W. JOSEPH CAMPBELL
Media Myth Alert
DEBUNKING, DISTORTION, FACT-CHECKING, GETTING IT WRONG, HISTORY, JOURNALISM, MEDIA, MEDIA-DRIVEN MYTHS, NEW YORK TIMES, NEWS, NIXON, RESEARCH, SCANDAL, VIETNAM WAR
NYTimes recalls ‘Napalm Girl’ (and other famous ‘pictures of war’); overstates its impact
In 'Napalm girl', Debunking, Error, Media myths, New York Times, Photographs, Scandal on December 15, 2016 at 4:43 pm Prominently displayed on the front page (h p://www.nytimes.com/pages/todayspaper/index.html? action=click&pgtype=Homepage®ion=SiteIndex&module=SiteIndex&contentCollection=Today%27s% nav) of today’s New York Times (h ps://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/2010/12/27/two-myths-and- todays-new-york-times/) were powerful images of war — the memorable and myth-burdened “Napalm Girl (h ps://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/2016/08/22/scorched-by-american-napalm-the-media-myth- of-napalm-girl-endures/)” photograph of 1972 among them.
The wartime images accompanied an essay
(h p://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/12/14/world/middleeast/kimmelman-images-of-aleppo.html? _r=0) about the misery of Syria’s ba ered city, Aleppo, once a rebel stronghold in the country’s prolonged civil war.
“They keep coming,” the essay began, “both the bombs and the images from Aleppo, so many of them ….”
Of particular interest to Media Myth Alert (h ps://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/about/)was a passage deeper in the essay that invoked “Napalm Girl (h ps://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/2014/05/29/exaggerating-the-power-of-napalm-girl-photo/)“:
“Pictures of war and suffering have pricked the public conscience and provoked action before. … There was Nick Ut’s 1972 photograph from South Vietnam of the naked 9-year-old Phan Thi Kim Phuc, screaming, burned by napalm. These pictures drove news cycles for weeks, months, years, helping tip the scales of policy.”
Well, not in case of “Napalm Girl (h ps://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/2016/10/30/memorable-late- october-a-new-edition-of-ge ing-it-wrong-and-more/).”
The photograph, which showed a cluster of terror-stricken children fleeing an errant napalm a ack on their village northwest of what was then called Saigon, provoked no prolonged conversation in the American press in the days following its publication. It prompted few newspaper editorials.
There’s no evidence, moreover, that “Napalm Girl” helped “tip the scales of policy.” (The essay in the Times cited none.)
I address the myths of “Napalm Girl” in my book, Ge ing It Wrong (h ps://www.amazon.com/Ge ing- Wrong-Debunking-Greatest-Journalism/dp/0520291298/ref=asap_bc?ie=UTF8), an expanded second edition (h ps://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/2016/10/30/memorable-late-october-a-new-edition-of- ge ing-it-wrong-and-more/) of which was published recently.
“Over the years,” I write in Ge ing It Wrong (h p://www.ucpress.edu/book.php?isbn=9780520291294), “the superlatives associated with the image have edged into hyperbole and exaggeration. Napalm Girl has become invested with mythic qualities and a power that no photograph, however distinctive and exceptional, can project.”
Among the myths is that “Napalm Girl” was so arresting and extraordinary that it appeared on the front pages of newspapers across the United States. I present data challenging that notion, reporting in Ge ing It Wrong (h p://fs2.american.edu/wjc/www/mythsbook/) that of 40 major U.S. dailies examined, 21 placed the photograph on the front page in the days soon after it was taken on June 8, 1972.
Fourteen of the 21 newspapers displayed “Napalm Girl” above the front-page fold, a newspaper’s most coveted placement.
But 19 newspapers examined either did not publish “Napalm Girl” or placed the photograph on an inside page.
Reservations about front nudity no doubt led some newspapers to decline to publish “Napalm Girl” or give it prominence, I note, although the depth of such reluctance is difficult to measure.
In any event, it is clear that “Napalm Girl” did not drive “news cycles for weeks, months, years,” as the Times’ essay asserted. Nor did the image drive policy.
It had no discernible effect on the U.S. policy of Vietnamization (h p://www.let.rug.nl/usa/presidents/richard-milhous-nixon/vietnamization-speech-1969.php), which was put in place during the presidency of Richard Nixon (h ps://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/2016/07/10/the-campaign-pledge-nixon-never-made/) and sought to shift the bulk of fighting to America’s South Vietnamese allies.
By June 1972, most American combat troops had been removed from South Vietnam, a drawdown neither slowed nor accelerated by publication of “Napalm Girl.”
This is not to say Nixon was unaware of the photograph, however. He briefly discussed “Napalm Girl” with his top White House aide, H.R. Haldeman, a conversation captured (h p://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/southeast/02/28/vietnam.nixon/) on Nixon’s secret taping system (h ps://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/2013/07/14/the-nixon-tapes-a-pivotal-watergate-story- that-wapo-missed/).
The tapes show that Haldeman on June 12, 1972, brought up what he called the “napalm thing.” Nixon replied by saying:
“I wonder if that was a fix” meaning: Was the image staged?
“Could have been,” Haldeman said, adding, “Napalm bothers people. You get a picture of a li le girl with her clothes burnt off.”
“I wondered about that,” Nixon replied.
The photograph had no known effect on Nixon’s thinking about the war, I write in Ge ing It Wrong (h p://fs2.american.edu/wjc/www/documents/Commentary%20review_June2010.pdf), pointing out that his a ention was soon diverted. On June 17, 1972, burglars linked to Nixon’s reelection (h p://watergate.info/burglary) campaign were arrested (h p://www.washingtonpost.com/wp- dyn/content/article/2002/05/31/AR2005111001227.html) inside the headquarters of the Democratic National Commi ee in Washington, the signal crime of what ballooned into the Watergate scandal (h ps://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/2011/03/17/wapo-broke-the-watergate-scandal-no-way/).
Nixon’s a empts to cover up the burglary’s links to his campaign — a scheme he discussed with Haldeman in tape-recorded conversation June 23, 1972 — eventually cost Nixon the presidency (h ps://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/2010/08/09/nixon-quits-36-years-on/).
WJC (h p://www.wjosephcampbell.com)
More from Media Myth Alert:
‘Scorched by American napalm’: The media myth of ‘Napalm Girl’ endures (h ps://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/2016/08/22/scorched-by-american-napalm-the-media-myth- of-napalm-girl-endures/) 40 years on: The ‘napalm girl’ photo and its associated errors (h ps://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/2012/06/03/40-years-on-the-napalm-girl-photo-and-its- associated-errors/) NYTimes ignores former senior AP journalists seeking correction on ‘napalm girl’ context (h ps://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/2012/08/17/nytimes-ignores-senior-former-ap-journalists- seeking-correction-on-napalm-girl-context/) A sort-of correction from the New York Times (h ps://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/2012/08/28/a- sort-of-correction-from-the-nytimes/) Exaggerating the power of ‘napalm girl’ photo (h ps://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/2014/05/29/exaggerating-the-power-of-napalm-girl-photo/) The subtlety of media myths: A ‘New Yorker’ brief and the napalm-a ack myth (h ps://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/2012/11/19/the-subtlety-of-media-myths-a-new-yorker-brief- and-the-napalm-a ack-myth/) Arrogance: WaPo won’t correct dubious claim about Nixon ‘secret plan’ for Vietnam (h ps://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/2013/08/13/arrogance-wapo-wont-correct-dubious-claim- about-nixon-secret-plan-for-vietnam/) WaPo, Bezos, and owning up to errors ‘quickly and completely’ (h ps://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/2013/08/06/wapo-bezos-and-owning-up-to-errors-quickly- and-completely/) Trump, Nixon, and the ‘secret plan’ media myth (h ps://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/2016/07/20/trump-nixon-and-the-secret-plan-media-myth/) NYTimes flubs the correction (h ps://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/2011/01/23/nytimes-flubs-the- correction/) Jon Krakauer rolls back claims about WaPo ‘source’ in Lynch case (h ps://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/2011/11/11/jon-krakauer-rolls-back-claims-about-wapo- source-in-jessica-lynch-case/) No ‘rock-em,’ no ‘sock-em’: What ails WaPo (h ps://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/2011/08/07/no- rock-em-no-sock-em-what-ails-wapo/) ‘A debunker’s work is never done’ (h ps://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/2010/05/21/a-debunkers- work-is-never-done/) Check out The 1995 Blog (h ps://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/2014/07/02/check-out-the-1995- blog/) ‘Ge ing It Wrong’ receives major shout-out in ‘New Yorker’ (h ps://mediamythalert.wordpress.com/2012/07/05/ge ing-it-wrong-receives-major-shout-out-in- new-yorker/)
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