CHAPTER 7: AND ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS DIGITAL ADDENDA 7A – 7B

DIGITAL ADDENDA 7A – 7B

Digital Addendum 7A: of special concern in the study area

Table 7.1: species of special concern in the study area (i.e. animal species that have more than 60% of their distribution in the study area, or that occur in the study area and are Threatened according to IUCN Red List criteria)

Group Scientific name Common name Distribution Endemism IUCN Red List status Riparian bush on the Northern and : narrow alluvial fringe of Critically Endangered SA Endemic and largely Mammalia Bunlolagus monticularis Riverine Rabbit only distributed in Central and seasonally dry (global assessment: endemic to study area south watercourses in the IUCN, 2008) central Karoo.

South and . SA and Lesotho Least Concern (global Chlorotalpa sclateri Subspecies known only from Escarpment Mountain endemic, subspecies a Mammalia Sclater's Golden Mole assessment: IUCN, 2015 shortridgei Sutherland, but may range Renosterveld. SA endemic and ) eastwards to . endemic to study area.

Endemic to the Upper and Data Deficient (global Lower Karoo Bioregions of the Rocky habitat with an assessment: IUCN, Nama-Karoo, including SA endemic, may be a Mammalia Elephantulus pilicaudus Karoo Rock Sengi elevation of ≥ 1,300 m 2013) Least Concern Williston, Karoo National Park, narrow endemic above sea level. (national assessment, Carnarvon, Calvinia, Loxton. 2016) Distribution not well understood. Open habitat that Found mainly in the Nama- and provides some cover in Succulent Karoo biomes but also the form of stands of tall in southern North West and grass or scrub bush. Use Vulnerable (global Southern African Gauteng, marginally in disused springhare or assessment: IUCN, 2016 Mammalia Felis nigripes Black-footed Cat endemic, in Botswana, and KwaZulu- aardvark burrows or and national assessment, Namibia and SA. Natal, Free State, Northern dens under calcrete 2016) Cape, Western Cape and Eastern slabs, or hollowed out Cape termite mounds in which to lie up during the day.

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Group Scientific name Common name Distribution Habitat Endemism IUCN Red List status Relatively widespread in South They are generally, but Endangered (global Africa: eastern North West, not always, associated assessment, IUCN, Gauteng, southern Mpumalanga, with , Mammalia Mystromys albicaudatus White-tailed Mouse South African endemic 2008); Vulnerable western high-lying KwaZulu- occurring in the (national assessment, Natal, Free State, and the Karoo and rocky 2016) and Western Cape. areas , with small Shrub and fynbos in intrusion into southern Namibia. Near SA endemic, with areas with rocky Distributed widely from the approx. 60% of Least Concern (IUCN, Mammalia Otomys unisulcatus Karoo Bush Rat outcrops and high Western Cape eastwards to distribution in study 2008 assessment) cover and foliage western Eastern Cape and north area density. through the Northern Cape. In a wide range of Vulnerable (global but mainly Africa and Asia (may be assessment: IUCN, 2016 Mammalia Panthera pardus Leopard associated with rocky different subspecies) and national assessment, outcrops and hills, 2016) mountain ranges. South Africa, Swaziland and Fynbos, mainly Lesotho. In Albany Thicket, Southern Black Renosterveld and Southern African Vulnerable (2015 Aves (Birds) Afrotis afra Fynbos and Succulent Karoo Korhaan Strandveld. Prefers endemic regional assessment) biomes and the southern extreme undisturbed habitat. of the . Lightly wooded savanna Widespread throughout sub- and thornveld and semi- Endangered (2015 Aves (Birds) Aquila rapax Tawny Eagle Saharan Africa, with a small African endemic. desert. Mostly in regional assessment) population in the grassy Karoo. protected areas. Wide distribution throughout Mainly restricted to Africa; in South Africa across 5 mountainous terrain. Vulnerable (2015 Aves (Birds) Aquila verreauxii Verreauxs' Eagle biomes, but restricted to African endemic. May use pylons in regional assessment) mountainous habitat; large areas Karoo for nesting. of high density in study area. Breeds widely in Palaearctic region and is a partial migrant in sub-Saharan Africa. In South Dams and shallow Vulnerable (2015 Aves (Birds) Ciconia nigra Black stork Africa mostly in southern and waterbodies with fish. regional assessment) eastern provinces, avoiding the dry interior and west.

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Group Scientific name Common name Distribution Habitat Endemism IUCN Red List status Mostly fynbos. In fragmented South Africa. Core of range in Renosterveld prefers Endangered (2015 Aves (Birds) Circus maurus Black Harrier Fynbos, but does extend to the high quality patches. SA endemic regional assessment) southern reaches of the Karoo. Forages in high altitude grasslands, down to Karoo scrub. Open desert and semi- desert areas. Habitats include grazed or burnt Southern Africa, present in the Near endemic to Vulnerable (2015 Aves (Birds) Cursorius rufus Burchell's Courser , stony or Karoo. southern Africa. regional assessment) gravel plains, dry river beds and edges of salt pans. Southern Africa, predominantly South Africa and Lesotho. Endangered (global Breeding colonies in Limpopo, Southern African assessment, IUCN, Aves (Birds) Gyps coprotheres Cape Vulture North West and Gauteng, endemic. 2015, and 2015 regional KwaZulu-Natal and Eastern assessment) Cape. Generally avoid drier areas, but do Wide but fragmented occasionally occur Afrotropical distribution. In the marginally in Nama Vulnerable (2015 Aves (Birds) Neotis denhami Denham's Bustard study area mostly in Eastern African endemic. Karoo. Often in rocky regional assessment) Cape grassland and lowland areas and on plateaus. fynbos. Occasionally use cultivated fields. South Africa and Namibia. SA endemic with small Very specific habitat Lower and mid Orange River, intrusion in extreme requirements - seldom Least Concern (2014 Aves (Birds) Phragmacia substriata Namaqua warbler south to karroid regions of southern Namibia. More more than 50 m from SARC assessment) Western Cape, and central Free than 60% of distribution streams and rivers. State and Eastern Cape. in study area. Throughout central and western Africa; mostly in Limpopo and Perennial rivers or Mpumalanga and KwaZulu- Vulnerable (2015 Aves (Birds) Podica senegalensis African Finfoot streams lined by thick African endemic. Natal, but are populations regional assessment) riparian bush. recorded in the Eastern Cape in the study area.

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Group Scientific name Common name Distribution Habitat Endemism IUCN Red List status Open grassland and Widespread throughout sub- scrub, with short ground Vulnerable (2015 Aves (Birds) Sagittarius serpentarius Secretary Bird Saharan Africa, mostly in open African endemic. cover and scattered trees regional assessment) grassland and scrub. for nesting. Mostly forest, including Widespread throughout sub- riverine forest but also Saharan Africa with high Vulnerable (2015 Aves (Birds) Stephanoaetus coronatus Crowned Eagle woodlands and forested African endemic. densities observed in the regional assessment) gorge sin savanna and Somerset East area. grassland. Central-western Eastern Cape and adjacent regions of the Between 1300 2200 m Endemic (90%) in study Least Concern (2014 Reptilia Afroedura karroica Karoo Flat Gecko southern Northern Cape and in dolerite outcrops in area SARC assessment) north-eastern Western Cape in grasslands grassland and Nama-Karoo.

Above 1500 m in grassy Endangered (2014 Reptilia Bitis inornata Plain Mountain Adder Eastern Cape. Sneeuberg. Endemic to Karoo habitats SARC assessment)

Cloete's Girdled Western Cape. Nuweveldberg: Sandstone rocky habitats Least Concern (2014 Reptilia Cordylus cloetei Endemic to Karoo Lizard area of occurrence = 338 km2. on Nuweveldberg SARC assessment) South Africa. Western Karoo in Western and Northern Cape, Rocky areas of SA endemic, with about Western Dwarf Least Concern (2014 Reptilia Cordylus minor from Komsberg range in the mudstone shale 70% distribution in Girdled Lizard SARC assessment) north to Majiesfontein in the lowlands study area. south. Dolerite outcrops in Braack's Pygmy Western Cape. Nuweveldberg: Near Threatened (2014 Reptilia Goggia braacki montane grasslands on Endemic to Karoo Gecko 75 km2 area of occurrence. SARC assessment) Nuweveldberg South Africa. From in the Eastern Cape to Touwsrivier Karoo Dwarf Tortoise in the Western Cape. In Dolerite outcrops 800 - Near Threatened (2014 Reptilia Homopus boulengeri SA endemic / Karoo Padloper Northern Cape to Calvinia in the 1500 m SARC assessment) northwest and Carnavon in the northeast. South Africa. Eastern Cape Fold Large rock outcrops in Mountains and southern SA endemic, with about Pachydactylus mesic habitats from 750 Least Concern (2014 Reptilia Thin-Skinned Gecko escarpment mountains of the 50% distribution in kladaroderma – 1700 m, in both shale SARC assessment) Westen Cape and adjacent N study area. and in sandstone Cape.

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Group Scientific name Common name Distribution Habitat Endemism IUCN Red List status Pseudocordylus Western Cape. Nuweveldberg & Least Concern (2014 Reptilia microlepidotus 1500 – 1800 m Endemic to Karoo Komsberg. SARC assessment) namaquensis Endemic to Karoo. 60% Rainwater pools in South Africa. Western and in study area. Northern Least Concern (2011 Amphibia Cacosternum karroicum Karoo Caco rocky areas of Northern Cape. population is likely a assessment) mountains separate species. Eastern Cape: Kabusi, Slang, Endemic to Eastern Vulnerable (IUCN Red Barbus amatolicus Amatola Barb Kubowa, Nqancule, possibly No information (fin-ray fish) Cape List, 2007 assessment) upper reaches of Buffalo Rivers. Eastern Cape: four or five Endangered (IUCN Actinopterygii locations at Tyume, main stream Endemic to Eastern Barbus trevelyani No information Red List, 2007 (fin-ray fish) (Keiskama), Yellowwoods, Cape assessment) Mgqawabe, Cwenqgwe Rivers. Endangered (IUCN Actinopterygii Eastern Cape: Swartkops and Endemic to Eastern afer Eastern Cape Redfin No information Red List, 2007 (fin-ray fish) systems. Cape assessment) Endangered (IUCN Actinopterygii Eastern Cape: Gamtoos and Endemic to Eastern Pseudobarbus asper No information Red List, 2007 (fin-ray fish) Gourits Rivers (Groot). Cape assessment) Eastern Cape: Nahoon, Buffalo, Endangered (IUCN Actinopterygii Endemic to Eastern Sandelia bainsii Cape Rocky Ingoda, Gula, Keiskamma, Great No information Red List, 2007 (fin-ray fish) Cape Fish, Kowie Rivers. assessment) Eastern and Northern Cape. Grassy slope with rocks Bedford, Cathcart, Toise River, and scrubby forest; Cookhouse, Douglas, South Africa endemic. Crawford's Agate grassy hillside with (terrestrial Cochlitoma crawfordi Jansenville, NW Uitenhage, 90% of distribution in Not evaluated Snail rocks and stunted snails) Middleton, Queenstown, study area. bushes; indigenous Somerset East, SW Cradock, forest Zuurberg. Various habitats: S facing slope of Eastern Cape. Alice, Cathcart, watercourse, riverine Cradock, Graaff-Reinet, Mollusca forest; grassy slope with Eastern Cape endemic. Jansenville, Kei River Valley, (terrestrial Gulella rogersi Roger's Hunter Snail rocks; open thicket in 90% of distribution in Not evaluated Kuzuko GR, Penhoekberg, snails) calcrete area; gully study area. Queenstown, Riebeeck East, between dolorite cliffs; Sterkstroom, Stormberg. rocky N facing hillside with aloes, noors and

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Group Scientific name Common name Distribution Habitat Endemism IUCN Red List status bush clump; grassy hillside with aloes and bush clumps; rocky veld with aloes; kloof with rock outcrops and cave. Crevices in rocky areas, usually near waterfall or Eastern and Western Cape. in indigenous forest; SE Mollusca Karoo National Park, Graaff- bank of river; S facing South Africa Endemic, Bowker's Karoo Rock (terrestrial Prestonella bowkeri Reinet, , Nieu dolerite cliffs in wooded with >90% of Not evaluated Snail snails) Bethesda area, Nuweveldberge, kloof, under overhangs distribution in study area Sneeuberg, Somerset East. and in crevices on shaded (northern) cliffs beside river. Indigenous forest, along Eastern and Western Cape. Mollusca water courses, South Africa Endemic. Adelaide, Beaufort West, (terrestrial Prestonella nuptialis waterfalls, S facing >90% distribution in Not evaluated Cradock, Fort Beaufort, Graaff- snails) rocky ridges, In crevices study area. Reinet, Somerset East. in rocks. Eastern, Northern and Western Mollusca Grassy fynbos, bush, South Africa Endemic. Cape. Colesburg, Graaff-Reinet, (terrestrial Sheldonia arnotti Arnot's Tailwagger rocky grasslands, rocky 90% of distribution in Not evaluated Middleton, Nieu Bethesda, snails) riverine scrub. study area. Wapadsberg Pass. S facing slope with Acacia and Rhus, in Eastern and Western Cape. Mollusca leaf-litter beneath South Africa Endemic. Cradock, Prince Albert, (terrestrial Sheldonia asthenes bushes and under rock 90% of distribution in Not evaluated Somerset East, Graaff-Reinet, snails) walls, in gullies between study area. Queenstown, Sterkstroom. dolerite cliffs; rocky outcrop on hilltop ridge. Crustacea, Southern Namibia, SA: Temporary waterbodies Most records from Anostraca Branchipodopsis browni Williston, Loxton, Fraserburg, such as shallow, Karoo, 80% in study Not evaluated (fairy shrimp) Richmond. inundated areas. area Temporary waterbodies, Crustacea, Northern Cape: 30 km along dirt Endemic to Karoo - Branchipodopsis collected from inundated Anostraca road from Hutchinson to based on only one Not evaluated hutchinsoni ditch along the side of (fairy shrimp) Richmond –only one locality. known locality road. Eastern Cape, Cradock in west Grassland and Karoo. 78% endemic to study Least Concern Aloeides dicksoni Dickson's Copper () to Seymour in east. Montane >1000 m. area (SABCA 2013

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Group Scientific name Common name Distribution Habitat Endemism IUCN Red List status assessment) Eastern and Northern Cape, Mountain peaks and Least Concern Lepidoptera 69% endemic to study Aloeides kaplani Kaplan's Copper from Patensie in south-east to adjacent slopes. >1000 (SABCA 2013 (butterflies) area Springbok in north m. assessment) Least Concern Lepidoptera Eastern Cape. Winterberg, near Montane grassland, 100% endemic to study Aloeides pringlei Pringle's Copper (SABCA 2013 (butterflies) Bedford. >1000 m; rocky places. area assessment) Relatively moist Least Concern Lepidoptera 99% endemic to study Cassionympha camdeboo Camdeboo Brown Eastern Cape. Aberdeen area. woodland and scrub. (SABCA 2013 (butterflies) area >1000 m. assessment) Eastern Cape. From Nieuweveld Least Concern Lepidoptera Chrysoritis beaufortia mountains at Beaufort West in Mountain slopes. >1000 92% endemic to study Beaufort Opal (SABCA 2013 (butterflies) beaufortia west and Kompassberg near m. area assessment) Nieu Bethesda in east. Northern Cape, Roggeveld Least Concern Lepidoptera Chrysoritis beaufortia Rocky ridges. Montane 63% endemic to study Beaufort's Opal escarpment at and near (SABCA 2013 (butterflies) sutherlandensis >1000 m area Sutherland. assessment) Northern and Western Cape, from Roggeveld escarpment in Top of cliffs or rocky Least Concern Lepidoptera 71% endemic to study Chrysoritis midas Midas Opal west near Sutherland to ridges at high altitudes (SABCA 2013 (butterflies) area Nuweveldberge in east near (above 1500 m). assessment) Beaufort West Least Concern (Rare- Rocky ridges on the Lepidoptera Northern Cape. Roggeveld 81% endemic to study Habitat Specialist) Chrysoritis violescens Violet Opal slopes of hills and (butterflies) escarpment around Sutherland. area (SABCA 2013 mountains. >1000 m. assessment) Low hills in Sundays Thicket; south facing Lepidoptera Durbaniella clarki Eastern Cape, approx. 30 km 59% endemic to study Vulnerable (SABCA Clark's Rocksitter slopes. Microhabitat (butterflies) belladonna north-east of Jansenville. are 2013 assessment) consists of dolerite rocks. <1000 m. Eastern and Northern Cape, Least Concern Lepidoptera Lowland <1000 m; 67% endemic to study Kedestes barberae bonsa Barber's Ranger from Aberdeen in the south to (SABCA 2013 (butterflies) grassy; watercourses area Colesberg in the north. assessment) Karoo Escarpment Lepidoptera Grassland, Amatole 100% endemic to study Vulnerable (SABCA Lepidochrysops victori Victor's Blue Eastern Cape. Near Bedford. (butterflies) Montane Grassland. area 2013 assessment) >1000 m.

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Group Scientific name Common name Distribution Habitat Endemism IUCN Red List status Gullies at high altitude Northern Cape, Roggeveld on Roggeveld Least Concern Lepidoptera 64% endemic to study Phasis clavum erythema Namaqua Arrowhead escarpment in region of escarpment and lower (SABCA 2013 (butterflies) area Sutherland. slopes below peaks. assessment) Montane >1000 m. Mainly riverine areas, Least Concern Lepidoptera Northern Cape, from Roggeberg 61% endemic to study Phasis pringlei Pribgle's Arrowhead also in rocky habitats (SABCA 2013 (butterflies) escarpment near Sutherland. area where host plant occurs. assessment) Eastern Cape, near Steytlerville Various biomes, at high Least Concern Lepidoptera Pseudonympha trimenii in south to Noupoort in north- 61% endemic to study Trimen's Brown altitudes on mountains (SABCA 2013 (butterflies) ruthae west and Lady Grey in north- area and hillsides. >1000 m assessment) east. Eastern and Northern Cape. Hillsides, gullies and Least Concern Lepidoptera Calvinia in west and Jansenville 86% endemic to study southeyae Southey's Widow ridges, around rocky (SABCA 2013 (butterflies) in in east; used to occur near area places up to 1000 m. assessment) Willowmore. Least Concern (Rare- Upper slopes of high Lepidoptera Eastern Cape. Mountains inland 100% endemic to study Restricted Range) Thestor camdeboo Camdeboo Skolly mountains. >1000 m; (butterflies) of Graaff-Reinet and Aberdeen. area (SABCA 2013 Merxmuellera grass. assessment) Sparsely vegetated grassy areas or areas of Lest Concern (Rare- open shale. High Lepidoptera Eastern Cape. 100% endemic to study Restricted Range) Thestor compassbergae Compassberg Skolly altitudes on mountain (butterflies) around Nieu Bethesda. area (SABCA 2013 slopes. >1000 m; assessment) Merxmuellera grass; rocky places. Northern and Western Cape. Rocky slopes and low Least Concern Lepidoptera Roggeveld escarpment around 77% endemic to study Thestor pringlei Pringle's Skolly ridges in mountain (SABCA 2013 (butterflies) Sutherland, outlier population at area Renosterveld. >1000 m. assessment) Matoosberg Station. Grasslands in Western and Eastern Cape, from mountainous terrain. Least Concern Lepidoptera 67% endemic to study Torynesis magna Large Widow Swartberg near Oudtshoorn in Slopes and hillsides. (SABCA 2013 (butterflies) area west to Barkly East in east. >1000 m; Merxmuellera assessment) grass. Northern and Western Cape, Rocky hillsides and Least Concern Lepidoptera Wykham's Silver- Roggeveld escarpment near 79% endemic to study Trimenia wykehami slopes in dry karroid (SABCA 2013 (butterflies) Spotted Copper Sutherland in west to area country. >1000 m. assessment) Nuweveldberge near Beaufort

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Group Scientific name Common name Distribution Habitat Endemism IUCN Red List status West in east.

Western, Eastern and Northern Cape. Aberdeen, Beaufort West, South Africa Endemic, Graaff-Reinet, Jansenville, Orthoptera with probably about Batrachotetrix stolli Grasshopper Kenhardt, Middleburg, Unknown Not evaluated (grasshopper) 60% restricted to study , Prince Albert, area Sutherland, Willowmore, Worcester, Bedford, De Aar. Eastern and Northern Cape, 20 South Africa Endemic, km S Aberdeen, vicinity of Orthoptera with >60% of Least Concern (IUCN, Griffiniana capensis Cape Agile Katydid Teekloof Pass, 30 km south Unknown (katydid) distribution likely to be 2014) Fraserburg, Tankwa Karoo in study area National Park. Northern and Western Cape. Sutherland area, Ruiterskop Sta. South Africa Endemic, 30 km NNE Laingsburg, Prince Orthoptera with >60% of Plegmpaterus irisus Albert area, 2 mi S Middelpos Unknown Not evaluated (grasshopper) distribution likely to be nr. Tankwa Karoo NP 3 mi SW in study area Seekoegat, 4 mi N , 16 mi SE Loxton.

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Table 7.2: Plant species of special concern in the study area (i.e. plant species that have more than 80% of their distribution within the study area).

IUCN Red List Status Family Scientific name Common name Distribution Habitat Habitat type (2015 South African Plant Assessment) Somerset East to Graaff- Rock crevices, usually Crassulaceae Adromischus cooperi Bontplakkie () Reinet, Middelburg and on slopes or in the shade Kopies Least Concern Queenstown. of other vegetation. Graaff-Reinet Plakkie Rock faces at high Crassulaceae Adromischus fallax Graaff-Reinet district. Mountains Rare (Afrikaans) altitude. Nuweveld Mountains near Beaufort West, Karooberg Plakkie north of Laingsburg at Crassulaceae Adromischus humilis Rock crevices. Mountains Least Concern (Afrikaans) Klipfontein, and at Oukloof Pass near Fraserburg. Growing amongst Agathosma sp nov. Rutaceae Roggeveld mountains. boulders in dolerite Mountains Rare (Nick Helmeii) outcrops. Roggeveld to Aloinopsis acuta Arid rocky escarpments. Mountains Data Deficient Nieuweveld.

Wildestokroos to near Most often occurs near Malvaceae Anisodontea capensis Floodplains Least Concern (Afrikaans) Prince Albert. rivers. Escarpment ranges of Anisodontea Wildestokroos Malvaceae Graaff-Reinet and Arid escarpments. Mountains Least Concern malvastroides (Afrikaans) Middelburg. Williston to Sutherland Aizoaceae Antimima dekenahi In crevices in shale. Rocky / hilly lowlands Least Concern and Fraserburg. In mountain Aizoaceae Antimima emarcescens Sutherland. renosterveld, scrambling Mountains Rare in other bushes Sutherland to In crevices in exposed Aizoaceae Antimima ivori Rocky / hilly lowlands Least Concern Fraserburg. sandstone.

In crevices of sandstone Aizoaceae Antimima loganii Roggeveld Rocky / hilly lowlands Data Deficient rocks

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IUCN Red List Status Family Scientific name Common name Distribution Habitat Habitat type (2015 South African Plant Assessment) Karroid shrubland or in Maagbitterwortel Valley of Desolation, Amaryllidaceae Apodolirion bolusii subtropical thicket on Lowland flats Data Deficient (Afrikaans) Graaff-Reinet. shale-derived soils. Wag-'n-bietjie Jagerskraal, Asparagaceae Asparagus mollis On Dwyka tillite Lowland flats Least Concern (Afrikaans) Verlatekloof Pass Cradock to Asphodelaceae Astroloba congesta Katdoring (Afrikaans) Karroid flats. Lowland flats Least Concern Grahamstown. Roggeveld Escarpment, Shale outcrops amongst Iridaceae Babiana virginea Middelpos to Verlate the clumps of Mountains Least Concern Kloof. Merxmuellera. Graaff-Reinet to the area Exposed intrusive Aizoaceae Bergeranthus nanus between Somerset East Lowland flats Vulnerable dolerite sills. and Cradock. Roggeveld foothills and Asteraceae Berkheya cardopatifolia Laingsburg to Upper Dry hillsides and cliffs. Mountains Least Concern Karoo. Mohata-o-mosoeu Dolerite-capped shale Apocynaceae Brachystelma theronii Laingsburg to Williston. Kopies Least Concern (Southern Sotho) hills. Beaufort West to Growing in karroid Rankkambroo Apocynaceae Ceropegia filiformis Luckhoff and east to scrub amongst low Lowland flats Least Concern (Afrikaans) Middleburg. shrubs. Victoria West to Chaenostoma Cliff faces and rock Scrophulariaceae Necklace vine (English) Sneeuberg north to Mountains Least Concern rotundifolium outcrops. Griekwastad. Chasmatophyllum Bohlanya-ba-pere Laingsburg and Victoria Aizoaceae Nama Karoo. Lowland flats Data Deficient braunsii (Southern Sotho) West. Rocky flats and hills of Prince Albert to Kliplaat Aizoaceae Chasmatophyllum nelii sandstone and dolerite Rocky/hilly lowlands Least Concern to Cradock. origin. Beaufort West, Chasmatophyllum Aberdeen, Willowmore, On stony to shaley Aizoaceae Rocky/hilly lowlands Least Concern stanleyi Laingsburg to Prince slopes. Albert. Cliffs and ledges of Anysberg star tree Hantamsberg Mountain Rosaceae Cliffortia arborea dolerite, sandstone, and Mountains Vulnerable (English) to Nuweveld Mountains. shale escarpment.

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IUCN Red List Status Family Scientific name Common name Distribution Habitat Habitat type (2015 South African Plant Assessment) Colchicum Beaufort West within Colchicaceae Stony flats. Lowland flats Least Concern karooparkense the Karoo National Park. Amongst low shrublets, Crassulaceae Crassula vestita Cape May (English) Roggeveld Mountains. associated with rock Lowland flats Least Concern outcrops. Hantamsberg and Smooth Hawk's Beard Scrophulariaceae Cromidon decumbens Roggeveld to near Sheltering under rocks. Kopies Least Concern (English) Graaff-Reinet. Central Karoo, between Sheltered among the Suuroogblom Asteraceae Curio hallianus Prince Albert, Loxton roots of shrubs and in Kopies Least Concern (Afrikaans) and Merweville. rocky crevices. Graaff-Reinet to Cylindrophyllum Somerset East S, from Stony slopes and flats of Aizoaceae Lowland flats Least Concern calamiforme Willowmore to karoo sediments. Jansenville. Cynoglossum Hantamsberg and Ceres Often on screes below Boraginaceae Mountains Least Concern obtusicalyx and Beaufort West. cliffs. Arid shrubland, on Roggeveld Escarpment seasonally damp, red Hyacinthaceae Daubenya aurea Swan Orchid (English) between Sutherland and Mountains Endangered clay flats along the base Middelpos. of dolerite ridges. Delosperma Abredeen Volstruisslaai Aberdeen to Cradock Flats or hills of karoo Aizoaceae Lowland flats Least Concern aberdeenense (Afrikaans) and Somerset East. sediments. Prins Albert Prince Albert to Occurs in lower karoo Aizoaceae Delosperma aereum Volstruisslaai Lowland flats Least Concern Klipplaat. bioregion. (Afrikaans) Sneeuberg Volstruisslaai Sneeuberg mountains Flats and hills of karoo Aizoaceae Delosperma concavum Mountains Least Concern (Afrikaans) above Graaff Reinet. sediments. Queenstown to Graaff- Graaff-Reinet Reinet District the Slopes of karoo shales Aizoaceae Delosperma karrooicum Volstruisslaai Rocky/hilly lowlands Least Concern Sneeuberg mountain or siltstones. (Afrikaans) range. Delosperma Karoo Volstruisslaai Middelburg and Graaff- Flats and hills of karoo Aizoaceae Lowland flats Least Concern lootsbergense (Afrikaans) Reinet Districts. sediments.

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IUCN Red List Status Family Scientific name Common name Distribution Habitat Habitat type (2015 South African Plant Assessment) Sutherland In shallow soils over Delosperma Aizoaceae Volstruisslaai Sutherland. sandstone rocks, 1500 – Mountains Rare sphalmanthoides (Afrikaans) 1600 m. Sutherland to South facing slopes in Scrophulariaceae Diascia alonsooides Murraysburg and Kopies Least Concern loamy soil. Graaff-Reinet. Mountain slopes in Somerset East, Scrophulariaceae Diascia ramosa Pensies (Afrikaans) Amathole Montane Mountains Vulnerable Boschberg. Grassland. Graaff-Reinet and Grass slopes among rock Iridaceae Dierama grandiflorum Devil Thorn (English) Mountains Vulnerable Somerset East. outcrops.

Roggeveld to Great Hyacinthaceae Drimia karooica Maerman (Afrikaans) Stony flats and slopes. Lowland flats Least Concern Karoo.

In loamy soils, often in Aizoaceae Drosanthemum lique Doublom (Afrikaans) Karoo to Eastern Cape. Lowland flats Least Concern disturbed areas. Great Karoo between Beaufort West, Grows under shrubs in Hotnotstoontjie Apocynaceae Duvalia angustiloba Rietbron, Aberdeen, dry, flat areas or among Lowland flats Least Concern (Afrikaans) Victoria West and dolerite outcrops. Loxton. Sneeuberg in the Sticky white heath Koudeveld Mountains, Karoo-fynbos ecotone, Ericaceae Erica passerinoides Mountains Vulnerable (English) Katberg Pass and Cata on south-facing slopes. Forest Reserve. Seasonal wet soils along Asteraceae Eumorphia corymbosa Nuweveld Mountains. rivers and in marshy Floodplains Least Concern habitats. Hanover to Graaff- Karoo Escarpment Asteraceae Eumorphia dregeana Mountains Least Concern Reinet. Grassland. Karroid scrub, usually Underground Spurge Sutherland to Great Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia hypogaea on flats under or Lowland flats Least Concern (English) Karoo. alongside bushes.

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IUCN Red List Status Family Scientific name Common name Distribution Habitat Habitat type (2015 South African Plant Assessment) Open karroid shrubland, stony slopes and flats, in Euphorbia Steytlerville to Klipplaat Euphorbiaceae loose sandy soils under Lowland flats Vulnerable jansenvillensis and Jansensville. small shrubs, or wedged among stones. Open karroid shrubland, stony slopes and flats, in Graaff-Reinet to Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia obesa Vetmensie (Afrikaans) loose sandy soils under Lowland flats Endangered Rietbron. small shrubs, or wedged among stones. Between Pearson, Karroid shrubland and Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia polycephala Cradock and Somerset thicket, on rocky hills Lowland flats Vulnerable East. and flats. North east of Calvinia to Karroid scrub on stony Karoo Noorsdoring north of Laingsburg, Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia stellispina slopes with scattered Kopies Least Concern (Afrikaans) widespread in Great dolerite rocks. Karoo. Stony gentle slopes, Merweville to Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia suffulta Bosmelkbos (Afrikaans) often inside other Lowland flats Least Concern . bushes. Bankberg, Toorberg and Asteraceae Euryops dentatus Sneeuberg in the Graaff- Arid mountain slopes. Mountains Vulnerable Reinet district. Sneeuberg between Graaff-Reinet Harpuis Karoo Escarpment Asteraceae Euryops exudans Graaff-Reinet and Mountains Least Concern (Afrikaans) Grassland. Cradock. Stony flats and hillsides, Nuweveld Harpuis Asteraceae Euryops nodosus Nuweveld Escarpment. often dolerite, in Mountains Least Concern (Afrikaans) renosterveld. and Winterhoek Mountains Sneeuberg Harpuis in the Graaff-Reinet Rocky mountain Asteraceae Euryops petraeus Mountains Least Concern (Afrikaans) district, and Nuweveld summits, 1650 - 2450 m. Mountains south of Fraserburg.

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IUCN Red List Status Family Scientific name Common name Distribution Habitat Habitat type (2015 South African Plant Assessment) Moist, south-facing Southern Sneeuberg escarpment slopes and Asteraceae Euryops proteoides Proteaharpuis (Arikaans) between Graaff-Reinet below cliff-lines and Mountains Least Concern and Pearston. along drainage lines, 1200 - 2000 m. Waterharpuis Roggeveld and Rocky slopes. 1500 - Asteraceae Euryops sulcatus Mountains Least Concern (Afrikaans) Nieuweveld escarpment. 1860 m. South-eastern slopes in dense mountain fynbos, Kamdeboo Beechwood Kamdeboo Mountains specifically Proteaceae Faurea recondita Mountains Least Concern (English) north of Aberdeen. -Amathole Afromontane Fynbos forest margins. Compasberg Calvinia and Sutherland Ficinia Mountain peaks and Cyperaceae Ystervarkgras Districts to the Eastern Mountains Least Concern compasbergensis slopes. (Afrikaans) Cape. Bloubrakbossie Great Karoo, Whitehill Aizoaceae Galenia glandulifera Stony soil. Lowland flats Least Concern (Afrikaans) to Prince Albert.

Graaff-Reinet district, Asteraceae Gazania caespitosa Botterblom (Afrikaans) Unknown. Mountains Data Deficient Sneeuberge.

Geissorhiza Clay and gravel slopes Iridaceae Syblom (Afrikaans) Klein Roggeveld. Mountains Least Concern cantharophila in renosterveld, WM Nuweveld Moutains southwestwards to the In sheltered areas on mountains near Cala and outcrops or grassy Geraniaceae Geranium harveyi Mountains Least Concern southwards to slopes in sand, loam or Boschberg, Somerset clay. East. Sneeuberg, Agter Koekoemakranka Tops of rocky, dolerite Amaryllidaceae Gethyllis longistyla Sneeuberg and Mountains Least Concern (Afrikaans) ridges. Nuweveld Mountains. Roggeveld Gladiolus Roggeveld Escarpment Stony slopes in clay, Iridaceae Gladiolus marlothii Mountains Least Concern (English) and Komsberg WM

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IUCN Red List Status Family Scientific name Common name Distribution Habitat Habitat type (2015 South African Plant Assessment)

Asteraceae Gnaphalium simii Hanover. Calcareous vleis. Floodplains Data Deficient

Roggeveld through Gomphostigma Besembossie Scrophulariaceae Upper Karoo to near Riverbanks. Floodplains Least Concern incomptum (Afrikaans) Colesberg. Restricted to the arid areas of the Karoo and Beaufort West area the arid parts of Eastern Kruisbessiebos Malvaceae Grewia robusta southwards to George Cape. It generally Lowland flats Least Concern (Afrikaans) and Oudtshoorn. favours dry scrub, often on stony hill slopes and in valley bushveld. Roggeveld and Shaded places under Asphodelaceae Haworthia semiviva Baakhout (Afrikaans) Lowland flats Least Concern Nuweveld mountains. shrubs. Widespread across the Sheltered among the Great Karoo, extending base of shrubs on karoo southwards to Asphodelaceae Haworthiopsis nigra plains, as well as rocky Lowland flats Least Concern Grahamstown and East ridges, outcrops and London and eastwards to cliffs. Queenstown. Laingsburg to Leeu Gamka, eastwards to Karroid shrubland, on Asteraceae Helichrysum albertense Sewejaartjie (Afrikaans) Klipplaat and Lowland flats Data Deficient low ridges and flats. southwards to Prince Albert. Rocky mountain summits, forming loose Nuweveld Mountains mats in rock crevices or near Beaufort West to cascading down steep Asteraceae Helichrysum scitulum Mountains Least Concern Witteberg near Lady cliffs and slopes, Grey. growing intertwined with grasses and other vegetation. Bare, rocky areas, will Mountains between colonise eroded places Asteraceae Helichrysum tysonii Murraysburg, Graaff- Mountains Least Concern and hard, gravelly road Reinet and Middelburg. verges.

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IUCN Red List Status Family Scientific name Common name Distribution Habitat Habitat type (2015 South African Plant Assessment) Aizoaceae Hereroa concava Beaufort West. Unknown. unknown Data Deficient

Laingsburg to Prince On slopes with quartzite Aizoaceae Hereroa crassa Mountains Least Concern Albert, Beaufort West. rock.

Aizoaceae Hereroa herrei Graaff- Reinet. Unknown. unknown Data Deficient Beaufort West to Hereroa In shaley or gravelly Aizoaceae ear (English) Willowmore and Lowland flats Least Concern willowmorensis soils. Aberdeen. Great Karoo to the Ouma-se-kappie Malvaceae Hermannia grandiflora Roggeveld, Tanqua In dry seasonal washes. Floodplains Least Concern (Afrikaans) Karoo. Central Karoo to near In seasonally wet Malvaceae Hermannia linnaeoides Klokkiebos (Afrikaans) Pans Least Concern Prince Albert. depressions.

Matjiesfontein to Koup Malvaceae Hermannia nana Klokkiebos (Afrikaans) Stony slopes. Kopies Least Concern Karoo.

Goewernementsbossie Asteraceae Hertia cluytiifolia Carnavon to Sneeuberg. Karroid plains. Lowland flats Least Concern (Afrikaans) High elevations in Graaff-Reinet Aandblom Graaff-Reinet, regularly burned, rocky Iridaceae Hesperantha helmei Mountains Least Concern (Afrikaans) Nardousberg. grassland, covered in snow during winter. Stony slopes, often Iridaceae Hesperantha teretifolia Aandblom (Afrikaans) Roggeveld Escarpment. growing in rock Mountains Least Concern crevices. Wolweghaap Merweville, Beaufort Stony slopes of hills or Apocynaceae Hoodia dregei Lowland flats Vulnerable (Afrikaans) West and Prince Albert. stony flat areas. Great and Little Karoo between , Among bushes on stony Apocynaceae Hoodia grandis Grootghaap (Afrikaans) Lowland flats Least Concern Merweville, Leeu- slopes. Gamka and Calitzdorp.

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IUCN Red List Status Family Scientific name Common name Distribution Habitat Habitat type (2015 South African Plant Assessment) Great Karoo from Aberdeen and Graaff- Flat areas between low Reinet southwards to Hoodia pilifera subsp. hills on slightly gravelly Apocynaceae Stinkbos (Afrikaans) Rietbron and eastwards Lowland flats Least Concern annulata ground, rarely on hill to Willowmore, slopes. Klipplaat and Steytlerville. Widespread across the Karroid shrubland, this Great Karoo between Karoo Toad Plant species occurs wedged Apocynaceae Huernia humilis Middelpos, Beaufort Lowland flats Least Concern (English) among rocks under West, Willowmore, small bushes. Richmond and De Aar. Occasionally on flat areas, more usually associated with slightly Cradock Toad Plant Cradock and Somerset Apocynaceae Huernia kennedyana raised gravely spots, on Kopies Least Concern (English) East. low doleritic ridges, also on shale ridges in crevices among rocks. Found exclusively on Confined to the summit the dolerite-derived plateau of the Toorberg– loamy-clays and black Indigofera Sneeuberg Lusernbos Fabaceae Koudeveld–Meelberg in turf soils typical of this Mountains Vulnerable asantasanensis (Afrikaans) the western Sneeuberg, plateau. The vegetation between 1700 – 2150 m. type is Karoo Escarpment Grassland. Found exclusively on the dolerite-derived loamy-clays and black Summit plateau of the turf soils typical of this Toorberg–Koudeveld– Toorberg Lusernbos plateau. The vegetation Fabaceae Indigofera magnifica Meelberg in the western Mountains Vulnerable (Afrikaans) type is Karoo Sneeuberg, between Escarpment Grassland, 1700 – 2150 m. typical of high altitudes in the Sneeuberg mountain complex. Central Karoo, Cyperaceae Isolepis expallescens Waterbiesie (Afrikaans) Fraserburg and Victoria River Beds. Floodplains Least Concern West districts.

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IUCN Red List Status Family Scientific name Common name Distribution Habitat Habitat type (2015 South African Plant Assessment) Roggeveld Kalossie Roggeveld Escarpment Stony, light clay in Iridaceae Ixia brevituba Mountains Least Concern (Afrikaans) southwest of Middelpos. renosterveld. Loeriesfontein to Clay or loamy ground in Fraserburg, Beaufort Iridaceae Ixia marginifolia Kalossie (Afrikaans) renosterveld or karroid Lowland flats Least Concern West and scrub. Matjiesfontein. Shallow, rocky clay Iridaceae Ixia pavonia Kalossie (Afrikaans) Roggeveld Escarpment. Mountains Least Concern soils on steep slopes.

Rocky red clay soils on Iridaceae Ixia rigida Witkalossie (Afrikaans) Roggeveld Escarpment. Mountains Vulnerable dolerite outcrops. Klein Roggeveld Well-drained, rocky Ixia sobolifera subsp. Iridaceae Bluebells (English) between Sutherland and loam or clay soils in Mountains Least Concern sobolifera Matjiesfontein. succulent shrubland. Middelburg east to Jamesbrittenia Queenstown, and south In montane cliffs and Scrophulariaceae Mountains Least Concern crassicaulis from Graaff-Reinet to other rocky places. Cradock. Calvinia to Swartputs and Breekbeenkolk, and Among boulders in Scrophulariaceae Jamesbrittenia incisa Kopies Vulnerable Sutherland to karroid vegetation. Fraserburg. Grows in small seepage Wild Jessamine Cradock and Mountain Asphodelaceae Kniphofia acraea areas among rocks in Mountains Least Concern (English) Zebra National Park. grassy montane fynbos. Roggeveld Escarpment Hyacinthaceae Lachenalia comptonii Viooltjie (Afrikaans) Sandy Flats. Lowland flats Least Concern and Little Karoo.

Hyacinthaceae Lachenalia congesta Viooltjie (Afrikaans) Sutherland and Calvinia. Shale in karroid scrub. Lowland flats Least Concern

Bokkeveld Plateau, Hyacinthaceae Lachenalia isopetala Viooltjie (Afrikaans) In stony doleritic clay. Mountains Least Concern Roggeveld to Komsberg.

Roggeveld Plateau and In small groups on Hyacinthaceae Lachenalia longituba Viooltjie (Afrikaans) Lowland flats Least Concern Escarpment moist, loam flats, WM

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IUCN Red List Status Family Scientific name Common name Distribution Habitat Habitat type (2015 South African Plant Assessment) Lachenalia Graceful Poker Komsberg to near Hyacinthaceae Deep sand. Lowland flats Least Concern v whitehillensis (English) Laingsburg.

Rooinaeltjies Komsberg Pass area to Clay soils in Iridaceae Lapeirousia montana Lowland flats Least Concern (Afrikaans) Middelpos. renosterveld.

Lasiospermum Asteraceae Gansgras (Afrikaans) Roggeveld to Williston. Beaufort clay series. Floodplains Least Concern poterioides

Indiese platertjie Brassicaceae Lepidium bipinnatum Fraserberg. Unknown habitat. unknown Least Concern (Afrikaans)

Seeroogbossie Calvinia to Upper Fabaceae Lessertia inflata In shaley soils. Lowland flats Least Concern (Afrikaans) Karoo.

Steep, rocky sandstone Fabaceae Lotononis azureoides Nuweveld Mountains. Mountains Least Concern slopes at 1600 m. Silwerboom (Afrikaans); Klein Roggeveld Open karroid scrub on Fabaceae Lotononis venosa Molomo-monate (South Mountains Vulnerable Mountains. sandy clay alluvium. Sotho) Nuweveld Mountains Egossa-rooipeer Riverbeds and gravel Scrophulariaceae Manulea chrysantha through Great Karoo to Floodplains Least Concern (Afrikaans) patches. Little Karoo. Fauresmith and Modder Scrophulariaceae Manulea deserticola Sandy soils. Lowland flats Data Deficient River. Tanqua Karoo, Mesembryanthemum Aizoaceae Olifantslaai (Afrikaans) Laingsburg, Fraserburg, Prefers disturbed areas. Lowland flats Least Concern excavatum Beaufort West. Great Karoo between Rocky dolerite ridges, or Monsonia Karoo Bushman Candle Beaufort West, Geraniaceae rocky outcrops on shale Kopies Least Concern camdeboensis (English) Sterkstroom and plains. Willowmore. Cederberg Mountains to Iridaceae Moraea crispa Baviaanskloof, southern Clay slopes. Mountains Least Concern and western Karoo. Floodplains, in sandy Amaryllidaceae Nerine huttoniae Berg Lily (Afrikaans) Floodplains Vulnerable Floodplain. alluvial flats.

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IUCN Red List Status Family Scientific name Common name Distribution Habitat Habitat type (2015 South African Plant Assessment) East of Willowmore Ophionella arcuata through Steytlerville and Apocynaceae Flats Lowland flats Least Concern subsp. Arcuata Pearston to west of Somerset East. Widely distributed in the Great Karoo, from Occurs in flattish areas Fraserburg north- on low stony ridges Engelseturksvy eastwards to Richmond, where they grow among Apocynaceae Orbea miscella Lowland flats Least Concern (Afrikaans) Hanover and Cradock stones and small karroid and south-eastwards to bushes usually not taller Willowmore and than 30 cm. Steytlerville. Ornithogalum Roggeveld Heavy clay soils derived Hyacinthaceae Roggeveld Escarpment. Mountains Least Concern corticatum Chincherinchee from dolerite.

Slang-gwaap Hyacinthaceae Ornithogalum verae Roggeveld Dolerite flats, WM Lowland flats Least v (Afrikaans) Laingsburg, Roggeveld Osteospermum Onkruidbietou Escarpment and Upper south-facing Asteraceae Mountains Least Concern thymelaeoides (Afrikaans) Nuweveld Mountains, as slopes, 1036-1676 m. far as Molteno Pass. De Aar to Beaufort West Karoid plains and Asteraceae Othonna pavonia Lowland flats Least v and east to Cradock. slopes.

Roggeveld to Asteraceae Othonna rhamnoides Slangblom (Afrikaans) Stony calcrete flats. unknown Data Deficient Sneeuberg.

Tanqua-Karoo, to Prince Oxalidaceae Oxalis pocockiae Unknown. unknown Least Concern Albert and Carnarvon. Kleinroggeveld Flat gravelly areas under Pectinaria longipes Joemapitsuring Apocynaceae Mountains, Roggeveld low growing Mountains Least Concern subsp. longipes (Afrikaans) plateu to Fraserberg Asteraceous shrubs Slopes or flats of finely Aizoaceae Peersia frithii Laingsburg to Aberdeen. Lowland flats Least Concern weathered Ecca shales.

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IUCN Red List Status Family Scientific name Common name Distribution Habitat Habitat type (2015 South African Plant Assessment) Widespread in the Grassy karroid summer rainfall areas of shrubland wedged Geraniaceae Pelargonium aestivale Malva (Afrikaans) the central Karoo, from Lowland flats Least Concern between rocks on Murraysburg to hillsides or flats. Fraserburg. Mountainous areas with Lady Grey from hot summer and cold Dassie Buchu Joubert’s Pass eastwards Geraniaceae Pelargonium griseum winter conditions and an Mountains Least Concern (Afrikaans) to the Oudeberg near annual precipitation of Graaff-Reinet. 200 – 300 mm. Hard fern (English); Ladismith to Pteridaceae Pellaea rufa Maagpynbossie Rock outcrops. Kopies Least Concern Willowmore. (Afrikaans) Fauresmith to Victoria Karroid scrub on Aizoaceae Phyllobolus rabiei Floodplains Least Concern West and Cradock. floodplains. A poorly collected species from near Phymaspermum Asteraceae Geelblombos Graaff-Reinet in the Floodplains. Floodplains Least Concern scoparium Eastern Cape to Hanover in the Northern Cape. Beaufort West to Gravelly flats under Apocynaceae Piaranthus comptus Gooseberry (English) Laingsburg and Lowland flats Least Concern bushes. Willowmore. Willowmore to Beaufort Quartz flats in karroid Aizoaceae Kos (Afrikaans) Quartz patches Vulnerable West and Aberdeen. shrubland.

Kwaggavygie Quartz covered flats in Aizoaceae Willowmore Karoo. Quartz patches Near Threatened (Afrikaans) sparse karoo vegetation. Mountain renosterveld Fabaceae Polhillia involucrata Roggeveld Escarpment. on well-drained, sandy Mountains Endangered loams.

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IUCN Red List Status Family Scientific name Common name Distribution Habitat Habitat type (2015 South African Plant Assessment) Rich turf soils and Kamdeboo, Toorberg, colluvium associated Koudeveld and with dolerite on lower Coetzeesberg mountains and middle slopes at Sneeuberg Fountain- Fabaceae Psoralea margaretiflora in the Sneeuberg Karoo Escarpment Mountains Least Concern bush (English) Mountain Complex, Grassland-Mountain Graaff-Reinet and Fynbos ecotones, as well Pearston districts. as closed Otholobium macradenium shrubland. Upper Karoo (extends Boegoekaroo up to Carnavon) and Asteraceae Pteronia erythrochaeta unknown Least Concern (Afrikaans) Great Karoo and into Western Free State Roggeveld Escarpment Asteraceae Pteronia tricephala Bloukeur (Afrikaans) Habitat unknown. unknown Least Concern to Upper Karoo. Roggeveld plateau, Stony dolerite slopes, Quaqua arenicola Apocynaceae south of Middelpos to usually at the base of Mountains Least Concern subsp. pilifera Fraserburg bushes Cradock Clock Plant Middelburg and Rocky outcrops of karoo Aizoaceae Rabiea difformis Kopies Least Concern (English) Cradock Districts. sediments.

Reyemia Between Calvinia and In karroid vegetation on Scrophulariaceae Lowland flats Least Concern chasmanthiflora Middelpos. very dry stony flats. Hantamsberg to Scrophulariaceae Reyemia nemesioides Roggeveld to Nuweveld Dolerite hills. Kopies Least Concern Mountains. Carnarvon to Fraserburg On bare stony, gentle Aizoaceae Rhinephyllum broomii Road and Beaufort Lowland flats Least Concern slopes, in shale. West. Fraserburg, frequent in Rhinephyllum patches between Aizoaceae On shaley flats. Lowland flats Least Concern graniforme Laingsburg and Prince Albert. Rhinephyllum Aizoaceae Fraserburg, near Luttig. Ecology unknown. unknown Least Concern obliquum

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IUCN Red List Status Family Scientific name Common name Distribution Habitat Habitat type (2015 South African Plant Assessment) Wit Froetang Shale flats on Iridaceae Romulea albiflora Roggeveld Escarpment. Mountains Critically Endangered (Afrikaans) escarpment edge.

Klein Roggeveld Iridaceae Romulea eburnea Klein Roggeveld. Shale soils. Mountains Vulnerable Froetang (Afrikaans)

Roggeveld Plateau Iridaceae Romulea hallii Froetang (Afrikaans) Shale soils, 1500 m. Mountains Vulnerable southwest of Sutherland.

Komsberg Froetang Komsberg Pass to Seasonally damp clay Iridaceae Romulea komsbergensis Mountains Near Threatened (Afrikaans) Middelpos. flats, 1400 m.

Romulea Roggeveld Froetang Stony shale flats and Iridaceae Roggeveld Plateau. Mountains Vulnerable syringodeoflora (Afrikaans) slopes.

Asteraceae Rosenia glandulosa Klierbos (Afrikaans) Calvinia to Stettynsburg. Arid shrubland. Lowland flats Least Concern

Whitehill to Asteraceae Rosenia spinescens Stony clay flats. Lowland flats Least Concern Murraysburg.

Roggeveld Mountain Aizoaceae Ruschia acocksii Mudstone soils Lowland flats Least Concern slopes

In arid nama karoo Aizoaceae Ruschia beaufortensis Beaufort West. Mountains Least Concern mountains.

Aizoaceae Ruschia campestris Besemgoedberg On shale in renosterveld Lowland flats Least Concern

In shallow soil, among Fraserburg to Beaufort Aizoaceae Ruschia dejagerae rocks, covered in snow Mountains Least Concern West. during winter. Beaufort West and Great Karoo to Steynsburg and Aizoaceae Ruschia indurata On dolerite rock sheets. Kopies Least Concern Steytlerville, Eastern Cape. Eastern Cape: Aizoaceae Ruschia mariae Unknown. Unknown Data Deficient Steytlerville.

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IUCN Red List Status Family Scientific name Common name Distribution Habitat Habitat type (2015 South African Plant Assessment) Beaufort West to Aizoaceae Ruschia parviflora On stony hills. Kopies Least Concern Eastern Cape.

Prieska, Beaufort West, Karroid areas, climbing Aizoaceae Sceletium emarcidum Kougoed (Afrikaans) Generalist includes flats Least Concern Cradock and Calvinia. in other bushes.

Secale strictum subsp Rog (Afrikaans) Roggeveld. River banks. Floodplains Critically Endangered africanum Graaff-Reinet, Rocky areas on cliffs or Scrophulariaceae Selago bolusii Sneeuberg mountain mountain summits, Mountains Least Concern range. among boulders. Graaff-Reinet, With grass and shrubs in Scrophulariaceae Selago centralis Aberdeen-, Jansenville- Lowland flats Least Concern open areas. and Cradock Districts. Victoria West to Scrophulariaceae Selago crassifolia Sandstone outcrops. Kopies Least Concern Murraysburg.

Fraserburg to Scrophulariaceae Selago magnakarooica Sandstone outcrops. Mountains Least Concern Middelburg. Burgersdorp S to Amandelaarbossie Scrophulariaceae Selago persimilis Middelburg and Unknown. Unknown Least Concern v (Afriakaans) Cradock. Bokkeveld Plateau and Scrophulariaceae Selago rigida Roggeveld Escarpment Shaley slopes. Mountains Least Concern to Nuweveld Mountains. Widespread in the central Karoo from Asteraceae Senecio acutifolius Beaufort West to Stony hills and flats. Lowland flats Least Concern Cradock and south to Steytlerville. Roggeveld and Upper Asteraceae Senecio cotyledonis Stony karroid slopes. Kopies Least Concern Karoo to Little Karoo. Found in dry Upper, central and Lamiaceae Stachys cuneata Vaaltee (Afrikaans) watercourses on dolorite Floodplains Least Concern western Karoo. hills.

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IUCN Red List Status Family Scientific name Common name Distribution Habitat Habitat type (2015 South African Plant Assessment) Great Karoo, from west of Rietbron sporadically Low stony ridges or flat Apocynaceae Stapeliopsis pillansii eastwards to near gravelly areas under Kopies Least Concern Somerset East, Pearston small shrubs. and Jansenville. In pockets of shallow Karoo Tierbekvygie Sutherland to Aizoaceae Stomatium difforme gravel on bare dolerite Kopies Least Concern (Afrikaans) Laingsburg sheets Klein Roggeveld Laingsburg: Klein Aizoaceae Stomatium loganii Tierbekvygie Unknown Unknown Least Concern Roggeveld (Afrikaans) Fraserberg Tierbekvygie Williston, Sutherland, Aizoaceae Stomatium suaveolens In shallow pans. Pans Least Concern (Afrikaans) Fraserburg.

Aizoaceae Stomatium viride Beaufort West. Ecology unknown. Unknown Least Concern

Crane Flower's Bill Karoo Escarpment Iridaceae Syringodea pulchella Sneeuberg Mountains. Mountains Least Concern (English) Grassland. Waterslaaibos Tetragonia Karoo to Free State and In open ground often Aizoaceae (Afrikaans); umSwi Pans Least Concern acanthocarpa the Eastern Cape. found near brak pans. (Xhosa) Matjiesfontein and Veld Cabbage (English); Rocky, well-drained Asphodelaceae Trachyandra thyrsoidea Laingsburg to Mountains Least Concern Watertoue (Afrikaans) slopes. Oudtshoorn. Trichodiadema Hairy Nipple Vygie Aizoaceae Beaufort West. Ecology unknown. Unknown Data Deficient obliquum (English) Slopes and flats of Trichodiadema Somerset East to Aizoaceae Stervygie (Afrikaans) weathered karoo Lowland flats Least Concern olivaceum Steynsberg. sediments. Prince Albert, Leeu- Deep loamy-sand in Iridaceae Tritonia tugwelliae Karoo Kalkoentjie Lowland flats Least Concern Gamka and Laingsburg. Nama Karoo shrubland. Shaded rock crevices, Klipnentacotyledon Mountains south of Crassulaceae Tylecodon faucium often on south-facing Mountains Least Concern (Afrikaans) Sutherland. slopes, 1100 - 1400 m.

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IUCN Red List Status Family Scientific name Common name Distribution Habitat Habitat type (2015 South African Plant Assessment) Xysmalobium Karoo basin around Apocynaceae gomphocarpoides var. Dry sandy river beds. Floodplains Least Concern Beaufort West. parvilobum Roggeveld Drumsticks Uitkyk and Sneeukrans Arid slopes, 1500 - 1700 Scrophulariaceae Zaluzianskya marlothii Mountains Data Deficient (English) in the Roggeveld. m.

Zaluzianskya Carnarvon Drumsticks Roggeveld to Sandy and gravelly flats Scrophulariaceae Lowland flats Least Concern pilosissima (English) Carnarvon. and streambeds.

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Digital Addendum 7B: Methodology used to identify areas of Ecological and Biodiversity Importance and Sensitivity (EBIS)

As explained in Section 3.1, a hybrid approach was taken to identifying EBIS’. This approach combines multi-criteria analysis with systematic biodiversity planning (also known as systematic conservation planning). The multi-criteria part of the analysis allows for identification of the ecologically important and sensitive areas features in the landscape where the whole feature falls within a specific level of sensitivity or importance (e.g. a riparian area or a buffer around a protected area). However, in landscapes where there is a great deal of choice of location for meeting targets for biodiversity features such as the Karoo, it is usually not necessary to secure the whole ecosystem or habitat to ensure the ongoing integrity of the area, but nevertheless it is necessary to ensure that enough area of each feature is left intact. A multi-criteria approach does not allow for the identification of a set of areas, which if secured, would allow Karoo ecosystems, their key ecological processes and important species to persist. Hence, a systematic biodiversity planning approach was also applied to the spatial mapping of EBIS’. This approach, which is widely accepted in South Africa as best practice for the identification of spatial biodiversity priorities, aims to identify a set of areas which meets targets for all biodiversity features in a way that is ecologically sustainable, efficient and least conflicting with other activities and land uses. Details of the methodology are described below.

Features included in the analysis Areas which are currently legal protected, including five National Parks (Karoo, Tankwa Karoo, Mountain Zebra, Camdeboo and Addo Elephant National Parks), 17 Nature Reserves (Commandodrift, Oviston, Somerset East and Tsolwana) and 3 Protected Environments (Compassberg, Noorsveld, and the newly declared Mountain Zebra-Camdeboo Protected Environment) were fully included into the planning process. Buffers corresponding to NEMA EIA requirements of 10 km around the national parks and 5 km around nature reserves were also built in to avoid impacts on these key sites, but no buffers were included around the Protected Environments as this is not provided for under NEMA regulations. All reserves that are included in the current and developing World Heritage Site designations for Fynbos and Succulent Karoo were included. The UNESCO designated Gouritz Cluster Biosphere Reserve was included.

Critical Biodiversity Areas (CBAs) from the existing systematic biodiversity plans which cover the area were strongly included in the analysis, with full inclusion where possible and a strong weighting where the areas were too broad. These included the very high value landscapes of the Bokkeveld- Hantam-Roggeveld captured in the Namakwa District Biodiversity Sector Plan (Desmet & Marsh, 2008), the highest priority areas from the Central Karoo District Biodiversity Sector Plan (Skowno et

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al., 2009), the irreplaceable areas from the Eastern Cape biodiversity plan (Berliner & Desmet, 2007) and CBAs from the new Northern Cape biodiversity plan (Oosthuysen & Holness, in prep.). All of these spatial plans include comprehensive assessment of areas required to meet targets for ecosystems (especially threatened and endemic ecosystems), key species and ecological process areas (including key corridors and linkages for climate change adaptation).

Although the CBAs from the existing systematic biodiversity plans which cover the area provided a robust starting point for the identification of priority areas in the study area, they were not sufficient or at a fine enough scale that all key ecosystems were fully incorporated. As the available habitat maps for the area were not sufficiently refined to support the detail of planning required, a proxy habitat map was developed by combining the existing national vegetation map, the land type map (which identifies different areas based on soils, topography and other environmental variables) and catchment boundaries. The map includes 350 distinctive habitat units and 7047 separate mapped units. The analysis ensured that sufficient representative areas of each of these 350 habitat types were secured.

A set of hydrological process areas were identified based on all rivers, wetlands and springs. Features were buffered based on an expert assessment of the area required to secure water related processes (Table 7.3 and Table 7.4).

Table 7.3: Rivers were buffered based on their designation with the NFEPA project (Nel et al., 2011) and their ecosystem threat status. Values are in meters. River or Fish FEPA, Fish Phase 2 FEPA, Upstream Other Non-FEPA Support Area, Fish Management Area prioritised rivers Corridor River priority

from the FEPA

project and Ecosystem Threat Status Vulnerable Vulnerable Vulnerable and Endangered and Endangered and Endangered Least Threatened Least Least Threatened Least Least Threatened Least Critically Endangered Endangered Critically Critically Endangered Endangered Critically Critically Endangered Endangered Critically

Mountain & 100 100 100 100 100 50 100 50 50 Upper Foothill Lower foothill 200 200 200 200 200 50 100 50 50 Lowland river 200 200 200 200 200 100 200 100 100

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Table 7.4: Wetlands and related features were buffered based on their type and ecosystem threat status. Values are in meters. Critically Least Endangered Threatened and Wetland type Vulnerable and unclassified Endangered systems Priority wetlands (FEPA) 200 200 100 Channelled and un-channelled valley bottom 200 200 100 wetlands, floodplain wetlands, seeps. Depressions and Flats 100 100 50 Dry watercourses 50 50 50 Springs 500

Threatened, endemic and near-endemic were carefully prioritised. Endemic and near-endemic plants were identified by checking all plants listed in the three regional floras that cover this region (Snijman, 2013; Maggee & Boatwright, in prep; Bredenkamp, in prep). Plant species that have either 80% of their entire global range (near endemic) or that occur entirely within the area demarcated for SGD (endemics) were selected. In total 193 priority plant species occur within the SGD area. Of these 20 are too poorly known and 57 are locally common and widespread within this area and not likely to lose a significant proportion of their population to SGD, even under the Big Gas scenario. The remaining 119 plant species were included in the analysis (see Digital Addendum 7A). These species are of conservation concern and the areas where they are concentrated need to be avoided during the roll out of SGD. The majority of the restricted species (75 or 63%) occur in the mountains and are concentrated in the botanical centres of endemism, the Roggeveld Escarpment around Sutherland (46), the Cape Midlands Escarpment that includes the Sneeuberg Massif that surrounds Graaff-Reinet (23) and the Nuweveldberge (12) just west of Beaufort West. The 44 restricted endemic species that occur on the flat plains of the Karoo are mainly succulent plants from the families Aizoaceae (the Vygies); Euphorbiaceae (Euphorbias) and Apocynaceae (Stapeliads). Many of these occur in dolerite outcrops; however 25 species are restricted to the clay and gravel flat areas and would be highly vulnerable to the impacts of SGD. All known locations for the 119 priority species were buffered by 1 km and these areas were fully included in the plan. In addition, the habitat requirements for each species were identified and these areas were included based on a sliding scale with species with small known ranges having high proportional targets and ones with larger ranges being allocated lower proportional targets. Finally, the specific ecosystem units associated with high numbers of special species were separately identified, and these landscapes were included as features in their own right.

Animals of concern (Digital Addendum 7A) were considered to be those whose threat status could decline (i.e. their assessed risk of extinction increase) if habitat were to be lost in the exploration area. This means that species with 60% or more of their distribution within the shale gas exploration area, or those that are threatened at a global scale that occur in the focus area were considered to be species

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of concern. There are 11 species that are threatened at a global scale that occur in the exploration area, including one that is Critically Endangered (Riverine Rabbit); eight that are Endangered (the Cape Vulture; two damselfly species, the Kubusi Stream-damsel and the Basking Malachite; the Plain Mountain Adder and four freshwater fish species, the Eastern Cape Redfin, Cape Rocky, and two fish species without common names, Barbus trevelyani and Pseudobarbus asper); and three that are Vulnerable (Black-footed Cat, Victor’s Blue , and one freshwater fish species, the Amatola Barb). There are also two reptile species that are Near Threatened, the Karoo Padloper and Braack’s Pygmy Gecko. The levels of endemism for vertebrates in the study area are relatively low, with most of the species occurring in the area having wide distributions. The Riverine Rabbit and the Karoo Rock Sengi, Elephantulus pilicaudus, are exceptions, and are near endemic to the study area. No bird species were considered to be endemic or near endemic to the area. Five species or subspecies of reptile are endemic or near endemic to the exploration area (Cloete's Girdled Lizard, Pseudocordylus microlepidotus namaquensis (no common name), Karoo Flat Gecko, Western Dwarf Girdled Lizard and the Thin-skinned Gecko. The five threatened fish species are all near endemics. There is one species, the Karoo Dainty Frog, Cacosternum karroicum, that is near endemic. Habitat requirements for all these species were built into the spatial analysis. Several terrestrial invertebrate groups include species with narrow ranges, but in many cases there is insufficient data to be able to identify endemics with any certainty. Butterflies are relatively well surveyed (Mecenero et al., 2013) and 19 species or subspecies have more than 60% of their range in the study area, and 4 of these are only known from the study area (Pringle’s Copper, Victor’s Blue, Compassberg Skolly, and the Camdeboo Skolly). Terrestrial molluscs often have narrow distributions, and seven species appear to be largely restricted to the study area. Threatened animal species were prioritised in a similar way to the plants, and both the known distribution points and priority mapped occupied range were incorporated into the planning process.

Special habitats (e.g. rocky outcrops, koppies, dolerite dykes, boulder fields, woody vegetation on outwash plains) which are critical for many threatened species and often support key local ecological processes were identified using backscatter from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data (See Thenkabail, 2016 for background on this method).

Targets for biodiversity pattern and ecological process features Targets for features were set as follows: • Ecosystem targets were linked to national targets set by the National Biodiversity Assessment (NBA) 2011 (Driver et al., 2012). These targets ranged from 16% to 28% of their original extent. • Threatened, and endemic and range restricted plants: Firstly, a 100% target was used for the immediate 1 km buffer around threatened species locations. Secondly, targets for special species

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habitat requirements were scaled against habitat extent, with the smallest required areas having a target set at 100% ranging down to a 20% target for the species with the broadest range. Finally, targets of 100% of the highest value landscapes with multiple threatened species were set. • Threatened species habitat (): Targets were scaled as for the threatened, endemic and range restricted plants. • Hydrological process areas: As these areas are highly sensitive to impacts, support many processes and species in the Karoo, and form a potential conduit through which contaminants could be transferred through to the rest of the landscape, rivers, wetlands, springs and their buffers were included with a 100% target. • Special habitats: Special habitats (e.g. rocky outcrops, koppies, dolerite dykes, boulder fields, woody vegetation on outwash plains etc.) were included with a 100% target. • Designated protected areas and their buffers: An effective 100% target was used for Protected Areas (National Parks, Nature Reserves and Protected Environments) and buffers around these features (10 km around National Parks and 5 km around Nature Reserves). • Known priority areas: Irreplaceable CBAs covering the region were included with a 100% target.

Spatial analysis process The analysis process was undertaken as follows: Irreplaceable features were identified and fixed into the spatial analysis using a multi-criteria approach. Individual distributions of biodiversity features were then analysed using the conservation planning software MARXAN. The analysis identified the best portfolio of sites which meets all the targets in a configuration that is most efficient, least cost and least conflicting with other activities. The approach identifies all the sites which are either always required (i.e. irreplaceable) or near-irreplaceable (Very High ecological importance), and an additional set of areas which represents a best possible configuration of areas to meet the remaining targets (i.e. the set of optimal sites) (High Ecological importance). Finally, there are a set of sites which are in a natural or near-natural condition but are not required to meet targets, as long as the irreplaceable and optimal sites are secured (Medium to Low ecological importance). The features included in each category are summarised in Table 7.5 in the body of the assessment.

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