Table 2. Deposit classification scheme. [ACT, Australian Capital Territory; Ag, silver; Al, aluminum; Ala., Alabama; Ariz., Arizona; As, arsenic; Au, gold; AUS, Australia; AZE, Azerbaijan; B, boron; BC, British Columbia; Be, beryllium; BHT, Broken Hill type; Bi, bismuth; BOL,

Bolivia; BRA, Brazil; Ca, calcium; Calif., California; CAN, Canada; CD, clastic-dominated; CHL, Chile; CHN, China; Co, cobalt; CO2, carbon dioxide; COD, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Colo., Colorado; Cr, chromium; CRI, Costa Rica; Cu, copper; CUB, Cuba; DEU, Germany; EEZ, Exclusive Economic Zone; ESP, Spain; EU, European Union; Fe, iron; FIJ, Fiji; FIN, Finland; Fm., Formation; GBR, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland; HFSE, high field strength elements; Hg, mercury; HS, high sulfidation; H2S, hydrogen sulfide; Ill., Illinois; IND, India; IOA, iron oxide-apatite; IOCG, iron oxide-copper-gold; IRE, Ireland; IS, intermediate sulfidation; ISCG, iron sulfide-copper-gold; ITA, Italy; JPN, Japan; K, potassium; Ky., Kentucky; LCT, lithium-cesium- tantalum; Li, lithium; LIP, large igneous province; LS, low sulfidation; MB, Manitoba; MEX, Mexico; Mg, magnesium; Mich., Michigan; Minn., Minnesota; Mn, manganese; MNG, Mongolia; Mo, molyb- denum; Mo., Missouri; Mont., Montana; MRT, Mauritania; MT, magnetotelluric; MVT, Mississippi Valley type; Na, sodium; NA, not applicable; Nb, niobium; NB, New Brunswick; N. Dak., North Dakota; Nev., Nevada; NGA, Nigeria; Ni, nickel; N.J., New Jersey; NL, Newfoundland and Labrador; N. Mex., New Mexico; NS, Nova Scotia; NSW, New South Wales; NT, Northern Territory in AUS and Northwest Territories in CAN; NU, Nunavut; N.Y., New York; NYF, niobium-yttrium-fluorine; Okla., Oklahoma; ON, Ontario; Oreg., Oregon; Pb, lead; PER, Peru; PGE, platinum group elements; PHL, Philippines; PNG, Papua New Guinea; QC, Quebec; QLD, Queensland; REE, rare earth elements; RUS, Russia; SA, South Australia; SAU, Saudi Arabia; SCLM, subcontinental lithospheric mantle; S. Dak., South Dakota; SEDEX, sedimentary exhalative; SK, Saskatchewan; SMS, seafloor massive sulfide; Sn, tin; So. Am., South America, SWE, Sweden; Ta, tantalum; TAS, Tasmania; Te, tellurium; Tenn., Tennessee; Tex., Texas; Th, thorium; Ti, titanium; TUR, Turkey; U, uranium; UKR, Ukraine; U-M, ultramafic and (or) mafic; U.S., United States; V, vanadium; VAMS, volcanic- associated massive sulfide; VEN, Venezuela; VMS, volcanogenic massive sulfide; VHMS, volcanic-hosted massive sulfide; VIC, Victoria; W, tungsten; WA, Western Australia; Wash., Washington; W. Va., West Virginia; Wis., Wisconsin; Wyo., Wyoming; YT, Yukon Territory; ZAF, South Africa; Zn, zinc; ZWE, Zimbabwe]

Genetically related features Deposit environ- Deposit group Deposit type Synonym(s) Example(s) Reference(s) ment Chemical weathering, erosion of soft Erosional Placer Residual placer tin Lag tin AUS: Renison Bell; BRA: Pitinga Morland, 1990; Alves material, and concentration of resistate and others, 2018 minerals in situ, preexisting mineraliza- tion

Chemical weathering, erosion of soft Erosional Placer Residual placer lead Lag lead MEX: Santa Eulalia; U.S.: Upper Megaw, 2009 material, and concentration of resistate Mississippi Valley Pb, Wis. and Ill. minerals in situ, preexisting mineraliza- tion

Exhumation, topographic relief, Erosional Placer Fluvial placer gold Alluvial gold AUS: Victorian goldfields, Yeend, 1986 drainage network, preexisting VIC; CAN: Atlin, BC; mineralization Carriboo, BC; Klondike, YT; U.S.: American River Au, Calif.

Exhumation, topographic relief, Erosional Placer Fluvial placer PGE Alluvial PGE U.S.: Goodnews Bay PGE-Au, Alaska Yeend and Page, 1986 drainage network, preexisting mineralization Exhumation, topographic relief, Erosional Placer Fluvial placer tin Alluvial tin AUS: Pilbara, WA; North Queensland, Reed, 1986a drainage network, preexisting QLD; U.S.: Seward Peninsula Sn, mineralization Alaska

Exhumation, topographic relief, Erosional Placer Fluvial placer Alluvial niobium-tantalum NGR: Jos Plateau Pastor and Turaki, 1985 drainage network, preexisting niobium-tantalum mineralization Exhumation, topographic relief, Erosional Placer Fluvial placer Alluvial tungsten CAN: Boulder Creek, BC; U.S.: Alder Bundtzen, 1986 drainage network, preexisting tungsten Creek, Alaska mineralization Exhumation, topographic relief, Erosional Placer Fluvial placer REE Alluvial REE AUS: Charleys Creek, NT; U.S.: Idaho, Sengupta and Van Gosen, drainage network, specific rock types Carolina Piedmont 2016

Exhumation, topographic relief, Erosional Placer Fluvial placer Alluvial diamond AUS: Upper Smoke Creek (from Cox, 1986b drainage network, kimberlite pipe diamond Argyle diamond pipe), WA; Namibia: Orange River

Exhumation, topographic relief, Erosional Placer Fluvial placer Alluvial gemstones AUS: Anakie, QLD; Glen Innes, NSW; Clabaugh, 1952 drainage network, specific rock type gemstones US: Yogo, Mont.

Exhumation, topographic relief, Erosional Placer Fluvial placer garnet Alluvial garnet AUS: Harts Range garnet, NT; Evans and Moyle, 2006 drainage network, specific rock type U.S.: Emerald Creek, Idaho

Exhumation, topographic relief, Erosional Placer Heavy mineral sands Mineral sands AUS: Keysbrook, WA; WIM150, VIC; Levson, 1995; Van Gosen drainage network, delta, shoreline, Jacinth, SA; U.S.: Boise REE-Th-Ti- and others, 2014 barrier island, specific rock types Nb-Ta, Idaho

Exhumation, topographic relief, Erosional Placer Shoreline placer Beach placer gold CAN: Graham Island, BC; Queen Bundtzen and others, drainage network, delta, shoreline, gold Charlotte Islands, BC; County 1994 barrier island, preexisting mineralization Harbour, NS; U.S.: Nome Au, Alaska

Exhumation, topographic relief, Erosional Placer Paleoplacer heavy Lithified mineral sands; CAN: Elliot Lake-Blind River, ON; Van Gosen and others, drainage network, delta, shoreline, mineral sands indurated mineral sands U.S.: Sanostee Mesa Ti, N. Mex. 2014 barrier island, specific rock types

Exhumation, topographic relief, Erosional Placer Paleoplacer tin NA AUS: Kikoira-Gibearvale, NSW Campbell and others, drainage network, delta, shoreline, 2003; Burton and barrier island, specific rock types Downes, 2005

Exhumation, topographic relief, Erosional Placer Paleoplacer gold Quartz pebble conglomerate CAN: Elliot Lake-Blind River, ON; Cox, 1986e; Roscoe, drainage network, delta, shoreline, ± uranium Au-U Mulvehill, BC.; U.S.: Cambrian 1995; Taylor and barrier island, preexisting mineralization Deadwood Fm., S. Dak.; ZAF: Anderson, 2018 Witwatersrand

Stable area with low relief, tropical Supergene Laterite Bauxite Lateritic bauxite AUS: Weipa, QLD; BRA: Gordon and others, climate, Al-bearing rock types, Pocos de Caldas district; CAN: 1958; Bárdossy and unsaturated zone, water table Florence, BC; U.S: Arkansas bauxite Aleva, 1990

Stable area with low relief, tropical Supergene Laterite Karst bauxite Carbonate bauxite EU: Mediterranean bauxite belt; CHN: Bárdossy, 1982; Hou climate, Al-bearing rock types above Yunnan deposits and others, 2017 carbonate rocks, unsaturated zone, water table Stable area with low relief, tropical Supergene Laterite Laterite nickel Nickel-cobalt laterite: AUS: Murrin Ni laterite, WA; U.S.: Berger and others, 2011; climate, ultramafic rocks, unsaturated Lateritic nickel Puerto Rico Ni laterite Marsh and zone, water table others, 2013 Stable area with low relief, tropical Supergene Laterite Carbonatite laterite NA AUS: Mt. Weld, WA Cocker, 2014; Verplanck climate, carbonatites, unsaturated zone, REE and others, 2016 water table Stable area with low relief, tropical Supergene Laterite Laterite magnesite NA AUS: Thuddungra, NSW Diemar, 1998 climate, carbonatites, unsaturated zone, water table Variable climate, unsaturated zone, Al- Supergene Clay Residual clay Secondary clay AUS: Pittong, VIC; Scottsdale, TAS; Hosterman, 1998 bearing rock types, water table CAN: Lang Bay, BC; Sumas Mountain, BC; Buse Lake, BC; Saint Remi, QC; U.S.: Secondary clay Minn.

Variable climate, unsaturated zone, Al- Supergene Clay Underclay, overclay Gob CAN: Quinsam Mine, BC; CHN: Seredin and Finkelman, or REE-bearing shales adjacent to coal Chongqing, Daqinshan, Lincang, 2008; Zhao and seams, water table Yishan; MNG: Jungar; U.S.: Coal others, 2019; Yang underclay Ill.- Ky.-W. Va. and others, 2020

Variable climate, unsaturated zone, Al- Supergene Clay Ion adsorption REE NA CAN: Grande-Vallée, QC; CHN: Foley and Ayuso, 2015; or REE-bearing granitic, peralkaline, or Jiangxi, Guangdong, Fujiang, Guangxi; Sanematsu and Watanabe, carbonatite rocks, water table U.S.: Piedmont ion adsorption REE 2016

Variable climate, unsaturated zone, Supergene Supergene Supergene silver NA AUS: Wonawinta, NSW; CAN: Murray Skirka, 2005; Sillitoe, preexisting Ag-rich mineralization, Brook, NB; MEX: Sierra Mojada 2009; Ahn, 2010 water table Variable climate, unsaturated zone, Supergene Supergene Supergene lead NA AUS: Magellan, WA McQuitty and Pascoe, preexisting Pb-rich mineralization, 1998; Pirajno and water table others, 2010 Variable climate, unsaturated zone, Supergene Supergene Supergene uranium NA AUS: Angela, NT Lally and Bajwah, 2006; preexisting U-rich mineralization, water Bolonin and table Gradovsky, 2012; Edgoose, 2013 Variable climate, unsaturated zone, Supergene Supergene Supergene vanadium NA NAM: Otavi Mountainland Schwellnus, 1945; preexisting V-rich mineralization, water Verwoerd, 1957; Boni and table others, 2007

Variable climate, unsaturated zone, Supergene Supergene Supergene gold Regolith gold CAN: Murray Brook, NB Rennick and Burton, preexisting Au-rich mineralization, 1992 water table Variable climate, unsaturated zone, Supergene Supergene Supergene zinc Non-sulfide Zn, oxidized Zn AUS: Magellan, WA; CAN: Redbird, Boni and Mondillo preexisting Zn-rich mineralization, (Pb) Lomond, Reeves MacDonald, Caviar, 2015; Paradis and water table HB, Oxide, Cariboo Zinc, Flipper others, 2015 Creek, Dolomite Flats, Main, Gunn and Que, BC; U.S.: Leadville, Colo.; Balmat, N.Y.

Variable climate, unsaturated zone, Supergene Supergene Supergene copper NA CAN: Afton, BC; Windy Craggy, BC; Titley and Marozas, 1995 preexisting Cu-rich mineralization, U.S.: Santa Rita (Chino) Cu, N. Mex.; water table Morenci, Ariz.

Variable climate, unsaturated zone, Supergene Supergene Supergene NA AUS: Woodie Woodie, WA Jones, 2017 preexisting Mn-rich mineralization, manganese water table Variable climate, unsaturated zone, Supergene Supergene Supergene iron NA AUS: Hamersley iron province, WA; Leith, 1931 preexisting Fe-rich mineralization, water CAN: Labrador Trough, NL and QC; table U.S.: Lake Superior, Minn.- Mich.- Wis.

Infiltration of surface water, aquifers, Infiltrational Exotic Exotic copper Paleochannel copper MEX: El Pilar Münchmeyer, 1998 preexisting Cu mineralization, redox interface Infiltration of surface water, fluvial Infiltrational Paleochannel Paleochannel iron Ferricretes, manganocretes AUS: Hamersley iron province, WA; Ramanaidou and others, paleochannels, preexisting Fe, Mn U.S.: New World, Mont. 2003 mineralization, redox interface

Infiltration of surface water, aquifers, Infiltrational Uranium Sandstone uranium Roll front, and others AUS: Angela, NT; U.S.: Colorado Lally and Bajwah, 2006; preexisting volcanic ash-bearing Plateau, Utah-Colo. Edgoose, 2013; sedimentary rocks, redox interface Breit, 2016; IAEA, 2020 Infiltration of surface water, aquifers, Infiltrational Uranium Carbonate uranium NA U.S.: Grants, N. Mex. IAEA, 2020 preexisting volcanic ash-bearing sedimentary rocks, redox interface

Infiltration of surface water, aquifers, Infiltrational Uranium Coal/peat/bog NA U.S.: Williston Basin, Mont.-N. Dak.- IAEA, 2020 preexisting volcanic ash-bearing uranium S. Dak. sedimentary rocks, redox interface

Infiltration of surface water, aquifers, Infiltrational Uranium Calcrete uranium Surficial uranium, AUS: Yeelirrie, WA; U.S.: Southern Hall and others, 2019; preexisting volcanic ash-bearing evaporite uranium High Plains, N. Mex., Okla., Tex. IAEA, 2020 sedimentary rocks, lacustrine evaporite

Infiltration of CO2-bearing surface water Infiltrational Magnesite Nodular magnesite Cryptocrystalline magnesite AUS: Kunwarara, QLD; CAN: Mount Page, 1998b; Simandl into fractured ultramafic rocks Brussilof, BC; U.S.: Red Mtn., Calif. and Hancock, 1999 Silled marine basin, arid climate, Basin evaporative Evaporite Marine evaporite NA CAN: Windsor, NS; Elkhorn, BC; Raup, 1991a; Warren, 2010 pinnacle reefs, evaporites, sabkha gypsum U.S.: Oklahoma dolomites Silled marine basin, arid climate, Basin evaporative Evaporite Marine evaporite salt NA CAN: Goderich, ON; GrosseÎle, QC; Raup, 1991b; Warren, 2010 pinnacle reefs, evaporites, sabkha U.S.: Gulf Coast, Tex. dolomites Silled marine basin, arid climate, Basin evaporative Evaporite Marine evaporite NA CAN: Elk Point Basin, SK; Williams-Stroud, 1991; pinnacle reefs, evaporites, sabkha potash U.S.: Carlsbad, N. Mex. Warren, 2010 dolomites Silled marine basin, arid climate, Basin evaporative Evaporite Marine evaporite Sedimentary magnesite AUS: Witchelina and Mount Hutton, Horn and others, 2017 pinnacle reefs, evaporites, sabkha magnesite SA dolomites Closed lacustrine drainage basin, Basin evaporative Evaporite Lacustrine evaporite NA U.S.: Green River, Wyo. Dyni, 1991; Warren, arid climate, salt flats trona 2010 Closed lacustrine drainage basin, Basin evaporative Evaporite Lacustrine evaporite NA U.S.: Bonneville, Utah Orris, 1992; Warren, arid climate, salt flats salt 2010 Closed lacustrine drainage basin, Basin evaporative Evaporite Lacustrine evaporite NA EU: Rhine graben Warren, 2010 arid climate, salt flats potash Closed lacustrine drainage basin, Basin evaporative Evaporite Lacustrine evaporite NA CAN: Wynyard, SK; EU: Rhine graben Warren, 2010 arid climate, salt flats carnallite-bischofite

Closed lacustrine drainage basin, Basin evaporative Evaporite Lacustrine evaporite NA U.S.: Rio Tinto (U.S. Borax), Calif. Orris, 1995; Warren, arid climate, salt flats borate 2010 Closed lacustrine drainage basin, Basin evaporative Evaporite Lacustrine evaporite Sedimentary magnesite U.S.: Needles, Calif. Vitaliano, 1950 arid climate, salt flats magnesite Closed lacustrine drainage basin, arid Basin evaporative Evaporite Lacustrine evaporite NA So. Am.: Central Andes Williams-Stroud, 1991; climate, sea spray, salt flats nitrate Warren, 2010

Silled marine basin, arid climate, Basin evaporative Brine Marine brine potash NA U.S.: Kane Creek potash, Utah; Warren, 2010 pinnacle reefs, evaporites, sabkha (±Mg, Li, and so on) Michigan Basin potash, Mich. dolomites Closed lacustrine drainage basin, Basin evaporative Brine Lacustrine brine NA AUS: Lake Wells, WA; U.S.: Searles Orris, 2011 arid climate, salt flats potash Lake, Calif. Closed lacustrine drainage basin, Basin evaporative Brine Lacustrine brine NA CAN: Swan Hill, AB; CHL: Atacama; Bradley and others, arid climate, salt flats lithium U.S.: Clayton Valley, Nev. 2013; Munk and others, 2016 Closed lacustrine drainage basin, arid Basin evaporative Zeolite Lacustrine zeolite NA U.S.: Rhyolite Ridge, Nev. Sheppard, 1991; Ioneer, climate, salt flats, volcanic rocks (± Li, B) 2020

Closed lacustrine drainage basin, arid Basin evaporative Clay Lacustrine clay NA U.S.: McDermitt, Nev. Asher-Bolinder, 1991; climate, salt flats, ash and clay layers lithium Castor and Henry, 2020

Marine chemoclines, anoxic or euxinic Basin chemical Black shale Black shale Metalliferous black shale, AUS: Julia Creek, QLD; CAN: Tar Granitto and others, 2017 lows, bioproductivity, seawater vanadium ± Mo stone coal, carbonaceous Sands, AB; U.S.: Gibellini V, Nev.; ± Ni marl Phosphoria Fm. V, Mont.-Idaho-Wyo.

Marine chemoclines, anoxic or euxinic Basin chemical Black shale Black shale nickel ± Metalliferous black CAN: Nick Ni-Mo-PGE, YT Hulbert and others, 1992; lows, bioproductivity, seawater Mo-PGE shale Lefebure and Coveney, 1995; Gadd and others, 2020 Marine chemoclines, anoxic or euxinic Basin chemical Black shale Black shale gold NA U.S.: Upper Rodeo Au, Nev. Emsbo, 2000 lows, bioproductivity, seawater

Marine chemoclines, anoxic or euxinic Basin chemical Black shale Black shale NA U.S.: Chattanooga U, Tenn. IAEA, 2020 lows, bioproductivity, seawater uranium

Marine chemoclines, ocean currents Basin chemical Phosphorite Phosphorite Phosphate AUS: Ammaroo, NT; D-Tree, QLD; Emsbo and others, 2016a bioproductivity, wave base, seawater Phosphate Hill/ Duchess, QLD; CAN: Athabasca Basin, SK; U.S.: Phosphoria Fm., Mont.-Idaho-Wyo.

Atmospheric oxidation, oceanic Basin chemical Iron formation Superior-type Lake Superior AUS: Hamersley iron province, WA; Cannon, 1986b oxidation event, seawater banded iron CAN: Labrador Trough, NL and QC; formation U.S.: Mesabi, Minn.

Oceanic anoxic events, marine Basin chemical Iron formation Oolitic iron Ironstone, Clinton-type, AUS: Train Range, QLD; CAN: Clear Maynard and Van Houten, chemoclines, ocean currents, wave base, formation Minette-type Hills, AB, Bell Island, NL; U.S.: 1992 seawater Clinton, N.Y.

Regional-scale and intense Basin chemical Iron formation Lacustrine iron NA U.S.: Upper Pilot Knob, Mo. Nold and others, 2014 Fe-Na-(Ca±K) metasomatism and formation magnetic/gravity anoma- lies, caldera lakes Atmospheric oxidation, oceanic Basin chemical Manganese Superior-type Mamatwan-type; gondite CAN: Woodstock, NB; ZAF: Cairncross and Beukes, oxidation event, seawater banded manganese Kalahari 2013

Oceanic anoxic events, marine Basin chemical Manganese Sedimentary Shelf sequence manganese, AUS: Groote Eylandt and Bootu Force and others, 1999; chemoclines, ocean currents, wave base, manganese Nikopol-type manganese Creek, NT; UKR: Chiatura, Nikopol- Cannon and others, 2017; seawater Tokmak; U.S.: Cuyuna Range, Minn.; Harvey and Aroostock County, Maine others, 2017 Marine chemoclines, ocean currents, Basin chemical Manganese Crust manganese Ferromanganese crusts U.S. EEZ: Blake Plateau Bau and others, 2014; atolls and plateaus, seawater Mizell and Hein, 2016

Marine chemoclines, ocean currents, Basin chemical Manganese Nodule manganese Ferromanganese nodules U.S. EEZ: near Johnson Island, Hawaii Hein and Koschinsky, abyssal plains, seawater 2014 Closed lacustrine drainage basin, redox Basin chemical Manganese Lacustrine NA U.S.: Artillery Mountains Mn, Long and others, 1992 interface manganese Ariz. Unconformity, epicontinental basin fill, Basin hydrothermal Unconformity-related Unconformity- NA AUS: Jabiluka, NT; Ranger, NT; Skirrow and others, arid climate, evaporites, basin brine, related uranium Coronation Hill, NT; CAN: McArthur 2009 extensional faults, alkali and magnesium River, SK; Cigar Lake, SK; Rabbit metasomatism lake, SK; Key Lake, SK

Unconformity, epicontinental basin fill, Basin hydrothermal Unconformity-related Unconformity- NA AUS: Browns Range, WA; Nazari-Dehkordi and arid climate, evaporites, basin brine, related REE CAN: Maw zone, SK others, 2018 extensional faults, alkali and magnesium metasomatism

Collapse breccia, epicontinental basin Basin hydrothermal Collapse breccia pipe Collapse breccia NA U.S.: Grand Canyon, Ariz. Alpine, 2010; Van Gosen fill, arid climate, evaporites, basin brine, pipe uranium and others, 2016; IAEA, extensional faults, alkali and magnesium 2020 metasomatism

Continental rift basin, initial phase, Basin hydrothermal Volcanic-hosted Volcanic-hosted Volcanic-red bed copper; CAN: Sustut, BC and Copper River, Cox, 1986a; Lefebure and volcanics, conglomerates, and copper basaltic copper YT; U.S.: Calumet-Hecla and Church, 1996 siliciclastics, arid climate, evaporites, Kearsarge Mich. basin brine, growth faults, salt tectonics, alkali and magnesium metasomatism

Continental rift basin, initial phase, Basin hydrothermal Sediment-hosted Sediment-hosted Sediment-hosted Cu-Ag-Co, AUS: Nifty, WA; CAN: Hayes and others, 2015 volcanics, conglomerates and copper ± Co shale-hosted Cu, Redstone, NT; COD: copper belt; siliciclastics, arid climate, evaporites, Kupferschiefer-type, redbed DEU: Kupferschiefer district U.S.: basin brine, growth faults, salt tectonics, Cu White Pine, Mich.; Rock Creek and alkali and magnesium metasomatism Montanore, Mont.

Continental rift basin, fill phase, Basin hydrothermal Sediment-hosted Siliciclastic-mafic Metamorphosed SEDEX, AUS: Broken Hill, NSW; Cannington, Lydon and others, 2000; turbidite sequences, arid climate, zinc-lead CD, Sullivan-type, Broken QLD; CAN: Sullivan and Kechika Spry and Teale, 2021 evaporites, growth faults, mafic Hill-type (BHT) Trough, BC; MacMillan Pass, YT magmatism, basinal brine, alkali and magnesium metasomatism, seafloor vents

Continental rift basin, fill phase, Basin hydrothermal Sediment-hosted Siliciclastic-mafic NA U.S.: Northumberland barite, Nev. Clark and Orris, 1991 turbidite sequences, arid climate, barite evaporites, growth faults, mafic magmatism, basinal brine, alkali and magnesium metasomatism, seafloor vents

Continental rift (or passive margin) Basin hydrothermal Sediment-hosted Siliciclastic- Sedex, CD, McArthur, AUS: Mt. Isa, QLD; McArthur River, Emsbo, 2009; Emsbo and basin, sag phase, carbonate shelf and carbonate zinc-lead bedded NT; CAN: Howard’s Pass, YT; U.S.: others, 2016b silici-clastic slope sequences, arid Red Dog Zn, Alaska; Balmat-Edwards climate, evaporites, growth faults, basin Zn-Pb, N.Y. brine, alkali and magnesium metasomatism, seafloor vents

Continental rift (or passive margin) Basin hydrothermal Sediment-hosted Irish-type sediment- NA IRE: Irish zinc belt (Navan, Lisheen, Hitzman, 1995; Hõy, basin, sag phase, carbonate shelf and hosted zinc- lead Tynagh, Silvermines, Galmoy, 1996 silici-clastic slope sequences, arid Ballinalack) climate, evaporites, growth faults, basin brine, alkali and magnesium metasomatism, seafloor vents

Continental rift basin, initial phase, Basin hydrothermal Sediment-hosted Kipushi-type Kipushi, salt dome U.S.: Ruby Creek, Alaska; Cox and Bernstein, 1986; conglomerates and siliciclastics, arid sediment-hosted Apex, Utah De Magnee climate, evaporites, basin brine, growth copper-zinc-lead and Francois, 1988 faults, salt tectonics, alkali and magnesium metasomatism

Contractional orogeny, foreland basin, Basin hydrothermal Mississippi Valley-type MVT zinc-lead NA AUS: Lennard Shelf, WA; Admiral Leach and others, 2010 forebulge faults, arid climate, evaporites, (MVT) Bay, WA; CAN: Polaris and Nanisivik, basin brine, alkali and magnesium NU; Pine Point, NT; Robb Lake, BC; metasomatism Gays River, NS; U.S.: Viburnum trend, Mo.

Contractional orogeny, foreland basin, Basin hydrothermal Mississippi Valley-type MVT barite NA CAN: Walton, NS; U.S.: SE Leach and others, 2010 forebulge faults, arid climate, evaporites, (MVT) Missouri barite district basin brine, alkali and magnesium metasomatism

Contractional orogeny, foreland basin, Basin hydrothermal Mississippi Valley-type MVT fluorspar NA CAN: Liard, BC; U.S.: Illinois- Plumlee and others, forebulge faults, arid climate, evaporites, (MVT) Kentucky fluorspar 1995; Denny and basin brine, alkali and magnesium others, 2015, 2016; Hayes metasomatism and others, 2017 Contractional orogeny, foreland basin, Basin hydrothermal Mississippi Valley-type MVT strontium NA TUR: Sivas basin celestite Ucurum and others, 2017 forebulge faults, arid climate, evaporites, (MVT) basin brine, alkali and magnesium metasomatism

Contractional orogeny, foreland basin, Basin hydrothermal Mississippi Valley-type Sandstone-hosted NA CAN: Wigwam, BC; George Lake, SK; Briskey, 1986 forebulge faults, arid climate, evaporites, (MVT) zinc-lead SWE: Laisvall Zn-Pb basin brine, alkali and magnesium metasomatism

More oxidized and (or) meta-morphosed Basin hydrothermal Non-sulfide Non-sulfide zinc- Oxide zinc AUS: Beltana, SA; BRA: Vazante; Hitzman and others, 2003 equivalents of features noted in the lead ± Mn U.S.: Franklin-Sterling Hill, N.J. previous row

Crystalline basement, extensional faults, Basin hydrothermal Five-element Vein five-element Ag-Bi-Co-Ni arsenide CAN: Beaver and Timiskaming, ON; Kissin, 1992; Mumin basin brine, natural gas, redox interface, Cobalt, ON; Silver Islet, ON; Echo Bay and others, 2010; Markl hydro- lytic ± CO2 metasomatism, and Eldorado, NT; U.S.: Wickenburg, and others, 2016; Burisch arsenides, regional iron and alkali-calcic Ariz.; Black Hawk, N Mex. and others, 2017; Scharrer metasomatism and others, 2019; Corriveau and others, in press Contractional orogen, metamorphic Metamorphic Orogenic Hypozonal orogenic Mesothermal gold; low- CAN: Borden Lake, ON Groves and others, 1998; belts, dilatant structures, metamorphic hydrothermal gold sulfide gold-quartz-vein, Goldfarb and fluid, hydrolytic, CO2, H2S shear zone gold others, 2005, 2016 metasomatism

Contractional orogen, metamorphic Metamorphic Orogenic Mesozonal orogenic Mesothermal gold; low- AUS: Golden Mile, WA; Bendigo, Groves and others, 1998; belts, dilatant structures, metamorphic hydrothermal gold sulfide gold-quartz-vein, VIC; CAN: Sigma, QC; Timmins and Goldfarb and fluid, hydrolytic, CO2, H2S shear zone gold Detour Lake, ON; Bridge River, BC; others, 2005, 2016 metasomatism U.S.: Mother Lode, Calif.; Alaska- Juneau, Alaska

Contractional orogen, metamorphic Metamorphic Orogenic Epizonal orogenic Refractory orogenic gold, AUS: Wiluna, WA; Fosterville, QLD; Groves and others, 1998; belts, dilatant structures, metamorphic hydrothermal gold Carlin-style gold CAN: Rackla and Coffee, YT; CHN: Goldfarb and fluid, hydrolytic, CO2, H2S Qiuling; U.S.: Donlin Creek, Alaska others, 2005, 2016 metasomatism

Contractional orogen, metamorphic Metamorphic Orogenic Epizonal orogenic NA AUS: Hillgrove, NSW; CAN: Bridge Bliss and Orris, 1986; belts, dilatant structures, metamorphic hydrothermal antimony River-Bralorne, BC; U.S.: U.S. Groves and others, 1998; fluid, hydrolytic, CO2, ± H2S ± gold Antimony Mine, Mont. Goldfarb and metasomatism others, 2005, 2016; Hofstra and others, 2013

Contractional orogen, metamorphic Metamorphic Orogenic Epizonal orogenic NA CAN: Pinchi Lake, BC; U.S.: Gray and Bailey, 2003 belts, dilatant structures, metamorphic hydrothermal mercury Southwest, Alaska fluid, hydrolytic, CO2, ± H2S metasomatism Contractional orogen, metamor- phic Metamorphic Orogenic Orogenic silver-lead- NA AUS: Endeavor (Elura), NSW; Leach and others, 1988, belts, dilatant structures, metamorphic hydrothermal zinc-copper- Woodcutters, NT; U.S.: Coeur d'Alene 1998; Beaudoin and fluid, hydrolytic, antimony district, Idaho-Mont. Sangster, 1992, 1995

CO2, ± H2S, ± alkali metasomatism

Contractional orogen, metamorphic Metamorphic Orogenic Orogenic copper NA AUS: Cobar, NSW; Mt. Isa Cu, QLD Lawrie and Hinman, 1998 belts, dilatant structures, metamorphic hydrothermal ± gold fluid, hydrolytic, CO2, ± H2S, alkali metaso- matism

Contractional orogen, metamorphic Metamorphic Orogenic Orogenic graphite vein, lump graphite CAN: Buckingham, QC; Lacdes-Îles, Luque and others, 2014; belts, dilatant structures, metamorphic hydrothermal QC; Calumet, QC; Miller, QC; U.S.: Simandl and others, 2015 fluid, carbon metasomatism Crystal Graphite, Mont.

Regional metamorphic belts Metamorphic Metamorphic Metamorphic Flake graphite, amorphous AUS: Campoona Shaft, SA; CAN: Lac Luque and others, 2014; graphite graphite Knife, QC; U.S.: Graphite Cr. Alaska; Simandl and others, 2015 Alabama Graphite, Ala.

Regional metamorphic belts Metamorphic Metamorphic Metamorphic NA CAN: Crocan Lake, ON; U.S.: Marr, 1992 kyanite Dillwyn, Va. Continental arc or rift, mafic to felsic or Regional metasomatic Alkali-calcic Low Iron alkali- NA AUS: Merlin Mo-Re, Mount Dore Cu- Xavier and others, 2012; alkalic magmatism, sedimentary basins, calcic Ag-Au-Zn, Tick Hill Au, QLD; BRA: Babo and dilatant faults, magmatic and basinal or Alvo 118 Cu-Au others, 2017; Le, lacustrine brines, iron alkali calcic 2019 metasomatism, high amplitude magnetic, gravity, and MT anomalies

Continental arc or rift, mafic to felsic or Regional metasomatic Alkali-calcic Albitite-hosted Albitite-type metasomatic U AUS: Valhalla U, QLD; CAN: Gandhi, 1978; Polito alkalic magmatism, sedimentary basins, uranium Michelin U, NL and others, 2009; Sparkes dilatant faults, magmatic and basinal or and others, 2017 lacustrine brines, iron alkali calcic metasomatism, high amplitude magnetic, gravity, and MT anomalies Continental arc or rift, mafic to felsic or Regional metasomatic Metasomatic iron Ferroan carbonate NA MRT: Guelb Moghrein Cu-Au Kirschbaum and alkalic magmatism, sedimentary basins, polymetallic Hitzman, 2016 dilatant faults, magmatic and basinal or lacustrine brines, iron alkali calcic metasomatism, high amplitude magnetic, gravity, and MT anomalies

Continental arc or rift, mafic to felsic or Regional metasomatic Metasomatic iron Iron sulfide poly- ISCG AUS: Lorena Co-As-Bi-Au, Mount Sarkar and Dasgupta, alkalic magmatism, sedimentary basins, metallic Cobalt Co-As, QLD; CAN: Delhi 1980; McLaughlin dilatant faults, magmatic and basinal or Pacific Cu-Ag- Au, QC; IND: Akwali and others, 2016; lacustrine brines, iron alkali calcic Cu; U.S.: Iron Creek Co-Cu, Idaho Ristorcelli and Schlitt, metasomatism, high amplitude 2019 magnetic, gravity, and MT anomalies

Continental arc or rift, mafic to felsic or Regional metasomatic Metasomatic iron Iron silicate poly- NA BRA: Sossego Cu-Au-Ag; CAN: Strauss, 2003; De Haller alkalic magmatism, sedimentary basins, metallic Scadding Au, ON; FIN: Haveri Au; and others, 2006; Schandl dilatant faults, magmatic and basinal or PER: Raul-Condestable Cu-Au-Ag; and Gorton, 2007; lacustrine brines, iron alkali calcic U.S.: Blackbird Co-Cu-Au, Idaho Monteiro and others, 2008; metasomatism, high amplitude Slack, 2013; magnetic, gravity, and MT anomalies Corriveau and others, in press

Continental arc or rift, mafic to felsic or Regional metasomatic Metasomatic iron Iron oxide poly- NA BRA: Jatoba Ni; CAN: NICO Au-Co- Slack, 2013; Acosta- alkalic magmatism, sedimentary basins, metallic Bi-Cu, NT; U.S.: Iron Creek Co-Cu, Góngora and others, 2015; dilatant faults, magmatic and basinal or Idaho Montreuil and others, lacustrine brines, iron alkali calcic 2016; Ristorcelli and metasomatism, high amplitude Schlitt, 2019; Veloso and magnetic, gravity, and MT anomalies others, 2020

Continental arc or rift, mafic to felsic or Regional metasomatic Metasomatic iron Iron oxide uranium NA AUS: Mount Gee U, SA; CAN: Youles and Oilmin, 1986; alkalic magmatism, sedimentary basins, Southern Breccia U, NT Montreuil and dilatant faults, magmatic and basinal or others, 2015 lacustrine brines, iron alkali calcic metasomatism, high amplitude magnetic, gravity, and MT anomalies

Continental arc or rift, mafic to felsic or Regional metasomatic Metasomatic iron Iron oxide gold NA AUS: Prominent Hill Au, SA; White Schandl and Gorton, 2007; alkalic magmatism, sedimentary basins, Devil Au-Cu-Bi, Noble Nob Au, Juno Spencer and dilatant faults, magmatic and basinal or Au-Cu-Bi-Ag, NT; U.S.: Detachment Duncan, 2015 lacustrine brines, iron alkali calcic Au, Calif. metasomatism, high amplitude magnetic, gravity, and MT anomalies

Continental arc or rift, mafic to felsic or Regional metasomatic IOCG Hematite-dominant NA AUS: Olympic Dam Cu-Au-Ag-U; Rieger and others, 2010; alkalic magmatism, sedimentary basins, IOCG Prominent Hill Cu- Au; Carrapateena Skirrow, 2010; Ehrig and dilatant faults, magmatic and basinal or Cu-Au; Oak Dam West, SA; CHL: others, 2012; Oz Minerals, lacustrine brines, iron alkali calcic Mantoverde Cu-Au Ltd., 2013; Schlegel metasomatism, high amplitude and Heinrich, 2015; magnetic, gravity, and MT anomalies King, 2019

Continental arc or rift, mafic to felsic or Regional metasomatic IOCG Magnetite-dominant NA AUS: Ernest Henry Cu-Au, QLD; Barton and others, 2000; alkalic magmatism, sedimentary basins, IOCG BRA: Salobo Cu-Au-Ag; CAN: Sue Marschik and Fontboté, dilatant faults, magmatic and basinal or Dianne, NT; CHL: Candelaria; CHN 2001; Camier, 2002; Mark lacustrine brines, iron alkali calcic Dahongshan Fe-Cu-(Ag- Au); MRT: and others, 2006; Mumin metasomatism, high amplitude Guelb Morghein Cu-Co-Au; U.S.: and others, 2010; magnetic, gravity, and MT anomalies Boss- Bixby Cu, Mo.; Yerington Cu, Kirschbaum and Hitzman, Nev.; Lights Creek Cu, Calif. 2016; deMelo and others, 2017; Zhao and others, 2017

Continental arc or rift, mafic to felsic or Regional metasomatic IOA Hematite-dominant NA AUS: Oak Dam Fe; U.S.: Iron Mtn., Barton and others, 2000; alkalic magmatism, sedimentary basins, IOA Mo.; Cortez Mtns., Nev. Davidson and dilatant faults, magmatic and basinal or others, 2007 lacustrine brines, iron alkali calcic metasomatism, high amplitude magnetic, gravity, and MT anomalies

Continental arc or rift, mafic to felsic or Regional metasomatic IOA Magnetite-dominant NA AUS: Lightning Creek Fe, QLD; CAN: McKeown and Klemic, alkalic magmatism, sedimentary basins, IOA Josette Fe-REE, Marmoraton Fe, and 1956; Leonard and dilatant faults, magmatic and basinal or Lac Marmont Fe, QC; Mag Hill Fe- Buddington, 1964; lacustrine brines, iron alkali calcic (REE-V) and Terra Fe- (REE), NT; Hildebrand, 1986; Johnson metasomatism, high amplitude CHL: El Laco Fe; CHN: Middle- and Barton, 2000; Perring magnetic, gravity, and MT anomalies Lower Yangtze Metallogenic Belt; and others, 2000; Edfelt PER: Marcona Fe; SWE: Kiirunavaara and others, 2005; Clark and Fe; U.S.: Pea Ridge, Mo.; Mineville Fe- others, 2010; Mumin and REE, N.Y.; Humboldt complex, Nev. others, 2010; Chen and others, 2011; Yu and others, 2011; Harlov and others, 2016; Tornos and others, 2017; Corriveau and others, in press; Zhao and others, in press Oceanic rift or arc volcanism, Volcanic basin Volcanogenic massive Mafic-ultramafic Volcanic-hosted massive CAN: Betts Cove, York Harbour, and Shanks and Thurston, ±fluid exsolution, dilatant faults, hydrothermal sulfide (VMS) VMS sulfide (VHMS), volcanic- Tilt Cove, NL; Potterdoal, ON; Chu 2012; Hannington, 2014; convecting seawater, seafloor vents associated massive sulfide Chua, BC; Norway: Lokken; U.S.: Monecke and others, 2016 (VAMS), seafloor massive Turner-Albright, Oreg. sulfide (SMS), Cyprus-type

Oceanic rift or arc volcanism, Volcanic basin Volcanogenic massive Mafic-siliciclastic Volcanic-hosted massive AUS: Tritton, NSW; De-Grussa, WA; Shanks and Thurston, ±fluid exsolution, dilatant faults, hydrothermal sulfide (VMS) VMS sulfide (VHMS), volcanic- CAN: Windy Craggy, BC; Goldstream, 2012; Hannington, convecting seawater, seafloor vents associated massive sulfide BC; Standard, BC; True Blue, BC; 2014; Monecke and (VAMS), seafloor massive JPN: Besshi; U.S.: Ducktown, Tenn. others, 2016 sulfide (SMS), Besshi-type

Oceanic rift or arc volcanism, Volcanic basin Volcanogenic massive Bimodal-mafic Volcanic-hosted massive AUS: Mount Lyell, TAS; Sulphur Shanks and Thurston, ±fluid exsolution, dilatant faults, hydrothermal sulfide (VMS) VMS sulfide (VHMS), volcanic- Springs, WA; CAN: Horne, Quemont, 2012; Hannington, convecting seawater, seafloor vents associated massive sulfide and Noranda, QC; Kidd Creek, ON; 2014; Monecke and (VAMS), seafloor massive Flin Flon, MB; Buchans, NL; Bathurst- others, 2016 sulfide (SMS), Noranda-type Newcastle, NB; JPN: Kuroko; Spain: Rio Tinto; Sweden: Kristieberg; U.S.: Shasta King, Calif.; Lockwood, Wash.; Bald Mountain, Maine

Oceanic rift or arc volcanism, Volcanic basin Volcanogenic massive Bimodal felsic VMS Volcanic-hosted massive AUS: Rosebery, Mount Read, TAS; Shanks and Thurston, ±fluid exsolution, dilatant faults, hydrothermal sulfide (VMS) sulfide (VHMS), volcanic- Gossan Hill, WA; CAN: Myra Falls, 2012; Hannington, convecting seawater, seafloor vents associated massive sulfide BC; Eskay Creek, BC; Izok Lake, NU; 2014; Monecke and (VAMS), seafloor massive CHN: Gacun; JPN: Hokuroku; U.S.: others, 2016 sulfide (SMS), Kuroko-type Jerome, Ariz.

Oceanic rift or arc volcanism, Volcanic basin Volcanogenic massive Felsic-siliciclastic Volcanic-hosted massive CAN: Bathurst, NB; Brunswick No 12, Shanks and Thurston, ±fluid exsolution, dilatant faults, hydrothermal sulfide (VMS) VMS sulfide (VHMS), volcanic- NB; ESP: Iberian Pyrite Belt; U.S.: 2012; Hannington, convecting seawater, seafloor vents associated massive sulfide Bonnifield, Alaska 2014; Monecke and (VAMS), seafloor massive others, 2016 sulfide (SMS), Bathhurst- type, Iberian-type

Oceanic rift or arc volcanism, Volcanic basin Volcanogenic Algoma-type banded Volcanogenic iron formation AUS: Koongie Park Formation, WA; Cannon, 1986a ±fluid exsolution, dilatant faults, hydrothermal iron formation BRA: Carajas; CAN: Mary River, NU; convecting seawater, seafloor vents Helen Mine, ON; Sherman, ON; Adams, ON; Griffith, ON; Iron Hill, ON; Adam River, ON; Woodstock, NB; Austin Brook, NB; IND: Kudremuk; U.S.: Vermilion, Minn.; VEN: Cerro Bolivar

Oceanic rift or arc volcanism, Volcanic basin Volcanogenic Volcanogenic Franciscan, Cuban, Olympic CRI: Nicoya; U.S.: Franciscan Mosier and Page, 1988 ±fluid exsolution, dilatant faults, hydrothermal manganese Peninsula, and Cyprus Complex, Calif.; Olympic Mtns., convecting seawater, seafloor vents manganese Wash.

Occurs in more than one system type Magmatic Epithermal Low-sulfidation (LS) Adularia-sericite gold-silver; AUS: Pajingo, QLD; Cracow, QLD; John, 2001; Simmons hydrothermal epithermal gold- hot-spring gold-silver; CAN: Mallery Lake, NU; Bakers Mine, and others, 2005 silver epizonal intrusion-related BC; Lawyers, BC; U.S.: Sleeper, Nev. gold

Occurs in more than one system type Magmatic Epithermal Intermediate- Adularia-sericite silver-gold AUS: Lake Cowal, NSW; CAN: Silbak- Sillitoe and Hedenquist, hydrothermal sulfidation (IS) Premier, BC; U.S.: Comstock and 2003; Simmons and epithermal silver- Tonopah, Nev.; Creede, Colo. others, 2005 gold ± Zn, Pb, Cu, Sn, Mn

Occurs in more than one system type Magmatic Epithermal High-sulfidation Quartz-alunite gold, enargite- AUS: Mt. Carlton, QLD; U.S.: Sillitoe and Hedenquist, hydrothermal (HS) epithermal gold Goldfield, Nev. 2003; Simmons and silver-gold others, 2005 ± Cu Arc or rift, alkaline volcano-plutonic Magmatic Epithermal Alkalic epithermal Au-Ag-Te veins FIJ: Emperor; PNG: Porgera; Jensen and Barton, 2000; center, magmatic fluid, alkali and hydrothermal gold ± Ag U.S.: Cripple Creek, Colo. Kelley and hydrolytic metasomatism Spry, 2016; Kelley and others, 2020 Occurs in more than one system type Magmatic Epithermal Epithermal mercury Hot spring Hg U.S.: McDermitt, Nev. Rytuba, 1986 hydrothermal Continental rift, hydrous bimodal Magmatic Epithermal Epithermal Volcanogenic Be U.S.: Spor Mtn., Utah Barton and Young, 2002; magmatism, A-type volcano-plutonic hydrothermal beryllium Foley and center, magmatic fluid, meteoric water others, 2012

Continental rift, hydrous bimodal Magmatic Epithermal Epithermal uranium Volcanogenic U, volcanic- AUS: Ben Lomond, QLD; CAN: Sagar, Nash, 2010; Andrews magmatism, A-type volcano-plutonic hydrothermal related U QC; U.S.: and Parker, 2017; center, magmatic fluid, meteoric water Marysvale, Utah; Anderson IAEA, 2020 Mine, Ariz. Occurs in more than one system type Magmatic Vein Vein ± replacement Avebury-style Ni, ophiolite- AUS: Avebury, TAS Callaghan and others, 2017 hydrothermal nickel hosted Ni, hydrothermal Ni

Occurs in more than one system type Magmatic Vein Vein cobalt ± Ni Hydrothermal Ni-Co-As MRT: Bou Azzer Ahmed and others, 2009 hydrothermal Occurs in more than one system type Magmatic Vein Vein copper NA AUS: Cayley, VIC; CAN: Friehauf and Pareja, 1998 hydrothermal Temagami, ON; U.S.: Magma, Ariz. Continental back arc or hinter-land, S- Magmatic Vein Vein tin Cornwall-type CAN: Kalzas, YT; Mount Pleasant, Reed, 1986e type volcano-plutonic center, magmatic hydrothermal NB; GBR: Cornwall fluid, alkali and hydrolytic metasomatism Continental back arc or hinterland, S- Magmatic Vein Vein tungsten NA CAN: Burnt Hill, NB; PER: Pasto Cox and Bagby, 1986 type volcano-plutonic center, magmatic hydrothermal Bueno fluid, alkali and hydrolytic metasomatism Continental back arc or hinterland, S- Magmatic Vein Vein tin polymetallic Bolivian-type AUS: Baal Gammon, QLD; BOL: Togashi, 1986 type volcano-plutonic center, magmatic hydrothermal Oruro fluid, alkali and hydrolytic metasomatism Occurs in more than one system type Magmatic Vein Vein fluorite Fluorspar AUS: Meentheena and Speewah, WA; Anderson, 2019 hydrothermal U.S.: Western Kentucky

Occurs in more than one system type Magmatic Vein Vein polymetallic NA CAN: Hector-Calumet and Elsa, Mayo Cox, 1986d hydrothermal district, YT; Slocan-New Denver- Ainsworth district, BC

Occurs in more than one system type Magmatic Breccia pipe Breccia pipe copper Igneous-hydrothermal CAN: Tribag, ON; Croxall, ON; CHL: Skewes and others, hydrothermal breccia El Teniente 2002; Stern and others, 2011 Continental back arc or hinterland, Magmatic Breccia pipe Breccia pipe gold Intrusion-related gold AUS: Kidston, QLD; Mt. Leyshon, Baker and Andrew, regional felsic magmatism of ilmenite to hydrothermal QLD 1991; Allan and magnetite series, magmatic fluid, alkali others, 2011 and hydrolytic metasomatism

Continental rift, hydrous bimodal Magmatic Breccia pipe Breccia pipe NA U.S.: Cave Peak Mo, Tex. Sharp, 1979 magmatism, A-type volcano-plutonic hydrothermal molybdenum center, magmatic fluid

Arc or rift, alkaline volcano-plutonic Magmatic Breccia pipe Breccia pipe REE NA U.S.: Pea Ridge REE, Mo. Nuelle and others, 1991 center, magmatic fluid, alkali and hydrothermal hydrolytic metasomatism

Slab rollback, arc migration, magmatic Magmatic Carlin-type Carlin-type gold Sediment-hosted CAN: Rackla, YT; CHN: Golden Hofstra and Cline, 2000; volatiles, extensional faults, reduced hydrothermal disseminated gold, sediment- triangle; U.S.: Carlin trend, Battle Mtn.- Cline and slope facies, meteoric water, CO2, H2S hosted micron gold Eureka trend, Getchell trend, Nev. others, 2005; and hydrolytic metasomatism, jasperoids Muntean, 2018

Occurs in more than one system type Magmatic hydro- Distal-disseminated Distal-disseminated Carlin-like, Carlin-style U.S.: Lone Tree Ag-Au, Nev. Cox, 1992 thermal silver-gold

Occurs in more than one system type Magmatic Replacement Replacement NA CAN: Midway, BC; Bluebell, BC; Sa Morris, 1986; Titley, hydrothermal polymetallic Dena Hes, YT; MEX: Santa Eulalia, 1997 Naica, Fresnillo, Velardena, Providencia; U.S.: Leadville district, Colo.; East Tintic district, Utah; Eureka district, Nev.

Occurs in more than one system type Magmatic Replacement Replacement gold- Sulfide manto Au CAN: Ketza River, YT; Mosquito Abercrombie, 1990 hydrothermal silver Creek, BC Continental back arc or hinterland, S- Magmatic Replacement Replacement tin NA AUS: Renison, TAS; CAN: Mount Reed, 1986c; type volcano-plutonic center, magmatic hydrothermal Pleasant, NB Hammarstrom and others, fluid, alkali and hydrolytic 1995a metasomatism Occurs in more than one system type Magmatic Replacement Replacement copper NA U.S.: Bisbee, Ariz. Stegen and others, 2005 hydrothermal Occurs in more than one system type Magmatic Replacement Replacement zinc- NA U.S.: Bingham Canyon, Tintic, Park Beaty and others, 1986; hydrothermal lead City, Deer Trail, Utah; Pima, Ariz. Titley, 1997

Occurs in more than one system type Magmatic Replacement Replacement NA U.S.: Butte, Mont.; Leadville, Colo. Mosier, 1986 hydrothermal manganese Arc, magnetite series, calc-alkaline Magmatic Replacement Replacement Crystalline magnesite CAN: Mount Bussilof, BC; U.S.: Page, 1998a; Simandl and volcano-plutonic center, magmatic fluid, hydrothermal magnesium Premier Magnesia (Gabbs), Nev. Hancock, 1999 alkali and hydrolytic metasomatism

Occurs in more than one system type Magmatic Replacement Replacement NA U.S.: McCulloghs Butte, Nev. Barton, 1982 hydrothermal fluorite Occurs in more than one system type Magmatic Skarn Skarn iron NA AUS: Paddys River, ACT; AZE: Cox, 1986c; Hammarstrom hydrothermal Dashkesan; CAN: Tasu, Jessie, Merry and others, 1995c; Widow, Iron Crown, Iron Hill, Yellow Meinert and others, Kid, and Prescott, BC; CHN: 2005; Zeng and Jinshandian, Middle Lower-Yangtze others, 2020 River Metallogenic Belt; CUB: Daiquiri; ITA: San Leone; JPN: Shinyama; RUS: Magnitogorsk, Perschansk, Sheregesh, and Teya; U.S.: Santa Rita, N. Mex.; Cornwall Iron Springs, Utah; Eagle Mountain, Calif. Occurs in more than one system type Magmatic Skarn Skarn copper NA CAN: Craigmont, BC; Phoenix, BC; Cox and Theodore, 1986; hydrothermal Old Sport, BC; Queen Victoria, BC; Meinert and Mines Gaspé, QC; U.S.: Copper others, 2005 Canyon, Nev.; Carr Fork Cu, Utah

Occurs in more than one system type Magmatic Skarn Skarn tungsten NA AUS: Molyhil, NT; O'Calaghans, WA; Hammarstrom and others, hydrothermal ± Mo CAN: Cantung, NT; MacTung, YT; 1995a; Meinert and others, Emerald Tungsten, Didger, Feeney, 2005 Invinsible, and Dimac, BC; RUS: Tyrnyauz; U.S.: Pine Creek, Calif.; Tem Piute district, Nev.

Continental back arc or hinterland, S- Magmatic hydro- Skarn Skarn tin ± copper ± NA CAN: Silver Diamond, BC; Atlin Reed and Cox, 1986; type volcano-plutonic center, magmatic thermal Mo Magnetite, BC; Daybreak, BC; JC, YT; Meinert and others, 2005 fluid, alkali and hydrolytic U.S.: Lost River, Alaska; Majuba Hill, metasomatism Nev.

Occurs in more than one system type Magmatic Skarn Skarn gold ± copper Intrusion-related gold AUS: Red Dome, QLD; CAN: Ewers and Sun, 1989; hydrothermal ± tungsten Banks Island, BC; Hedley, BC; Ketza Sillitoe, 1991; Theodore River, Marn and Horn, YT; Nickel and others, 1991; Hart and Plate, BC; French, BC; Canty, BC; others, 2002; Meinert Good Hope, BC; Quesnel River, BC; and others, 2005; U.S.: Fortitude and McCoy, Nev. Hart, 2007

Occurs in more than one system type Magmatic Skarn Skarn zinc-lead- NA CAN: Piedmont, BC; Midway, BC; Hammarstrom and others, hydrothermal silver Contact, BC; Quartz Lake, YT; U.S.: 1995b; Meinert and others, Groundhog, N. Mex. 2005

Occurs in more than one system type Magmatic Skarn Skarn molybdenum NA CAN: Coxey, BC; Novelty, BC; U.S.: Ray, 1995; Meinert and hydrothermal Little Boulder Creek, Idaho; Cannivan others, 2005 Gulch, Mont.

Continental rift, hydrous bimodal Magmatic Skarn Skarn beryllium- NA U.S.: Iron Mtn., N. Mex. Barton and Young, 2002; magmatism, A-type volcano-plutonic hydrothermal fluorite Meinert and center, magmatic fluid others, 2005

Peralkaline volcano-plutonic Magmatic Skarn Skarn uranium-REE NA AUS: Mary Kathleen REE-U, QLD Oliver and others, 1999; center hydrothermal Meinert and others, 2005

Arc or rift, alkaline volcano-plutonic Magmatic Porphyry Porphyry copper Alkaline porphyry AUS: Cadia, NSW; Northparkes, Seedorff and others, 2005; center, magmatic fluid, alkali and hydrothermal ± gold copper NSW; CAN: Galore Creek, BC; Sillitoe, 2010 hydrolytic metasomatism Copper Mountain, BC; Afton-Ajax, BC

Arc, magnetite series, calc-alkaline Magmatic Porphyry Porphyry copper- Calc-alkaline porphyry CAN: Highland Valley, BC; Gibraltar, Seedorff and others, 2005; volcano-plutonic center, magmatic fluid, hydrothermal molybdenum copper BC; Brenda, BC; Highmont, BC; U.S.: Sillitoe, 2010 alkali and hydrolytic metasomatism Butte, Mont.; Bingham Canyon, Utah

Continental back arc or hinterland, felsic Magmatic Porphyry Porphyry gold ± Intrusion-related gold AUS: Mungana, QLD; CAN: Kerr, BC; Hollister, 1992; Nethery magmatism of ilmenite to magnetite hydrothermal copper U.S.: Palmetto, Nev. and Barr, 1998; Seedorff series, calc-alkaline volcano-plutonic and others, 2005 center, magmatic fluid, alkali and hydrolytic metasomatism

Continental rift, hydrous bimodal Magmatic Porphyry Climax-type Alkali-feldspar rhyolite- AUS: Unicorn, VIC; U.S.: Seedorff and others, 2005; magmatism, A-type volcano-plutonic hydrothermal porphyry granite porphyry Climax and Henderson, Colo. Ludington center, magmatic fluid molybdenum molybdenum; high- fluorine and Plumlee, 2009; Audétat porphyry molybdenum and Li, 2017

Arc, magnetite series, calc-alkaline Magmatic Porphyry Low-fluorine Arc-related porphyry CAN: Endako, BC; MAX, Theodore, 1986; Sinclair, volcano-plutonic center, magmatic fluid, hydrothermal porphyry molybdenum; low-fluorine BC; Boss Mountain, BC; U.S.: Pine 1995a; Seedorff and others, alkali and hydrolytic metasomatism molybdenum stockwork molybdenite Nut, Nev.; Thompson Creek, Idaho 2005; Taylor and others, 2012

Continental arc, back arc, or hinterland, Magmatic Porphyry Porphyry tungsten NA CAN: Mount Pleasant, NB Sinclair, 1995b; Seedorff felsic magmatism of ilmenite series, calc- hydrothermal and others, 2005 alkaline volcano-plutonic center, magmatic fluid, alkali and hydrolytic metasomatism

Continental back arc, or hinterland, Magmatic Porphyry Porphyry tin NA CAN: Mount Pleasant, NB; U.S.: Reed, 1986b; Sinclair, felsic S-type volcano- plutonic center, hydrothermal Majuba Hill, Nev. 1995c; Seedorff and others, magmatic fluid, alkali and hydrolytic 2005 metasomatism

Continental back arc or hinterland, felsic Magmatic- Magmatic Greisen Greisen tin ±W-Mo NA AUS: Anchor, TAS; CAN: Reed, 1986d S-type volcano- plutonic center, hydrothermal Kemptville, NS; RUS: magmatic fluid, alkali and hydrolytic Spokoininskoye; SAU: Silsilah Sn metasomatism

Continental back arc or hinterland, felsic Magmatic Greisen Greisen tungsten- NA AUS: Wolfram Camp, QLD; CAN: Kotlyar and others, magmatism of ilmenite series, felsic hydrothermal molybdenum Sisson, NB; Mount Pleasant, NB; 1995 calc-alkaline volcano-plutonic center, ±Bi KAZ: Akchatau; U.S.: Indian Springs, magmatic fluid, alkali and hydrolytic Nev. metasomatism Continental rift, hydrous bimodal Magmatic Greisen Greisen beryllium NA U.S.: McCulloghs Butte, Nev. Barton and Young, 2002 magmatism, A-type volcano-plutonic hydrothermal ±Li center, magmatic fluid

Continental back arc or hinter- land, Magmatic Intrusion-related Reduced intrusion- Plutonic-related gold: CAN: Tombstone, YT; U.S.: Fort Sillitoe, 1991; McCoy regional felsic magmatism of ilmenite hydrothermal related gold intrusion- centered gold; Knox, Alaska; Bald Mountain, Nev. and others, 1997; series, calc-alkaline volcano-plutonic sheeted vein gold; shear- Thompson and others, center, magmatic fluid, alkali and related gold veins 1999; Hart hydrolytic metasomatism and others, 2002; Hart, 2007; Nutt and Hofstra, 2007 Continental back arc or hinterland, Magmatic Intrusion-related Oxidized intrusion- Plutonic-related gold; AUS: Ravenswood, QLD; Timbarra, Sillitoe, 1991; Mustard, regional felsic magma- tism of ilmenite hydrothermal related gold disseminated gold; plutonic NSW; Dargues Reef, NSW; CAN: 2001; Blevin, 2004; to magnetite series, calc-alkaline gold; intrusion-related gold Côté, ON, Malartic, QB Helt and others, 2014 volcano-plutonic center, magmatic fluid, veins alkali and hydrolytic metasomatism

Anatexis or any felsic pluton Magmatic Pegmatite Simple pegmatite NA CAN: Buckingham, QC Černý and Ercit, 2005; Martin and De Vito, 2005; London, 2008, 2016 Continental back arc or hinterland, S- Magmatic Pegmatite LCT pegmatite NA AUS: Greenbush, WA; Wodgina, WA; Černý and Ercit, 2005; type plutonic center Pilgangoora, WA; CAN: Tanco, MB; Martin and De Vito, 2005; US: London, 2008, King Lithia, So. Dak. 2016 Continental rift, hydrous bimodal Magmatic Pegmatite NYF pegmatite NA CAN: Bancroft, ON; Little Nahanni, Černý and Ercit, 2005; magmatism, A-type plutonic center YT Martin and De Vito, 2005; London, 2008, 2016 Anatexis associated with high grade Magmatic Pegmatite Abyssal pegmatite NA CAN: Fraser Lakes, SK London, 2008 metamorphism REE SCLM partial melt, alkalic-peralkaline Magmatic Carbonatite Carbonatite REE NA AUS: Mt. Weld, WA; CAN: Verplanck and others, magmatic center, carbonatites Wicheeda Lake, BC; Nisikkatch Lake, 2014, 2016; Simandl SK; Montviel, QC; Lac Shortt, QC; and Paradis, 2018 Saint Honoré, QC; China: Bayan'obo; U.S.: Mountain Pass, Calif.

SCLM partial melt, alkalic-peralkaline Magmatic Carbonatite Carbonatite niobium NA CAN: Eldor, QC; Niobec, QC; Aley, Verplanck and others, magmatic center, carbonatites BC; Blue River, BC; St. Lawrence 2014, 2016; Simandl Columbium Mine, QC and Paradis, 2018

SCLM partial melt, alkalic-peralkaline Magmatic Peralkaline igneous Peralkaline igneous NA AUS: Dubbo, NSW; CAN: Dostal, 2016 magmatic center and related pegmatites HFSE-REE Strange Lake, QC; Misery Lake, QC; Kipawa, QC; Thor Lake, NT

Zoned alkalic plutonic center Magmatic Apatite-nepheline-titanite Apatite-nepheline- Alkaline massif, nepheline- RUS: Apatyty Kalashnikov and others, intrusion titanite intrusion syenite-foyaite complex 2016

Alkalic dike complex Magmatic Apatite intrusion Apatite intrusion Apatite vein AUS: Nolans Bore, NT Hussey and Dean, 2013; REE Huston and others, 2016a

SCLM partial melt, diatreme, Magmatic Kimberlite Kimberlite diamond NA AUS: Argyll, WA; CAN: Michalski and Modreski, kimberlite Ekati, Gahcho Kue, Snap Lake, and 1991; Pell, Diavik, NT; Renard, QC; Victor, ON 1999

Archean to early Proterozoic continental Magmatic Komatiite Komatiite nickel- Kambalda-type, raglan-type AUS: Kambalda; CAN: Langmuir, ON; Page, 1986b; Naldrett, rift or plume, high degree mantle melts, copper-PGE Alexo-Dundonald, ON; Raglan, QC; 2004; Zientek and green-stone belts, ultramafic-mafic Thompson, MB; ZWE: Damba others, 2017 volcanic center

Continental rift or plume, high degree Magmatic Ultramafic and (or) mafic- U-M layered NA AUS: Coobina, WA; CAN: Bird River, Schulte and others, 2012 mantle melts, LIP, ultramafic-mafic layered intrusion intrusion chromium MB; Ring of Fire, ON; ZAF: Bushveld layered intrusion Complex

Continental rift or plume, high degree Magmatic Ultramafic and (or) mafic- U-M layered Contact-type AUS: Savannah, WA; Radio Hill, WA; Naldrett, 2004; Zientek mantle melts, LIP, ultramafic-mafic layered intrusion intrusion nickel- CAN: Muskox, NU; Crystal Lake, ON; and others, 2017 layered intrusion copper-PGE U.S.: Maturi, Spruce Road, Minn.

Continental rift or plume, high degree Magmatic Ultramafic and (or) mafic- U-M layered Reef-type and (or) brecciated CAN: Lac des Îles, ON; Marathon, ON Zientek and others, mantle melts, LIP, ultramafic-mafic layered intrusion intrusion PGE 2017 layered intrusion

Continental rift or plume, high degree Magmatic Ultramafic and (or) mafic- U-M layered NA AUS: Balla Balla, WA; CAN: Grader, Page, 1986a mantle melts, LIP, ultramafic-mafic layered intrusion intrusion QC; Lac Doré, QC; Iron-T, QC; Sept layered intrusion iron-titanium- Iles, QC; La Blache, QC vanadium Continental rift or plume, high degree Magmatic Ultramafic and (or) mafic U-M intrusion nickel- NA CAN: Lynn Lake, MB Naldrett, 2004 mantle melts, LIP, ultramafic-mafic intrusion copper-PGE stock or pluton (maybe zoned)

Continental rift or plume, high degree Magmatic Ultramafic and (or) mafic U-M conduit nickel- Flood basalt Ni-Cu-PGE, AUS: Nebo-Babel, Expo-Savannah; Naldrett, 2004; Barnes mantle melts, LIP, ultramafic-mafic sills, conduit copper-PGE ferropicrite Ni-Cu-PGE, CHN: Kalatongke; RUS: Norilsk; US: and others, 2016; Zientek dikes, chonoliths picrite- tholeiite N-Cu-PGE Eagle, Mich.; Tamarack, Minn. and others, 2017 Obducted oceanic or back arc Magmatic Ophiolite Ophiolite chromium Podiform chromite CAN: Thetford Mines QC, Castle Duke, 1995; Ash, 1996; crust Mountain Nickel, BC; Scottie Creek, Mosier and others, 2012 BC; PHL: Acoje

Obducted oceanic or back arc Magmatic Ophiolite Ophiolite nickel- Picrite-tholeiite Ni-Cu-PGE PHL: Acoje Yumul, 2001; Naldrett, crus. copper-PGE 2004; Zientek and others, 2017 Convergent margin, ultramafic-mafic Magmatic Ultramafic and (or) mafic Arc U-M intrusion Alaskan-type, uralian-type CAN: Lac Allard, QC Page and Gray, 1986 magmatic center intrusion titanium- vanadium

Convergent margin, ultramafic-mafic Magmatic Ultramafic and (or) mafic Arc U-M intrusion Alaskan-type, uralian-type, CAN: Tulameen Complex, BC; Page and Gray, 1986; magmatic center intrusion nickel- copper-PGE picrite-tholeiite Ni-Cu-PGE Turnagain, BC Naldrett, 2004

Convergent margin, late extension, Magmatic Anorthosite massif Anorthosite massif Anorthosite pluton CAN: Lac Doré, QC; Lac Tio, QC; Woodruff and others, 2013 intermediate plutonic center titanium Norway: Tellnes

Convergent margin, late extension, Magmatic Anorthosite conduit Anorthosite conduit Anorthosite-granite-troctolite CAN: Voiseys Bay, NL Naldrett, 2004; Barnes intermediate (± granitic) dikes, sills, nickel-copper-PGE Ni-Cu-PGE and others, 2016 chonoliths Meteorite impact, ultramafic-mafic Magmatic Ultramafic and (or) mafic Impact U-M Impact melt Ni-Cu-PGE CAN: Sudbury, ON Keays and Lightfoot, 2004; magmatism intrusion intrusion nickel- Naldrett, 2004 copper-PGE