God Loves, Man Kills
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UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SANTA CATARINA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM INGLÊS: ESTUDOS LINGUÍSTICOS E LITERÁRIOS GISLAINE APARECIDA BAHLS ASTONISHING COMICS: A DISABILITY STUDIES PERSPECTIVE ON X-MEN COMICS Dissertação submetida ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Inglês: Estudos Lingüísticos e Literários da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Letras. Orientadora: Prof ª. Dr. Eliana Ávila Florianópolis 2013 Esta dissertação de Gislaine Aparecida Bahls, intitulada “Astonishing Comics: A Disability Studies Perspective on X-Men”, foi julgada adequada e aprovada em sua forma final, pelo Programa de Pós- Graduação em Inglês: Estudos Lingüísticos e Literários da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, para fins de obtenção do grau de MESTRE EM LETRAS Área de concentração: Inglês: Estudos Lingüísticos e Literários. Opção: Estudos Literários ___________________________________ Susana Bornéo Funck (Coordenadora) BANCA EXAMINADORA: __________________________________________ Eliana Ávila (Orientadora e Presidente) __________________________________________ Susana Bornéo Funck (Examinadora) __________________________________________ Anelise Corseuil (Examinadora) __________________________________________ Mail Marques de Azevedo (Examinadora) Florianópolis, 25 de março de 2013. To mutants. “(…) in the year 2013 there are three classes of people. “H,” for baseline human -- clean of mutant genes, allowed to breed. “A,” for anomalous human -- a normal person possessing mutant genetic potential… forbidden to breed. “M,” for mutant. The bottom of the heap, made pariahs and outcasts by the mutant control act (…). Hunted down and -- with a few exceptions -- killed without mercy”. “I am Storm, leader of the X-Men. And I suspect this… child is the person who just saved your life. Mutants, like people, are both good and bad. You would do well to remember that, senator, before you condemn us all”. (Chris Claremont, 1988 Comics Storyline Days of Future Past) ABSTRACT Stan Lee co-created in 1963 the X-Men; comics characters who in consequence of developing super-powers at puberty due to natural genetic evolution suffer society’s prejudice. In their analysis of the X- Men Trilogy X-Men (Bryan Singer 2000); X2: X-Men United (Bryan Singer 2003); and X-Men: the Last Stand (Brett Ratner 2006); through a Disability Studies perspective Michael M. Chemers (2004), Ramona Ilea (2009), Martin Mantle (2007), and Jennifer Rinaldi (2008) argue that mutants can be understood as social characterizations of disability. This investigation studies whether this affirmation also holds true for mutants depicted in X-Men comics. I will analyze the comics storylines God Loves, Man Kills (Marvel Graphic Novel # 05) and Gifted (Astonishing X-Men # 01 - 06) – on which X2: X-Men United and X- Men: the Last Stand were based respectively. Key Words: X-Men, Disability Studies, Comics Studies, Literature, Cultural Studies. RESUMO Stan Lee foi o co-criador, em 1964, dos X-Men, personagens de histórias em quadrinhos os quais, em conseqüência de desenvolverem super- poderes na puberdade, são alvos do preconceito da sociedade. Ao analisar a Trilogia dos filmes dos X-Men - X-Men (Bryan Singer 2000); X2: X-Men United (Bryan Singer 2003); e X-Men: The Last Stand (Brett Ratner 2006); a partir de uma perspective de Estudos sobre Deficiência. Michael M. Chemers (2004), Ramona Ilea (2009), Martin Mantle (2007), e Jennifer Rinaldi (2008) argumentam que os mutantes podem ser compreendidos como caracterizações sociais de deficiência. Este estudo investiga se esta afirmação também é válida para os mutantes presentes nas histórias em quadrinhos dos X-Men. As linhas narrativas a serem analisadas são: God Loves, Man Kills (Marvel Graphic Novel 05) e Gifted (Astonishing X-Men # 01 - 06); nas quais foram baseados X2: X-Men United e X-Men: the Last Stand respectivamente. Palavras-chave: X-Men, Estudos sobre Deficiência, Estudos sobre Quadrinhos, Literatura, Estudos Culturais. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS CHAPTER 1 Illustration 2.2 Glossary (of Comics Terms) .............................................. 20 CHAPTER 2 Illustration 2.1 People’s reaction at McCloud’s Attempt to Explain that Comics Had Potential. ................................................................................ 30 CHAPTER 3 Illustration 3.1 Bell Curve - in spite of being a joke this image well illustrates how statistics created the term normal as we know it nowadays. The grey area refers to the normal portion of the population. .................... 45 Illustration 3. 2 "We do not stand alone": Nazi propaganda poster supporting their Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring (compulsory sterilization law). .................................................................... 47 Illustration 3. 3 Galton’s eugenicist chart. Those to the left of “respectable working class” belonged to the category of undesirables. ......................... 48 CHAPTER 4 Illustration 4. 1 Sequences chosen for the movie X2: X-Men United. ... 50 Illustration 4.2 God Loves, Man Kills. Comics storyline on which X2: X- Men United was based. ............................................................................... 51 1. First Sequence: Stryker's Reasoning for his Persecution of Mutants: Illustration 4. 3 Stryker's Reasons for the Persecution of Mutants. Part 1 56 Illustration 4. 4 Stryker's Reasons for the Persecution of Mutants. Part 2 57 Illustration 4.5 Panel 1 .............................................................................. 58 Illustration 4.6 Panels 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7. .................................................... 59 Illustration 4.7 Panel 7 and Panel 8 (Example of Closure) ..................... 60 Illustration 4.8 Closure: The Hidden Contract in the Gutter .................... 60 Illustration 4.9 Panel 9: A Tender Moment ............................................. 62 Illustration 4.10 Panel 10: Unexpected Turn of Events ............................ 63 Illustration 4.11 Panels 9, 10 and 11 ........................................................ 63 Illustration 4.12 First Unit of the Superpanel in Illustration 4.4 (Also Panel 12) ............................................................................................ 66 Illustration 4.13 Second Unit of the Superpanel in Illustration 4.4 (also Panels 13 to 17) .................................................................................. 67 Illustration 4.14 Third Unit of the Superpanel in Illustration 4.4 (also Panels 18 to 21) .......................................................................................... 68 Illustration 4.15 Panel 13 “None Knew my Shame but I”. ....................... 69 Illustration 4.16 Panel 19 (two-leveled view of Stryker) ........................... 73 Illustration 4.17 Panels 19 and 20 (from Complete Shame to Complete Pride) ...................................................................................... 75 Illustration 4.18 Choice of Words (The Use of Bold) Panels 18-20 ......... 76 Illustration 4.19 Irony in Stryker’s Blaming His Wife for the Birth of a Mutant Son (Panel 2, Illustration 4.3) ........................................................ 77 Illustration 4.20 Sequences chosen for the movie X-Men: The Last Stand .......................................................................................................... 82 Illustration 4.21 Gifted. Comics storyline on which X-Men: The Last Stand was based. ............................................................. 83 1. First Sequence: The Announcement of the Cure: Illustration 4.22 Announcement of the Cure – Part 1 ............................... 87 (Panels 1, 2 and 3) ...................................................................................... 87 Illustration 4.23 Announcement of the Cure – Part 2 ............................... 89 (Panels 4, 5, 6, and 7) ................................................................................. 89 Illustration 4.24 Announcement of the Cure – Part 3 ............................... 91 (Panels 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12) ....................................................................... 91 Illustration 4.25 Announcement of the Cure – Part 4 ............................. 94 (Panel 13: Its huge size - two pages - aims at maximizing the intended effect, that is, that the X-Men are astonishing) ........................................... 94 Illustration 4.26 Announcement of the Cure – Part 5 (Panels 15, 16, 17, and 18). ........................................................................ 96 2. Second Sequence: Storm's and Rogue's Reactions to the Cure: Illustration 4.27 Storm’s and Rogue’s Reactions to the Cure – Part 1 (Panels 1, 2, 3, and 4) ............................................................................... 101 Illustration 4.28 Storm’s and Rogue’s Reactions to the Cure – Part 2 (Panels 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9) ............................................................................ 104 3. Third Sequence: Beast's Reactions to the Cure: Illustration 4.29 Beast's Reaction to the Cure. Part 1. (Panels 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) ............................................................................ 108 Illustration 4.30 Beast's Reaction to the Cure. Part 2. (Panels 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10) ......................................................................... 112 CHAPTER 5 Illustration 5.1 Eugenics, the Bell Curve and Prejudice. By Rob Rogers. 119 TABLE OF CONTENTS ___________________________ 16 1.1 ASTONISHING COMICS __________________________ 16 1.1.1 Initial Remarks