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Understanding and Managing Sound Exposure and Noise Pollution at Outdoor Events

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Understanding and Managing Sound Exposure and Noise Pollution at Outdoor Events Technical Document AESTD1007.1.20-05 Understanding and managing sound exposure and noise pollution at outdoor events May 2020 Audio Engineering Society, Inc. 551 Fifth Avenue, Suite 1225 New York NY 10179 USA Tel: +1 212 661 2355. Email: [email protected]. Internet: http://www.aes.org The Audio Engineering Society’s Technical Council and its Technical Committees respond to the interests of the membership by providing technical information at an appropriate level via conferences, conventions, workshops, and publications. They work on developing tutorial information of practical use to the members and concentrate on tracking and re- porting the very latest advances in technology and applications. This activity is under the direction of the AES Technical Council and its Committees. The Technical Council and its first Technical Committees were founded by the Audio Engin- eering Society in 1979, and standing rules covering their activities were established in 1986, with the intention of defining and consolidating the technical leadership of the Society for the benefit of the membership. The Technical Council consists of the officers of the Tech- nical Council, the chairs of the Technical Committees, the editor of the Journal, and as ex-of- ficio members without vote, the other officers of the Society. TECHNICAL COUNCIL Steve Hutt - Chair Juergen Herre - Vice Chair Michael Kelly - Vice Chair TECHNICAL COMMITTEES Acoustics and Sound Reinforcement Archiving, Restoration and Digital Libraries Audio for Cinema Audio for Games Audio Forensics Audio for Telecommunications Automotive Audio Broadcast and Online Delivery Coding of Audio Signals Fiber Optics for Audio Hearing and Hearing Loss Prevention High-Resolution Audio Loudspeakers and Headphones Microphones and Applications Network Audio Systems Perception and Subjective Evaluation of Audio Signals Recording Technology and Practices Semantic Audio Analysis Signal Processing Spatial Audio www.aes.org/technical/ The goal of AES Technical Documents is not to state a policy or support for a technical method, device or principle, but to provide information that represents the collective knowledge of a group of experts. Neither AES nor any of its Committees or members shall be responsible for any consequences resulting from the use of information contained in this publication. AES Technical Committee on Acoustics and Sound Reinforcement Technical Document Understanding And Managing Sound Exposure And Noise Pollution At Outdoor Events 2020‐05‐22 Prepared by the Working Group on Sound Exposure and Noise Pollution due to Outdoor Entertainment Events Chairman and Editor: Adam J. Hill, University of Derby, UK Contributors Chris Beale (SPLtrack, UK) Durand Begault (Charles M. Salter Associates, USA) Jon Burton (University of Derby, UK) Etienne Corteel (L‐Acoustics, France) Christian Frick (Rocket Science, Switzerland) Jim Griffiths (Vanguardia, UK) Marcel Kok (dBcontrol, Netherlands) Michael Lawrence (Rational Acoustics, USA) Bob McCarthy (Meyer Sound, USA) Johannes Mulder (Australian National University, Australia) Kees Neervoort (Event Acoustics, Netherlands) Elena Shabalina (d&b audiotechnik, Germany) Andy Wardle (University of the Highlands & Islands, UK) Table of Contents 1. Overview .........................................................................................................................................4 2. Audience experience.......................................................................................................................7 2.1. Perception and expectations ..................................................................................................7 2.2. Recreational sound exposure ...............................................................................................10 2.2.1. Measuring hearing damage ..........................................................................................10 2.2.2. Low‐frequency sound exposure....................................................................................11 2.2.3. Noise vs. music induced hearing loss............................................................................13 2.3. Level and measurement regulations ....................................................................................14 2.3.1. Measurement and monitoring procedures ..................................................................16 2.3.2. Preventative measures .................................................................................................17 2.3.3. Approach to sound exposure regulations.....................................................................18 3. System design ...............................................................................................................................19 3.1. Main PA.................................................................................................................................19 3.1.1. Center arrays.................................................................................................................20 3.1.2. Signal decorrelation ......................................................................................................20 3.1.3. Source‐oriented systems ..............................................................................................21 3.1.4. Design objectives ..........................................................................................................22 3.2. Subwoofer systems...............................................................................................................24 3.2.1. Ground‐based ...............................................................................................................24 3.2.2. Flown.............................................................................................................................26 3.2.3. Performance quantification..........................................................................................28 3.3. Additional sound sources and other considerations ............................................................29 3.4. PA shoot‐outs........................................................................................................................31 4. Noise regulations ..........................................................................................................................32 4.1. Motivation.............................................................................................................................32 4.2. World Health Organization ...................................................................................................33 4.3. North America.......................................................................................................................36 4.3.1. Canada ..........................................................................................................................36 4.3.2. Mexico...........................................................................................................................38 4.3.3. United States.................................................................................................................38 4.4. Central America ....................................................................................................................43 4.5. South America.......................................................................................................................44 4.6. Europe...................................................................................................................................45 4.7. Asia........................................................................................................................................50 4.8. Africa .....................................................................................................................................53 4.9. Australia and Oceania ...........................................................................................................54 4.10. Discussion..............................................................................................................................55 5. Noise prediction, measurement, monitoring + management......................................................57 5.1. Annoyance due to entertainment‐derived noise .................................................................57 5.1.1. Music‐derived noise......................................................................................................57 5.1.2. Time relationship ..........................................................................................................60 5.1.3. Small indoor venue noise..............................................................................................61 5.1.4. Factors unrelated to audio............................................................................................62 2 5.1.5. Prediction methods.......................................................................................................63 5.1.6. Inaudibility criteria ........................................................................................................64 5.1.7. Summary .......................................................................................................................65 5.2. Approach to noise regulations..............................................................................................65 5.3. Measurement regulations ....................................................................................................66
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