semi ,veekly paper. The following year it ,vas changed to a "'eekly. In 1906 the newspaper in Pilot Mountain changed hands and began to appear as the "Pilot Courier," under the direc tion of W. G. Howlett. The next year Elkin was supporting two papers: namely, the '' Elkin Times" and a new publica tion known as the '' Elkin Enterprise,'' edited by T. J. Robert son. In 1909, T. B. Garner began to issue the "liount Airy Breeze," the first daily to be issued in the county. It was all its name implied. This publication continued to blow away until a sudden calm struck it in the late fall of 1910. The first paper to be edited in Dob~on was issued in 1910 under the name of "Dobson Saturday News,'' the sheet being - . 2 Oopy in wrlt.cr's J:,ossessfon bearing date July 8, 1880, vol. 1, No. 21. 8 Copy in wri.;cr's possession bearing date Aug-ust 18, 1892, vol. 18, No. 7. 198 NEWSPAPERS o,vned by R. F. Reynolds. The follo,ving year the '' Dixie l\f ethodist '' entered the field as a religious paper with Rev erend D. ,r. Price as editor. About this same time_ Neal Hennis issued a tri-"1eekly magazine proclaiming the advantages of this section of the state. Some time during 1812, R. J. Le,vellyn secured the '' Elkin Enterprise" and changed its name to the "Elkin Tribune." The f ollo,ving year the '' Elkin Times''· and the '' Dobson Saturday Ne"'s '' stopped. _Shortly after the close of the World War the "l\iount Airy Times'' ,vas taken over by Joseph Carter and the sheet's name ,vas changed to the '' Renfro Record. '' After a year and a half existance in l\folint Airy the paper was combined ,vith the '' Elkin Tribune'' and the place of publication trans ferred to Elkin. This publication stopped soon after the transfer. Mr. Westmoreland soon secured the subscription list and equipment of the defunct paper and began to issue the "Mot1nt Airy Times." It continued under this o,vnership for over a year, then th~ controlling "interests were secured by ·Judson Ashby. Under his 1nanagement the paper has oper ated successfully to the present time. At the present time '' The Elkin Tribune'' holds the trophy cups as the best ne\\'Spaper in North Carolina outside the daily field. A just tribute to the management of C. S. Foster and If. F. Laffoon. 199 CHAPTER TWENTY SOCIAL GROUPS The social order of the pioneers in Surry County has been recounted in· chapter four. By the outbreak of the Revolu tionary War the people of the county had become more or less grouped into classes as were to be found in the eastern part of the state. Such a condition was in keeping with the British laws and customs, and in conformity with the accepted ideals of the age. There were at h~ast five separate classes of society dis cernible within the borders of the county, namely; the large land holding farmers, the small farmers, tradesmen, inden tured servants, and the negro slaves. To this list might be added an office holding group which was in a rapid process of formation, fostered by the appointive system for county offices; besides there were no restrictions upon the number of offices a person could hold at the same time. 1\1:ost of the large land holders and officers espoused the patriot cause "'hen the conflict with the mother country broke ; while the majority of the small farmers had been co"'ea, by the oath required of them following the battle of Alamance, and remained faithful to· that pledge for some years of tl1e ,var. As the war progressed the more democratic elements of the population secured control of the county and state representation and put through a series of social reforms embodied in the Regulator demands, and the conceptions of mankind as voiced by Voltaire and Rousseau. By 1784 the social structure of the county had. been completely meta morphosed and the set of officials and influential families had to a great extent been relegated to positions of insignificance. 201 SOCIAL GROUPS The la,vs of primogeniture ,vere swept aside, escheats were done away ,vith, the laws of inheritance ·were completely over turned by the legislative acts of 1784 and 1795. The suffrage Ia,vs were made more democratic than ever before, and the list of public officials chosen by popular vote was lengthened. Now let's revie"' the census reports for the years 1790 to 1830. According to the first census there were 3,293 white . males, 3,188 ,vhite females, 17· .indentured servants, and 698 negro slaves. In 1800 the white ·male population ,vas 4,409.; white females 4,160; 21 free negroes, and 1,095 negro slaves. The indentured servants had disappeared from the govern ment reports. In this census is recorded a decided drop in the male population· between the ages of sixteen and t"'enty six years-evidently, the males ,vere migrating to Tennessee and I{entucky. In the first and second census the male popu lation was much greater than the female numbers in the county which sho,vs a true frontier condition. In 1810 the ,vhite males numbered 4,061; the females 4,752; free negroes 84, and slaves 1,469, totaling a representative population of 10,366. This census reveals the females ·"'ere about double the· number of males under ten years of age, while the 1nen between sixteen and twenty-six years of age ,vere remaining at home in large numbers. 'l'he fourth census showed a continued predominence of women over men. The most striking figures are to be found in the report that there were only 139 males between tbe age of sixteen and eighteen. The male population ,vas 5,435 ; female, 5,747; free negroes, 105; and negro slaves, 1,355, all totaling a representative population of 12,320. The census for 1830 reported 6,284 white males ; 6,281 fem ales ; 185 free negroes, and 2,026 negro slaves.1 There were no blind persons or persons of foreign birth ; there were six deaf and dumb persons; eleven persons were a hundred years old, and three had passed the century mark. Between the ages of fifteen and t,venty years of age there was a decided drop· in numbers. The increase in the nu~bers of slaves is apparent. 1 These figures nre tnkon from the ce11suses for 1790, 1800, 1810 1820 and 1890. . 202 SOCIAL GROUPS By the dawn of the nineteenth century the people of the · county ,vere busily engaged in trying to apply the principles of Jeffersonian democracy to tl!eir daily lives. The constant drift to the ,vest, of the young and aggressive elements of the population retarded the full development of a lively social order. There arose by degrees a governing class of Jeffersonian disciples who met frequently at the county courts and deter mined the· policies to be fostered in their respective sections of the county. The poor and illiterate farmers readily accepted the gullible doctrines as pronounced by the social and political elite. The continued increase of slaves -within the county aided materially in building up an aristocracy based upon posses sion of land and negroes. By the opening of the Civil War this group had reached the stage of hereditary intelligentsia. Out of this group Jesse and Meshack Franklin actively espoused the cause of the common people, for advancement in political equality and education, in face of determined opposition of their social peers. The winning of the free uni "ershl suffrage paved the way for a social and political up heaval under President Andre,v Jackson's leadership. This in turn gave the people of the county a chance to declare themselves on the question of public education which was readily voted for in spite of determined opposition of the landed elite. The census reports for 1840 and 1850 reveal the rapid rise of a new element in the county ,s social structure. The growt~ of villages afforded opportunitr for merchants and p1•of essionals, and by the decade of the 50 's the factory o,vner was included in tbis new social group.1 As has been stated ht chapter thirteen the ~mall· farmer joined the mercha11t~pro fessional-manuf acturer combination to maintain political supremacy from 1848 until the Civil War. 'rhe termination of the war found the old social groupings completely wrecked. Slavery, the main support of the old 2 The source mnterinl used for statement, given from this point untiJ accounts of conditions In the 90's are based· upon letters, tax receipt books, legal papers and newspapers which are in possession of the author. These papers coter tit~ period from 1880 to 1880 i the majority ot which cover the decade before tho Oh•ll \Var and following decade, 208 SOCIAL GROUPS regime, ,vas s,vept away forever. The landed estates were practically impossible of operation under free labor. The for tunes of the middle classes, invested in Confederate securities and money, were forever blotted out by Federal enactments. The Congressional Reconstruction measures kept the social status within the county in a state of flux and turmoil for over- a decade. To illustrate this period of social metamorphosis the fol lo,ving incidents are submitted. In the northeast p~rt of the county a manufacturer became desirous of political power and proceeded to organize the recently freed slaves and poor ,vhites into a military company which he called the Red Strings. The group met every Saturday at the mills and then marched over the dusty roads of the township ; with no other object in view than to tantilize the former slave owners. The tax books of this era show that many members of the elite families were engaged in occupations which were designated as second class peddlers. Out of the travail there "'as born a social and political union bet,veen the aristocratic land owners and the merchant professional-manufacturer group in order to defeat the com- plete mastery by the ex-slaves and landless whites in the new social order. By 1876 the negro problem had been successfully re!\;~ ~t43d to a social strata less threatening to public welfare. When t}. i, was accomplished the large land owners found themseh ~s being forced to financial and social ruin through the opera tion of the crop lien system in vogue during the last quarter of the nineteenth century. The majority of the large estates passed into the hands of the m~rchants and professionals who had easier means of securing ready cash. Many of the smaller farmers were able to increase their holdings through their training in economic farming prior to the Civil War when they had to compete with slave labor. During this interchange in the social status of the people there is discernible in the records a distinct drift toward tbe towns of Mount Airy, Elkin, and Pilot Mount~in, and the larger cities of the state. Many persons left the state and started life anew in the western states. Some of those entering 204 SOCIAL GROUPS the towns were able to establish themselves "'ith the mer chant-professional-manuf~cturer group, but the majority of those ·entering had to content themselves ,vith joining the class of mill ·workers. As the more ambitious of the farmers moved to the to,vns their places were taken by tenant farn1ers, who as time has progressed have proven more and more unsatisfactory. At the present time· the tenants threaten to undermine the farming structure of the county. To illustrate this trend: for the years 1910-~5 there was an- increase of 17 percent in tenancy with the county occupying forty-fourth place hi the state; this in spite of the fact that the number of farms increased 8.9 per cent during the same period. By the end of tl1e first decade of the t,ventieth century a decided change bad taken place . in the popular mind for women ,vorking in the stores and mills. So pronounced "'as this change that the daughters of the rich actively sought employ ment in the stores and mills in co1npetition ,vith the girl from the factory district. Such conditions freed the women from home drudgery and at the same time opened up a new phase of social democracy. Between 1910 and 1925 greater emphasis has been given to the public health throughout the county. No longer is an epidemic regarded as a visitation of the wrath of God, but is considered as a public menace requiring action to suppress as ,veil as prevention in the future. The first county health officer was Dr. L. W. Williams-elected in 1921. At the present the duties or this department are regarded as indis pensible. The determination of the farmers to be aided and in structed in the better methods of farming compelled the county commissioners to establish the office of farm demon strator. So in 1915 Mr. J. W. Johnson ,vas selected because of his successful use of modern methods of farming. Since the World War the people of the county have taken a greater interest in public ,velfare; especially the youths and the destitutes. Mr. Yancy Devenport of Rockford, N. C., in augurated this department of social work. 205 SOCIAL GROUPS · After many years of agitation a public library was opened in l\'[ount Airy in 1930. The scope of this library is unique in that the people of the entire county are privileged to make use of its books. In fact, it can be classed as interstate, because the people of th,3 adjoining counties of Virginia are sharing in its benefits and pleasures. Since 1910 there has been a decided tendency for the Dlanufacturers and professionals to assume the leadership in society, ,vhile the agrarians and ·mill ,vorkers forming the more populous division, but kept in such strained. financial circumstances, are unable to dictate the course of public p'olicy. 'l'he merchants are more and more receding from their posi tion of po,ver, and under the economic pressure of the times many stand in danger of being relegated to a position ,vith the proletariat. The rise of the 1nanufacturers to leadership has been accompanied by a consistent application of devices to keep the ,vorkers docile and submissive. As the fortunes of the employers are enlarged, the position of the mill worker becomes more strained and approaches the hand to mouth existence-a peril fra.ugh,t with dire possibilities for a democ racy, ,vhen considered in the light of social service and standards of living as taught the new generation. The collapse of the industrial prosperity in the ·fall of 1929 and spring of 1980 created a panic and for the next few years one of the ,vorst depressions in the history of the country held sway. The farmer at the beginning of 1929 began to feel the lessening value of his crops, and during the first years of the depression ·the mill workers ,vere forced to submit to repeated wage cuts ,vith the accompaning lowering of the standards of living. Not until 1982 did the manufac turers find themselves confronted with a definite curtailment of yearly incomes and a desperate struggle to maintain con tinued operation of their mills. During these years of depression the banking institutions of the county pursued a policy of extreme caution. Such a course protected the depositors and at the same time estab lished large cash surpluses. The stringency in the money market automatically caused longer and longer lists of tax 206 SOCIAL GROUPS delinquents to appear, and many 1nortgage foreclosures resulted. Siwh a critical stage had been reached in the do,vn ,vard s,veep of real estate values that the governing bodies found it next to impossible to obtain revenues to meet flnan cial obligations. The ·industrial oligarchy appa1·ently has overshot the mark ju mass production. The human element "'as ruthlessly pushed aside in the universal scramble for dividends. There is discerna ble among the people a spirit of radical ism, a revolution as to the rights of industry and the po,vers and obligation of government ,vhich ,vill provide every person a fair "'age and steady employment. This tendency is decid edly socialistic and presages a distinct movement of govern mental policies toward the left. This effort at socialization of government is not DP\\' ·for the county or state, as a hasty glance at past records ,vill show : the acceptance of the Regulator doctrines in the first State Constitution; the legal revolution regarding inheri tance and escheats in 1784 and 1795; the constitutional reforms of 1885 and 1887 ; the social reforms arising from the destruction of slavery; the Bourbon Democracy follo"'ing the election of 1876, the golden age of the small business man; the ascendency of the industrial-professional group since the flrst decade of the t,ventieth century. 207 MISCELLANEOUS FACTS The speeches contained herein were taken from a ne\\1s paper clipping found in the "Scrap Book'' belonging to the local chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy. The talks were made at the time .the silk flag, made of shawls, was presented to Captain J. C. Norman's company on April 16, 1862. The flag was presented by Miss M. Gert.rude Bitting. Her speech is as follows : '' Soldiers-The invader has polluted the soil of our O\\'n state with his unhallowed tread. Her daughters-our sisters are flying from his approach, leaving behind them the dear homes which their tastes have adorned, and seeking shelter and safety among our hills and mountains. Their suffering and the voice of patriotism calls upon all brave and manly hearted sons of the Old North State from the surf-beaten shore to the mountain top, and implore them to rush to arms and shield her daughters from insult and injury, and to maintain ,vith all their former glory their own liberty and independence. You have nobly responded to your country's call and have shown yourselves worthy sons of the heroes of the Old Revolution, ,vhilst the craven hearted, detested of ,vomari and scorned of men, skulk from their duty, ashamed of their dastardly cowardice. You have sho,vn ·yourselves true patriots, actuated by those high and noble aspirations, which have made the heroes of history, men delight to honor. 'I1o you we commit this flag made by our o,vn bands. Every piece of it is connected with s01ne past association pleasing to us, but no past pleasure has been so great, as that ,vill be, which ·we will feel when we know that under its folds you have gallantly met the foe and taught him its motto is no idle "'ords. Teach bitu that conquering you co1ne. Yes, go on unfaltering to victory. If you fall, 1nothers, ,vives, and friends ,vill weep; but if you return in triumph the cro,vn of honor shall be. yours, and the fairest garland ,vornan 's hand can twine shall deck your brow. '' Then advance the flag of Dixie, '' And conquer peace for Dixie. '' 209 l\lISCELLANEOUS FACTS Captain Norman's response upon receiving the flag: '' Miss Bitting-Permit me through you to tender to the ladies who have honored us with this flag, my thanks and" th~ thanks of these soldiers who have placed me in a position which authoriies me to speak for them. It is my determination and I kno·w it is the determination of every man of this company to stand by that flag so long as one hand is left to uphold it. The name which you have given us is appro priate. We are 'Farmer Boys,' our hands have grasped the plo,v handle ; "'e are sons of the soil and are the refore the more fondly attached to it. When the foot of the foe, as you have said, polluted it; when the cry of its helpless daughters, fleeing from a brutal invader reached us "'e could no longer remain at home. Although we have social and familiar ties as strong as others; although we love the endearments of our o,vn hearthstones as fervently as others, yet "'e forsake all these and stake our all to do or die for our country. ''It is painful indeed to ru'.dely break a ,vay from these loved objects around which our heartstrings have been t,vin ing. It is hard to leave home, ,vife, children, and friends, Yet it is better to leave all and drive back the invader than to see him overrun our country; reduce us to bonds and servitude, and oppress and insult our mothers, ,vives, and children. We go. '110 you, people of Surry, ,vho remain behind "'c leave every thing that is dear to man-our wives, our sisters, ou1• mothers, our all. It is for you to see that they do not suffer. In the hour of our trial if we kno,v you are not doing your duty, it ,vould be to s11ppose us more than mortals i£ it did not unnerve our arms and cause our hearts to qunil. To yon ,vho remain behind a work is left.· The country can spare none for idleness and ease. '' Corn must be planted and cultivated. Provisions must be raised. You must work ,vith more than usual interest. Men cannot fight without being fed. How can men_ have the heart to serve their country cheerfully if they know their families are suffering for want of bread? Drive ont from among you that ,vorse than idle class, the spec1Hators, ,vho are trading in the very life blood of their country. They are enemies of the very worst kind; far better they . ,,,ere in Lincoln's army.. 210 MISCELLANEOUS FACTS I think I begin to see brighter skies ahead. We are becoming more united. The few disloyal men who ,vere in our midst have become reconciled ; and here permit me to call your attention to the truth that the women of the South l1ave ahvays been true. They have evinced and are still sho,ving patriotism never surpassed and rarely if ever ·equalled. You have heard of Lincoln men, but never of Lincoln ,,,omen. Yon have heard of men still clinging to an Old l;Jnion, broken and destroyed more than a year ago, but you never hear of any such Union ,vomen. Although I will not undertake to say, that after peace is conquered, some of them may not favor a union." These facts arc taken fro1n North Carolina, Economic and Social by HOBBS. (Copyright by The University of North Carolina Press) Percent of land area classed as crop land in 1925 was 25.0% to 29.9%, Mean annual temperature is 56 degrees. Mean annual precipitation is 55 inches. Percent of white population in 1920 ,vas from 90.1% to 99.5%, Increase in farms from zero to 9,8%, Decrease in the number of negro farms from 8,9% to 20.0%, . Of all agricultural wealth produced by tobacco i_n 1920 was fl'om 45% to 65.9%. Milk and ~eat animals units per fal'm in 1925 was 1.99%. Percent of farms operated by tenants in 1925 was between 22.5% and 34%. Percent of tenant increase was between 1.7% and 38.3%. The va]ue of factory products was beween 3 million and 10 million. Bank resources per inhabitant in 1925 was between $100.08 and $146. Per capita wealth listed for taxation in 1926 was between $800 and $994. Number of inhabitants per square mile was between 45 and 90 in 1920. Percent in population inoreaso in 1920 between 5% and 15%. Percent in population increase {rural) in 1920 between 5% and 15%, Death rate of infants under one year old in 1P25 was 85.4%. -211 MISCELLANEOUS FACTS Value of mineral procluction in 1927 was $1,468,113, the county 1·ankecl first in the state. Marriages per divorce in 1926 and 1927, rank 31, 22.5%, Increase in farms 1910-25, farms 4,567, increase 8,9%, Increase in farm tenancy 1910-25, tenants 1,516, rank 44, increase 17%, Decrease in negro farmers 1910-25, farmers 241, rank 70, decrease 8,7%, . 1':feat and milk animals per farnt' 1925, number 8,936, rank 66, 1.86%, :Poocl and feed supplies 1920, deficit $3,110,000, rank 62, self feed ing 48%, Negro farmers owning farms, 1·ank 22, 63.7%, Industry 1927, number of establishments 45, workers 2,875, wages $2,389,000, manufacturers $4,269,743, value of output $8,890,227. Bank resources per inhabitant, rank 35, resources $4,252,000, per capita $127.12. Automobiles per inhabitant 1928, cnrs 4,975, rank 35, per capita 6,9%, Assessed valuation 1926, value $28,431,661, rauk 41, por capita $830. Assessed valuation and taxes 1927, value $29,877,583, rank 11, total tax $283,633, rate $1.15, average rate $1.28. Federal income taxables 1920, number of returns 320, runk 20, return per inhabitant 107. Public debt 1928, county wide $1,323,600, district nncl township $577,000, per amount of valuation 6.8%, city and town $1,456,475, rank 31, percont valuation 10.9%, County wide population in 1920, 1·ank 31, percent 75.2%. Rank of rural white schools 1926-27, rank 96, per cont 45%. General property value per school ehlld in average daily atten- dance 1928-29, rank 45, value $4,446. Instruction 6ervice cost per white rural pupil 1926-27, rank 09, cost $16.21. White high school graduates 1926-28, rank 90, gra.duatcs 231, ave1· age enrolled per cont of graduates 84%. Illiterate white males in 1920, rank 96, 18.7%-in 1020, 23.2% ht 1910. Reading 8 magazines 1924, r.ank 52, inhabitants 1>or magazine 25.11%, Death rate, white nnd · ncg1•0 1925, · 1·nnk 76, white 11.0%, uegl'o 20.3%. 212 MISCELLANEOUS FACTS Infant and matori1al mortality 1925, rank 76, maternal 5.0%, infant 91.1%. Births attended by midwives 1925, · rank 41, per cent negro ·,n.05, white 13. 75%, · General hospital beds 1926, r.ank 20, population per bed 490 .. EDUCATION, Per pupil cost-rural, white, 666; rank, 99. Rural school expense-per child, 1926-27; rank, 88. · Rural white school attendance; 1926-27; · rank, 94. Scholarship-white, rurnl, teachers; rank, 99. School libraries-volumes; rank, 99. Length of term rural-white, 1924-25; rank, 96. White high school graduates 1927; rank, 85. Rank of school system; rank 96. Rank in 1·eading magazine; rank, 52. College enrollment-per 10,000, white population; rank, 75. White illiterates-females 1920; rank, 90. White illiterates-male 1920; rank 96. POPULATION Per cent increase-1910-20; rank, 50. Per cent· population in town-1920; rank, 31. Per cent township losses-1910-20; rank, 63. Per cent white population-rank, 17 Per cent white farms-rank, 19. Supreme court prosecution-1,000 white, 1923-24;. rank, 66. Superior court convictions-per 1,000, 1923-24; rank, 6~. HEALTH Deaths-per 1,000 h1 1923; rank, 46. White death rate-1925; rank, 76. Infant mortality rate-1925; rank, 76. Per c~nt white births attended-midwives, 1925; rank, 41. Inhabitants per doctor-rank, 44., Population per hospital-rank, 20. AGRICULTURE Per cent land area cultivated, 1920-rank, 33. Cultivated acres per farm, 1920-rank 63, Increase and decrease farms, 1910-25-rank, 52. Crop production per farm worker, 1920-rank, 04. Per cent farms by owner, 1925-rank, 43. 213 SURRY SOLDIERS· OF OUR WARS ~er cent white owners of farms, 1920-rank, 40. Farm property per farm, 1920-rank, 54. Farm implements per .larm, 1920-rank in state, 48. Ldve stock value· per farm, 1920-rank in state, 98. Food and feed supply, 1920-rank in state, 62. · . Per cent farms buying stock feed; 192()-:.rank in state, 82 .. Meat and milk animale per farm, 1925-rank in state, 83. Per cent farms on good roads, 1925-rank in state, 19. MUSTER ROLL OF SOLDIERS OF THE WAR OF 1812 ' . SURRY SOLDIERS IN WAR OF 1812-14 EIGHTH REGIMENT. DETACHMENTS FROM 9, 10, AND 15 BRIGADES. Nathan Horton, Lieutenant Oolonel, Com. Merrit Burgin, First Major. Samuel De.vidson, Second Major. FIRST COMPANY. .. . . DETACHED.FROM FIRST ''S''. ··REGIMENT. Wm. McOraw, Captain Richard Reaves . John Shipp, First Lieutenant Ezekiel Desen Bernard Franklin, 2nd Lieutenant Wm. Holder William Potter, Ensign Chas. Combe Eleon G. Moore, Cadet Joseph Moncus · Seward McCraw PRIVATES: Elijah Muncae Bailey Johnson Jesse Howard John Parish Solomon Griffith Chas. Bryant Wm. Smallwood David· Gerwin John Gl'iffith Rolph Holifield Samuel Mccraw Joseph Cartwright Calvin Robertson Benjamin Baker Henry Sparger Isaac Puckett Isaac Holbrook Martin Forkner William · Vest Joshua Garrett Thomas Bray Samuel .Laurence Benjamin Oummin Daniel Beece Dudley Reynolds• Lewis Raper Daniel Barker Gentry Hodges Ephriam Stone William Hodges John Watson John Ryan James Graves Thomas Ketchon Moses Smith Thomas A. Ward Peter Graves Jonathan Reynolds Richard White. Micajah Reaves· . Robert Barber Watson Holfield Canway Stone .. 214 SURRY SOLDIERS OF OUR WARS SECOND COMPANY FROM 2ND SURRY REGIMENT. Samuel Speer, Captain Wm. Spelman Thomae D. Kelly, Jet Lieutenant Anen Willard Bowen Whitlock, Ensign Jesse Folbert ,John KeJJy, Jr., Cadet David Anthony PRIVATES: ,John Parks Asa Dinkins Thomas Osbourom Wm. D. Kelly Stephen Wood . Isaac Jones Solomon. J phneton Francis Moreland Joseph Phinney Samuel Goff • James Harris Thomas Oliver Robert Lyon Strin'{erman Johnston Thomas Dyal Abraham Wooten James Lakey ,T oshua Angel Archer Poindexter Wm. Sparks J oeeph Lovill Joel Patterson Joseph Hickman Daniel Teasly Ephriam Williams George Speer Jonathan Pendry Robert Martin John Martin Edward Lovill Jesse Chinn John Logan James Pilcher .roshua Pumm Johnston Linds~y William Pigg Willie Dickinson ,Jacob Shouse Thomas Kell Garrett Mabaly Jonathan Roses William Brown John Sutliff · Benjamin Howard John McDonald Edmund Swenny Riehard .9ook Wm. Frady William Holloman MUSTER ROLL OF THE DETACHED MILITIA ORGANIZED IN AUGUST 1814. SURRY COUNTY FIRST REGIMENT PRIVATES: James Roberts, Jr. David }Teeman Elijah Aubury · .r oseph Bunham J esee P.richet Henry Bray Wm. Golden Joseph Chandler l{athew ·navis Ezekiel Kenny Robert Ship. ,John M. Fleming .Tames Oockeram James Bray James Smyth· Wm. B. Mccraw Wm. Paul 215 SURRY SOLDIERS OF OUR WARS Jesse Burch Achibus Key Lemuel B. Jones Littleton Isbell John Oollins James Harrison John Whitlock Lawrence Morris Jacob Jones Charles Hunn Wm. Car James McDonald Jesse Lam R-ichard Studard Jesse Peal Daniel Griffith James Martin Zachariah Clandler Edmund Fleming Barnard Franklin Joel Canada Mordecia Fleming Andrew Willie Wm. Williams· Wm. Marsh Coleby Cruid, Jr. Thomas Franklin Abraham Cruid Wni. Holifyeld Hail Snow James 1.-,itzgerald Thomas Snow Asa Earley Charles Tucker Wm. Aulberty Jntnes Smith, Jr. Wm. Whitaker Solomon Center Isaac Whitaker Isaac Bartlett Barajah Reynolds Elijah Thompson David Love Michael Teag James Rorden Enoch Stone John Thompson Aaron Anders Stephen Potter Isaac Winfrey Henderson Thompson James Kyle Lewis Forkner Jacob D'obbins Isaac Norman Jesse Jones Jeremiah Borden John Thompson Robert Blackville Jesse Whitaker John Marsh SUR-RY COUNTY SECOND REGIMENT Abner Carmichall, Captain Samuel Speak John Welch, Lieutenant Charles Davis PRIVATES: John Parks George Hudspith Benj. Brewer Richard W alkcr George Tipps Wm. PC>tty John ·Brown, Jr. George De bode Wm. Sparks Willie Hays John Castephan Daniel Brand)o N cal Bohannon Henry }iillar Joshua Carter Aaron N ooton Isaac Vestal 216 SURRY SOLDIERS OF OUR WARS Joseph Carter ,T ohn McGuire Benny Patterson Peter Sprinkle George Hobson Stephen Denny Jona than Hinshaw Joshua Fenny Lewis Wyles Nathan Ratcliff Henry Hoots Jonathan Ratcliff John Frady Wm. Hunt Charles Stedman, Jr. A bra ham Swain Frederic May Davis Bagley John Rutledge Hawkins Cook Mathew Johnson Nicholas Oook Edm11nd Lovelape Hempley Hart Wm. Eaperson Jesse Collins Henry Pearce John South an Benj. Pitell Levy Johnson Joel Sparks . Thomas Hampton Edmund Philips Wm. Lane Isaac J arrat Benj. Glenn· Francis A. Poindexter Bennett Philips ,James Ball Henry Shore Benj. Kelly Wm. Robertson John Spillman George Ball Henry Skidmore Francis Moreland John Pilcher Giles Coe Thomas Thornton Peter Vest PENTIONERS IN SUR.RY COUNTY IN 1840 FOR REVOLUTIONARY OR MILITARY SERVICES. Age Age Wm. Going ...... 78 Perry Chinn ...... 77 Morris R.icharcls ...... 79 '\\'idow Eliz. Apperson ...... 77 John Reaves ...... 79 John Marler ...... 82 J..,elix Vansant ...... 85 Wm. Allgoocl ...... 79 Edmund McKinney ...... 53 Daniel Coekram ...... 78 Benjamin Shinalt ...... 78 Reuben Bryant ...... 85 Robert Davis ...... 85 John Rose ...... 91 David Cockeran ...... 78 George Nix ...... 85 Thomas Wright ...... 82 J'ohn Angel ...... 79 PIDNSIONS ISSUED TO SURRY IN 1883 FOR SERVICES IN WAR OF 1812, Martha Horbour Martha Higgins Telitha Bray Martha C. Thompson Martha Estes Mary Auberry Martha T. Dunnirent Eliza beth Edwards Morening Southard Claramond Booker Martha Pike ~.,anny Childress Temperance Abbott Polly Whitaker Hempton Thompson Dudley Nichols 217 SURRY SOLDIERS OF OUR WARS 1\1:EXICAN WAR VETERANS This list is known to be incomplete. The persons from this county enlisted in the Smithville company, but there is no way to tell those from Surry in the book of Mexica~ War Veterans in the library at University of North Carolina. VETERANS W. A. Moore, served 1847-48, Jack Creasman (from Rome, Ga.), served 1847-48._. CIVIL WAR SOLDIERS FRO?\{ COMPANY "A", 28th REGIMENT Ol"'FIOERS Richard E. Reeves,. Captain, Cmmissioned May 4, 1861, Surry ·county, promoted to Major, September 21st, 1861. Wni. M. Norman, Captain, Commissioned September 21, 1861, Surry County, Transferred to Compa:ny ''A'' 2nd Regiment. · Romulus S. Folger, Captain, Commissioned September 20, 1861, Surry County, promoted from 1st Lieutenant. Edward F. Lovell, Captain, Commissioned April 9, 1862, Surry County, Promoted fro~ 2nd "W"·July, 1~63, Gettysburg. W. W. Norman, First Lieutenant, Coµimissioned May 4, 1861, Surry County, released July 6th, 1861. A. Dunnegan, First Lia,.itenant, Commissioned July 6, 1861, Surry County. . -n.omulus S. Folger, First Lieutenant, Commissioned J1..Jy 6, 1861, Surry County. E. T. Thompson, First Lieutenant, Commissioned September 20,,.1861, Surry County. · W. D. Laffoon, Second Lieutenant, Commi88ioned May 4, 1861, Surry c~~~ . L. H. Dobson, Second Lieutenant, Commissioned May 4, 1861, Surry County, released September 20, 1861. M. H. Norman, Seco~d Lieutenant, Commissioned September _20, 1861, Surry County, promoted September 22, 1863. Edwin F. Lovell, Second Lieutenant, Commissioned October 4, 1861, Surry County, promoted and W. James S. Snow, Second Lieutenant, Commissioned April 9, 1862, Burry County, released August 20, 1862. ' Franklin M. Nixon, Second Lieutenant, Commissioned September 21, 1862, Surry County, wounded June 27, 1862 at Gaines Mill. 218 SURRY SOLDIERS OF ouR ··w ARS . · NON·-COM·MISSIONED OFFICERS. Wm. M. Norman, 1st Sergeant,. enlisted May 4,· 18.61~ Surry County~ ·: . P., .Capt. Sept 25, 1861; H. D. Mosley, 2nd Sergeant, enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County, P., 2 Lieut., April 9, 1862. M, H .. Norman, 3rd Sergeant, enlisted May 4, · 1861, Surry County; P.) . C. Sept. 23, 1863. H. P. 'µoven, 4th Sergeant; enlisted May •4; -1861, .Surry County, P.) Sergeant. E. ;T .. Thompson; 5th Sergeant,· enlisted May 4,• ·1861, Su.rry .. Qounty~ James .8.. Snow, 1st ·Corp.oral, ·enlisted May. 4, · 1861, Surry.- County~ W. J. White, 2nd Corporal, enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry Oounty, R., . N o_v. 2, 1861. C. Cain, 3rd Corporal, enlisted May 4, 1861, Virginia, P., Ser-geant. W. T. Bennett, 4th ·Corporal/ enlisted· 'May ·4/ 1861, Surry County, D.~ . · January 16, 1861, Gettysburg. T. B. Bledsoe, Musician, enlisted May 4, 1861, · Surty County, Dg., May 1, 1862, C. T. Bray; M_usieian, enlisted May· 4, 1861,· Burry Couttty. PRIVATES Ar,.thony, H. G., enlisted May 4, 1861, S1,1rry Cc;,unty. Atkinson; C. H., enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County, P., Sergeant. ~tkins, Robert, .enlis.ted Maroh ·~8, 1862, Surry County, P~., .at ~,an-- over 0. H. Dee. 12~ 1862. · . . . Anson, Samuel, enlisted March 18, .1862, -Surry Col)nty. Ashburn, J. W., enlisted Maroh 18, 1862, Surry County. Ashburn, John, enlisted March 18., 1862, Surry· County, Dg., ·Oct. l, 1862, disability Alberty, L. B., enlisted, March 18, 1862, Surry County. Brannoeh, J'ames, ·enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County. Belton, James, enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County, Pr;, May 12, 1861. Buller, Joel, enlisted ¥ay 4, 1861, ·surrt County, D., March 11, 1862·. l3uller,· Edmund, enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County. Bunips, L. H., enlittted May 4, 1861, Virginia. Bobbitt~ Andrew ·J., enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry Ooµnty, D., Aug. 4, 1862, w. · . . Brinkley, J. H., enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry Oounty•. Bray, E. W., enlisted May 4,- l86lj Burry County, W. &· Pr.:, at Gettys• .burg, July 8, 1863. ·· · Bray Arthur, enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry Oounty. 219 SURRY SOLDIERS OF OUR WARS Bray, L. W., enlisted, Dg., July 17, 1861 for disability. Brown, James, enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County. Brown, Barnabus, enlisted March 18, 1862, Surry County, D., Dec. 1862 at Mt. Jackson. Benson, John W., enlisted March 18, 1862, Surry County. Blackwood, J. T., enlisted Marc~ 18, 186·2, Surry County, Pr., July a, 1863. Blackwood, Wm. s., enlisted Ma.rch 18, 1862, Surry Co_unty, P., 2nd Corporal & Pr., July 28, 1862, Bunus, Lee H., enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County, Pr., May· 6, 1864. Cockerham, C. C., enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County, Dg., May 12, 1864. Cockerham, ,vm. H., enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry Ccntnty, C., May 12, 1864. Cockerham, Jesse W., enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County. . · Cockerham, ,vm., enlisted Mny 4, 1861, Surry County, Dg., Dec. 14, 1861 at Wilmington. Cocklince, J1.11ius, enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County, Cunningham, N. F., enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County, W., at Chan• ce1lorsvi1le. Cunningham, W. F., enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County, C., May 12, 1864. Cunningham, S. ir., enlisted May 4, 18~1, Surry .County, D., :hfay _19, 1862 at Kinston. · · · Copeland, James M., enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry C6uttty, D., ·Jan. 8, _1862 at Wilmington. ·•· · · ' Copeland, Drury H., enlisted· May 4, 1861, Surry Couhty, Dg;, Dec.· i6, 1861 for disability. Cove, .John, enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County. Co11ins_, Hczekial W., enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County, Dg., Jan. 11, 1865. Collins, James M., enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County, Pr., at Han• over C. H. ChiJdress, John H., enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County. Chandler, A. J., enlisted May 4, 1861, S~rry County, I{., July 3, 1863, • Gettysburg. Childress, Hiram, enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County, Dg., June 20, 1863, disability. Childress, Stephen, enlisted Mny 4, 1861, Surry County. Coe, Arnold, enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County. Center, Wilson, enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County, K., at .Gettysburg. Chandler, John, enlisted May 4, 1861, .Surry County, Dg,_ 220 StJRRY SOLDIERS OF OUR WARS · Doves, Drewry R., enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County, D., Doc.· 29, 1861. Davis, W. J., enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County. Draughn, Isaac, enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County. Draughn, Wm., enlisted March 18, 1862, Surry County. Edwards, Daniel, enlisted March 18, 1862, Surry County, D., In hos- pital. Ellis, Henderson, enlisted Nov. 1, 1864, Surry County. Freeman, Mark H., May 4, 1861, Surry County, Dt. Folger, Romulus S., enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County. Folger, John, enlisted l{arch 18, 1862, Surry County, D., May 6, ·at Kinston. Fhey, Samuel C., enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry Count~. Fhey, John C., enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County. Fhey, Andrew ·J., enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry Cottnty. Gates, Albert L., enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County, W .. & Pr., at Gettysburg. Gates, Soloman G., enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County. Gates, Albert L., enlisted llay 4, 1861, Surry County. Golden, Thomas, enlisted March 4, 1861, Surry County, D., August 9, 1861, Richmond. Griggs, Wm. A., enlisted March 4, 1861, Surry County, D., Aug 15, 1863~ i>et01·sburg: . . . Gentry, Wiley B., enllsted March 4, 1861, Surry County, Dg., Aprit 14, 1862, disability. · Gentry, Jonathan, enlisted March 18, 1862, Surry County. Griffith, JAtnes H., enlisted March 4, 1'861, Surry County, Dg., Jan. 7, 1862, disability. Gates, Martin C., enlisted Feb. 28, 1868, Surry County. Glascoe, Calvin M., enlisted March 18, 1862, Surry County, D., Oct. 1, 1862, Richmond. Holyfield, C. C., enlisted May 4, 1861, ,Surry County. Holyfield, W. B., enlisted May 4, 1861, Su1·ry County, P., 1st Lieut., Sept. 23, 1861, R., Feb. 1862. Holyfield, Boyd, enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County, P., Sorgennt D., January 11, 1862. Hanis, Alfred L., enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County, Dg., Jan. 25, 1862. Hanis, Samuel B., enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County. Hodges, Tyra, enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County, W., Aug. 9, 1862, Cedar Run. Hodges, James R., enlisted May 4, 1861, Sm·ry County. 221 SURRY S-OLDIERS OF OUR WARS Hodges, IIenry, enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County, W., Aug. 9, 1862, Cedar Run. Hodges, P. Pleasant, oi1listed May 4, 1861, ~urry Coubty. Hodges, Joel W., enlisted March 18, 1862, Surry County. Hodges, J·oel W., enlisted March 18, 1862, 8\1:rry County, D., Sept. 1, . . .1862. ~awks, Wm., enlisted March 18, 1862, Surry County. Hawks, Dickerson, enlisted· March 18; 1862, Surry County. Hardy, John H., enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County, W·/ & Pr., at .Gettysburg •. ~older, _Jesse A,; enlisted March 18,, 1862, ·Surry · County, P.,. 4th Corporal. · Holder, James R., enlisted March 18, 1862; Surry -C(!unty. Harris, John, enlisted March. 18, · 1862,- Surry· County, Pr., :Hanover C. H. & D., Jan. 27, 1863, Va.. . Hill, Lorenzo H., enlisted March 18, 1862, St~rry County, Pr., Hnnov~r · na · Hiatt, Gec,rge W., enlisted March 18, _1862, Surry _County. Harrison, Patterson, enlisted March 18, 1862, Surry County,. P., 4th Sergeant. Hare, James E-., enlisted March 18, 1862, Surry. County,: W., Oct. 24, t862. Hudson, Martin C., en:listed March 18, 1862, Surry County. ~udson, James ~-, enlisted .M;:arch 18, 1862, Surry County. Hardy, Charles, enlisted Jan. 18, 1864, Surry County. Isaacs, Godfrey, enlisted Nov. 1, 1864, Surry County. JanoU, Ruphus, enlisted March 18, ·1862, Surry County. J·ohnson, Thomas, enlisted March 18, 1~62, Surry County, D., April 25, 1868. Key, Samuel C., enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County.. Key, John A., enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County. Key, :Martin z., enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County, K., May 27, 1862, ;Hanover C. H. Key, James R., enlisted March 18, 1862,· Surry County, I{., ~lay 27, 1862, Hanover 0. H~ Linville, Barry, enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County. Longbottom, Manor, enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County. Lovell, E. F., enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County, P., Capt., April 91 1862. . MeGhee, James L., enlisted Jan. 18, 1864, .Surry County. Marion, Azoniah, enlisted March is, 1862_, Surry County, W. & Dg., March 1863. 222 SURRY SOLDIERS ·oF· OUR WARS Marion, Jeremiah, enlisted May 4, 186'1, 'Surry Countyi D.;- Aug. 24,:at High Point. Marfon, Sidney, ehltsted · May 4~ 1861, Surry O~tinty, Dg.,· Sept. "186L ~farion, Nathan J., enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry ·County/ D~, Aug. 19, · 1861, • at ~arysburg. McGuffln, Wm. A., enlisted May -4-, 1861; Surry Coti•nty, K., July 1, 1862, Malvern 'Hill. McRoberts, Benjamin, enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry -Oo'unty. - Moody; Woodson ,R., enlisted' May ;4, 1861,' Surry ·Cotinty, P., Corpora 1. Moore, Thomas H., enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry C6unty. -. Moote, Elijah, enlisted May 4, 1861, · Su':'ry: County, Dt.· Marsh, John, enlisted March 18, 1862, Surry County, D., Jitly 11, · 1863, Staunton. · · Marsh, Wm. H., enlisted March 18, 1862, Surry··county. Marsh, \vm., enlisted March 18,- 1862, Surry Cou~iy: Pr., May 25, 1864·. McKinney, Jesse, enlisted March 18, 1862, Sutry County, ·K., May 3, 1800,· Chancellorsville. . . Mosely, King D., enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County~ Dg., ?t-[ay 2, 1862.- Nixon, F. M., enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County, W., at Cold Harbor, P, 2nd Lieut., Sept. 1, 1862. Nixon, Wm. P., May 4, 1861, Surry County, D.. of \V., at Fredricks• burg. Nance, Richard B., enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County, W., ·Malvern Hill. Norton, J~mes S., enlisted March 18, 1862, S\trry County, D_., Aug_. 21, 1862. - ~orman, :Ansel P., enliet,:,d March 18, 1862, Surry County. Norman, Thomas P., enlisted 'March 18, 1862, Surry Couuty. Peel,. Thomas, enlisted May 4, 1861, Surl'y County, D., Sept. 29, 1862, of W., at 2 Manassas. · Pool, Henry G., enlisted May 4, 1861, Burry County, ·.D., Petersburg. Portis, John, enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County. Ped;igo, James S., enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County, Dg., ~fay 1, . .1862. . Parks, W. C.1 enlisted March 18, 1800, Surry County. Parsons; D'aniel, enlisted March 18, 1862, Surry County, D., Sept. 19, 1862. Parsons, Albert, enlisted March 18, 1862, Surry County, D., A·ug. 2, 1862. Patterson, Harrison, enlisted March 18, 1862, Surry County, P., Co•·· poral Pr., at Hanover C. H. 228 S.URRY SOLDIERS OF OUR WARS Phillips, John, enlisted March 18, 18621 Burry County, Pr., ?\lay 12, 1864. Puckett, James, enlisted March 18, 1862, Surry County, D., March 19, 1862, Dan_ville, Va. Puckett, Hugh, enlisted March 18, 1862, Surry County, W. & Pr,, at Hanover C. H., Dg., Sept. 18, 1862. Grinn, Isaac, enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County, D., Jan. 21, 1862, Wilmington. · Riggan, Joseph M., enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County, .D., Aug. B, 1861, Garysburg. · Rdggs, Columbus C., enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County, Dg., Feb. 4, 186'5. Riggs, George W., enlisted ?\lay 4, 1861, Surry County, K., Aug. 29, -1862, at 2 Manassas, · Ring, Wm., enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County, D., Ang. 6, 1861. Riggs, Thomas, enlisted Jan. 18, 1864, Surry County. Reid, John, enlisted March 10, 1862, Surry County, Pi·., May 12, 1864. Reid, Jacob F., enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County. Reid, Irvin, enlisted May 4, J861, Surry Co\1nty, P., 2nd Sergeant, W., Cedar Run, at Chancellorsville. Roberts, Pleasant, enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County. Reid, Johh, enlisted March 18, 1862, Surry County, D., ~lay 80, 1863, Richmond. Reid, lsaac,· enlisted March 18, 1862, Surry County. Ring, Adam, enlisted March 18, 1862, Surry County. Stanley, Jatnes, enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County, Dg., January 18, 1862. Stanley, John H., enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry Coonty, I<., March, 1863, Chancellorsville. Stanley, Solomon, enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County, P., Sergeant D., Septem her 9, 1862, Richmond. Stanley, Joseph N., enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County, D., Aug. 15, 1861, High Point. Shreve, Robert J., enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County, D. Smith, David P., enlisted May 4, 1861, Surr;v County, K., July 3, 1862, Gettysburg. · Snow, Prost, Jr., enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County, P,, Corporal C., May 12, 1864, Shropshire, Jen, enlisted, May 4, 1861, Surry County. Stanley, Oliver, enlisted March 18, 1862, Surry County. Smith, Freeman, enlisted Mareh 18, 1862, Surry County, C., May 12, 1864. 224 SURRY SOLDIERS OF OUR WARS Shrouse, }i'rederich, enlist.eel Sept. 27, 1861, Forsyth County, I{., Jan. 30, 1862, Malvern HilJ. Sprinkle, Thomas, enlisted Ma1·ch 18, 1862, Surry County,· Pr. at G~ttysburg. Stokes, Thomas A., enlisted March 18, 1862, Surry County, -D., Sept. 19, 1862. StantJetr, Oliver, enlisted l\farch 18, 1862, Surry County. Snow, Shadrach, enlisted March 18, 1862, Surry County,, D. Southard, Levi, enlisted March 18, 1862, Surry County, C., July 28, 1864. Tate, James, enlisted l\Iay 4, 1861, Surry Counf.y, C., Sept. 22, 1863. Thompson, George ,v., enlisted l\fay 4, 1861, Surry County. Thompson, C. T., enlisted l\fay 4, 1861, Surry County, P., Sergeant Dg. Turner, Samuel H., ct1listed' l\fay 4, 1861, Surry Coun.ty, D., July 12, 1861, Garysburg. Tilley, James L., March 18, 1862, Surry County, W., near Richmond, Vonearable, tfoscph, enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County, Dg., May 2, 1863. White, Robert, enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry Coni1ty. White, James P., enlisted May 4, 1861, Sur1·y County, D., Aug, 12, 1862, Lynchburg. White, Howell L., enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County, White, Richard C., enlisted March 18, 1862, Surry County., D., June 22, at Richmond. Wood, Dempson, enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County. Wood, Silas, enlisted May 4, 1861, Surry County. Wood, Ransom, enlisted March 18, 1862, Sut·ry County, W. & Pr., nt Gettysburg. Williams, John W., enlisted February 28, 18'6·2, Surry County., Pr., May 12, 1864. Wilmouth, Ambrose, enlisted March 18, 1862, Surry County. Whitaker, Lewis, enlisted March 18, 1862, Surry County, Dg., June 22. Whitaker, David, enlisted March 18, 1862, Surry County, Dg., July, 1862. Whitaker, A. J., enlisted March 18, 1862, Surry County. Whitaker, Thomas J., onlistecl Mareh 18, 1862, Surry County, D., Aug. 14, 1862, Danville. Walker, J. H., enlisted March 18, 1862, Surry County. Walker, E. P., enlisted l\Iarch 18, l862, Surry County. York, L·ittle C., enlisted :March 18, 1802, Surry County, W. & Pr., nt Gettysburg. 225 SURRY··SOLDIERS OF OUR,WARS ABBREVIATIONS USED C. Captured Dt. Detailed R. Resigned Cm. Commissioned K. Killed Tr. Transferred Com. Company M. Missing W. Wounded D,. Died P, Promoted Dg. Discharged Pr. Prison COMPANY C, 2·1st REGIMENT VOLUME H. Barby Y. Graves, Captain, Commissioned May 20, 1861, Surry County, · Promoted Major, January 10, 18U2. · Boyd Snow, Captain, Commissioned June 10, 1862, Surry County, Promoted from· 1st Lieutenant. John K. Phillips~ 1st Lieutenant, Commissioned May 20, 1861, Surry County, Disabled September 5, 1861. Benj. F; Bray, 1st Lieutenant; Commissioned Dec, 28, 1861, Surry · ·county, Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant. Byrd Snow, 1st Lieutenant, Commissioned, Sur1·y County, Promoted from ranks. Logan T. Whitlock, let· Lieutenant, Commissioned· June 10, 1862, Surry County, Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant.- Logan T. Whilock, 2nd Lieutenant, Comniissioned May 20, 1861,-Surry Coun,ty, Promoted 1st Lieutenant. Benj. F. B1·ay, 2nd Lieutenant, Commissioned May 20, 1861, Surry Co~nty, Promoted 1st Lieutenant. Thomas A, Davis, 2nd Lieutenant, Commissioned, Surry County, Pro mote~ }rl)m Sergeant. S. F. Scott, 2nd Lieutenant, Commissioned Surry County, Promoted from Musician, R., December 23, 1862, Frost Snow, 2nd Lieutenant~ Commissioned Surry Co..anty, Promoted from ran~s., K., May I, 1863; Chancellorsville. Jt,rank V. Banner, 2nd Lieutenant, Commissioned January 26, 1863, Surry Cou~ty, "\Y ounde4 at Gettysburg, Promoted from ran~~. W~ J'. Foy,· 2~d Lieutenant, 9ommissioned Surry County., Promoted from ranks. NON-COM.MISSIONED O:F}"'ICERS Richard H. Gentry, let •sergeant, enlisted .May 20, 1861., Surry County, P., Com. Se1·geant. · · · Thomas A. Davis;· 2nd Sergeant, enlisted May 20., 1861, Surry County, P., 2nd Lieutenant. Daniel 8. Golden, 3rd Sergeant, enlisted May 20, 1861, Surry County, D. &, W., Chuncellorsvlllc. 226 SURRY SOLDIERS OF OUR WARS Dewey Cockerham, 4th Sergeant, enlisted May 20, 1861, Burry County. Samuel Low, 5th Sergeant, enlisted May 20, 1861, Burry County, W., at Winchester and Chancellorsville. Andrew T. Golyer, 1st Corporal, enlisted May 20, 1861, Surry County. Samuel T. Sandeper, 2nd Corporal, enlisted May 20, 1861, Surry County. Spradley Dillard, 3rd Corporal, enlisted May 20, 1861, Burty Jounty. David G. Minker, 4th Corporal, enlisted May 20, 1861; Surry County. Shadrick F. Scott, Musician, eniisted May 20, 1861, ·Surry County•. , PRIVATES . . Amstrong, ·Ruphus, enlisted May 20, 1861, Surry County, D. Amstrong, Wm., enlisted May 20, 1861, Surry County. Adkins, ,Teremiah, enlisted May 20, 1861, Surry Coun~. Banner, Frank V., enlisted· May 20, 1861, Surry County, W., Gei'tys• · burg, P. 2nd Lieutenant. Barker, Jonathan, enlisted May 20, 1861, Surry County, D., Oct. 25, 1861. · . Banner, W. C., enlisted Aug. 14, 1862, Surry County, W., Chancello~s- ville. · Creed, J. W., enlisted Aug. 14, 1862, Surry County. Creed, Jonathan, enlisted Aug. 14, 1862, Surry County. Cox, Alomonda, enlisted Aug. 14, 1862, Stokes County. Cockerham, P. M., enlisted May 20, 1861; Surry County. Callaway, W. H., enlisted May 20, 1861, Surry County, W., 2 Manassas, P., Sergeant. ' Cumming, J. W., enlisted May 201.1861, Surry County, W., Hazel River. Denny, Azariah, enlisted Aug. 14, 1862: Surry County. Davis, W. H., enlisted Aug. 14, 1862, S~rry County. Foy, W. G., enliste Gaines, James, enlisted May 20, 1861, Surry County, Dg., Aug. 5, 1862. Golden, tT. V., enlisted :hf:aroh 23, 1863, Surry County. Gillespee, T. ir., enlisted Aug. 14, 1862, Surry County, D. 01·cen, N. :hf., enlisted Juno 6, 1863, Montgomery County, Pr., nt Gettysburg. Herring, H. H., enlisted Aug. 14, 1862, Surry County. Holland, W. H., enlisted Aug. 14, 18~2, Stokes County, D. of W. Himley, John, enlisted Aug. 14, 1862, Stokes County, D., July 28, 1863. Harriso~, Jeremiah, enlisted May 20, 1861, Surry County, Dg. Harrison, James F., Mny 20, 1861, Surry County, D., Sept. 18, 1861. Holchen, David, enlisted May 20, 1861, Surry Connty, D., Sept.· 18, 1861. Hodges, Jesse, enlisted May 20, 1861, Surry County, D. Hodges, James, enlisted May ~O, 1801, Surry County, W., Sharpsburg Hamley, A. C., enlisted May 20, 1861, Surry County. . . Holder, D. M., enlisted Mny 20, 1861, Surry County, W., Turkey Bend and Gettysburg. Holder, H. J., enlisted May 20, 1861, Surry County, W., Winchester, .P., Corporal. Hyatt, J. M., enlisted May 20, 1861, Surry County. Herring, Robert D., enlisted May 20, 18611 Surry County, D., Nov. 3, 1861. Johnson, W. H., enlisted May 20, 1861, Surry County, Dg., Nov., 1861. Johnson, Alexander, enlisted May 20, 1861, Surry County. Johnson, W. A., enlisted May 20, 1861, Surry County. Johnson, John, enlisted May 20, 1861, Surry County. James, J. H., enlisted Aug. 14, 1862, Stokes County. Kidd, B. F., enlisted Aug. 14, 1862, Surry County, Pr., Gettysburg, D., at Point Lookout. Johnson, Mc.C., enlisted Aug. 14, 1862, Surry County. Lowis, W. T., enlisted Aug. 14, 1862, Surry County. Linthicum, S. W., June 6, 1863, Randolph County. Londy, Isaac T., enlisted May 20, 1861, Surry County, W., Hazel River and Chancellorsville. · Loudy, James J., enlisted May 20, 1861, Su1·rJ'• County, D., Sept. 1, 1861. Lanhiaem, Chas. H., enlisted May 20, 1861, Sttrry Uounty, K., at Winchester. Lowe, Daniel, enlisted May 20, 1861, Su:try County, W., at Gettysburg. Lowe, Albert, enlisted May 20, 1861, Surry County, P., Sergeant. Lemmons, J. R., enlisted May 20, 1861, Surry County, I{., at Win- chester. Martin, C. C., enlisted May 20, 1861, Surry County. 228 SURRY SOLDIERS OF OUR WARS McKinney, Eli H., enlisted May 20, 1861, Surry County. Moody, Reid, enlisted May 20, 1861, Surry County, W., at let Win• chester. McGee, Daniel, enlisted Aug. 14, 1862, Surry County, D., Pr. and ___ Gettysburg. Norman, G. B., enlisted May 20, 1861, Surry County, Pr., at Turkey Bend. Norman, Cornelius W., enlisted May 20, 1861, Surry Cou~ty. Norman, Henry F., enlisted May 20, 1861, Surry County, K., _at 1st Winchester. Norman, Preston, enlisted May 20, 1861, Surry County. Norman, Dickerson, enlisted May 20, 1861, Surry County, ])., Sept. 27, 1863. I • Owens, John, enlisted Aug.14, 18621 Stokes County, D. Overby, W. H., enlisted Stokes County, D.,· May 28, 1863, Overby, J. H., enlisted .Aug. 14, 1862, Surry County. Parrish, Allen, enlisted June 6, 18631 Chatham County, Pr., at Gettys• burg. · _ Parrish, Stephen, enlisted June 6, 1863, Johnson County, Pr., at Gettys- burg. Patterson, A. F., enlisted Aug. 14, 1862, Surry County. Payne, John, enlisted May 301 1861, Surry County, D., Sept. 15, 1861. Ramey, Obas. W., enlisted Mu.y 30, 1861, Surry County, D., Sept. 10, 1861. Ramey, .Andrew, enlisted May 30, 1861, Surry County. Ruthledge, ,v. J., Aug. 14, 1862, Stokes County. Ruthledge, B. F., enlisted Aug. 14, 18·62, Stokes County. ·Robbins, L., enlisted June 6, 1863, Johnson County or Gettysburg. Snow, Samuel, enlisted June O, 1863, Chathan1 County. Smith, L. J ., enlisted June 6, 1868, Guilford County. Snow, A. L., enlisted Aug. 14, 1862, Surry County. Snow, Byrd, enlisted May 20, 18611 Surry County, P., Capt., June 10, 1862. . Snow, Frost, enlisted May 20, 1861, Surry County, P,, 2nd Lieut., I{., May, 1863, Chancellorsville. Snow, Thomas T., enlisted May 20, 1861, Su1•ry County, Dg., Aug. 15, 1861. Sanders, Robert G., enlisted· May 20, 1861, Surry County, K., at Win• chester. Sinter, ,vm., enlisted May 20, 1861, Surry County, D. in 18'01. Spm·ger,· James, enlisted May 20, 1861, Surry County, \V., nt Chn1wcl• Iors ville, 229 SlJRRY SOLDIERS OF OUR ·WARS Sheppard, Gidion, enlisted May 20, 1861, Surry County. Timmons, John A., enlisted Aug. 14, 1862, Stokes Oounty. Timmons, Isaac, enlisted Aug. 14, 1862, Stokes County. Timmons, Alexander, enlisted Aug. 14, 1862, Stokes County. Vernon, George, enlisted May 20, 1861, Surry County., W., at Turkey Bend & Dg. Venable, Oscar, enlisted May 20, 1861, Surry County, D., July 10, 1862. _Wright, A. O., enlisted May 20, 1861, Surry County, D. Whitlock, John, enlisted May 20, 1861, Surry County, D., S~pt. 28, 1861. Wall, Hyram G., enlisted May 201 1861, Surry County, D., Jan., 1863. WalJ, D. J., enlisted May 20, 1861, Surry County, W., at Gettysburg. Wilmoth, Ezekial, enlisted May 20, 1861, Surry· County., K .. ~ July I, 1868, at Gettysburg. · - - · Wicker, J. J., enlisted June 6, 1863, Chatham County, Pr., at Gettys burg. Whitlock, John, enlisted May 20, 1861, · Surry County. COMPANY ''H'', 21st R-EGIMENT OFFICERS J~ R. Waugh, Captain, Commissioned June 5, 1861, Surry Coun.ty. Andrew P. Shores, Captain, Commissioned April, 1862, Surry County, Promoted from Corporal., Killed Aug. 23, 1863, at Rappahanock. E. P. Nicholson, Captain, Commissioned, Surry County, Promoted from ranks. ~Tames H. Jones, Captain, Commissioned; Surry County, Wounded near Richmond and Fredericksburg, Promoted from 1st Lieutenant. James H. Jones, 1st Lieutenant, Commissioned June 15, 1861, Surry· County, W. & P. Wm. Martin, 1st Lieutenant, Commissioned August 27, 1862, Surry County, Promoted from 2nd Lieutenant. Wm. A. J·enkins, 2nd Lieutenant, Commissioned June 15, 1861, Surry County. . Wm. A. Adams, 2nd Lieutenant, Oommissioned June 15, 1861, Surry County. · Alexander Chatham, 2nd Lieutenant, Commissioned September, 1861, Surry County, Promoted trom Sergeant. Daniel Cockerham, 2nd Lieutenant, Commissioned April, 1862, Surry County, Wounded, Gettysburg, Promoted .from Corporal. Wm. R. Martin, 2nd Lieutenant, Commissioned April 26, 1862, Surry County, Promoted from Sergeant. A. M. Johnson, 2nd .Lieutenant, Commissioned October, 1863, Surry County, Promoted from Sergeant. 230 SURRY ·SOLDIERS OF OUR WARS NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS Nathan H. Gwyn, 1st Sergeant, enlisted June 5, ·1861, Surry County, Dg., Oct., 1861, for disability. Ambrose M. Johnson, 2nd Sergeant, enlistecl June 5, 1861; · Burty County, P., 2nd Lieutenant Oct., 1863, Wm. K. Martin, 3rd Sergeant, enlisted June 5, 1861, Surry County, P., 1st ~ieutenan-t Aug. 27, 1862. Alexander Chatham, 4th Sergeant, enlisted June 5, 1861, ·Surry County, P., lat Lieutenant. S. A. Waugh, 5th Sergeant, enlisted June 5, 1861, Forsyth County, 'fr. to 1st Battalion. . . Daniel Wolf, 1st Corporal, enlisted June 5, 1861, Surry County, :p., Oct., 1861. Daniel Cockerham, 2nd Corporal, enlisted June 5, 1861, Surry County, P., 2nd Lieutenant, W., at Gettysburg. · Henry J·. GiJaspee, 3rd Corporal, enlisted Jun~ 5, 1861, Surry County, K., Nov. 7, 1863, Rappahanock. Andrew P. Shores, 4th Corporal, enlisted June 5, 1961, Surry C~unty, K., Aug., 1863, P., Captain. . PRIVATES Ayers, Joel, Surry County, Dg., Sept., 1862. Adams, John Q. S., Surry County,. D., Nov., 1861. Axom, Israel, P., Surry County, K., at Winchester. Ashburn, W. W., enlisted July 15, 1862, Surry County. Ashburn, Thomas, enlisted July 15, 1862, Surry County. Burchett, Jackson, enlisted June 5, 1861, Surry County. -Burris, J, E., enlisted June 6, 1861, Surry County. Butcher,· Jackson, enlisted June 5, 1862, Surry County, W., Cross Keys June 11, 1862, Bledsoe, Henry H., enlisted June\5, 1962, Sur~y County, D., Aug., 1,861. Butcher, James, enlisted July 15, 1861, Surry County, W., Sharpsburg, Dg., May, 1863. . Butcher, N. F., enlisted June 5, 1861, Surry County, D., Aug., 1861. Brinkley, K. W., enlisted June 5, 1861, Surry County. · Bledsoe, W. H., enlisted July 5, 1862, Surry County, D., Aug., 1861. Brown, Iredell, enlisted June 5, 1861, Surry County, D., Jan., 1862 .. Baker, Benj., enlisted July 15, 1862, Surry County. Bullin, s. D., enlisted July 25, 1862, Stokes County. Brill, Eli., enlisted May 8, 1863, Gaston County. Bullen, Jesse, enlisted June 5, 1861, Surry County, Dt., Drumtner. Carter, S. H., enli_sted June 5, 1861, Surry County, W., at Richmond. 281 SURRY SOLDIERS OF OUR WARS Chandler, P. G., enlisted June 5, 1861, Surry County, Dg., Doc., 1861. Cripman, W. R., enlisted June 5, 1861, Surry County, D., at Sharps• burg. Cockerham, J. E.,. enlisted June 5, 1861, Surry County, D.~ Oct., 1861. Cockerham, P. H., enlisted June 5, 1861, Surry County, Dg., June, 1862. Churcher, J. C., enlisted June 5, ~861, Surry County, Dg., April, 186·2. Carpenter, Phillips, enlisted Jun~ 5, 1861, Surry County, Dg., Sept., 1862. Oritefield, Richard F., enlisted June 5, 1861, Surry County. Dop, R. A., enlisted June 5, 1861, Surry County. . Dunnigan, Joel, enlisted June 5, 1861, Surry County, D., in 186°2. Draughn, J. L., enlisted June 5, 1861, Surry County, D., Jan., 1862. Dearman, John J., P., Corporal, W., near Richmond. Dodson, Elias, Dg. Edmunds, James T., D., Aug., 1861. Eades, Wm. H., D., Aug., 1861. Edwards, Addison D. Eldridge, James N. Evans, Alfred, Wilkes County, D., Jan., .1862. Edmunds, W. G., Surry County, W., at Winchester. Gentry, Wm., Surry County, P., Sergeant D., July 1863. Glasgow, A. J., W. & Pr., at Gettysburg. Gibbons, J. E. Gordon, -J. D. Holyfield, John, enlisted June 51 1861, Surry County, Pt·,, Fredricks- burg and G~ttysburg~ Holyfield, Enoch. Holyfield, Wm., W., at Gettysburg. Holyfield, Jefferson, Dg., 1862. Hc,iyfield, Wm. A., D., of W., at 2 Manassas. Hanis, C. H., I{., May 25, 1862, Winchester. Holden, John, W. & Pt•., Sharpsburg. Hauser, J. W., D., Sept.,, 1861. Hudson, Geo. W., D., Aug.,· 1861. Htint, B. F. Hunt, J. J. Idle, J. O., Yadkin County, P., Corporal W., nt Cednr Run, nnd GcttyH~ burg. · Jenkins, J'ohn J., Surry County. Johnson, Alfred H,, Va. 232 SURRY SOLDIERS OF OUR WARS Johnson, N. A., May 8, 1863, Surry County,· W., at Gettysburg. Jones, W. T., May 8, 1863, Randolph County. Job bin, T. J., May 8, 1863, Randolph Oounty. Key, Lewis J., June 5, 1861, Surry County. Key, A. S., June 5, 1861, Surry County. Kullin, Jesse, K., 1863, Gettysburg. Logan, L. C., W., 1863, GettyPburg. Lassiter, S., K., May 25, 1868, Winchester.. Lassiter, John. Loggins, Thomas. . . Marion, Jeff, D., Aug., 1862. Marion, J. F., K., May 25, 1862, Winchester. I •• Mosely, Jamee H., Dg., Feb., 1862. McKinney, Wm., D., Aug., 1861 .. McKinney, Jamee, D., Aug., 1861. M~Kinney, A., P., Musician. Midkiff', J. J., W., Chancellorsville. Minish, Abraham. Minish, Jeremiah, K., May 25, 1862, Winchester. Mooney, Wm. McGlanham, James W. Marion, Henry. Marion, Thomae, D., Dec., 1861. Mickle, Henry H., D., June 1862. Miller, Wm., May 8, 1863, Guilford County, C., at Gettysburg.. Moore, J. H., enlisted July 15, 1862, Surry County. Marshall, C. M., enlisted July 15, 18~2, Stokes County. Mickle, Henry H., enlisted June p, 1861, Surry Countr. Nicholson, E. I\, P., Capt. D., May, 1862. Neave, W. R., enlisted May 8, 1863, Guilford County... O'neal, Jamee, enlisted June 5, 1861, Surry County, P., at Gettysburg. 0 'neal, Elias. Peel, Wm., D., Aug., 1861. Pierce, Wm., May 8, 1863, Randolph County, D., June, 1863. Ring, Augustine, enlisted June 5, 1861, Surry County, P., Sergeant. Ring, Martin. Reid, John, Dg., July, 1862, Reynolds, John. Reid, James 233 SURRY SOLDIERS OF OUR W .ARS Richardson, W. D., W., at Rappahannock, K., at Fredricksburg. Roberts, Wm., May 8, 1863, Guilford County. Snow, Thomas, June 5, 1861, Surry County, W., at Sharpsburg, 1(., at Chancellorsville. Share, James C., K., at Cross Keys. Southerlin, Wiley, Dg., Sept., 1861. Sprinkler, Andrew J., W., 2 Manassas. Simmons, W. D., D., Dec., 1861. Scott, Thomas, D., Sept., 1861. Stewart, P. W., July 15, 1862, Stokes County. Stultz, J. E., July 15, 1862, Surry County, W., at Chancellorsville. Shinalt, Benj. E., June 5, 1861, Surry County. Smith; J. W., July 15, 1862, Surry County. Saunders, ·wm., March 8, 1863, Guilford County. Sawyers, John, June 5, 1861, Surry County. Sawyers, Solomon. Shaw, John C., D., Sept. 28, 1861. Vaughn, J·ohn, Dg. Venable, Wm. Venable, Allen.• Wilmoth, Ruffin, D., S~pt., 1861. Wiln1oth, Calvin. Woodruff', W. W., K., May 25, 1862, Winchester. Whitaker, ·Joshua. . Wall, Sta.nley, enlisted June 5, 1861, Surry County, D., Jan., 1862. Woodruff', Enoch P., D,, Sept., 1861. Ward, ;r ohn H. Wall, Andrew J., W., at Chancellorsville. Wall, N ew·eu J. Ward, Olinton, D., in hospital. Whitaker., G. W. Whitt., Anderson. Whitaker., K. D. Winfrey, H. F., July 25, 1862., Stokes County. Wood., Peter., July 15., 18621 Surry Oounty. Walter., J. M., May 8, 1863, Guilford County, W., at Gettysburg. Wicker, Eli, July 25, 1862, Forsyth County, D., June, 1868. 234 SURRY SOLDIERS OF OUR WARS COMPANY "I", 21st REGIME~T OFFICERS John C. Gilmer, Capt., Com. June 5, 1861, Surry. County. M. L. Patterson, Capt., Com. April, 1862, Surry County, P., Sergeant. and W., at 2 Manassas. Mathew C. Moore, Capt., Com. April 25, 1862, Surry County.· Mathew 0. Moore, 1st Lieut., Com. June 5, 1861, Surry County, P. W. H. Pen, 1st Lieut., Com. June 5, 1861, Surry County, P., 2 · Lieut., W., at Chancenorsville. John M. Glenn, 2nd Lieut., Com. June 5, 1861, Surry County. R. O. T. Banner, 2nd Lieut., Com. J'une 5, 1861, Surry_ County. Robert Rawly, 2nd Lieut., Com. April, 1862, Surry County. James A. Hill, 2nd Lieut., Com. April 26, 1862, Surry County, R., Oct. 80, 186·2. Wm. H._ Pell, 2nd Lieut. Com. Jan. 1, 1863, Surry County, P., from Sergeant, W. & P. NON•OOMMISSIONED OFFICERS R. P. Rawly, 1st Sergeant, enlisted June 5, 1861, Surry County, P., 2nd Lieut., dropped from roll. Joseph Davis, 1st Sergeant, W., at C~ancellorsville. Wm. H. PeJI, 3rd Sergeant, P., 2nd Lieut.· & W., at Chancellorsville. M. L. Patterson, 4th Sergeant, P., Capt. & W., at 2 Manassas. James w .. Shelton, 5th Sergeant. Yancey Jones, 1st Corporal. James Belton, 2nd Corporal, Dg., July 16, 1862. George W. Williams, 3rd Corporal, D., Jan., 1862, at Manassas. Joseph Taylor, 4th Corporal. . Awbury, George, enlisted June o, 1861, Surry County, D., Aug., 1861, at Manassas. Allen, Wm. Allen, Joseph. Allgood, B. H., Stokes County, D., Dec. 5, 1863. Ballard, John W., ?une 5, 1861, Surry County. Baldwin, Jam.es E., K., June 11, 1862, Oross Keys. Baldwin, W. D., K., Aug. 28, 1862, at 2 Manassas. Baldwin, F • .M., K., Aug. 1861, at 2 Manassas. Boyles, R. W. Boyles, O. H., July 25, 1862, Stokes Oounty. Boyles, Alexander, July 25, 1862, Stokos Oounty, D., Feb., 1863. 235· SURRY SOLDIERS OF OUR WARS Bennett, Reuben ~., June 5, 1861, Stokes County, W., at Wiucheste1r. Beasley, James W. Barr, Isaac, July 25, 1861, Stokes County, D., Sept., 1863. BaJlington, H. L., July 15, 1861, Stokes County. Creed, D. H., ·June 5, 1861, Surry County. Conter, W. S. W., W., at Winchester. Cullen, A. A., July 25, 1862, Stokes County. Cu1len, C. W., July 25, 1861; Surry County, D., July 5. Caveniss, Isham, July 15, 1862, Cullen, E. A., July 15, 1862. Cullen, A. H,, July 25, 1862, Cullen, W. J., Stokes Coitn.ty. Cullen, J. M., July 15, 1862, D,, Sept., 1862. Davis,·B. F. ·E.·, June 5; 1861, Surry County. Durhn~, A. J., W., at Fredricksburg, Durham, James M. Dick, Thomas W. Denney, Harvey, D., Nov., 1861. Edward, Wm., enlisted July 25, 1861, Stokes County, D., Sept., 1862, Edward, John, D., Dec,, 1868. Faulkner, John Henry, July 5, 18&1, Surry County. Fowler, Chas., J'uly 15, 1862, Surry County. Fulk, Haywood, Stokes County. Fulk, George, Stokes County, D., Jan. 13. Gravley, John Lee, enlisted June 5, 1861, Surry County, D., Aug., 1861, at Manassas. Gordon, Wm. A. Green, Wm, Henry, D., Aug., 1861, at Manassas. Green, J. S. Gray, J. Q., July 15, 1862. Griggs, Wm. Alexander, June 5, 1861, Surry County, Dg., June, 1862. Harrison, Littl~, enlisted June 5, 1861, Surry County. Hefler, Tyson. Hall, D. C., Dg,, Nov., 1862. Hi~l, Sanford, W., at 2 Manassas, Aug. 28, 1862. Hill, Ruphus W., K., at Winchester. Hill, James A., P., 2nd Lieut., R. Johnson, David C., K,, at Chancellorsville, May, 1863. Johnson, Samuel. Johnson, James, :pg., Oct., 1861. 236 SURRY. SOLDIERS OF OUR WARS Jackson, Wm., Dg., Aug., 1861, at Manassns. Kingsbtiry, Edmund E. King, Wm., July· 25, 1862, Stokos County. Keen, Elisha, ,July 25, 1862, Rockingham. Lowe, Wm. A., July 25, 1862, Surrr County, D., Nov., 1862. Love, Hardin J., Dg., Sept., 1862. · Lowen, James, Dg., Sept., 1862. L·inville, R. Mason, W. W., Stokes County. Moses, J. R., Stokes County, D~, July, 1863. Mickey, ,T. W., K., July 3, 1863; at Gettysburg. Mickey, W. A., K. McKillnoy, Wm., enlisted June 5, 1861, Surry County; D., Oct., 1862, • : at Sharpsburg. J{cBride, John, Dg., Nov., 1861. Owens, Alexander. Poore, Thomas, M., at Gettysburg. Poore, Charles, Dg., Aug., 1862, · Poore, R.ichnrd, D., Oct., 1861. P·ritchett, W. J., W., at Chancellorsville and Gettysbu·rg. Pettitt, George, enlisted July 15, 1862, Surry County. Parkins, Wm. C., enlisted June 5, 1861, Surry County, D., Sept., 1861. Reynolds, Vh-lin, K., at Cross Keys, June 11, 1862. Rawley, C. W., enlisted J'uly 5, 1861, Surry County, 'K,, Aug. 22, 1862. Roark, Squire Martin, June 5, 1861, Surry County, K~, Aug. 28, 1862. Rotterburg, John. Rotterburg, Wm. Snodd, Riley, D., Aug., 1861. Shelton, Edward F., K., July 1,. 1863, at Gettysburg. Stone, J. J., July 25, 1862, .Stokes County. Sutvin, Irvin, June 5, 1861, Surry County, W.,.at Cbancellorsvillc •. : Stone, E. M., K., at Gettyysbu1·g. Sparger, J. M., enlisted J~ne 5, 1861, Surry County, W., at Winchester and Richmond. Savage, T. A., oulistod July 25, 1862, Stokes County. Scott, 'r. lI., enHstod July 25, 1862, Stokes County. Scott, L. H., enlisted July 25, 1862, Surry County, W., at Chancellors ville, D., July, 1868. Scott, H. M., enlisted July 25, 1862, ·surry County. Tayloe, Gabriel, ·enlisted June 5, 1861, Surry County, K., May 3, 1803, 237 SURRY SOLDIERS OF OUR WARS Tuttle, ,r. O., K., at ChancellorsviJle. Tuttle, Thomas, enlisted July 15, 1862, Surry County. Vaughn, J. Zebulon, Juno 5, 1861, Surry County, W., nt Rappnhan• nock and Gettysburg. Vernon, H. L., W., at Winchester. Watson, E. D., K., at Chancellorsville. Warden, R. W. Warden, Newoll, D., No_v., 1861. Whittington, J. H·., at Gettysburg. Whitaker, Giles, W., at Manassas and Winchester. Wan, G. W., enlisted July 25, 1862, Stokes County. Wall, Jamee, Forsyth County. Wall, L. H., Stokes County. Wall, Azariah, ·enlisted July 15, 1862, Surry County, D., Sept., 1862. Wilson, W. J. Woodley, Wesley, Pr., at Chancellorsville. SURRY l\fEN IN OTHER COMPANIES AND REGIMENTS Wi11iams, ,John, en1isted Aug. 16, 1861, Surry County, Company I, Regiment 33. W~U~ams, Henry, enlisted Sept. 15, 1861, Surry County, D., June, 1862. Wall, Elkanah, enlisted Aug. 15, 1861. - - · Lane, Thomae, enlisted Sept. 23, 1861, W., at Spottsylvania C. H. . . COMPANY ''E'', 33rd REGIM·ENT. Perdue, W. H. T., enlisted Oct. 4, 1861, Surry County. Perdue, W. M., enlisted Oct. 4, 1861, Surry County, P., Corporal and Pr., July 28, 1864. Company ''A'', 28th Regiment, Capt. Richard E. Reeves. Company "C ", 21st Regiment, Capt. B. Y. Graves. Company "H ", 21st Regiment, Capt. J. R. Waugh. Company "I'!, 21st Regiment, Capt. John O. -Gilmer. LIST()~, SPANISH WAR VETERANS (This list is known to be incomplete) C. W. Vaughn, Company "H ", U. S. Inta_ntry, El Canay. N. M. Gwyn, Company "H ", U. S. Infantry, El Canay. John Brown, Company "H:", U. S. Infantry. Oscar Mundy, Oompany ''H", U. S. Infantry. Will Mundy, Company "H ", U. S. Infantry. Charles Brower, Bough Riders, stationed in Texas. 238 SURRY SOLDIERS OF OUR ,v ARS W. F. Valentine, Company "H ", U. S. Infantry. Prank HolJingsworth, Rough Riders, stationed in Texas. WiJJ Brower, stationed in Philippine Islands. VETERANS OF WORLD WAR WORLD WAR OFFICERS. Allred, Joseph H., 2nd Lieut., Mount Airy. Ba]dridge, WUJiam S., 2nd Lieut., Mount Airy. Bivins, Hugh A., (Sec army Register), Elkin. · Bernard, Holman, (See army Register), Pinnacle. Brock, William F., let Lieut., Mount Airy. . Byrd, Mack G., 1st Lieut., (from ranks), Elkin-(wounded), nwarckd Croix De Guerre. Carter, John E., let Lieut., Mount Airy. Cosby, Mortimer, 1st Lieut., Mount Airy. Cosby, Wilson M., let Lieut., Mount Airy. Gardner, Matterson A., Gapt., Mount Airy. Gwyn, Paul Perkins,· 1st Lieut., Elkin. Hale, Ellie S., 2nd Lieut., Mount Airy. Hines, Ward Blair, 2nd Lieut.; Mount Airy. Haynes, Caleb Vance, (See army Register), Mount Airy. Hollingsworth, Wnt. M., 1st Lieut., Mount Airy. Jordan, William A., 2nd Lieut., Rockford. Jones, Alexander F., let Lieut., Ararat. Merritt, Oscar K., let Lieut., Mount Airy. Kennedy, Marvin C., 2nd Lieut., Rusk. MoCann, David P., 2nd Lieut., Kapps Mill. Mccargo, Thomas B., Capt., Mount Airy. Patterson, M. Hatcher, 2nd Lieut., Mount Airy. Riggs, Robert H., Dobson, buried at Auve Marne grave 349, Cem. 266. Robinson, Adrian A., 2nd Lieut., Mount Airy. Row(), Henry B., let Lieut., Mount Airy, Simmons, Oscar M., let Lieut., Mount Airy. Smith, James R., 2nd Lieut., M;ount Airy. Smith, Richard G., 2nd Lieut., 'Elkin. Smith Robert E., 2nd Lieut., Mount Ah-y. Smith, Vard, 2nd Lieut. Mount Airy. Snow, George K., let Lieut., Mount Airy. Sparger, Randall W., 2nd Lieut., Mount Airy. Stanley, Hiram, Capt., Mount Airy. Tilley, Mar1hall M., 2nd Lieut., Brim. Valentine, E. Henry, Maj., Mount Airy. Walker, Frank E., Capt., Mount Airy. Woltz, Olaude B., Oapt., Dobson. Woltz, H. Osler, 2nd Lieut., Mount Airy. Yokley, James F., 1st Lieut., Mount Airy. Yokley, J. Bruce, 2nd Lieut., Mount Airy. 289 SURRY SOLDIERS OF OUR.WARS RNLTSTl\{;.JNTS IN NAVY AND MARINE CORPS DURING THE WORLD WAR. . . Adams, Cnrl B., 2nd class fireman, Mount Airy. Aldridge, Leslie ·}t, · landsman electl·ician, l!;Hdn. Apperson, Elder T,., Hosp. Apprentice,. 1st class, Siloam. Ashby, John L., Apprentice Seaman, Mount Airy. Banner, Allen C., Hosp. Apprentice, 1st class, Mount Airy. Brock William F., 2nd class Seaman,· Mount Airy. Bunker, WiHiam B., 2nd Class Scaman, Mount Airy~ Carter, Adn Austin, 2nd Class Yeoman (female), Elkin. Cheek, Dewey, Apprentice Seaman, State Road. Chipman, Clattde W., 3rd Class Quartermaster, Elkin. Cockerham, Clyde, 2nd Class Seaman, State Road. Cook, Sam D., 2nd Class Seaman, Round Peak. · Cook, Boyd L., Chief Storekeeper, Pilot Mountain. Crater, Charles L., Hosp. Apprentice, first class, Elkin. Culler, Wiiliam Oscar, Electrician, 3rcl class, l3rim. Dobson, Joseph D., 2nd Class Seaman, Rockford. Dobbins, Worth E., Hosp. Apprentice, 1st' clase, Mount Airy. Flinchum, Raleigh W., 2nd Class Seaman, Siloam. · Flippin, Claude H., Apprentice Seaman, Pilot Mountain. Fulton, Grady H., Chief Gu11n!3re Mate, Mount Airy. Gentry, Bryon W., 2nd Class Fireman, Mount Airy. Graham, French, 2nd Class Seaman, Elkin. Graves, Jesse F., 3rd Class Yeoman, Mount Airy.· Gray, Percy L., 2nd Class Fil'eman, Elkin~ Greenwood, James T., 2nd Class Seaman, Elkin. Griffith, Carl L., 1st Class Fireman, Mount Airy. Hall, Charlie L., 2nd Class Seaman, Round Peak. Hall, Robert L., 2nd Class Seaman, Siloam. Hauser, Squire E., 2nd Class Seaman, Shoals. Hodges, Robert W., 2nd Class Seaman, Mount Ail'y. Holder, Ernest D., 2nd Class Seaman, Rusk. Hollingsworth, Jesse G., 1st ·Class Seaman, Mount Airy. Isaacs, Theodo1·e McG., 2nd Class Seaman, Thurmond. Jackson, Porter L., Chief Pharmacist Mate, White Plains. Johnson, Emery A., 2nd Class Fireman, Pilot. Mountain. Johnson, Robert G., 1st Clnss Fireman, Mount Airy. ,Johnson, Walter R., 2nd Class Seaman, Mount Airy. • Koontz, Victoria M., 3rd Class Yeoman (female); Welcome.: Lemmons, Jesse G., 2nd Class Seaman, Mount Airy~ McCormick, Clyde H., 1st Class Cook, Dobson. Marion, William V., 2nd Class Seaman, White Plaine; Marion, George W., 2nd Class Seaman, White Plains. Moser, Aurelius A., 2nd Class Seaman, Shoals. Philiping, Meggs D., 1st Class Mess Attendant, 1'£ount Airy. Reves, Claude H., 2nd Class Seaman, Shoals. · 240 SURRY SOLDIERS OF Ol'iR WARS Renegar, Ramsom G., 2nd Class Epgineer, Crutchfield, Saunders, Albert M,, 3rd Class Fireman, Shoals. Saunders, Otis Nuel, 3rd Claes Fireman-, Shoals. Scott, Chest.er, Radio, Pinnacle. Smith, George D., 1st Class Seaman, White Plains, Southern, Rufus E., 2nd Claes Seaman, Mount Airy. Stanley, Rufus C.,_ 1st Class Boatswains :hfate, Mount Airy. Steele, Brady G,, 2nd Class Ships Cook, Dobson, Thompson, Hilary W., 1st Class Seaman, Thurmond. Thompson, I{yle J,, 2nd Class Fireman, Devotion:,. Thompson, Shurman DeW., 2nc1 Class Seaman, Thurmond. Trulove, John C., 2nd Class Seaman, Shoals. Turner, Charles R., 2nd Class Fireman, Elkin. Whitaker, John W., 3rd Class Firentan, Pilot Mountain. ,vHdmoth, Pfohla Edgar, Landsman for Yeoman, State Road. Wolfe, William S., Hosp. Apprentice, 1st class, Mount Airy~ _ York, Jesse L., 3rd Class_ Fireman, Springe. · · ENLISTMENTS IN THE ARMY DURING THE WORLD WAR Absher, Claude W., Pvt., Mount Airy. Adams, Boees Isam, Cpl., Pilot Mountain-Overseas. Adams, Granville, M., Pvt., Pilot Mountain-Overseas Adkins, James A., Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas. Allon, Amos L., Cpl., Mount Airy. Allen, William Marion, PFC., Elkin. Alfred, Caleb H., PFC., Mount Airy. Allred, Hasten G., PFC., Mount Airy-Overseas. Allred, Roger- P., Cpl., Mount Airy-Overseas, Allred, Willie S., PFC., Mount Airy-Overseas. Amburn, Press Joe, Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas. Angell, Dotson I., PFO., Rockford-Ove1·seas. Anthony, Millory, Pvt., Rusk. Apperson, Marvin, Sgt., Siloam. Ashburn, Arthur T., Pvt., Siloam. Ashburn, Milton Y., Pvt., White Plains.· Ashburn, Monroe, Pvt., BiloaJ!l, Ashburn, Sanford Lee, Pvt., Siloam. Ashby, Bryan H., Opl., Mount Airy-Overseas·. Ashby, Lafayette W., Opl,, Mount Airy-Oversea'B. Ashby, Paul S., Pvt., Mount Airy. Ashby, Thomas R., Jr., Pvt., :h{ount Airy. Atkins, Ernest O., PFC,, Rockford-Overseas. Atkinson, Herman B., PFC., Round Creek. Atkinson, l{emp Battle, ~vt• ., Siloam. Ayers, Luther, Pvt., Mount Airy-Ovo1·sons. Bndgett, Willinm B., Pvt., Mount Airy. Ball, Jess, Wag,, :hfount Alry-Overscns. Bnrbor, Grady liJ., P~.,C., Elkin-Ove1·scns. 241 SUR.RY SOLDIER.S OF OlJR. WAR.S Bartley, James Ison, Pvt., Low Gap. Barnes, Roby Lee, Pvt., Dobson. Baldridge, William S., Cpl., Mount Airy. Baldwin, Claud M., Cpl., Mount Airy-Overseas. Baldwin, John J., Cpl., Mount Airy-Overseas. . Barber, Walter L., PFO., Kapps Mill-Overseas. Barker, William McKinley, PFC., Mount Airy-Overseas. Barker, Clarence S., Pvt., Round Creek. Barker, Lee, Sgt., Mount Airy. · Banner, J'esse Moore, Sgt., Mount Airy-Overseas. Banner Philip, PFC, Mount Airy-Pverseas. Banner, Robert E., Pvt., Rockford-Overseas. Beeson, Ralph, CK., Mount Airy. Beasley, William _M., PFC., Mount Airy. Beamer, Terry F., Pvt., Mount Airy. _Beck, James E., PFC., Mount. Airy-_Overseas. Belton, James S., Cook, Mount Airy-Overseas. Belton; William R., Pvt., :Mount Afry. Bergeron, Francis A., PFC., M.ount Ah·y. Bivins, Joseph Owen, Pvt., Elkin. Bivins, William Edward, PFO., Elkin-Overseas.· Blackburn, Charlie T., Cpl., Mount Airy-Overseas. Blackburn, George A., Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas. Blevins, Jasper, Pvt., Siloam-Overseas. Boles, Samuel J., PFC., Elkin-Overseas. Bolt, Ned W., Wag., Mount Airy-Overseas. Bowman, Charles Walton, PFO., Mount Airy-Overseas. Booth, Arthur J., Pvt., Pilot Mountain-Overseas. Bowman, Jonah, Pvt., Mount Airy. Brady, James A., PFC., Mount Airy-Overseas. Brannock, Truman, PFO., Low Gap. Bray, Coy B., PFC., Mount Airy-Overseas. Bray, George T., PFC., Mount Airy-Overseas. Bray, Robert H., Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas. Brevenburg, Harvey, Pvt., Silvan-Overseas. Brown, Marshall Fountain, Pvt., Westfield-Overseas. Brown, William, Pvt., Mount Airy. Brown, Luther E., Pvt., Siloam-Overseas. Drogdon, John H., PFO., Mount Airy-Overseas. Brim, Kenneth M., Pvt., Brim. Bryant, Jamfs Rufo;:t, Pvt.,· Rockford-Overseas, Brannock, Omer A., He., Mount Airy. Bryant, Oharley W., Pvt., Dobson. Burlington, John R., PFC., -Indian Graves-Overseas. Bunker, Napoleon, Pvt., White Plains, Bunker, Stephen Danan, Pvt,, White Plains-Ovel'scas. Burton, Louis Staples, Sgt., Mount Airy-Overseas. 242 SURR,Y SOLDIERS OF OUR WARS Burcham, Clint I., Pvt., Mount Airy. Burch, Paul E., Pvt., Rusk. Burch, Luther, Cpl., Rusk. 13ur,·•:~s, J'ohn H., PFC., Mount Airy. .Burgess, William W., Sgt., Mount Airy. Burgess, Je888 G., Cpl., Mount Airy-Overseas... Burgess, Hunter G., Sgt., Mount Airy-Overseas. Bµrgess, James C., PFO., Pilot Mountain-Overseas. Burgess, David C., Cpl., Pilot Mountain. Butcher, Troy, Pvt., Rusk, Butcher, James s., Pvt., Rusk. Byrd, Carl D., PFC., Rockford. Byrd, James T., Pvt., Richmond-Overseas. Cai~, Aldy, Pvt., Westfield-Overseas. Callaway, William R., Cpl., Mount Airy. Canter, James E., Pvt., Ararat. Cardwell, Arthur, Pvt., Westfield-Overseas. Carter, Conrad F., Opl., State Road-Overseas. Carter, Brady, Pvt., State Road-Overseas, wounded. Carter, "Archie E., Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas. Carter, Kenia M., Pvt., Elkin-Overseas, wounded. Oarter, Robert O., Opl., Mount Airy. Caswell, Charlie L., PFC., White Plains. Oastevens, Charles M., Pvt., Elkin. Cave, George B., PFO., Dobson. Cave, Johnie, Pvt., Dobson-Overseas. Cave, William H., Pvt., Dobson. Chandler, Robert P., Pvt., Crutchfield-Overseas. Chandler, William J., Ok., Mount Airy. Chapell, Floyd W., Cpl •., Mount Airy. Chipman, Oscar, Pvt., State Road. Christian, Roland L., PFC., Westfleld-Overseas. Christian, Wesley W., PFC., Mount Airy. Church, Willard V., PFO., Elkin-Overseas. Qlark, Fitzhugh L., PFO., Mount·· Airy-Overseas. Click, James H., PFC., Elkin. Coalson, Frank P., Pvt., Lan1sburg-Overseae. Cockerham, .Andrew P., Pvt., State. Road. Oockerham, Elmer, Pvt., Elkin. Cockerham, Joe B., Pvt., Kapps Mill-Died of disease. Cockerham, Robert L., Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas. Cockerham, Virg o., Pvt., State Road.· Cockerham, Grover K., Pvt., Kapps Mill-Overseas. Oockerham, James D., Pvt., Rusk- -Overseas. Coo, Earlie A., Wag., Kapps Mill-Overseas. Coe, J amcs E., Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas. Coe, WHson V., Cpl., Mount Alry-Ovorscns. 243 SURRY SOLDIERS OF OUR WARS Colbrit, Robert M., Pvt., Thurmond. Coleman, Andrew Jackson, Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas. Coleman, Charlie B., Pvt., Dobson-Overseas~ Coleman, Charlie W., Cpl., Mount Airy-Overseas. Collins, James E., Pvt., Round Peak-Overseas. Collins, Joe M., Pvt., Dobson. Collins, John H., Cpl., W estfield-Ovorseas. Cook, Edgar L., Pvt., Pilot Moun'tain-Overseas, disease. Cook, Eli M., Pvt., Brim. Cook, Floyd S., PFC., Pilot Mountain-Overseas. Cook, William 1'-L, Pvt., Brim-Overseas. Cook, Loe, PFC., Mount Airy-Overseas.. Copeland, Dodge, PFC., White Plains-Overseas. Covington, William R., Jr., Pvt., Pilot Mountain. Cox, Charles Grady, Pvt., Dobson. · Cox, William M., PFC, Pilot Mountain-Overseas. Creed, George W., Pvt., Round Peak---Overseas. Creed, Isaac Lester, Pvt., Ararat-.. Overseas. Creed, Samuel T., Pvt., .White Plains-Overseas. • Crews, William, Pvt., , Mount Airy-Overseas, killed. Crissman, Curtis Franklin, PFC., Siloam-Overseas. Oritz, Walter H., Pvt., Mount Airy. Oritz, John T., Pvt., Mount Airy. Cromer, Oliver, Pvt, Mount Airy-Overseas. Cromer, William F., PFC., Westfield-Overseas. Crouse, Lee, Pvt., Brim. Culler, Ernest, Pc., Brim-Overseas. Cunnings, Dan, Pvt., Ararat-Overseas. Davis,· J'ohn William, Pvt., Dobson. Davis, George, W., Pv~., Mount Airy. Davis, George, Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas. Davis, John G., PFC., Elkin-Overseas. Davis, Jess Ike, Pvt., Round Peak-Ove1·scas. Davis, Jeff, Pvt., Mount Airy-Over&oas. Day, Joe R., Pvt., Elkin. . Deatherage, Abner T., PFC., Mount Airy. De J ournette, Joseph E., Pvt., Thurmond-Ovorsoas. Denny, Randell Blum, Pvt., Mount Airy. Dezern, Lewis A., Pvt,, Surry County-Overseas~ Dezern, Lonzo T .,. PFC., Elkin-Overseas, · . Dicken, Henry G., Cpl.-, Low. Gap-Overseas. Dobbins, Walter L., Cpl., Mount Afry-Ovo1·scns. Douglas, Clarence D., Opl., Rusk--Ove1·soas, Dose, Rural J., Pvt,, Rockford-Overseas. Doss, Ernest A., Pvt., Rockford. Donnevant, Geathor ir,, Pvt., Low Gap-Ovorecns. Donathan, Chal'lio F., Pvt., Pilot Mountnin-Ovorsons, 244 SURRY S-OLDIERS OF OUR WARS Dobson, Oscar A., Pvt., 1'1.ount Airy-Overseas. · Dodson, John Egbert, Wag., Pilot Motrtitain-Overseas. Dobbins, Almer G., Pvt~ Draughn, Bascom, Pvt., Dobson~ Draughan, James Caleb, Hs., Rusk, Overseas. Draughan, Benjamin E., Pvt;, White· Plains-Overseas. Draughan, Albert G., Pvt., Rusk_.;Overseas. Drathrage, Carless, Pvt., Moun~ Airy. Duggins, Jesse M., PFC., Brim-Overseas. Dunman, James R., Hs., Pilot Mountain-Overseas. East, Crites E., PFC., Westfield. . Easter, James F., PFC., Mount Airy-·overseas. · Easter, Shadrick F., Sgt., Moitnt Airy-·Overseas. Easter, James F., Pvt., White Plains. Edmonds, Walte1· B., PFC., Crutchfteld-Overseas, Edwards, Benjamin F., Pvt., Mount A iry-Oversens. · Edwards, Elbert P., PFC., Mount Airy-Overseas. · Edwards, Eli J., Cpl., Mount Airy-Overseas. · Edwards, Josiah L., PFC., Mount Airy-0,~erseas. Edwards, Will, PFC., Mount Airy-Overseas. Edwards, William W., Pvt.,· Mount Airy-Overseas. Edison, Robert ·P., Pvt., Elkin-Ov_erseas. Ellis, Grover Cleveland, Pvt., Rusk-Overseas. Emerson, Grady, Pvt., Round Peak. · Fmerson, William J ., PFC., Dobson. Enopicr, Grover, Pvt., Elkin. F.vnns, N escns W ., Pvt., Burch Stop-Overseas. Fay, Edwarcl, Pvt., Mount Airy. Felts, William ~.; Pvt., Mount Airy. Flemming, Fraudie A., Pvt;, Mount Airy-Overson~. Fl~tchcr Benton, Cpl., Mount Airy-Overseas. Flippen, PFC., Westfield. Folger, Fred, Pvt., Mount Airy. Folger, Henry, Opl., Rockford-Overseas. Foster, Henry S., Pvt., Elkin.•, · · Fowler, Charles R., Opl., Pilot Mountain. Foy, Edward O., Jr., Sgt., Mount Airy. · Franklin, Bernie s., PFO., Mount Airy. · Franklin, Richard G., Pvt., Elkin. Freeman, Joe B., Pvt., Mount Airy. Fulk, Arthur P., PFC., Pilot Mountah1..'.-0versons. Filk, Jesse Gray, Pvt., Dobson-Overseas. Oalyean, John S., Pvt., ·Round Peak. Gammons, Luther Elmer, Pvt., Mount Airy. Gant, J~mcs Wesley, Cpl., Mount Airy-0\'~rsons. Gardner, Jesse S., Pvt.,· Mount Airy-Overseas. . Onrdner, Vnughu L., Sgt., Mount Airy-Oversons. 245 SURRY SOLDIERS OF OUR WARS Gates, Matthew J., Pvt., Mount Airy. George An'1rew, Pvt., Westfi('Jd. George, Andy, PFC., White Plains-Overseas. Gerage, Wesley C., PFC., Mount Airy. Geroge, William Curtis, Pfc,, Mount Airy-Oversea,t. Gentry, Carl L., PFO., Dobaon-Over•ttas. Gentry, Early F., Pvt., Dobson----Overseas. Gentry, .Toseph A., Pvt., State Road:-Overseas. Gentry, Lester M., Pvt., Kappa Mtll--Over$eae. Gibson, James Millard, PFO., Pilot Mountain--Overseaa, Gilbert, Charlie P., Pvt., Mount Airy~ Gillespie, Luther W., Pvt., White Plaine--O,,ersoas. Gilley, Walter E., Pvt., Pilot Mountain. Glenn, Claude Thomas, Pvt., Elkin, Goard, Charles R., Sgt., Mount Airy. Goins, WiUie P., Pvt., Round Peak-Overseas. Goins, Sea brom, Pvt., Brim. Go}(lh1g, Claud, Pvt., Round Peak. Golo1bg, Rueben, Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas.- · Gordon, Fred R., PFC., Mount Airy.:.,.....Overseas. Gordon, Posie L., Pvt., Mount Airy..-o,,erseas. Goyns, Alfred, PFC., Mount Airy...... Qver1eas, wounded. Gravitt, Robert T., PFC., Pilot Mountain--Overseas. Graves, William, Sgt., Mount Airy-.Overseas, Gregory, Parks Andrew, PFC., Elkin-Overseas. Green, Samuel A., Cpl., Mount Airy. Greenwood, Reginald E,, Mus., Elkin. Greenwood, Joseph G., PFC., Mount Airy-Overseas. Greenwood, Andrew J., Pvt., Mount Airy...... Qverseas. Greenwood, Banner T., Pvt,, Elkin-Overseas. GTeenwood, Will F., Opl., Mount Airy-Overseas. Gregory, James E., Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas, wounded. Grit1lth, William H., Mount Airy-Overseas. Grif1lth, Dixie L., Sgt., Mount Airy-Overseas. Gwyn, James B., Sgt., Mount Airy. Gwyn, Ed L., PFC, Mount Alry...... Overseas, Gwyn, Joh~ M., .Pvt., Mount Airy. Gwyn, James A., Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas.· Hamby, John W., PFO., State Road, Hancock, Jiohn T., Opl., Roc~tord-Over1eaa, Hanes, Pies le.,., Pvt,, State Road. Hanes, Charles R-., ·Pvt,, Ru1k....,.()verso14•, · Hanett, Ernest Q., Pvt., State Ro14d---Overscas. llanks, Roy E., Pvt., Mou,at Airy-Over1e11s. Hanks;,,:~onnle O., PFC-, ElJdJl, Hales; ,Jnmes D., Opl., Mc,unt Airy-Over1teas. HaJJ, 'James P., PFC., Pilot Mou,_tain--Overaeas. 246 SURRY SOLDIERS OF OUR WARS Hall, Floyd E., Pvt., Mount Airy. Harbour, Ernest D., PFC., Mount Airy. Hardy, Garlie C., PFC., Jtusk---Overseas, wQunded. Hardy, James F., PFC., Siloam-Overseaa. Hardy, John Harrison, Pvt., Siloam. Hardy, Luth~r M., Pvt., Siloam. Hardy, John H., Pvt., Mount Airy. Hardy, Romie H., Pvt., Mount Airy. Hardy, William E., Pvt., Siloam-.Overseas, killed. Harrell, Arthur, PFC., Mount Airy-Overseas. Harris, Edwin W.,. Pvt., ·Elkin. ~arrell, Sparger M., PFC., Pilot Mountain-Overseas, Harris, Enoch Alexander, Pvt., Elkin. Harris, Hilary W., PFC., Thurmond-Overseas, Harris, Robert P., Pvt. · Harris, Claude, Pvt., Thµrmond. Harrison, James G., Pvt., Mount Airy. Harvey, Patrey L., Pvt., Shoals-Overseas. Hatcher, Wade L., PFC., Mount Airy--Overseas. Hatcher, Walter E., Pvt., Brim. Hatcher Thomas J., Cpl., Mount Airy. Hayes Grady, Pvt., Elkin. Haymore, Ellis, Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas. Haymore, Emmit, Pvt., W estfteld. Haymore, Morris, Pvt., ~ount Airy. Haymore, Robert L., Pvt., Mount Airy. Haynes, Rufus F., Pvt., Rockf ord..,...,..Qver,teas. Haynes, Caleb V., Pvt., Mount Ah•y.--Overseae. Haynes, Franklin P., Pvt., Boun(). Peak-Ove·rseae, ·wounded. Haynes, Joseph B., Sgt., Mount Airy~OverBea,, Haynes, Arbriem D., PFO., Rusk-Overseas. Haynes, John S., Cpl., Rusk-Oversea,. Haynes; Leonard, Pvt., State Road-Over.eas. Haynes, Thomas M,, Cpl., }Jount A.iry.,...... Qveraeas. Haynes, William R.. , Pvt., l\loynt Airy, Heath, William E., Op)., Mount' Airy-Overseas. Hearn, Mallie Leo, PFC., Rocktord-Overso"8, Hemmings, Sim W., Pvt., Mount Airy-.-Over,e~s. Hendron, Joseph F., Jr., Pvt., Elkin. Hondt•on, William M., Pvt,, Elkin, Horrell, Charlie, PFC., Mount Airy. Herrell, Oris, Pvt., Mount Airy--.-o,,er~eas. Hiatt, Alvin L., Ok., Mount Airy-Overseas. Hiatt, Nathan, Pvt., Mount Airy. IJiatt, J oaeph A., Pvt., Brhn-Ovorst)as, Hiatt, Jason A., PFC., Pilot Mountain-Over.ens. Hiatt, George W., PFC., Mount Airy-Ovorsoas. 247 SURRY SOLDIERS OF OUR WARS Hiatt, James M., Pvt., Pilot Mountain-Overseas. Hice, Brady, Pvt., Low Gap. Hlcks, Robert, Wag., Mount Airy-Overseas. Hill, Guy H., Pvt., Mount Airy. Hill, Ira Moody, Mee., Brim. Hill, Marston H., Pvt., Pilot Mountain. Hill, Robert F., Pvt., Pilot Mountain. Hill, Willie L., Rockford-Overseas. Hines, Clarence F., Cpl., Mount Airy. Hines, Ward B., Sgt., Mount Airy. Hodge, James H., Pvt., State Road-Overseas, disease. Hodge, Thomas H., Wag., Mount Airy-Overseas. Hodges, Elbert L., Pvt., Dobson-Overseas. Hodges, Jesse Edgar, Mee., Mount Airy-Oversens. Hodges, Willis, Pvt., Mount Airy. Hogan, ,Jessie D., Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas. Holcomb, David ,v., Pvt., Elkin. Holcomb, William Hugh, Pvt., Mount Airy. Holder, Dallas M., Pvt., White Plains. Holloway, Joe M., Pvt., Thurmond. Hollingsworth, Luther R., Pvt., Brim-Overseas. Hollingsworth, James W., Cpl., Mount Airy. Hollingsworth, Robert E., Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas. Hooker, Earnest C., Sgt., Mount Airy-Overseas. Hooker, Claude E., Sgt., Mount Airy-Overseas, killecl. Hooker, Edgar, Pvt., Brim-Overseas. Holyfield, Early, PFC~, Mount_ Airy-Overseas, killed. Hubbell, Paul E., PFC., Park Mountain-Overseas. Hudspeth, Harvey A., PFC., State Road-Overseas. Hull, John Henry, Pvt., Mount Airy. Hudson, Ernest B., Pvt., Mount Airy-Ove1·sens. Hunter, John Robert, Pvt., Westfield. Hunt, Wil1iam T., Pvt., Mount Airy. Hyatt, Carlie Jasper, Pvt., Pilot Mountain-Overseas. Inman, James C., Sacl., Mount Airy-Overseas. Isaacs, James C., PFC., Dodson-Overseas, kiJled. Jackson, Randall H., Cpl., Pilot Mountai~. Jackson, Bob,, Pvt., Westfield. Jackson, Zebedee D., White Plains. Jackson, Arthur M., Cpl., Mount Airy-Overseas.. Jackson, George B., PFC., Mount Airy-Overseas. Jackson, Julius Emet, Sgt., Mount Airy. Jackson, Millard P., Pvt., Westfield. Jackson, Wesley Ji'., Pvt., ~ount Airy. ,Jackson, William McK., Hs., Elkin. James, Earl O., PFC., Afount Airy. James, .Jack L., Sgt., ~fount Airy-Ove1·sens. 248 SURRY SOLDIERS OF OUR W AitS .Jarrell, Jesse Grover, Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas. Jarvis, Joel L., Pvt., Elkin-Overseas. Jeffries, Jesse A., Mch., Mount Airy. Jenkins, Lawrence H., Cpl., Mount Airy. Jessup, Adam Reid, Pvt., Brim-Overseas. Jessup, Chisie M., Pvt., Westfield. Jessup, Grant, Pvt., Brim. Jessup, James H., Pvt., Westfleld-Overseas, disease. Jessup, Joel Anderson, Pvt., Brim-Overseas. Jessup, Levi Su tel, Ck., Mount Airy-Overseas. Jessup, Luther A., Hs., Brim-Overseas. Jester, Dallas, Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas, disease. Johnson, Devid H., Cpl., Mount Airy. Johnson, Claude J., Opl., Mount Airy. ,Johnson, Elmer, Pvt., Low Gap-Overseas. Johnson, Eugene G., Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas. Johnson, James Howard, PFC., Mount Airy-Overseas. ,Johnson, Jennings B., Pvt., Elkin. Johnson, John Frank, Pvt., Mount Airy. J obnson, J obn T., Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas. ,Johnson, Joseph S., Ck., Mount Airy-Overseas. Johnson, Olysses. T., Pvt., White Plains. Johnson, Willie F., Pvt., Round Peak. Jones, Alexander P., Pvt., Ararat. Jones, Jess B., Sgt., Mount Airy-Overseas, killed. Jones, Ernest, Pvt., Mount Airy. Jones, ·Albert, PFC., Mount Airy-Overseas. . Jones, Boss, Mount Airy-Overseas. Jones, Greely D., Opl., Mount Airy-Overseas. Jones, Robert L., Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas. Jones, Posey L., Pvt.,· Mount Airy. Jones, Wiley G., Opl., Mount Airy-Overseas. Jones, Effie Cornelious, Pvt., Pinnacle. Jones, Arthur F., Pvt., State Rofd. J or~on, William H., Cpl., Rockford-Overseas. Joyce, Cyphus R., Pvt., Pilot Mountain. Joyce, James Vester, Pvt., Pilot Mountain.· Joyce, Robert W., Cpl., Mount Airy. Joyce, Samuel G., Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas. Joyce, Rufus Albert, Pvt., White Plains-Overseas. Joyce, William O., Pvt., Round Ponk-Ovorsoas, wounded. Keiger, Babe, Pvt., Shoals-Overseas. · Kenedy, Lonie G., Pvt., Rusk-Overseas. l{onnedy, Marvin C., Sgt., Rusk. Key, Garfield, Pvt., Elkin-Overseas. Key, Henry, Pvt., Mount Airy-Ovel'soas. Key, John, Pvt., Silvan, Route. 249 SURRY SOLDIERS OF OlJR WARS Key, Carl, Pvt., State Road. Key, Posie· G., PFC., Pilot Mou11tain-Oversens. Kidd, Jesse ·Buxton, PFC., Dobson-Overseas. Kidd, Walter Coax, Pvt., Dodson-Overseas. Kiger, Will Irvin, Pvt., Shoalfl. King, William A., Wag., VI estfield-Overeeas.. Kingsbury, Fred J., Pvt., Mount Airy-Ovet·seas. . Kirkman, Arthur W., Pvt., M<>Uttt Airy. Kir~man, John Benton, Pvt., Pilot Mountatn-O-vert1eas. Kirkpatrick, John C., Pvt., Pilot Mountain. Kurfess, Everatt R., PFC., R-o~kford--Overseas. Lawrence, Robert B., PFC., Brim-Overseas. Lawrence, Thomas J., Pvt., Brim. Lawrence, Gebernl L., Cpl., Elkin--·0\fer~eas. · Lawson, Fred, Pvt., Mount Airy-·Overttdae. Lawson, Jesse Austcrti, Pvt., \Vestfield-Over~i3as. Lawson, Lacy Jackson,· PFC., Mouttt Airy-Oversenfl, disease. Lawson, Moses H., Pvt,, Westfield. Lawson, William C., PFC., Mount Airy. Ledford, John Howard, Pv't., Mount Airy. Leftwich, William B., Pvt., Ladonia. Lewellyn, Thomas F., Pvt., Round Peak___:0v(H.-sea8, disease. IA,wis, Lester L., Pvt., Crutchfield. Lewis, Jesse D., Pvt., Pilot Mo\lntatn. · Lewis, Sephas A., Sgt., Brim---Overseas. Linville, Richard F., Pvt., Rusk-Ovel'seas. Loflen, Dillard, PFC, Mount Airy, Overseas. Long, Claude V., Sgt., Elkin-Overseas. Long, William E., Pvt., :Mount Airy. Loyd, Edward, Pvt., Thurtnond-Overseu. Lowe, W eldner Kester, Pvt., Low Gap--Ov~rsoas. Lowry, John R., Bglr., Mount Airy-Overs0as. Luffman, William 0., Pvt., State Road. Lynch, John L., Pvt., Pilot Mountain. Mabe, -John E., Ok.) Mount Airy-Ovoreeas. Mahone, .Tesse Franklin, Pvt., White l>Iaine-Ovorscas. Mann, William O., Nurse, Ro_ckford--0-verseaa. Manring, Drewry Edgar, Pvt., PUot Mountain. Marion, Willie M., PFO., Bhoals--Ovcrseas. Marion, Harrison l., Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas. Marlon, Newton G., PFO., Shoala-Overscas. Marlon, Martin, PFC., White Plah1s. Marlon, John E., Pvt., Mount Airy. Marion, Ernest S,, Wag., Shoals. Marlon, Walter, Bgt., White Plains. Marion, Emory A., Cpl,, Rooktol'd. Marion, Ohusaie O., Opl., Mount Airy-Overseas. 250 SURRY SOLDIERS OF OUR WARS l\farshall, Sam, Pvt., Mount Airy--Overseas. Marshall, George F., Pvt., Mount Airy. Marshall, Manual, PFC., Mount Airy, Overseas. Marshall, Walter, PFC., Mount Airy-Overseas, wounded. Marsh, James R., Pvt;, Ru~k. Martha, Madison L., Cpl., Mount Airy-Overseas. Martin, Ronald, Pvt., Westfleld-Oversl'a ■• Martin, Jamee R-., Pvt., Mount Airy. Martin, J ease, Pvt., Pilot Moutttain-Overeeas. Martin, ·charlie M., Mount Airy--Overseas. Martin, Charlie, Pvt., Weetfl.eld. Mastin, George W., Elkin---Overseas. Matthews, ,Walter Martin, Pvt., Pilot Mountain-Overseas. Martin, OlivQr, P-vt., Mount Airy-Overseas, wounded. Matthews, Willie, E·., Sgt., Pilot Mountain. Matthews, Willie E., Sgt., Pilot Mountain. Matthews, Marvin M., Pvt., Siloani-Ovetseas. Matthews, Alvah A., Pvt., Pilot Mountain. · Matthews, Robert L.,· Pvt., Pilot Mountain. lfathis, James A., PFO., Elkin-Overseas. Mathis, R-ichard B., Cook, Elkln---Overseas. Mays, Floyd Dennis, Pvt., Dobson-Overseas. Merritt, William E., Jr., Pvt., Mount Airy. Merritt, Abram Haywood, Pvt., Mount Airy. Mickey, William L., Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas. Mickey, ·Edgar Alexander, PFO., Mount Airy-Overseas. Midkiff, Robert Powell, Cpl., Mount Airy-Overseas. Midkiff, George W., Cpl., Mount Airy-Overseas. Midkiff, Robert, Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas. • Miller, Virgil F., PFC., Siloam-Overfleaa, wounded. Mitchell, Roy O., Pvt., Mount Airy. Monday, Arthur T., Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas. Money, Worth, Pvt., Elkin--OVerseaa. Monkue, Ellie, Pvt., Kapps Mill-Overseas. Monroe, Ralph C., Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas. Moody, -Howard F., Opl., Mount Airy. Moody, Wade C., Sgt., Moitnt Airy. Moore, Garnville K., Pvt,, Round Peak. Moran, John W. A., PFC., Westfield-Overseas. Morefield, Richard M., Pvt., Pilot Mountain. Mosely, John Fuller, Pvt., Orutehfleld. Moser, Brady L., Pvt., Pinnacle-Overseas, wounds. Moser, Grady V., Pvt., Rockford. Moser, Otis, Pvt., M9unt Airy-Overseas. Moser, Garrell B., Opl., Hou11t Airy-Over1ea1. Moser, William Olay, Opl., Booktord-Overaeas. ~loser, Willie E., Mee., Mount Airy. 261 SU.RRY SOLDIERS OF OUR WARS Moser, Jesse L., PFC., Rock ford-Overseas. Mounce, Elmer E., Pvt., Rusk. Murray, Lemuel A., Pvt., State Road-Overseas. Murray, Robert A., Pvt., Mount Airy. McCann, Richard E., Hs., Kapps Mill-Overseas. McCargo, Thomas B., Pvt., Mount Airy. McCormick, Sandy S., Pvt., Round Peak. McCraw, Billie W., Pvt., Mount Airy. Mccrary, William E., Pvt., Mount Airy, McCraw, Ewel F., Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas. McCraw, John B., Pvt., Mount Airy. Mccraw, John L., Cpl., Mount Airy-Overseas. McCrary, Isreal Thomas, Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas. McDaniel, J nmes R., PFC., Pilot Mountain-Overseas. McGee, Chester T., Pvt., Pinnacle-Overseas. McGee, Richard L., Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas. McGee, Walter A., Pvt., Mount Airy-.Overseas. McHone, Elvin P., Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas. McKnight, Willie N., PFC., Mount Airy-Overseas, killed. Napier, James C., Sgt., Lei., Pilot Mountain. Napier, Samuel Meadows, Pvt., Round Peak. Needham, Claude· E., Pvt., Pilot Mountain-Overseas. Neeclha.m, James E., PFC., Pilot Mountain-Overseas. Newson, William, PFC., Mount Airy,-Ovcrseas, Newton, William E., Cpl., Mount Ah-y-Ovorseas. Newton, Robert H., Sgt., Mount Airy-OverJeas. Niston, Fred G., Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas. · Nixon, Walter H., Pvt., Kapps Mill-Overseas. Nixon, John F., PFC,, State Road-Overseas. Nixon, Lester G., Pvt., Round Peak-Overseas, disease. Nixon, Wiley P., Sgt., Kapps Mill-Overseas. Noah, Chester A., Cpl., Mount Airy-Overseas. Noah, Joseph Marvin, Pvt., Brim-Overseas. Norman, Henry C., Pvt. Norman, Isaac C., Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas, killed. Norman, James W., PFC., Mount Ail'y-Overseas. Nunn, John H., Pvt., Pilot Mountain-Overseas. Nunn, Rufus M., Pilot Mountain, · · O'Nenl, Benjamin, Pvt., R-0ckford. 0 'Ncal, Cebron Vaughn, Pvt., Rockford. Owens, Ear), Pvt., Pilot Mountain. Owens, Alger Lott, Pvt., Pilot Mountain. Owens, Cyrus Bud, PFO., Mount Airy. Parker, WiUis E., Pv~., Rockford-Overseas. Patterson, Carl, Pvt., Mount Airy-Died of disease. Payne, Robert W., Pvt., Ararat-Overseas. Payne, William J., PFO., Westfield-Overseas. 252 S·URRY SOLDIERS OF O,UR WARS Phillips, Berney W., Pvt., Mount Airy-Over.seas. Phillips, Eugene G., Cook, Elkin. Phillips, Otis, Pvt., Mount Airy.· Pike, J osepb D., Pvt., }fount Airy-Overseas. Poindexter, Benjamin H., Pvt., Mount Airy. Poindexter, James E., Pvt., Crutchfield. Poore, Floyd N., Jr., Cpl., Mount Airy-Overseas.. Potts, Wesley A., Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas, wounded. Prather, Charles D., Sgt., Mount Airy-Overseas. Prather, Joseph W., Cpl., Mount Airy-·Overseas. Pruitt, Fred C., Bn., Sgt. Maj., Mount Airy-Overseas. Pruitt, Mar~in Nixon, Pvt., Rusk. Pruitt, Sam R., Sgt., Lei., Mount Airy-Overseas. _Puckett, Doc, Pvt. Puckett, Grover C., Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas. Pulliam, Walter L!, Pvt., Brim-Oyerseas. Pyrtle, Jessie M., Cpl.,· White Plains. ~achcls, Thomas Vestol, Pvt., Siloam. Ray, Emory, PFC., .Mount Airy-Overseas. Rector, Donald Caldwell, Pvt., Mount Airy. Redman, Roy R., Pvt.,· Pilot Mountain-Overseas. Redwine, Floyd E., Pvt., Flat Branch-Ovei·scas. Redwine, Roy C., Pvt., Park Mountain----Overseas. Redman, John Logan, Pvt., Pilot Mountain. ~ece, Robert F., Pvt., Mount Airy. Reece, Thomas W., Pvt., Mount Airy. Reeves, Thomas, Pvt., Mount Airy. Reeves, Otto T., Pvt., Mount Airy. Reynolds, Fred, PFC., Mount Airy-Overseas. Rhodes, Tonney, Mess Sgt., Mount Airy-Overseas. Riddle, Eugene) Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas, gassed. Riddle, J'ames R., Pvt., Mount Airy. Riggs, DeWitt H., P:~.,O., Dobson-Died of disease. Riggs, David Lee, Pvt., Dobson-Overseas. Riggs, Jesse C., Pvt,, Round Peak-Overseas. Riggs, Wi11ie, Wag., Mount Airy-Overseas. Ring, Vester, Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas. Robertson, Charles G., PFO., White Plnins. Robertson, Columbus W., Opl., Mount Airy-Overseas. Robinson, Adrian Ashcroft, PFC., Mount Airy. Roso, Chnrlio l{cNoll, Pvt., Mount Airy. Royal, Reuben G., Pvt., Thurmond. Royal, George Edwin, PFO., Elkin, Rulo, Archie Doan, PFC., Mount Airy-Overseas. Saintsing, Edwin O., Opl., Mount Airy-Overseas. Salley, Richard B., Pvt., Pilot Mountain-Overseas. Sargent, Jo~n R., Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas. 258 SURRY SOLDIERS OF O·UR WARS Sattorfield, Gray W., Pvt,, Mount Airy_._.Oversens. Sutterfield, Burton M., Sgt., Mount Airy-Overseas. Seal, Luther M., Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas, gassod. Shumaker, Walter S., Mech., Mount Airy. Shumaker, Edward A., Sgt., Mount Airy. ScQtt, Luther V., Sgt. Ma,j., Siloam. Sc9tt; John Wolts, Pvt., Mount Airy-OvorseaR, Seal, · Nuel B., Pvt., Mount Airy~vereeae. Sechrist, Luther J., Pvt,, Mount _Airy-Overseas. Sechrist, Jesse R., Pvt., Pilot Mountain. Segraves, Fred J,, PFC., Mottnt Airy-Overseas. Shelton, William, Pvt., Mount Airy. Shelton, Luther R., PFC., Mouttt Airy-Overseas. Shelton, JAss T., Cpl., Mount Airy. Shelton, Howard L., Pvt., Mount Airy. Shelton, General H., Cpl., Pilot Mountain-Overseas. Shelton, Samuel R., Cpl., Mount Alry-Ov-erseas. Shelton, Clyde, Cpl., Mount Airy-Overseas. Shoffner, Jacob E., Sgt., Lei., . Elkin. Simmons, Charlie R., PFC., State :8oad-Oversens. Simmons, Coy B., Pvt., Crutchfield. Simmons, Floyd J., Cook, Mount Airy. Simmons, Oscar M., Sgt., Mount Airy. Simmons, Rufus a., Pvt., Pilot Mountain. Simmons, Vander L., Pvt., Mount Airy. Simmons, Walter W., Cpl., Mount Airy. Sisk, Charles B., Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas. Siska, Walter Hobart, PYt., White Plathe-Overseas. Slawt631', Emery E., Pvt., Pilot· Mountain. Smith, Albert E., Pvt., PUot Mountaht--Ov~rseas, killed. Smith, Jeffrey Dee, Jr., Pvt., Mount Airy. Smith, James E., Pvt., Siloam. Smith, William M., Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas. Smith, Bernard C., Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas. Smith, Eugene Gray, Mech., Mount Airy-Overseas. Smith, Zachary M., Pvt., M·ount Airy-Overseas. Smith, Peter J., Pvt., Pilot Mountain-Overseas. Smith, Joseph M., PPC., Mount Airy-Overseas. Smith, Carl, Pvt., Kapps Mill-Overseas. · Smith, John M., Pvt., Round Peak-Overseas. Smith, John Harrison, Pvt., Mount Airy-Ovor&oas. Smith, Edward B., Pvt., Mount Airy. Smith, J amcs R., Sgt., 'Mount Airy. Smith, Richard G., P-vt., Elkin. Smith, Vard, Mount Alry-OYtlrseas. 254 SURRY SOLDIERS OF OUR WARS Sneed, Joseph A., Wag., State Road-Overseas. Sneed, William H., Pvt., Rusk, Snoddy, Charles Edison:, Mus., Mount Airy-Overseas. Snody, Edward F., Pvt., Mount Airy. Snow, Albert. Greek, Pvt., Ot't1tchfleld-Overse.1u1. : Snow, Charles R-., Pvt., Mount Airy-Overeoas, klllad •. Sno,v, Joe Boss, Pvt., Round Peak. Snow, Jo_hn Ernest Oscar, Cook, Ruftk. Snow, John Harvey, Pvt,, Mount Alty. Snow, Joseph I., Cpl., Mount Airy-Overseas, wotu1de1d. Snow, Jasper N., Pvt., Mount Ah-y. Snow, Richard Eibert, Pvt., Siloarn.-overseas. Snow, Robert E., PFC., Dobson-O'Vei'8eat1. Snow, Andrew J., Sgt,, Mount Airy--OverseafJ, Snow, William R., Sgt,, Mount Atty-Oversells, Snow, Zebulon V., Pvt., Rocltlord-Ovel'tt8aa. Southern, Rufus H., Sgt., Mount Airy. Spainhower, Eugene B., PFO,, Mount Airy_.._Overseas. Sparger, Dewitt T., Cpl., Round Peak. Spencer, Fayett, Pvt., Mount Airy. Sprinkle, Ranson, PFC·., Rusk-Overseas. Stack, Clyde W., Pvt., Mount Airy-0\'el'Bcns. Stanley, Charlie W., Sgt., M<>unt Airy...... Overseas. Stanley, Dillatd, Pvt., Orutohfleld-Overseas, wounded .. Stanley, Doctor M., Ck. Ord., Mount Airy--Overseas. Stanley, Miles I., Pvt., Rusk. Steele, Erly L., Pvt., Mount Airy. Steele, Porter W., Pvt. 101., Roc~ford-Ovei-seae. Stephens, Wayne W., Wag., N eedharns~Overseas. Stewart, Bolden Casper, Pvt;, 101., Bound Peak-Ovot·soas. Stewart, Jess·e W., Pvt., Pilot Mountain. Stimpson, John F., Pvt. 101., Siloam-Overseas. Stimpson, Robert T., Pvt., ,suoam. Stoker, Ernest C., Pvt., Thurmond-Overseas. Ston:e, Olaude G., Sgt., Siloam-Overseatt. , Stone, Grady C., Cpl., Round Peak-Overseas, Stone, Marland O., Sgt., Pilot Mountain-Overseas. Stout, Stephen W., Pvt., Ashburne-Ovorseas. Surratt, Swanson, Cook, f,lount Airy. Sutphin, John B., Mount Airy-Overseas, wounded. Sutphin, Mason, Pvt., Mount Ah-y. Swanson, Harry K., Pvt., Pilot Mountain. Tate, Earle, Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas. Taylor, Ben J., Pvt., Whlto Phthu,. 255 SURRY SOLDIER.S OF OUR WARS Taylor, Perry N., Pvt., White Plains. Taylor, Vestal C., Pvt., Ararat-Overseas. Taylor, William E., Pvt., Mount Airy. Taylor, Benton W., Pvt., Mount Ait-y. Terry, Francis M., Pvt. ., Mount Airy-Overseas. Thacker, Robert, Pvt., Mount Airy. Thomas, Roy Arthur, Pvt., Pilot Mountain. Thomas, Houston L., Pvt., Mount 'Airy. Thomas, Francis, Pvt., London-Overseas. Thomas, Las, Pvt., Mount Airy-. Overseas. Thomas, Robert L., Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas. Thompson, Peter C., Wag., Thurmond. · Thompson, Guy M., PFC., Mount Airy. Thompson, Charles C., Cpl., Kapps Mill-Ovel'seas. Tbore, Jesse D., Pvt., Pilot Mou11tain-Overseas. Tilley, Austin W., Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas, ki11ed. Tilley, Earley L., Pvt., Mount Airy. Tilley, Carl F., Qpl., Mount Airy-Overseas. Tilley, Andrew J., Cpl., Brim-Ovorsens. Tilley, Hugh, Pvt., Thurmond-Ovorsens. Tilley, Marshall, Cpl., Brim-Overseas. Tilley, Samuel J., Cpl., Brim-Overseas. Timmons, Charlie H., Opl., Mount Airy-Overseas, wounded. Tolbert, Frank, Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas, wounded. Tolbert, Garfield, Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas. Tolbert, Rufus G., Buglr., Mount Airy-Overseas. Towe, William R., Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas. Tucker, Leonard T., Cpl., Rockford. Turpin, Floyd O., Pvt., Pilot Mountain. Vanhoy, Calvin O., Pvt., Elkin. Vanhoy, John M., Pvt., Elkin-Overseas. Vernon, ,John L., Pvt., Mount Ail'y-Ovo1·scas. Vernon, Bual E., Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas. Vernon, William L., Pvt., Round Peak. Vernon, Thomas J., Pvt., Mount Airy. Vernon, Wiley G., Ha., Mount Airy-Overseas. Wagoner, William G., Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas. Walker, Elbert W., Sgt., Park Mountain. Walke1·, Lonnie F., Sgt., Elkin-Overseas. Wall, Bryon I., Pvt., Mount Airy. Wall, Clane, Pvt., Ararat-Overseas, died. Wall, Charlie B., Pvt., Siloam. Walls, Osle P., PFO., Elkin. Wa.11acc, .Charles, Cpl., Mount Airy-Overseas. 256 S-URRY SOLDIERS OF OtJR WARS Warren, John W., Cpl., Mount Airy-·Overseas. Webb, Isaae L., Pvt., Mount Atry-Overseas, died. W olborn, Rox E., Pvt.; State Road-Overseas. Welch, George E,, Cpl., l\foun t Airy-. Ovorsotts. Wells, l\farshall G., Sgt., Mount Airy. Whitaker, Ii~arly G., Cook, Shoals-.Overseas. Whitaker, Dan W., Cpl., State Road. White, Leon G., Pvt., Crutchfield. White, James E., PFC., Rusk. White, Emmett, Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas. White; John W., Pvt., Dobson-Overseas. Whitt, General L., Pvt,, Rockford-Overseas. \Villa1·d, Anthony, Pvt., Pilot Mountain. WiHiam, Fred A., Pvt., Mount Airy-·Overseas. Wi1liams, Claude E., Cpl., Rusk-Overseas. Williams, Roger J., Cook, Rusk-Overseas. Williams, Elbert E., Pvt., Mount Airy. "'illiamson, B. Hairston, Sgt. 101., Mount Ahy-Oversoas. Williamson, Doctor C., Pvt., Rusk-Overseas, wounded. Wilmoth, Robert L., PFC., State Road-Overseas. Wilmoth, Tyson Basil, Pl"O., Crutchfield-Overseas. Wilmoth, Zedrick B., Pvt., 'l'hurmond. Wilmoth, John Irvin, Pvt., Crutchfleld-Ovo1·soas, Wilson, Eljah, Pvt., Pilot Mountain. Wilson, Claude R., Pvt., Pilot Mountain. Wilson, }.,loycl H., Pvt,, Pilot Mountain-Overseas, wounded. · Wilson, Raleigh C., PPC., Pilot Mountain-Overseas, wounded, ,vnson, Reed, Pvt., Mount Airy. Wood, Julius 0,, Pvt., Rockford. Woodle, Ransom M., PFC., State Road-Ovorscns. Woodruff', Richard G., Sgt., Elkin-Overseas. Worth, John A., Cpl., Mount Ahy-Oversoas. Wright, Issas Lnmot, Pvt., R9und Peak. W1·ight, James L., Pvt., Thurinon COLORED SOLDIERS IN THE WORLD WAR Booker, Edward A., Pvt., 1\foitnt Airy, Bradshaw, A1•tbur II., Pvt., Shon1s-Ovorsons. · Cla1·k, John, P,~t., M~ount Ah-y-Ovorsens~ 251 SURRY SOLDIERS OF OlJR WARS Coble, Max G., Pvt., Mount Airy. Cockerham, George W., Pvt,, Ruak. Cox, Harbour, Pvt. Mech., Mount Ah-y-Overeeas. Davis, Fred, Pvt., Mount Airy. Davis, Fred D., Sgt., Mount Airy. Dearman, Ramey, Pvt., 'R\'im-Overseas. Dobson, Salem, Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas. Dodd, William, Pvt., Westfield. . Doss, McKinley, Pvt., Mount Airy. East, James M., Pvt., Westfield:-Overscaq. Everette, Conley O., Pvt,, Mount Airy-Overseas. France, Cicero, Pvt., Brim-Overaefts. France, Luther A., Pvt., Westfteld--Ovcrsoas. France, Wesley, Pvt., Brim. Franklin, Sam, Pvt., 101., Mount Airy. George, Edgar, Pvt., Pilot Mountain. Gilbert, Dathon A., Pvt., Mount Airy. Gilbert, William· M.~ Sgt,; Mount Airy. Godwin, Moses, Pvt., Sullivan. Graham, Ross, Pvt., Union Hill. Graham, Samuel, Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas. Gray, Joseph, Clerk, Mount Airy-Overseas. Gwyn, Isaac, Pvt., Elkin. Gwyn, Walter, Pvt., Mount Airy. Hampton, Julhls, Pvt., Elkin~Oversens. Headen, El&mere, Sgt., Mount Airy. Ingram, Dock, Pvt., Mount Airy. King, George, Sgt., WhJte Plains. Martin, Paul N., Pvt. l 01., ~lkin-Overseaa. Mitchell., John, Pvt., Mount Airy-Overseas. Mittman., Olint., Mech., Mount Airy-Overseas. Moore, Willie, Pvt., Mount Airy. Moore, William R •., Pvt., Mount .t\.iry-Ov~n-se~.~. Norman., Albert, Pvt., Ort1tchfteld-Overse11s. Parker, Noby, Pvt., Shoalu--Overaeaa, Payne, Coy, Pvt. lOJ., Mount Airy-Overseas, Pilson, Hubert L., Pvt,, Boektord-Overeeas, Satterfield, Tom G., Pvt., Mount Airy----Overseas. Satterfield., Tom a., J>vt., Bocktord-Over1eas. Beales, John Henry, Pvt. 101., Mount Airy-OvereeQB, Smith, John., Pvt., Mount Alry-Over,oa,. Snow, Austin, Pvt., Orutchfleld, SlJRRY SOLDIERS OF OUR WARS Sprouts, Henry, Pvt. lCl., Pilot Mountain-Overseas. ·stewart, Charles, Clerk, Mount Airy-Overseas. Taylor, James H., Pvt. 101., Mount Airy. Taylor, William S., Pvt., Mount Airy. Thompson, Claude, Pvt,, Mount Airy-Overseas. Tucker, Traxton, Pvt., Mount Airy-Overec~s. Walker,. Harry O., Sgt., Mount Airy-!.Overseas. Walker, Walter P., Pvt., Mount Airy. 2nn l\lISCELLANEOUS FACTS ., n ., ..•• II ,. u If u .,. r ,~,,~?IIJ .,. HOltlf .,,..Nit:- -111/t I i i I 11 I 261 l\'lISCELTJANEO.US FACTS 24 20 . ~: .· :lffl1.u-~•t.u.u..i.u.i-!. · I ~~t4+-·,+·1-~• 19 . rn- 18 .. J,,, ,,,,, ,,.,, -T . ·r ,,. ,A ,J :1 ,,. ·i .. .~ 1., ·+ t . 1 ' t ri . . ,.s1 ·r•· i:. t- ,. f !, ,f ·I .. ·l:: .. ,,. ... .r .: H++-11~~~"_.aH--+-i!l+~ljH-H· ·· r _, 1 ,., '. ~~-~ ·" •• .. t . 1 J. : .. .- ' .. - - . 262 l\fISCELLANEOTJS FACTS 24 ' ' Li. ._..__,,_. -t ' 23 :::-,:cr I: fJi. ,- -'-ll+ 4 - t ·- 22 'Ht+-~~:'. -i' lfj_{J TI . . .u:tj: t•· ..L~-, • ''. lttt=l .~R-:+ ... ' ~ ~ :ii I+: ·~-[ft,. tit HU :lfff rij11fi ttr:r- - . .. 1+ :t .' ri:a·++-·rt t i"h 1-1- · I-- · ➔-, Tl, Tl. .. ' :tO . - . . t . ·r_,_ it: -· -f:i+it ·_ r~t ~-,jr -lr . . .m mJij~ ·t . ,-t L,. -• - . 4 t -1-. - - ,! t+ -1. -!- . 19 ·t ... - + - - ± - . . -.- . . . :··-ft:v. .f-._. I -tf-- . - ~ - - . if:t': - · ,- .. -, .. 18 +-. r- t . ± l- ~ ...... -· . l.t 11 ' t. ·H· - . .. l..L ·• -Fl .. Iii • .L - r-- •· ... I· + r+· -~. ,. ' - 1, I - -. L· It . J.# .. ll - '$ f 1 i+ j) - i.•~ - l ! . TI .. .. ll -1' :+ ·Uf . -: i+ ,r .uJJ: ½-_ . t ,..:. ~+14-.f+ :... ~ ·-l T ·ltt•·+ ..i..;. .. .H i ~ T ' . .. ;:t 1'1 +L-ft. ·• .. " fttl ' . iUf -- .. .. . t;:r :·ff :? .. . +- - p:: rL .. ·p I --ft l• H ~ :t -'t + ".. L . . . -f- .. _, . - - . j rt : '} .t •l=ff l, . . r: . L -I .. 1trt-- - f r · -1~. .L(.t ...... ·• . • • I, fft i:1 . •· ·,_lld- - J -" lh:t · · .u .,1 .. ,;t · - . .. t. •· . . ' .. • ♦• . -. l. li1 _!ti lfi{ . +- 'Hi H!f. __ .. tJ . . ~i- . ,.. ' -+ , .... l:!J;. ;. - -ri-i--1· - ·t-rT i. ~ . :r ..'f! f .. 1:f i l . i + HIJ ...· t . :p: .. .. i-~ ...... ,.. I ... . ~ ,...... :1t1 . . . .&'. .. --~t :-rt . tJ . . .. ·1 J._ . l- .. . . -11 -· .. . . :1±· . :;: -j_ :t~t 1·T!l. '" .. i I-!~ ,; ·+. . . -t,-•. r.-l I~ j: ·t .. L-1...... ' :t1. . . :ftf. . .. . ·=tft~ . I. JL:p:: .: I ! '·I-+ ' 263 MISCELLANEOUS FACTS u n .,II ,. II II 11 " II .." ll ., II .,, 264 l\IISCELLANEOUS FACTS 24 . 23 '. ;-+ 22 t . I .. .21 . 20 .. . ' .. JO . . 18 ,,.17 lll - . ,. 'I' .... iH .. ,t, ... ,ff . .,...... •"' . ,., -- . ,. . . •"' ~ .. ,.,.. . . ,.. ~ ,.. , ... t I 11 8 ~ ~~ ,... , ~ ,-.j ,~ ..,. .,~ ~ ~ -~ ,~ ~ ~ .. ~ ' ' 265 . l\1ISCELLANEOUS FACTS 24 23 22 .t H··. .. 1.. -.,,. . ,.... ,. ,, ... HH+-HH·J+l+H+l"I-H+I HT:Ell1rn:u:t.ttll .. ,,, . , : ...~ t. 'PJ . t{ .. o I- '.l .. J ~- lt1 . . •...... r llf ·• ~ IW1I ... '"' ...... '-• . . ~, . - . . . . '-H+II~ . : ; -it ·11: 1. ,.. 10 11 18 ~ ,. ◄ 266 MISCELLANEOtJS FACTS 24 23 22 - Ii: 20 19 - .... ·1· 18 II . ···t+ . . f--- ., . . . ..·1· -- . . - . . " .. . lo ...... ·1·. . - . .- "'f . - ,, w-. •~t•~-l~". : - --~, 11"1'_-H_-'H-1 •• ~ .I. •• .. 11 Ill 267 STATISTICS ON MANUFACTURES IN SURRY COUNTY The information given herein fs taken from "North Carollna Resources and lndustries0 and data supplied from Department of Conservation and Development, Raleigh, N. C .. No. Cost Total Value Establish- Wage Totai of Value of Added by Manufacturing Industries ments Earners Wages Mfg. Product Mfg. All Industries ______45 2,875 $2,388,665 $4,620,484 $8,890,227 $4,269,743 ~ Food and Like Products ______13 37 23,S49 223,504 · 322,390 98 886 ~ Fu·mfture. ______~ ______8 1,124 830,911 1,537,868 J,l5-',90l 1,7\$:033 C Other Forest Products ______10 143 96,934 214,474 423,6~3 i09,1S9 ~ *Miscellaneous ______- _ 14 1,571 1,437,271 2,644,638 4,888,303 2,24:),665 t'1 ~ t\O *Includes leather, stone, textiJes, and clay products. ~ This information is for the year 1927. ~ 0 C1 RECENT DATA FROM BIENNIAL CENSUS OF MANUFACTURES 00 No. of Wage Cost of Value Establish- Earners Wages Material, of ~..-3 Year ments (Av. for yr.) Fuel, etc. Products 00 1927-----~------4S 2,875 $2,388,665 $4,620,484 $8,890,227 193]1929 ______-_------.. ------_- 52 2,S88 1,928,586 4,634,580 9,298,226 19JJ ______41 , 2,833 1,BSS,306 3,697,267 8,482,978 ______30 2,614 ...1,406,682 ___ 3,038,433------6,626,589 NOTE-Due to the use of products of some industries 6elng used in otl}er manufactured goods the total cost of materials and value of products should be redcced one-third as the duplication for the United States as a whole amounts to one.. third, of the gross value. · - FARM cnoP STATISTICS ACREAGE PLANTED 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 Tobacco ______17,572 Cotton ______19,084 18,174 19,214 19,089 14,28S 10,744 12,035 10,631 Com ______3S,739119 42 ·s 0 0 0 0 0 4 34,619 29,583' 31,147 28,837 33,47S 31,963 32,042 31,224 Wheat______16,607 . 14,313 10,768 10,705 9,254 10,630 8,434 9,791 11,932 Oats ______- ___ ------_- _- - - _- - 3,4iS 2,636 1,787 2,190 2,871 2,893 1,786 1,699 1,883 ,.....~ Rye ______(1925) 4,832 3,923 3,923 3,800 3,109 4,985 3,941 3,806 4,172 H Potatoes prish) ______- ______. 748 5S1 00 6S4 674 785 1,012 816 948 804 0 PeanutsPotatoes ______Sweet)______654 649 512 507 S39 634 613 693 608 t_:rj 57 39 22 109 62 52 Hay (Tame) ______9 t-c Cowpeas ______5,235 5,547 5,361 4,837 4,998 . t-c 1,113 1,599 S09 417 1,QSO 2,362 1,288 1,235 t> Soybeans ___ .. ______454 1,253 288 402 378 374 352 171 ~ 0 ~ YIELD PER ACRE 0 d 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 00 Tobaccof lbs. ------632 70S 642 662 670 637 575 700 ~ Cotton, bs. ______.. ______230 337 228 0 0 0 0 0 > Corn~ bu. ______.. ______23 22 18 22 10 21 18 18 (i Wheat, bu. ______1-3 15 9 12 11 II 12 8 10 00 Oats, bu. ______23 20 19 23 19 24 Rye, bu. ______:. ______10 12 13 12 10 13 18 9 Potatoes ~rfsh), bu ....•••••. _ ..•.• ___ • __ 70 73 115 90 15 60 61 62 Potatoes Sweet), bu._-,- ______. ______84 89 76 92 61 69 72 71 Peanuts, 1 s; ______'"_ 950 920 500 892 742 850 Hay (Tame), lbs, ______2,100 800 1,650 1,500 2,000 Cowpeas, bu. ______.. _____ 13 s 11 7 10 8 11 Soybeans, bu. ___ • ______IS 13 14 10 12 11 9 TOTAL PRODUCTION 1926 1-927 1928 1929 · 1930 1931 1932 1933 Tobacco, lbs. ______t t,105,504 13,454,220 11,667,708 12,719,668 12,789,630 9,099,545 6,177,800 9,082,500 Corn, bu. ______821,997 . 761,618 532,494 685,234 288,370 694,760 564,048 582,354 Wheat, bu. ______249,105 128,817 129,216 117,755 101,794 127,432 69,216 83,180 Oats, bu. ______78,775 52,720 33,953 50,370 54,549 69,432 Rye, bu. ______(1925) 48,230 47,076 5,099 45,600 31,090 64,805 31,528 33,255 to?' 1-"1 Potatoes (Irish), bu ... __ 52,360 40,223 75,210 60,660 39,250 60,720 49,776 57,040 ~ Potatoes (Sweet), bu. __ 54,936 41,741 38,912 46,644 32,879 43:.746 44,136 47,783 00 Peanuts, lbs. ______8,550 52,440 19,500 19,614 80,852 52,700 a Hay {Tame), ton ______5,470 4,700 4,423 3,628 4,998 ~ Cowpeas, bu. ______-. 14,469 7,995 4,873 3,416 10,780 18,896 14,168 t"'i Soybeans bu. ______·6,810 16,289 4,032 4,020 4,536 4,114 3,168 ~ l~ z -1 ~ ~ PRICE PER BUSHEL, POUND OR TON 0 0 00 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 ►.tj Tobacco, lb.______.25 .22 .19 .16 .066 .051 .091 .155 Corn, bu. ______.85 .96 1.17 1.01 1.05 .45 .41 .75 a► Wheat, bu. ______1.39 1.46 1.53 1.40 I.IS .69 .69 1.02 ~ Oats, bu. ______.67 .76 .72 .73 .73 .33 00 Rye, bu. ______1.45 1.20 1.32 1.16 .60 .57 .90 Potatoes prish), bu. ___ 1.81 1.40 .86 1.20 1.08 .60 .58 .59 Potatoes Sweet), bu. __ 1.00 .98 .80 .99 .96 .59 .50 .62 Peanuts, lb. ______.05 .08 .07 .04~ .023 .03 Hay (Tame), ton ______13.50 19.00 18.00 11.10 15.00 Cowpeas, bu. ______1.69 1.79 2.30 2.30 .75 .66 1.00 Soybeans, bu. ______1.86 2.01 2.15 2.00 .90 .72 1.08 TOTAL VALUE OF CROP 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 Tobacco ______- ______$2,776,376 $2,959,928 $2,216,865 $2,035,147 $844,116 $464,077 . $S62,180 $1,407,788 Com______698,697 731,1S3 623,018 692,086 302,789 312,642 253,022 436,766 Wheat __ ~ _____ ------_ 346,256 188,073 197,700 164,8S7 117,063 87,928 47,7.S9 84,844 Oats ______S2,779 40,067 24,446 36,770 39,821 22,913 Rye ______68,260 71,399 60,192 36,064 38,883 17,971 29,930 Potatoes prtsh) ______94,772 56,Jti 64,681 72,792 42,390 36,432 28,870 33,654 ~ Potatoes Sweet) ______..... Peanuts ______54,936 40,906 31,130 46,178 31,564 25,8.10 22,068 29,625 r:n 428 . 4,19S l,36S 883 1,860 1,581 C Hay ______97,371 74,331 79,614 40,271 74,970 t;cJ Cowpeas ______t-4 Soybeans ______24,453 14,311 12,878 7,8S7 8,085 12,471 14,168 12,667 32,741 8,669 . 8,040 4,082· 2,962 3,421 t-4 ~ ► -1 N> ~ VALUE PER ACRE 0 r:n~ 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 Tobacco ______Com ______$158.00 $155.00 $122.00 $106.00 $ 44.00 $ 32.00 $ 52.00 $ 109.00 ~ Wheat ______19.55 21.12 21.06 22.22 10.50 9.45 7.38 13.50 C Oats ______20.8S 13.14 18.36 15.40 12.65 8.25 5.52 10.20 t-3 1S.41 15.20 13.68 16.79 13.87 7.92 UJ Rye ______. ------17.40 18.20 15.84 11.60 7.80 4.56 8.10 Potatoes ~Irish)- ______128.00 102.00 99.00 108.00 54.00 36.00 35.38 36.58 Potatoes Sweet)_. ____ 84.00 87.00 61.00 91.00 · 59.00 40.71 36.00 Peanuts ______w __ 44.02 47.SO · 73.60 3S.00 40.14 17.07 25.SO 14.85 8.33 15.00 Cowpea.41HaY---~------___ .. _.. ______. 21.97 · 8.95 · 25.30 16.10 7.SO S.28 11.00 Soyi,eans ___ ~------27.90 26.13 30.10 20.00 10.80 7.92 9.n ____J' LIVE STOCK 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 Horses------~-Mules ______1,259 1,183 1;129 997 964 910 923 3,731 3,700 3,608 3,641 3,295 3,196 3,087 Milch Cattle ______S,495 S,182 S,211 5,174 5,393 5,847 6,392 S,170 Cattle (Not Milch)_ .. ______2,661 All Cattle ______·______1,849 2,269 2,201 2,914 3,311 3,568 Hogs ______7,344 7,451 7,412 7,835 8,307 9,158 9,960 .....~ Sheep ______6,652 7,892 7,344 5,547 4,723 S,763 6,491 1-4 102 1S7 158 247 216 201 219 00 59,987 a Hens-----~------66,273 72,798 67,427 63,487 59,987 58,573 74,076 69,621 tzj t"i t"i COMBINED VALUE OF LIVESTOCK AND CROPS z► ~ tzj c,-, 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 Horses ______0 Mules ______$ 104,497 $ 102,921 $ BS,804 $ 70,787 $ 73,264 $ 59,150 $ 61,841 ~ 399,217 440,300 342,760 316,767 375,630 284,444 274,743 00 Cattle ______~ ______Sheep ______255,571 333,060 41S,072 274,225 290,745 249,098 205,176 ►.g I-logs ______1S5 1,429 1,754 1,603 1,253 784 679 ~ 94,459 91,807 86,806 56,8S1 · 48,175 44,375 33,1.04 0 Hens ~ying Age) ______66,974 60,68S 6.S,392 49,442 42,591 30,4S9 23,705 ~ Total alue of ~ivestock ______921,473 1,030,202 997,588 769,681 830,658 668,310 S99,248 00 Total Value ofCr~------3,370,727 1,518,630 1,081,349 Combined Values rops and Livestock 4,368,315 2,288,311 1,912,007 OFFICIALS-NATIONAL AND STA TE Governor elected by Legislature: Jesse Franklin, Dec. 7, 1820-Dec. 7, 1821. . Councilors of State: Jesse Fran_klin, Dec. 18, 1789, Dec. 6, 1817, Nov. 26, 18i8, Nov. 29, 1819; Meschack Franklin-Dec. 27, 1824, Dec. HJ, 1825, Jan. 22, 1827, Dec. 15, 1827, Dec. 21, 1861, pee. 22, 1832, Jan. 9, 1834; Joidah Cowles-Dec. 7, 1844, Nov. 25, 1846; Jesse F. Graves-Dec. 20, 1860. · Treasurer-Daniel W. Courts, 1837•39 a11d J S52-62. Attorney General-Robert Gilmer, 1901-9. State Board of Education-John H. Folger, 1928. Chief Field Deputy of Rev. Dept.-C. H. Hayes (Wilson Adm.) MEMBERS IN UNITED STATES CONGRESS Joseph Winston, Jefferson Republican, 1793-95. · Jesse Franklin, Jefferson Republican, 1795-97; Democrat, 179,9•Pl, 1801-03; President Pro. Tempor of the Sentate, 1803-05, 1807-09, 1809•11, 1811-13. . Joseph Winston, Democrat, 1803-05, 1805-07. Meschack Franklin, Democrat, 1807-09, 1809-11, 1811-13, 1813-151 1815-17. Lewis Williams, Democrat, 1817-19, 1819-21, 1821-23, 1823-25, 1825- 27, 1827-29, 1829-31, 1831·33, 1833•35, 1835•37; Whig, 1837-39, 1839-41, 1841•43. , N otc in Connor's N. C. Manual: Lewis Williams died in office Feb. 23, 1842. He served longer in the House than any other repre sentative from N. C., fourteen terms from 1817 to 1842. At the time of his death he was the '' Father of the House. '' Richard C. Puryear, Whig, 1853-55, 1855-57. John M. Brower, Republican, 1887-89, 1889-91. MEMBERS OF CONGRESS WHO WERE NATIVES OF N. O. Luke Lea, born' Jan. 26, 1782, Rep. Term 1838-1887. Augustine H. Shepperd, Rockford, N. C., 1827•39, 1841-43, 1847-51. John Williams, born Jan. 1778, Rep. Term Senate 1815-23. . Lewis Williams, Born Feb. 1, 1786, Rep. N. C. !louse 1815-42. Robert Williams, born July 12, 1773, Rep. N. 0. Honse 1797 •1803. Thomas Word, Rep. Miss. House 1837-39. Tyre York (ran for G'overnor), born May 4, 1836, R.ep. N. • O. House 1888•85. R. C. Puryea1·, born July 20, 1861, (Provisional Congress). 275 OFFICIALS-NATIONAI.i AND STATE SURRY VOTES FOR PRESIDENTS FR.OM 1836 TO 1932 1836, White, Whig, 546; Van Buren, 723. ~840, Harrison, Whig, 1,191; Van Buren, 812. 1844, Clay, Whig, 996; Polk, 880. 1848, Taylor, Whig, 1,142, Cass, 852. 1852, Scott, Whig, 1,042; Pierce, 937. 1856, Fillmore, Whig, 362; Buchanan, 706; 1860, Ball, Whig, 502; Brech in ridge, 811; Douglas, 28. 1868, Grant, Rep., 818; Seymour, 787. 1872, Grant, Rep., 887; Greely, 681. 1876, Hayes, Rep. 1,012; Tilden, 1,352. 1880, Garfield, Rep., 1,058; Hancock, 1,412. 1884, Blaine, Rep., 1,413; Cleveland, 1,402. 1888, Harrison, Rep., 1,611; Cleveland, 1,672. 1892, Harrison,· Rep., 1,714; Cleveland, 1,974. 1896, MC$Kinley, Rep., 2,019; Bryan, 2,590; Weaver, 63. 1900, Roosevelt, Rep.,_ 2,475; Parker, 1,741. 1908, Taft, Rep., 2,870; Bryan, I, 709. 1912, Taft, Rep., 2,277; Wilson, 1,919; Roosevelt, 608. 1916, Hughes, Rep., 2,977; Wilson, 21029; Berger, 12. 1920, Harding, Rep., 5,170; Cox, 5,347. . 1924, Coolidge, Rep.,· 4;990; Davis, 4,418; La Follette, 66. 1928, Hoover, Rep.; 7,015; Smith, 3,647. · 1982, Hoover, Rep., 4,511; Roosevelt, 7,490. SURRY SENATORS AND REPRESENTATIVES FROl{ 1770 TO 1935 . 1770-71, Robert Lanier-not at first. session; Richard Gorda {Goode) -never took his seat. 1773-Jan., Robert Lanier and Jonathan Hampton. 1773-74, Robert Lanier (first session), and Charles McAnnally {2 sessions). 1775 {March), Robert Lanier (patriot); James Glen (Loyalist). 1775 (August), Joseph Williams, .Martin Armstrong, Wm. Hi1l, Joseph Winston. · 1776 (April}, Joseph Williams, Joseph Winston, Charles Gordon. 1776 {November), Robert Lanier, William Hall, Charles Gordon, Joseph Williams. Senators Representatives 1777, Robert ~anier; Joseph Winston, Charles Gordon. 1778, Wm. Shepperd; Mathew Brooks, Frederick Miller. 1779, Wm. Shepperd; Gray Byttum, Frederick Miller, 1780, Wm. Shepperd; Sam. Cummings, Sam. Freeman. 1781, Wm. Shepperd; Sam. Cummings, Wm. T. Lewie. 1782, Wm. Shepperd; Sam. Cummings, Trangott Bagge. 276 OFFICIALS__:_NATIONAL AND STATE 1783, Nath.an Armstrong; Wm •. T. Lewis, James Martin. 1784 (April), M. Stokes; Wm. T. Lewie. 1784-(Oct.), John Armstrong; Jack Lewis, James Martin. 1785, ,John Armstrong; 'Ym, T. Lewis, James Martin. 1780, John Armstrong; Wm. T. Lewis, James Martin. 1787, Joseph Winston; James Goines, Seth C~ffin. 1788, John Armstrong; _Geo. Houser, Wm. T. LeJvis. . 1789, Joseph Winston; Gid~on Edwards, Sam. Moselsey. 1790, Gideon Edwards; Edward Lovell, Sam. Moselsey. 1791, Gideon Edwards; Jonathan Haines, Jacob Shepperd. 1792, Gideon Edwards; Jonathan Haines, Jacob Shepperd. 1793, Gideon Edwards; Henry Speer, ,Jesse Franklin. 1794, Gideon Edwards; Mica.jab Oglesby,· Jacob Shepperd. 1795, Gideon Edwards; Micajah Oglesby, Hugh Armstrong. 1796, Gideon Edwards; Francis Poindexter, Hugh Armstrong. 1797, Gideon Edwards; Jesse Franklin, Hugh Armstrong. 1798, Gideon Edwards; Jesse Franklin, Thomas Wright. 1799, Gideon Edwards; Martin Armstrc,ng, Joseph Williams. 1800,. Gid_eon Edwards; Meshack Franklin, Thomas Wright. · 1801, Gideon Edwards; Meshack Franklin, Thomas Wright. 1802, Gideon Edwards; Nicholas Horn, Thomas Wright. 1803, Gideon Edwards; Nicholas Horn:, Thomas Wright. 1804, Peter Eaton; Micajah Oglesby, Nicholas Horn. 1805, Jesse Franklin; David Davis, Nicholas Horn, 1806, Jesse Franklin; Nathan Cheff'ern, Nicholas Horn. 1807, Thomas Wright; Daniel ·scott, Nicholas Horn. 1808, Thomas Wright; Micajah Oglesby, Nicholas Horn. 1809, Gideon Edwards; Wm. Dowling, Nicholas Horn. 1810, Thomas Wright; Mathew M. Hughes, Nicholas Horn. 1811, Thomas Wright; Charles Taliaferns, Nicholas Horn. 1812, Thomas Wright; Charles Taliaferns, Nicholas Horn. 1813, Thomas Wright; Charles Taliaferns, Lewis Williams. 1814, Thomas Wright; Lewis Wil1iams, Nicholas Horn. 1815, Thomas Wright; Edward Sweatt, Galaicl Hanby. 1816, Thomas Wright; Josiah Hatling, Galaicl Hanby. 1817, Thomas Wright; Josiah Hatling, Edward Sweatt. 1818, Wm. P. Dobson, Solomon Graves, Henry P. Poindexter. 1819, Wm. P. Dobson; Solomon Graves, Edward Lovell. 1820, Solomon Graves; Henry P. Poindexter, Pleasent Roberts. 1821, Solomon Graves; Thomas Mampton, Pleasent Roberts. 1822, Solomon Graves; E. Thompson, P1oasent Roberts. 1823, Solomon Graves; 'I'. B. Wright, E. Thompson. 1824, Pleasent R.. R.oberts; David Durett, Wm. C. Martin. 1825, Henry P. Poindexter; David Durett, Wm. C. Martin. 1826, Henry P. Poindexter; Elisha Arnold, Golihu Moore. 1827, Wm, P. Dobson; Wm. Douglas, Ephriam Hough. 1828, Mesh a ck Franklin; Mordecai Fleming, Alf reel C. Moore. 277 SURRY VOTE FOR GOVERNOR SINCE 1886 1829, Meshack Franklin; Ephriam Hough, Alfred C. Moore. 1830, Wtn. P. Dobson; Mordecai Fleming, Alfr~d C. Moore. 1831, Wtn. P. Dobson; Mordecai Fle~ing, Daniel W. Courts .. 1832, Wm. P. Dobson; Thomas J. Word, Daniel W. Courts. 1833, Wm. P. Dodson; Harrison M. Waugh, Daniel W. Courts. 1834, Wm. P. Dobson; Har-rison M. Waugh, Pleasent Henderson. 1835, Harrison ir. Waugh; Thomas L. Clingman, M:ordecni Fleming. 1836, Dist. 43, Wm. P. Dobson; Daniel W. Co~rts, Pleasent B. Roberts, James Calloway. 1838, Dist. 43, Mcshack Franklin; Richard C. Puryear, Nathaniel Boyden, Micajah Oglesby. . 1840, Dist. 43, R.. C. Puryear; Nathaniel Boyden, Coh1mbus Frank- lin, Henry P. Poindexter. . 1842, Dist. 43, Wm. P. Dodson; Dickson Talliforro, Thcoplihes C. Houser, John J. Coward. 1844, Dist. 44 (sec Ashe), Richard C. Puryear, Geo. \V. Brown, Dickson Talliferro. · 1846, Dist. 44 (see Ashe), Richard C. Puryear; Hugh Gwyn, James Shuk~ . 1848, Dist. 44 (see Ashe), -James Sheek, Crawford W. Williams, Albert A. Oglesby. 1850, Dist. 44 (see Ashe), J. R. McLean, James Sheck, ,Joseph Cockerham, Geo. Bower. 1852, Dist. 44 (see Ashe), R. C. Puryear, James Gwyn, Joseph H. Dobson. 1854, Dist. 44 ( see Ashe), Charles Whitlock. 1856, Dist 44 ( see Ashe), Richard E. Reeves. 1858, Dist. 44, Joseph H. Dobson; Richard E. Reeves. 1860, Dist. 44, Joseph H. Dobson; Harrison M. Waugh. 18fl2, Dist. 44 (see Ashe), Isaac Jarratt, Dr. Joseph Hollingsworth. 1864, Dist. 44 (see Watauga-Jonathan Horton), Harrison M. Waugh. 1865, Dist. 44 (see Watauga-A. C. Cowles), Harrison 1'1. Waugh. 1866, Dist. 44 (see Yadkin-A. C. Cowles), Harrison M. Waugh. 1868, Dist. 35, Samuel Forkner; A. L. Hendricks. 1870, District 85 (see Yadkin-A. ·c. Cowles), H. C. Hampton. 1872, Diet. 38 (see Yadkin-A. C. Cowles), Harrison M. Waugh. 1874, Dist. 33 (see Yadkin-l'ohn G. Marler), Wm. M. Haymore. 1876, Dist. 33, (see Yadkin-John G. Marler), J. ·F. Graves. 1879, District 33, J. M. Brower; W. F. Foard. 1881, Dist. 33, II. C. Hampton; R. R. Gwyn. 1883, Dist. 33 (see Yadkin-J. R. Hampton), Winston Fulton. 1885, Dist. 83, R. C. Franklin; S. G. Brim. 1887, Dist. 33 (see Yadkin-John A. Lillington), S. C. Franklin. 1889, Senatorial Dist. 33, W. W. Hampton; L. G. Waugh. 1891, Senatorial Dist. 33 (see Yadkin-E. D. Sanford), C. B. Denny. 1893, Senatorial Dist. 28 (see stokes-A_. M. Stack), Stephen Venable. 278 OFFICIALS-NA'l1 IONAL AND S'I1ATE 1895, Senatorial Dist. 2!i. 13. E. Marshall; M. H. Norman. 1897, Senatorial Dist. 28, J. A. Ashburn; John M. Brower. 1899, Senatorial Dist. 28 (see Stokes-J. C. Newsom), W. ·w. Hampton. 1901, Senatorial Dist. 28, Snmuel E. Marshall; Samuel G. Brim. 1903, Senatorial Dist. 28, Samuel E. Marshall; John H. Dobson. 1905, Senatorial Dist. 28 (seo Stokes-O. · 0. Boyles), John H. Dobson. 1907, Sena.torial Dist. 28, J. Oury Carter; Jack E. Albright. 1909, Senatorial Dist. 28 (sec Stokes-John 1\1. Reynolds), Ruphns L. Haymore. 1911, Senatorial Dist. 28, Ruphus L. Haymore; Samuel E. Mar shall. 1913, Senatorial Disti 27 (see Stokes-John W. Hall); Ruphus L. Haymore. l!Jl!'i, Senatorial Dist. 27, Ruphus L. Haymore; Mathew H. Nor man. 1917, Senatorial Dist. 27 (see Stokes-John W. Hall), R. L. Hay- more. 1919, Senatorial Dist. 27, R. L. Haymore; S. O. Maguin. 1921, Senatorial Dist. 27 (see Stokes-C. M. Jones), S. 0. Maguin. 1923, Senatorial Dist. 23, R. L. Haymore; W. M. Jackson.· 1925, Senatorial Dist. 23, W. W. Carter; H. H. Barker. 1927, Senatorial Dist. 23, S. O. Maguin; John Folger. 1929, Senatorial Dist. 23, R. T. Joyce; Dr. Holman Bernard. 1931, Senatorial Diet. 23, John H. Folger; C. H. Haynes. 1933, Senatorial Dist. 23, S. Gilmer Spa.rger (Stokes Co., native of Surry), C. H. Haynes. 1935, Senatorial, Dist. 23, }.,retl Folger, Henry D·obson. SURRY VOTE FOR GOVERNOR FROl\l 1836-l 9H2 Whig Democrat 1836-E. B. Dudley, 883; R. D. Spaight, 1,035. 1838-E. B. Dudley, 1,205; John Branch, 1,089. 1840-John M. Mol"ehead, 1,130; R. M. Sadue, 984. 1842-John M. Morehead, 984; Lewis D. Henry, 950. 1844-W. A. Graham, 1,032; Michael Hoke, 1,023. 1846-W. A. Graham, 1,103; James B. Shepard, 1,145. 1848-Chnrlos Manley, 1,090; D. S. Reid, 1,220. 1850-Charlos Manley, 1,077; D. S. Reid, 1,352. 1852-John Kerr, 1,206; D. S. Reid, 1,376. 1854-A]fred Dockery, 464; Thomas Bragg, 797. 1856-.Toe A. Gilmer (American), 579; Thomas Brugg, 877. 1858-D. K. McRae, 464; John W. Ellis, 989. 1860-J'ohn Pool, 549; John W. Ellis, 933. 1862-Y. B. Vance, 658; W. J. Johnston, 204. 279 OFFICIALS-NATIONAL AND STATE 1~64-Y. B. Vance, 484; W. W. Holder, 336. 1865-W. W. Holder (Rep.), 616; Jonathan Worth, 329. 1866-Alfred Dockery (Rep.), 153; Jonathan Worth, 474. 1868-W. W. Holder (Rep.), 830; Thomas S. Ashe (Conservative), 596, 1872-Tod R. Caldwell, 838 ;. A. S. Merrimon, 989. 1876-Thomas Settle, 11042; Z. B. Vance, 1,286. 1880-R,.. P. Buxton, 999; L. J. Jarvis, 1,370. 1884-Tyre York, 1,433; A. M. Scales, 1,871. 1888-0. H. Dockery, 1,595; Daniel G. Fowle, 1,671; Wm. Walker 1. 1892-D. M. Furches, 1,683; Elias Carr, 1,998; W. P. ·Exum, 47. 1896-Dsniel Russell, 2,540; Cyrus B. Watson, 2,083; W. A. Gu- thrie (pop), 8. 1900-8. B. Adams, 2,594; C. B. Ayecock, 2,154. 1904-C. J. Harris, 2,408; R. R. Glenn, 1,833. 1908-J. E. Cox, 2,781; Locke Craige, 2,006. 1908-J. E. Cox, 2,781; W. W. Kitchen, 1,830. 1912-Thomas Settle, 2,529; Locke Craig, 2,006; Ireclcll Meanes (Prog.), 288; Hodges, 6. 1916, Frank A. L·inney, 2,982; Thoe. W. Bickett, 2,022; L. Miller, 9~ 1920-Jobn J. Parker, 5,173; Cam. Morrison, 3,569. 1924-I. M. Meekins, 41979; A. W. McLean, 4,504. 1928-H. F. Seawell, 6,495; O. Max Gardner, 4,678. 1932-C. Clifford Fr~ier, 4,716; J. C. B. Ehringhaus, 7,551. 280