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1 Module 7 Component 2: Augrabies and Kgalagadi NP Augrabies Falls Population: Altitude:643m/2110ft Siyanda District National Park (88 Rainfall: Muncipality 000 ha) Approximately 80km/120 km west of Upington. Origin It was established in 1966. Name 'Augrabies', is derived from the Koranna Khoe word ‘aukurabis’ meaning 'the water that thunders' / !Oukurubes “the water that thunders” Claims to fame A ravine of about 260m has been cut through the granite-gneiss rock by rushing water over millions of years. • This is the main feature of the Park. • The falls are 65m high and the pool below 93m in diameter. Augrabies • It is estimated that the pool is about 130m deep. falls • The volume exceeds that of the Victoria Falls when as many as 19 waterfalls plunges over the cliff when the river is in flood. Legends and stories surrounding the falls. • It is very difficult to reach to pool below and believed to host a huge serpent, South Africa’s own ‘Loch Ness monster’. • It is also said that a fortune of alluvial diamonds had been deposited into the pool by the river over a long period of time. • If anything, there should be several giant mud barbells, a fish that may reach length of 2 meters. Flora Quiver trees, wild olive and white karee dots the landscape, while Mesembryanthemums or ‘vygies’, an array of aloes, cat-thorn and raisin bush are some of the more common plants. Grasses include blue buffalo grass, finger grass, Cat’s tail and Kalahari sour grass. Some of the more interesting flora: Fauna About 50 mammal species occur in the park. The scrub hare, ground squirrel, mongoose (yellow, slender and grey); rock hyra (dassie); chacma baboon (Kaapse Bobbejaan), vervet monkey; giraffe, common duiker, springbok, klipspringer, steenbok, gemsbok, kudu and eland are the most likely to be seen. Eland, along with black rhino have been recently reintroduced to the Park. Amphibians and reptiles exceed 60 species. The clawed platanna, Karoo toad, common rain frog are clicking river frog are among the 10 species of frogs in the Park. The Cape Cobra, black necked spitting cobra, Pofadder, horned adder, etc. are some of the poisonous snakes found in the region. Northern Cape Province ©Makiti Guides & Tours (Pty) Ltd 2008 2 Module 7 Component 2: Augrabies and Kgalagadi NP Attractions and activities • Arrow Head Look out • Ararat Points • Moon Rock • Oranjekom The Dassie (Rock Hyrax) trail • This is a 5km long trail. • Precautionary measures includes wearing a hat and appropriate footwear, apply sun block, taking sufficient water and be careful when climbing over slippery rocks. • The route is numbered (1-10, see below) and the hiker can expect very interesting this along the way. 1 The name Phragmites is derived from ‘phragma’, the Greek word for The fence. This refers it growing like a ‘fence’ along the streams. Except for common Antarctica, it is found on all the continents making the plant one of the reed most widely spread, if not the widest distribution of flower plants in the (Phragmites world. Although a usually unwanted invader, it plays a valuable role in australis) filtering water very efficiently. This ability is applied at the Park’s sewerage works to circulate clean water in the system . 2 Stream ‘Stream capture occurs when two side streams flow from a braided stream capture but one cuts more quickly into its basin than the other. The consequence and gorge of this is that water is constantly drawn into the deeper channel with the formation other channel having little to no water.’ (Dassie trail interpretive booklet). at Arrow Point 3 These are volcanic rock that solidified underground to form a dyke. The Through intense pressure and heat it was changed into metamorphic rock. Swartrante Both types of rocks are more resistant against erosion and were left (‘black protruding above the ground. A shiny, thin layer or also known as ‘desert coloured varnish’, protects the rock from further chemical deterioration . The layer is hills) formed by oxides of titanium, manganese and iron leaching from the rock. Northern Cape Province ©Makiti Guides & Tours (Pty) Ltd 2008 3 Module 7 Component 2: Augrabies and Kgalagadi NP Plant material needs to be broken down in order to release nutrients back into the soil. Usually organisms such as nematode, fungi, bacteria and protozoa, all tiny soil organisms do the job. However, due to the dry 4 conditions, only a few can survive, too little to make an impact. In the Decomposition Nama Karoo biome, Harvester termites are very important in contributing to this process. They feed directly on the plant material and micro-organisms in the guts of the termites then decomposes the material to be reintroduced into the soil. 5 The tree is known as ‘the tree of life’ in arid regions as it provides nutrition to Shepherds both man and animals. It also has medicinal applications and features in Tree the spiritual beliefs an folklore of many African people. Its hard-leathery, (Boscia small leaves prevents too much water from evaporating, and the smooth, albitrunca) whitish-grey bark reflects the suns rays. Two oblong granite-gneiss domes (Ararat and Moon rock), the largest 700m long and 100m high, were formed by the tendency of the rock to exfoliate opposed to weathering. This is due to the uniform composition 6 allowing only widely spaced joints. The process known as ‘onion-skin Moon rock weathering’ and sheets of rock varying from a few centimeters to a few meters thick are exfoliated. ‘A-frame Pop-ups’ is a most interesting, but rare phenomena and are formed due to internal stress. There is uncertainty as to how they were formed, some geologists attributes it to glacial action several thousand of years ago, others to major flash 7 floods in the past. Another theory states that due to the difference in size Potholes and texture of the rocks in the stream, some were broken away, forming a ‘hole’. Pebbles and grains of sands would accumulate, constantly moving ins circles acting as an abrasive, consequently deepening the hole. 8 Namaqua It is well adapted for growing in dry, rocky deserts and its roots are fig prominent against the rocks. Its evergreen leaves and light coloured bark (Ficus effectively reduces water loss through transpiration chordate) 9 Dassies / Usually congregating on rocks and white streaks of urine stains indicate the Rock Hyrax presence of a colony. Hyracium, is a folk medicine in South Africa and is made of the crystallized urine. Various species of birds and animals are found in this habitat: 10 The water monitor (Varanus niloticus) is Africa’s largest lizard (100-200cm) Stream life and the Giant Kingfisher (Ceryle maxima) the largest of all the kingfishers (43-46cm). The Cape Clawless Otter (Aonyx capensis) are also at home here. Northern Cape Province ©Makiti Guides & Tours (Pty) Ltd 2008 4 Module 7 Component 2: Augrabies and Kgalagadi NP Riemvasmaak Population: Altitude: Siyanda District Rainfall: Muncipality Located where the Molopo River joins the Gariep from the north. Historical overview • In 1973/74, the people of Riemvasmaak were forcefully removed to Namibia and the Eastern Cape in terms of the Apartheid policies. • The South Africa defense force then utilised the settlement as a training venue. • In 1994, it became one of the first restitution projects and 74 000ha were given back to the people. • The settlement mainly consists of Nama living at the mission at Riemvasmaak. • Another third is Xhosa, residing on at the Vredesvallei settlement on the Gariep (Orange) River In 2002, the inhabitants received the deeds to their plots. Historical sites and monuments • Roman Catholic Mission Station. Attractions and activities • Hot springs • ‘Beauty and the beast’ rock formation • 4x4 routes • Three hiking trails • Bird watching : Namaqua aDove, Black Eagle • Photography opportunities • Traditional meals and dancing • Sand dunes at Vredesvallei • Vredesvallei ‘taxi’ (boat across the river) Essentials • 4 liters per persons per day • Insect repellent • Sunscreen • Medical kit Khamkirri • Ideally located to access places such as the Augrabies Falls National Private Park, Riemvasmaak Hotsprings, Richtersveld, Namaqualand and Game Namibia. Reserve • The Nama called this area “Place of the leopard”. Northern Cape Province ©Makiti Guides & Tours (Pty) Ltd 2008 5 Module 7 Component 2: Augrabies and Kgalagadi NP Gordonia Population: Altitude: Siyanda District Rainfall: 100-500mm Muncipality On route the R360 north from Upington all along to the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park. Boundaries: Molopo River (north); the Orange River (south); Langberg and Koranna mountains (East). • Gordonia is the largest magisterial district in the country (53 500 km²). • Upington on the Orange River is the main town of the Gordonia. Name • It was named after the four times prime minister of the Cape Colony (1879), Sir Gordon Sprigg. • Also known as Korannaland. Claims to fame • Some of the largest saltpans in the world are hosted in Gordonia The Kalahari Desert • It was created over millions of years through wind erosion and roughly incorporates Gordonia in South Africa, most of Botswana, parts of Angola and a large Section of Zimbabwe. • It is the largest sandbed in the world. • The Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park (previously the Kalahari Gemsbok Park), as well as the Etosha Game Reserve in Namibia both serve to conserve the game that roamed the area in days gone by. Name ‘Kalahari’ is a corruption of the Tswana word kgalagadi that refers to a large area with almost no surface water and arid. Even so, it is not a true desert such as the Sahara with its bare dunes and scarce vegetation. Fact file Surface area: 933 000 km² Altitude: 200m to 900m Grain size: varies from 0.25mm - 0.4mm up to 1 mm Rainfall : 175 mm p.a.
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