Employment Law Ninth Edition

Packed with a wealth of case law and legislation, this book will enable you to fully under- stand the intricacies of this fast-changing subject with ease. With features such as chapter summaries and further reading suggestions, Employment Law is well suited to support you in your studies. The ninth edition has been fully updated to include coverage of the latest legislative and case law developments, including:

●● issues around shared parental leave; ●● the national living wage; ●● legal developments in the area of non-standard work.

Offering comprehensive coverage of all the key aspects of individual and collective employment law in a clear and accessible way, Employment Law is ideal for both LLB and HRM students.

Malcolm Sargeant is Professor of Labour Law at Middlesex University and teaches discrimination law at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels. He is currently co-author of several student text books on employment law and has also authored and edited other books on aspects of discrimination law.

David Lewis is Professor of Employment Law at Middlesex University. He has written specialist and general books and has published articles in several countries. David has considerable experience as a consultant and is on the ACAS panel of arbitrators.

Employment Law Ninth Edition

Malcolm Sargeant and David Lewis Ninth edition published 2020 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2020 Malcolm Sargeant and David Lewis The right of Malcolm Sargeant and David Lewis to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. First edition published by Pearson 2001 Eighth edition published by Routledge 2018 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Sargeant, Malcolm, author. | Lewis, David, 1949 March 24– author. Title: Employment law / Malcolm Sargeant, David Lewis. Description: 9th edition. | Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2019049959 (print) | LCCN 2019049960 (ebook) | ISBN 9780367200336 (hardback) | ISBN 9780367200350 (paperback) | ISBN 9780429259241 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Labor laws and legislation—Great Britain. Classification: LCC KD3009 .S27 2019 (print) | LCC KD3009 (ebook) | DDC 344.4101—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019049959 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019049960

ISBN: 978-0-367-20033-6 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-367-20035-0 (pbk) ISBN: 978-0-429-25924-1 (ebk) Typeset in Galliard by codeMantra Contents

Table of statutes xv Table of cases xxvii Table of statutory instruments li Table of European legislation lvii Preface lxiii Publisher’s acknowledgements lxv Abbreviations lxvii

1 The study of employment law 1 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Primary and secondary legislation 2 1.3 The EU Treaties and legislation 3 1.4 The courts 4 1.4.1 Employment tribunals and the EAT 4 1.4.2 Case reports 5 1.5 Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service 6 1.6 Central Arbitration Committee 7 1.7 Certification Officer 7 1.8 Information Commissioner 8 1.9 Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) 8 1.10 Other useful websites 9 Further reading 9

2 The employment relationship 10 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Parties to the contract – employers 12 2.2.1 Employers’ associations 12 2.2.2 Identifying the employer 13 2.2.3 Employers as employees 14 2.2.4 Associated, superior and principal employers 15 2.3 Parties to the contract – employees 16 2.3.1 Dependent labour 16 2.3.2 The distinction between the employed and the self-employed 17 2.4 Identifying the employee 20 2.4.1 The control test 20 2.4.2 The integration test 21 2.4.3 The economic reality test 22 2.4.4 The multiple factor test 23 2.4.5 Mutuality of obligation 24 vi | Contents

2.5 Question of fact or law 26 2.6 The intentions of the parties 27 2.7 Apprentices 28 2.8 Employee shareholders 28 2.9 Continuity of employment 29 2.9.1 Continuity and sex discrimination 30 2.9.2 Continuity and the start date 30 2.9.3 Continuity and absences from work 31 2.9.4 Continuity and industrial disputes 33 2.9.5 Continuity and change of employer 33 Further reading 34

3 Non-standard working 36 3.1 The gig economy 37 3.2 Part-time contracts 38 3.2.1 Discrimination against part-time workers 39 3.2.2 The Framework Agreement on part-time work 39 3.2.3 The Part-time Workers Regulations 40 3.3 Fixed-term contracts 43 3.4 Temporary agency workers 47 3.4.1 The Temporary Agency Work Directive 2008/104/EC 47 3.4.2 The Temporary Agency Workers Regulations 2010 48 3.4.3 Agency/worker relationship 49 3.4.4 Employment agencies/businesses 51 3.5 Zero hours contracts 53 3.6 Gangmasters and labour abuse 54 Further reading 54

4 The contract of employment 55 4.1 Express terms 56 4.2 The statutory statement 56 4.2.1 Names and addresses of employer and worker 57 4.2.2 Date when employment began 58 4.2.3 Date on which continuous employment began 58 4.2.4 Remuneration 58 4.2.5 Hours of work 59 4.2.6 Entitlement to holidays and holiday pay 60 4.2.7 Sickness, injury and pensions 60 4.2.8 Length of notice 61 4.2.9 Title of job or job description 61 4.2.10 Temporary contracts 61 4.2.11 Probationary periods 61 4.2.12 Training 62 4.2.13 Place of work 62 4.2.14 Collective agreements 62 4.2.15 Periods working outside the United Kingdom 62 4.2.16 General provisions 63 4.2.17 Disciplinary and grievance procedures 63 Contents | vii

4.3 Implied terms 64 4.3.1 Terms implied by statute 64 4.3.2 Terms implied in fact 65 4.3.3 Terms implied by law 66 4.4 Duties of the employer 66 4.4.1 Duty of mutual trust and confidence 66 4.4.2 Duty to provide work and pay 70 4.4.3 Duty of care 72 4.5 Duties of employees 75 4.5.1 Duty of obedience and co-operation 75 4.5.2 Duty of fidelity 76 4.5.2.1 Not competing 76 4.5.2.2 Restrictive covenants 78 4.5.2.3 Confidential information 80 4.5.2.4 Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998 81 4.6 Other sources of terms 82 4.6.1 Custom and practice 82 4.6.2 Collective and workforce agreements 83 4.7 Variations in terms 84 Further reading 87

5 Termination of employment 88 5.1 Introduction 89 5.2 Termination of the contract not amounting to dismissal 89 5.2.1 Frustration 89 5.2.2 Death of the employer 90 5.2.3 Voluntary resignation 90 5.2.4 Termination by agreement 92 5.3 Termination of the contract by dismissal 93 5.3.1 Meaning of dismissal 93 5.3.2 Wrongful dismissal 94 5.3.3 Notice 95 5.3.4 Summary dismissal 96 5.3.5 Remedies for wrongful dismissal 98 5.4 Unfair dismissal 101 5.4.1 Eligibility 101 5.4.1.1 Only employees qualify 101 5.4.1.2 Illegality 102 5.4.1.3 Continuous employment 104 5.4.2 The dismissal 105 5.4.2.1 Whether a dismissal has taken place 105 5.4.2.2 Limited-term contracts 106 5.4.2.3 Constructive dismissal 106 5.4.2.4 The effective date of termination of employment 109 5.4.3 The reasons for dismissal 111 5.4.3.1 Statement of reasons for dismissal 111 5.4.3.2 Automatically unfair reasons 112 5.4.3.3 Fair or unfair reasons for dismissal 114 viii | Contents

5.4.3.4 Capability or qualifications 116 5.4.3.5 Conduct 120 5.4.3.6 Redundancy 122 5.4.3.7 Contravention of an enactment 125 5.4.3.8 Some other substantial reason 125 5.4.3.9 Reasonableness 126 5.4.4 Procedural fairness (1): ACAS Code of Practice 130 5.4.5 Procedural fairness (2): the right to be accompanied 131 5.4.6 Time limit for claiming unfair dismissal 133 5.4.7 Pre-termination negotiations and settlement agreements, conciliation and arbitration 133 5.4.8 Remedies 135 5.4.8.1 Interim relief 136 5.4.8.2 Reinstatement or re-engagement 136 5.4.8.3 Compensation 139 5.5 Redundancy payments 143 5.5.1 Qualifications and exclusions 146 5.5.2 Lay-offs and short-time 148 5.5.3 Time off 148 5.5.4 Level of payments 149 Further reading 150

6 Equality: prohibited conduct and equality of terms 151 6.1 Equality 152 6.2 Does discrimination still take place? 152 6.3 European Union law 153 6.3.1 The Equal Opportunities and Equal Treatment Directive 154 6.3.2 The Directive for Equal Treatment in Employment and Occupation 154 6.3.3 The Race Directive 156 6.4 The Equality Act 2010 156 6.4.1 The protected characteristics 157 6.4.2 Prohibited conduct 158 6.4.2.1 Direct discrimination 158 6.4.2.2 Indirect discrimination 161 6.4.2.3 Harassment 165 6.4.2.4 Victimisation 167 6.4.3 Asylum and immigration 168 6.4.4 Discrimination in employment 169 6.4.5 Burden of proof 171 6.4.6 Liability of employers and employees 174 6.4.7 Relationships that have come to an end 175 6.4.8 Aiding contraventions 176 6.4.9 Lawful discrimination 177 6.4.9.1 Occupational requirements 177 6.4.9.2 Positive action 177 6.4.9.3 The general duty to promote equality 179 6.5 Remedies 180 6.5.1 Contracts 181 Contents | ix

6.6 Equality of terms 181 6.6.1 The comparator 184 6.6.2 Like work 185 6.6.3 Work rated as equivalent 186 6.6.4 Work of equal value 187 6.6.5 Defence of material factor 188 6.6.6 Enforcing equal pay 190 6.6.6.1 Gender pay gap reporting 190 6.6.6.2 Enforcement 190 Further reading 191

7 Equality: the protected characteristics 192 7.1 The protected characteristics 193 7.2 Age 193 7.2.1 The ageing population 194 7.2.2 The Equality Act 2010 195 7.2.2.1 Benefits based on length of service 196 7.2.2.2 National minimum wage 197 7.2.2.3 Redundancy payments 198 7.2.2.4 Retirement 198 7.2.2.5 Child care, life assurance and personal pensions 198 7.3 Disability 199 7.3.1 The Equality Act 2010 200 7.3.1.1 Long-term impairment 201 7.3.1.2 Day-to-day activities 202 7.3.1.3 Substantial adverse effect 203 7.3.1.4 Long term 204 7.3.2 Discrimination arising from disability 205 7.3.3 The duty to make reasonable adjustments 206 7.4 Gender reassignment 209 7.5 Marriage or civil partnership 211 7.6 Pregnancy and maternity 212 7.6.1 The Equality Act 2010 214 7.7 Race 216 7.7.1 The Equality Act 2010 217 7.7.2 Segregation 219 7.8 Religion or belief 219 7.8.1 The Equality Act 2010 220 7.8.2 Occupational requirements relating to organised religion and belief 222 7.9 Sex 224 7.10 Sexual orientation 226 Further reading 228

8 Time and pay 230 8.1 Working time 231 8.2 Young Workers’ Directive 231 8.3 Working Time Directive 232 x | Contents

8.4 Working Time Regulations 234 8.4.1 Scope and definition 234 8.4.2 Exclusions 235 8.4.3 The 48-hour week 236 8.4.4 Night work 238 8.4.4.1 Special hazards 239 8.4.4.2 Healthcare 239 8.4.5 Time off 240 8.4.6 Daily rest periods and rest breaks 240 8.4.7 Weekly rest periods 241 8.4.8 Annual leave 241 8.4.9 Special cases 243 8.4.10 Relevant agreements 245 8.4.11 Enforcement 245 8.4.12 Protection from detriment 246 8.5 Statutory right to time off work 247 8.5.1 Time off for public duties 247 8.5.2 Time off to look for work or arrange training 248 8.5.3 Time off for antenatal care 249 8.5.4 Time off for dependants 249 8.5.4.1 Situations that qualify 250 8.5.4.2 Notice requirements 251 8.5.4.3 Protection from detriment and dismissal 251 8.5.5 Time off for pension scheme trustees 252 8.5.6 Time off for employee representatives 252 8.5.7 Time off for a young person for study or training 253 8.5.8 Time off for trade union duties, activities and union learning representatives 254 8.5.8.1 Taking part in trade union activities 256 8.5.8.2 Union learning representatives 257 8.6 Protection of wages 258 8.6.1 Unauthorised deductions 258 8.6.2 Normal working hours and a week’s pay 260 8.6.3 Guarantee payments 262 8.6.4 Suspension from work on medical grounds 263 8.7 National minimum wage 263 8.7.1 Who qualifies for the national minimum wage? 264 8.7.2 Calculating the hourly rate 265 8.7.2.1 Time work 266 8.7.2.2 Salaried hours work 266 8.7.2.3 Output work 267 8.7.2.4 Unmeasured work 267 8.7.3 Record keeping 268 8.7.4 Enforcement 269 8.7.5 Right not to suffer detriment 269 Further reading 270

9 Parental and maternity rights 271 9.1 EU Directives 272 9.1.1 The Pregnant Workers Directive 272 9.1.2 The Parental Leave Directive 273 Contents | xi

9.2 Maternity protection in the United Kingdom 275 9.3 Maternity and Parental Leave etc. Regulations 1999 276 9.3.1 Statutory maternity leave 276 9.3.2 Compulsory maternity leave 278 9.4 Employment rights before and during maternity leave 278 9.4.1 Time off for antenatal care 278 9.4.2 Suspension from work on maternity grounds 278 9.4.3 The contract of employment during maternity leave 279 9.4.3.1 Work during the maternity leave period 280 9.4.3.2 Employment rights 280 9.4.3.3 Shared parental leave 281 9.5 Protection from detriment 282 9.6 Protection from dismissal 283 9.6.1 Redundancy 283 9.6.2 Unfair dismissal 284 9.7 The right to return to work 285 9.8 Flexible working 286 9.9 Parental leave 287 9.9.1 Entitlement 287 9.9.2 Meaning of parental responsibility 288 9.9.3 Leave entitlement 288 9.9.4 Procedural rules 289 9.9.5 Limitations on parental leave 290 9.9.6 Complaint to an employment tribunal 291 9.9.7 Employee rights during parental leave 291 9.9.8 The right to return to work 291 9.9.9 Protection from detriment and dismissal 292 9.9.10 Additional provisions 292 9.10 Paternity leave 293 9.11 Adoption leave 293 9.12 Bereavement leave and pay 294 Further reading 294

10 Business restructuring 295 10.1 Consultation and information – the international model 296 10.1.1 European Works Councils 296 10.1.1.1 Transnational Information and Consultation of Employees Regulations 1999 and 2010 297 10.1.2 European Company Statute 299 10.1.2.1 The European Public Limited-Liability Company (Employee Involvement) (Great Britain) Regulations 2009 300 10.2 Information and consultation – the national model 300 10.2.1 The Information and Consultation Directive 302 10.2.2 The Information and Consultation of Employees Regulations 304 10.2.2.1 Stage 1 The request 305 10.2.2.2 Stage 2 The negotiations 306 10.2.2.3 Stage 3 The negotiated agreement 307 10.2.2.4 Standard information and consultation provisions 307 10.2.2.5 Confidential information 308 10.2.2.6 Employee protection 308 xii | Contents

10.3 Collective redundancies 308 10.3.1 Meaning of establishment 311 10.3.2 Appropriate representatives 312 10.3.3 Special circumstances 314 10.3.4 Failure to comply 315 10.4 Employer insolvency 316 10.4.1 Occupational pensions 318 10.4.2 Controlling directors 319 10.4.3 Complaints to employment tribunals 319 10.5 Transfer of undertakings 320 10.5.1 A relevant transfer 321 10.5.2 Effect of a relevant transfer 323 10.5.3 Economic, technical or organisational reason 324 10.5.3.1 Collective agreements 325 10.5.4 Insolvency 325 10.5.5 Information and consultation 326 Further reading 328

11 Trade unions 329 11.1 Introduction 330 11.2 Freedom of association 330 11.3 Meaning of a trade union 332 11.3.1 Independence 332 11.4 Contract of membership 333 11.5 Rights in relation to trade union membership and discipline 335 11.5.1 Exclusion and expulsion 335 11.5.2 Discipline 337 11.6 Statutory obligations in relation to union elections 339 11.7 Rights related to the application of funds for political objects 342 11.8 Breach of rules 344 11.9 The Certification Officer’s powers under the Trade Union Act 2016 344 11.10 Discrimination against members and officials 345 11.10.1 Blacklisting 345 11.10.2 Refusal of employment 345 11.10.3 Subject to detriment 346 11.10.4 Inducements relating to membership or activities 349 11.10.5 Dismissal on grounds related to membership or activities 350 Further reading 351

12 Collective bargaining and industrial action 352 12.1 Collective agreements 353 12.1.1 Legal enforceability and incorporation 353 12.2 Recognition 356 12.2.1 A legal framework 357 12.2.2 Statutory recognition 358 12.2.2.1 The request for recognition 359 12.2.2.2 Parties agree 359 12.2.2.3 Employer rejects request or negotiations fail 360 12.2.2.4 Acceptance of application 360 12.2.2.5 Appropriate bargaining unit 360 Contents | xiii

12.2.2.6 Union recognition 361 12.2.2.7 Consequences of recognition 363 12.2.2.8 Changes affecting the bargaining unit 363 12.2.2.9 Detriment and dismissal 364 12.2.2.10 Training 364 12.3 Prohibition of union recognition requirements 365 12.4 Disclosure of information 365 12.5 Industrial action – trade union immunities 367 12.6 Common law torts 369 12.6.1 Inducing a breach of contract 369 12.6.2 Interference with a contract or with business 371 12.6.3 Intimidation 371 12.6.4 Conspiracy 372 12.6.5 Inducing a breach of a statutory duty 373 12.6.6 Economic duress 373 12.7 Protection from tort liabilities 374 12.8 Exceptions to statutory immunity 376 12.8.1 Picketing 376 12.8.2 Action taken because of dismissal for unofficial action 378 12.8.3 Secondary action 378 12.8.4 Pressure to impose a union recognition requirement 378 12.9 Ballots and notices of industrial action 378 12.9.1 Notifying the employer of the ballot 379 12.9.2 Appointment of a scrutineer 380 12.9.3 Entitlement to vote 381 12.9.4 The voting paper 382 12.9.5 The ballot 383 12.9.6 Notice to the employer 384 12.9.7 Industrial action affecting the supply of goods and services 385 12.10 Union responsibility for the actions of their members 385 12.11 Prohibition on use of funds to indemnify unlawful conduct 387 12.12 Remedies 387 12.13 Dismissals during industrial action 389 12.13.1 Unofficial action 389 12.13.2 Official action 389 12.13.3 Protected action 390 Further reading 391

Index 393

Table of statutes

Births and Deaths Registration Act 1953 Employment Act 2008 … 269 s. 10(1) … 288 ss 15–16 … 51 s. 10A(1) … 288 s. 16 … 52 Children Act 1989 Employment Agencies Act 1973 … 51 s. 2(1) … 288 s. 13(1)–(3) … 51 s. 2(2) … 288 Employment Protection Act 1975 … 143, s. 3 … 232, 288 254, 275, 308, 357 s. 3(1) … 288 s. 11 … 357 Children and Young Persons Act 1933 … 232 s. 14 … 357 Children and Young Persons Act 1963 … 232 s. 14(1) … 357–358 Civil Partnership Act 2004 s. 15 … 357 s. 1 … 212 s. 16 … 357 Civil Partnerships, Marriages and Deaths Employment Relations Act 1999 … 274, (Registration etc) Act 2019 275, 357, 382, 383, 385 s. 2 … 212 s. 10 … 131 Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act ss 10(2)(b)–(2)(c) … 132 1875 … 368 s. 10(3) … 132 Contracts of Employment Act 1963 … 56 s. 10(4) … 132 Data Protection Act 1998 … 8 s. 10(6) … 132 s. 6(1) … 8 s. 10(7) … 254 Disability Discrimination Act 1995 … 16, ss 11(1)–(6) … 133 118, 156, 159, 199, 200, 208, 209 ss 12(1)–(6) … 132 s. 1(1) 203 s. 12(3) … 113 ss 6A–6C … 200 s. 13(1) … 132 ss. 7A–7D … 200 s. 13(2) … 132 s. 50 … 199 s. 13(3) … 132 Disability Rights Commission Act 1999 s. 13(4) … 132 s. 1 … 199 s. 13(5) … 132 Disabled Persons (Employment) Act s. 15 … 131 1944 … 199 s. 18 … 44 Education Act 1996 … 253 Sch. 4 Part II … 249 Education and Skills Act 2008 Employment Rights Act 1996 … 2, Part 1 … 253 Part IVA … 82 Employment Act 1980 … 104, 331, 335 Part VI … 96, 247, 254, 318 Employment Act 1982 … 331 Part VIA … 254 Employment Act 1988 … 331, 379 Part X … 44, 59, 94, 101, 246, 247, 269, Employment Act 1990 … 331, 379 283, 292, 324, 350, 364 Employment Act 2002 … 293 Part XI … 143, 318 s. 17(2) … 280 Part XII … 317, 326 s. 38 … 57 Part XIV … 112, 139, 286, 293, 315 s. 45 … 44 s. 1 … 24, 56, 84, 328 s. 46 … 114 s. 1(3) … 63 xvi | Table of statutes

s. 1(3)(a)–(c) … 57 s. 23(1) … 259 s. 1(3)(a) … 13, 57 ss 24–26 … 259 s. 1(3)(b) … 57 s. 27 … 258 s. l(3)(c) … 57 s. 27(1) … 58 s. 1(4) … 63 s. 27(2) … 58 s. 1(4)(a)–(c) … 57 s. 27(3) … 54 s. 1(4)(a) … 58 s. 27(4) … 58 s. 1(4)(c) … 59 s. 27A(1) … 53 s. 1(4)(d)(i) … 57, 60 s. 28 … 262 s. 1(4)(d)(ii) … 60, 63 s. 28(1) … 262 s. 1(4)(d)(iii) … 60, 63 s. 28(4) … 262 s. 1(4)(e) … 61 s. 28(5) … 262 s. 1(4)(f) … 57, 61 s. 29 … 262 s. 1(4)(g) … 61 s. 30 … 262 s. 1(4)(ga) … 61 s. 31(1) … 262 s. 1(4)(h) … 57, 62 ss 31(2)–(6) … 262 s. 1(4)(j) … 62, 63 s. 32 … 262 s. 1(4)(k) … 62, 63 s. 34 … 263 s. 1(4)(l) … 63 s. 35 … 262 s. 1(5) … 61 ss 37A–37Q … 4 s. 2(1) … 63 s. 43A … 81, 308 s. 2(2) … 60, 63 s. 43B … 81 s. 2(3) … 62, 63 ss 43C–43F … 82 s. 3 … 63 ss 43C–43H … 81 s. 3(1)(aa) … 63 s. 43G … 82 s. 4 … 84 s. 43H … 82 s. 4(1) … 57 s. 43J … 81 s. 4(3)(a) … 84 s. 43K(1) … 82 s. 4(3)(b) … 84 s. 45A … 246 s. 4(6) … 84 s. 47 … 296 s. 4(8) … 84 s. 47B … 82 s. 6 … 63 s. 47C … 238, 268 s. 7A … 56 ss 48–49 … 255 s. 7B … 56, 57 s. 48(1ZA) … 247 s. 8 … 58 s. 49(5A) … 247 s. 9(1) … 59 s. 50(1) … 247 ss 9(2)–(5) … 59 s. 50(2) … 247 s. 11 … 57 s. 50(3) … 247 s. 13 … 259, 260, 269 s. 50(4) … 248 s. 13(1) … 258 s. 50(5) … 247 s. 13(2) … 258 s. 50(8) … 247 s. 13(3) … 258 s. 50(9) … 247 s. 13(4) … 260 s. 50(10)(a) … 247 s. 13(5) … 260 s. 50(11) … 247 s. 14 … 259 s. 51 … 248 s. 15 … 59, 259 s. 52 … 248 s. 15(1) … 258 s. 52(3) … 248 s. 15(2)… … 258 s. 53 … 148 s. 16 … 59 ss 53(1)–(3) … 248 ss 17–22 … 259 s. 53(4) … 248 ss 17(3) – (4) … 138 s. 53(5) … 248 s. 23 … 259 s. 54 … 248 Table of statutes | xvii ss 55–57 … 278 s. 76(1) … 289 ss 55(1)–(2) … 249 s. 76(5)(a) … 289 ss 56–57 … 249 s. 77(1) … 291 s. 56(1) … 249 s. 80(1) … 291 s. 57A … 249, 274 s. 80F … 114 s. 57A(1) … 250, 274 s. 80G(1)(b) … 287 s. 57A(1)(a) … 251 s. 86 … 61, 110, 113, 318 s. 57A(1)(b) … 252 s. 86(1) … 95, 248 s. 57A(2) … 274 s. 86(2) … 95 s. 57A(3) … 274 s. 86(6) … 95 s. 57A(6) … 250 ss 88–89 … 96 s. 57B … 249, 274 s. 91(1)–(2) … 96 s. 57B(2) … 251 s. 92(1) … 111 s. 57B(4) … 251 s. 92(2) … 111 s. 57ZA … 249 s. 92(3) … 111 s. 57ZE … 249 ss 92(4)–(4A) … 111 s. 57ZJ … 249 s. 92(5) … 111 s. 57ZS … 249 ss 92(6)–(8) … 111 ss 58–60 … 252 s. 93(1) … 111 s. 58 … 252 s. 93(2) … 112 s. 58(3)(a) … 252 s. 94(1) … 101 s. 58(3)(c) … 252 s. 95 … 93 s. 58(4) … 252 s. 95(1)(c) … 106 s. 59(4) … 252 s. 95(2) … 105, 109 ss 61–63 … 252, s. 97 … 104 s. 61 … 253 s. 97(1)–(2) … 111 s. 61(2) … 253 s. 97(1) … 109 s. 62 … 253 s. 97(2) … 110 s. 63 … 253 ss 97(2)–(5) … 110 ss 63A–63C … 253 s. 98 … 198 s. 63A(3) … 253 s. 98(1) … 114, 115, 116 s. 63A(4) … 253 s. 98(1)(b) … 91, 115, 125 s. 63A(5) … 254 s. 98(2) … 115, 116 s. 63A(5A) … 253 s. 98(3)(a) … 116 s. 63B … 254 s. 98(3)(b) … 119 s. 63C … 254 s. 98(4) … 117, 126, 127 s. 64 … 318 s. 98(4)(a) … 116 s. 64(1) … 263 s. 98(4)(b) … 116 ss 64(2)–(3) … 263 s. 99 … 112, 293 s. 64(5) … 263 s. 100 … 112 s. 65 … 263 ss 100(1)(a)–(b) … 136 ss 66–68 … 279 s. 100(1)(a) … 139 s. 66(2) … 284 s. 100(1)(b) … 17, 139 s. 70 … 285 s. 101 … 113 ss 70(1)–(3) … 263 s. 101A … 113, 247 s. 71(4) … 280 s. 101A(d) … 136, 139 s. 71(4)(c) … 285 s. 102 … 113 s s. 102(1) … 136, 139 s. 71(5) … 280 s. 103 … 113, 136, 139, 313 s. 72 … 278 s. 103A … 82, 113, 136 s. 72(3)(b) … 278 s. 104 … 114 s. 73(4) … 281 s. 104A … 113, 269 xviii | Table of statutes

s. 104B … 114 s. 141 … 146 s. 104C … 114 ss 142(1)–(2) … 146 s. 105 … 114 s. 142(3) … 146 s. 105(4A) … 247 ss 143–144 … 148 s. 105(6A) … 82 s. 145 … 149 s. 107 … 115 s. 147(1) … 148 s. 108 … 350 s. 147(2) … 148 s. 108(1) … 104, 110 s. 148 … 148 ss 108(2)–(3) … 112 s. 149 … 148 s. 109 … 163 s. 150 … 148 s. 110 … 35, 101 s. 152 … 148 s. 111 … 149 s. 155 … 146 s. 111(2) … 133 s. 156 … 163 s. 111(4) … 133 s. 157 … 148 s. 111A … 133 ss 159–161 … 148 ss 112–113 … 136 s. 162(1) … 149 s. 114 … 137 s. 162(2) … 149 s. 115 … 137 s. 162(3) … 149 s. 116 … 137 s. 163 … 149 s. 116(4) … 137 s. 163(5) … 149 s. 116(5) … 137 s. 164(1) … 149 s. 117(2) … 138 s. 164(2) … 149 s. 117(3)(b) … 138 s. 165 … 150 s. 119 … 139, 260 ss 166–170 … 150 s. 119(1) … 110 s. 166(1)(b) … 318 s. 120 … 139 s. 182 … 317 s. 122 … 139, 350 s. 183 … 317 s. 123 … 139 s. 183(3) … 317 s. 123(2) … 142 s. 184(1) … 318 s. 123(3) … 140, 180 s. 184(2) … 318 s. 123(5) … 141 s. 184(3) … 318 s. 123(6A) … 82 s. 185 … 318 s. 124(4) … 138 s. 186 … 319 s. 124(5) … 141 s. 187 … 320 s. 126 … 141 s. 188 … 320 s. 128 … 136 s. 189 … 320 s. 128(2) … 136 s. 190 … 320 s. 128(4) … 136 s. 197(1) … 44 s. 129 … 136 s. 197(2) … 44 s. 130(1) … 136 s. 199(2) … 101 ss 130(2)–(7) … 136 s. 200 … 101 s. 132 … 136 s. 203(1) … 93, 134 s. 135(1) … 144 s. 203(2) … 134 s. 136 … 144 s. 203(2)(e) … 134 s. 136(5) … 144 s. 203(2)(f) … 135 ss 138(2)–(4) … 147 s. 203(3) … 135 s. 138(6) … 147 s. 203(3A) … 135 s. 139 … 325 s. 203(3B) … 135 s. 139(1) … 144 s. 203(4) … 135 s. 139(6) … 144 s. 205A … 28, 29 s. 140(1) … 146 s. 205A(5) … 29 ss 140(2)–(3) … 146 s. 205A(8) … 29 Table of statutes | xix

ss 205A(9)–(10) … 28 Employment Tribunals Act 1996 … 4 s. 206(1) … 90 s. 1 … 4 s. 207 … 90 ss 2–3 … 4 ss 210–219 … 104 s. 3 … 57 s. 210(5) … 31 s. 3(2) … 100 s. 211(1) … 58 s. 4 … 4 s. 212(1) … 31, 46 s. 12A … 57, 135, 150, 246 s. 212(3)(a) … 32 s. 13(2) … 137 s. 212(3)(b) … 32 s. 18 … 134, 246 s. 212(3)(c) … 32, 33 s. 18(6) … 134 s. 212(4) … 32 s. 18(7) … 134 s. 216(1) … 33 s. 18A … 134 s. 216(2) … 33 s. 18A(9) … 134 s. 218 … 13 s. 18B(1) … 134 s. 218(1) … 29, 33 s. 20 … 4 s. 218(2) … 33 s. 21 … 4 s. 218(2)–(10) … 33 ss 22–25 … 4 s. 218(3)–(11) … 34 ss 28(2)–(8) … 4 s. 218(9) … 34 Enterprise Act 2016 s. 218(10) … 3534 Part IV … 28 s. 219 … 34 s. 25 … 28 ss 220–229 … 260 Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 ss 221–224 … 241 s. 65 … 165 s. 221 … 261 s. 97 … 157 s. 221(2) … 261 Equal Pay Act 1970 … 156, 182, 190, 224 ss 221(3)–(4) … 261 s. 1(3) … 188 s. 221 (3) … 261 s. 1(6) … 184 s. 222 … 261 s. 1(6)(a) … 184 s. 223 … 261 s. 1(6)(c) … 184 s. 224 … 59, 261 s. 2(1A) … 190 ss 225–226 … 261 Equality Act 2006 … 199 s. 225 … 343 s. 1 … 8 s. 227 … 57, 149 s. 8 … 8 s. 227(1) … 260, 365 ss 11–12 … 9 s. 228 … 261 ss 13–16 … 9 s. 229 … 261 ss 20–21 … 9 s. 230 … 82 Equality Act 2010 … 59, 90, 103, 114, s. 230(1)–(2) … 101 118, 156–168, 179, 182, 193, 195–198, s. 230(1) … 16, 276 200–204, 212, 214–215, 217–219, s. 230(2) … 16, 28, 276 220–222 s. 230(3) … 16, 101, 132, 234 Part 9 … 190 s. 230(3)(b) … 37, 53 s. 1(5) … 187 s. 230(4) … 13 s. 4 … 214, 217, 220, 228 s. 231 … 15 s. 6(1) … 200 s. 234 … 59, 261 s. 6(4) … 200 s. 235 … 33 s. 7(1) … 210 s. 235(1) … 31, 144 s. 8 … 211 s. 235(2A) … 93 s. 9(1) … 217 s. 235(2B) … 93 s. 9(2) … 217 Employment Rights (Dispute Resolution) s. 9(3) … 217 Act 1998 s. 9(5) … 157, 217 s. 1(1) … 4 s. 10(1) … 220 xx | Table of statutes

s. 10(2) … 220 s. 66 … 65 s. 11(a) … 226 s. 66(1) … 182 s. 12(l) … 228 s. 66(2) … 182 s. 13(1) … 158, 160 s. 66(2)(b) … 183 s. 13(2) … 158 s. 69 … 188 s. 13(4) … 211 ss 72–74 … 214 s. 13(5) … 219 s. 73(1) … 214 s. 14(1) … 157 s. 78 … 224 s. 15(1) … 205 s. 79 … 184 s. 15(2) … 205 s. 83(1) … 171 s. 16 … 210 s. 83(2) … 169 s. 18 … 214 s. 108 … 168, 171 s. 18(2) … 214 s. 108(1) … 175 s. 18(4) … 215 s. 108(2) … 175 s. 18(5) … 215 s. 108(3) … 175 s. 18(6) … 214 s. 108(4) … 175 s. 18(7) … 214 s. 108(7) … 168 s. 19(1) … 161 s. 109(1) … 174 s. 19(2) … 161 s. 109(2) … 174 s. 20 … 206 s. 110 … 175 s. 20(9) … 206 s. 111(1) … 167 s. 20(10) … 206 s. 112(1) … 176 s. 21(2) … 206 s. 112(2) … 176 s. 23(1) … 160 s. 112(3) … 176 s. 24(1) … 159 s. 120 … 180 s. 26 … 211 s. 123(1)(a) … 180 s. 26(1) … 165 s. 123(1)(b) … 180 s. 26(1)(b) … 165 s. 123(3) … 180 s. 26(2) … 165 s. 124(2) … 180 s. 26(3) … 165 s. 124(7) … 180 s. 26(4) … 165 s. 129 … 190 s. 27 … 167 s. 131(2) … 188 s. 27(3) … 167 s. 132 … 190 s. 39(1) … 169 s. 136 … 172 s. 39(2) … 170 s. 136(2) … 172 s. 39(3) … 169 s. 139 … 191 s. 39(5) … 170 s. 142(1) … 181 s. 40 … 169, 170 s. 144(1) … 181 s. 40(1) … 165 s. 144(4) … 1181 ss 40(2)–(4) … 165 s. 145(1) … 181 s. 40(2) … 170 s. 149(1) … 179 s. 40(3) … 170 s. 149(3) … 179 s. 41 … 15, 171, 200 s. 159 … 178 s. 49 … 200 Sch. 1 … 201 s. 60(1) … 170 para. 2 … 202, 203 s. 64(1)(a) … 182 para. 2(1) … 204 s. 65(1) … 182 para. 2(2) … 202 s. 65(2) … 185 para. 3 … 202 s. 65(3) … 185 para. 5 … 202 s. 65(4) … 186, 187 para. 6 … 202 s. 65(5) … 187 para. 12 … 201 s. 65(6) … 187 Sch. 5 … 195 Table of statutes | xxi

Sch. 8 s. 1(1) … 263 para. 20(1) … 207 s. 1(2) … 264 Sch. 9 ss 5–8 … 264 Part 1 … 196 s. 9 … 268 para. 1 … 177 s. 10 … 268 para. 1(1) … 177 s. 10(8) … 268 para. 1(3) … 177 s. 10(9) … 268 para. 2(1) … 222 s. 10(10) … 268 paras 2(5)-(6) … 223 s. 11 … 268 Part 2 … 196 s. 14(1) … 269 para. 10(1) … 196 s. 14(2) … 269 para. 10(2) … 196 s. 14(4) … 269 para. 10(3) … 196 s. 14(5) … 269 para. 11 … 197 s. 16A … 269 para. 13 … 198 s. 17 … 269 paras 14–16 … 198 s. 19D … 269 para. 14 … 198 s. 23 … 269 para. 15 … 198 s. 28 … 269 para. 16 … 198 ss 31–33 … 269 Sch. 19 … 179 s. 34 … 264 European Communities Act 1972 s. 35(2) … 264 s. 2(2) … 2 s. 43 … 265 Family Reform Act 1987 s. 44 … 265 s. 1 … 288 s. 44A … 265 Freedom of Information Act 2000 … 8 s. 45 … 265 Further and Higher Education Act 1992 s. 45B … 265 Sch. 2 … 253 s. 48 … 15, 264 Gangmasters (Licensing) Act 2004 … 54 s. 54 … 13, 263 Gender Recognition Act 2004 … 211 s. 54(2) … 28 Growth and Infrastructure Act 2013 … 28 s. 54(3) … 28, 264 Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 Pensions Act 1993 s. 2(1) … 72 s. 1 … 252 s. 2(2)(e) … 72 Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998 … 81 s. 3(1) … 72 Race Relations Act 1965 … 216 s. 16 … 263, 279 Race Relations Act 1968 … 216 s. 33 (1) … 245 Race Relations Act 1976 … 156, 167, s. 53(1) … 18 216, 218 Human Rights Act 1998 … 4, 331, 374 s. 2 … 167 Immigration Act 2016 … 54 s. 3A … 166 Immigration, Asylum and Nationality s. 27A … 167 Act 2006 s. 54A … 172 s. 15 … 125, 168, 159 Redundancy Payments Act 1965 … 143 s. 21 … 125, 169 Registration of Births and Deaths and s. 23 … 169 Marriages (Scotland) Act 1965 Industrial Relations Act 1971 … 101, 330, s. 18(1) … 288 335, 357, 379 s. 18(2) … 288 Insolvency Act 1986 Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 Part I … 317 s. 4 … 114 Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act Sex Discrimination Act 1975 … 103, 156, 2013 … 212 184, 190, 210, 212, 224 National Minimum Wage Act 1998 … 2, s. 1(1) … 272 17, 28, 65 s. 5(3) … 227 xxii | Table of statutes

s. 20A … 167 s. 20(2) … 383, 386, 389 s. 41(3) … 175 s. 20(3) … 386 s. 63A … 172 s. 20(5) … 386 s. 82(1) … 210 s. 20(6) … 386 Tax Credits Act 1999 s. 20(7) … 385 Sch. 3 … 113 ss 21(1)–(2) … 386 Trade Disputes Act 1906 … 330 s. 21(3) … 386 s. 4 … 368 s. 21(5) … 386 Trade Disputes Act 1965 … 372 s. 21(6) … 387 Trade Union Act 1871 … 368 s. 22 … 387 s. 2 … 330 s. 23 … 387 Trade Union Act 1913 … 335 s. 32ZB … 343 Trade Union Act 1984 … 379 s. 32ZC … 7, 344 Trade Union Act 2016 … 330, 344–345, s. 46(1) … 340 378, 383 s. 46(1)(b) … 340 s. 2 … 383 s. 46(2) … 340 s. 10 … 377 s. 46(3) … 340 s. 11 … 342 ss 46(4)–(4A) … 340 s. 13 … 257 s. 46(5) … 340 s. 21 … 8 ss 47(1)–(3) … 340 Sch. 1 … 345 s. 47(3) … 340 Sch. 2 … 8, 345 ss 48(1)–(7) … 341 Sch. 3 … 345 s. 49 … 341 Trade Union and Labour Relations Act ss 50(1)–(2) … 341 1974 … 330 s. 51 … 341 Trade Union and Labour Relations Act s. 51(6) … 341 1976 … 330 s. 51(7) … 341 Trade Union and Labour Relations s. 52 … 341 (Consolidation) Act 1992 … 2, 330 s. 53 … 340 Part I … 7 ss 54(1)–(3) … 342 Part II … 12 s. 55 … 342 Part III … 345 s. 55(2) … 342 Part IV … 113, 252, 309 s. 55(3) … 342 s. 1 … 132 s. 55(5) … 342 s. 1(a) … 332 s. 55(5A) … 342 s. 1(b) … 332 s. 55(6) … 342 s. 2(1) … 332 s. 55(8) … 342 s. 2(4) … 332 s. 55(9) … 342 s. 3(1) … 332 s. 56 … 342342 s. 3(2) … 332 s. 56A … 342 s. 3(3) … 332 s. 58 … 340 s. 3(4) … 332 s. 62 … 379 s. 4 … 332 s. 62(2) … 379 s. 5 … 332 s. 62(3) … 379 s. 6(1) … 332 s. 64(1) … 338 s. 7(1) … 333 s. 64(2) … 338 s. 8(1) … 333 ss 64(2)(a)–(f) … 338 s. 9(1) … 333 s. 65 … 336, 338 s. 10 … 334 ss 65(2)(a)–(j) … 338 s. 11 … 334 s. 65(6) … 338 s. 15(1) … 387 s. 65(7) … 338 s. 20(1) … 385 s. 66(1) … 339 Table of statutes | xxiii s. 66(2) … 339 s. 140 … 346 ss 66(2)(b) … 339 s. 141 … 346 s. 66(3) … 339 s. 142 … 347 s. 66(4) … 339 s. 143(1) … 345, 346 s. 67(1) … 339 s. 143(3) … 345 s. 67(3) … 339 s. 145A … 141, 349, 350 ss 67(5)–(7) … 339 s. 145B … 141, 349, 350 s. 68 … 113 s. 145C … 350 s. 69 … 335 s. 145D … 350 s. 70A … 358 s. 145E … 350 s. 70B(1) … 364 s. 146 … 113, 347, 350 s. 70B(2) … 364 s. 146(1) … 347 s. 70B(3) … 364 s. 146(1)(b) … 347 s. 70B(4) … 364 s. 146(2) … 348 s. 70B(6) … 364 s. 146(2A) … 348 s. 70C(4) … 365 s. 146(5) … 348 s. 71(1) … 343 s. 147(1) … 348 s. 72 … 343 s. 147(3) … 348 s. 72(2) … 343 s. 148(1) … 348 s. 72(4) … 343 s. 149 … 349 s. 73 … 342 s. 152 … 113, 123, 350 ss 75–81 … 342 s. 152(1) … 350 s. 84 … 342 ss 152(1)(a)–(b) … 351 s. 86 … 113, 342 s. 152(3)(a) … 141 ss 87(1)–(8) … 343 s. 152(3)(b) … 141 s. 108A … 7, 344 s. 153 … 124, 350 ss 108(3) … 344 s. 154(1) … 350 s. 108A(2) … 344 s. 154(2) … 350 s. 108A(5) … 344 s. 155 … 141 ss 108A(6)–(7) … 344 s. 156 … 350 ss 108A(10)–(12) … 344 s. 156(2) … 350 s. 108A(14) … 344 s. 160 … 115, 351 s. 108B(9) … 344 s. 161 (1) … 136, 351 s. 119 … 132, 254, 340 s. 161(2) … 136, 351 s. 122(1) … 12 s. 161(3) … 351 s. 123(1) … 12 s. 161(4) … 351 s. 123(2) … 12 s. 162 … 351 ss 124–126 … 13 s. 163 … 351 s. 127(1) … 13 s. 164 … 351 s. 127(2) … 13 s. 166 … 351 s. 128 … 13 ss 168–170 … 113, 254 ss 129–134 … 13 s. 168 … 96, 247, 254 s. 137(1) … 332 s. 168(2) … 255 s. 137(1)(b) … 345 s. 168(2)(b) … 255 s. 137(2) … 346 s. 168(2)(c) … 255 s. 137(3) … 346 s. 168(3) … 256 s. 137(4) … 346 s. 168(4) … 257 s. 137(5) … 346 s. 168A(1) … 257 s. 137(6) … 346 s. 168(2) … 255, 257 s. 138 … 346 s. 168(2)(b) … 255 s. 139(1) … 346 s. 168(2)(c) … 255 s. 139(2) … 346 s. 168A(3) … 257 xxiv | Table of statutes

s. 168A(7) … 257 ss 189(1A)–(1B) … 315 s. 169 … 255, 318 ss 189(2)–(4) … 315 s. 169(2) … 256 s. 189(5) … 315 s. 169(5) … 257 s. 189(6) … 315 s. 170 … 96, 247, 256 s. 190 … 260, 315 s. 170(2) … 256 s. 191 … 315 s. 170(3) … 256 s. 192 … 316 s. 170(4) … 257 s. 193 … 311 s. 171 … 257 ss 193(1) – (2) … 316 s. 172 … 257 ss 193(4) – (5) … 316 s. 172A … 257 s. 193(7) … 316 s. 173(1) … 254 s. 194 … 316 s. 174 … 335, 336, 339 s. 195 … 309 ss 174(4C)–(4H) … 336 s. 196(1) … 313 s. 174(5) … 336 s. 198 … 312 s. 175(a) … 336 s. 199 … 130 s. 176(3) … 336 ss 199–202 … 6 s. 178 … 245, 255, 358 s. 203 … 362 s. 178(1) … 83, 353 s. 207 … 6, 362, 366 s. 178(2) … 83, 353, 356 s. 207(1) … 130 s. 178(2)(a) … 83 ss 207(2)–(3) … 130 s. 178(3) … 356 s. 207A … 6, 130 s. 179(1) … 353 s. 209 … 6 s. 179(2) … 353 s. 212A … 135 s. 179(4) … 353 s. 219 … 374, 375, 376, 378, 379, ss 181–184 … 357 388, 390 s. 181(1) … 365 s. 219(1)(a) … 374 s. 181(2) … 365, 366 s. 219(1)(b) … 374 s. 181(3) … 366 s. 219(2) … 374 s. 181(4) … 366 s. 219(3) … 376 s. 181(5) … 366 s. 220 … 376, 388 s. 182(1) … 366 s. 220(1) … 376 s. 182(2) … 367 s. 220(2) … 377 s. 184 … 367 s. 220(3) … 377 s. 185 … 65, 367 s. 220A … 377 s. 186 … 365, 378 s. 221 … 388 s. 187 … 378 s. 224(1) … 378 s. 187(1) … 365 s. 224(2) … 378 s. 187(2) … 365 s. 224(4) … 378 s. 187(3) … 365 s. 224(5) … 378 s. 188 … 85, 255, 307 s. 225 … 378 s. 188(1) … 62, 309, 312 ss 226–234A … 379 s. 188(1A) … 309 s. 226 … 379 s. 188(1B) … 312 s. 226(1) … 379 s. 188(2) … 313 s. 226(4) … 379 ss 188(4)–(5) … 313 s. 226A … 379 s. 188(5A) … 313 s. 226A(1)(a) … 380 s. 188(7) … 314 s. 226A(1)(b) … 380 s. 188(7B) … 314 ss 226A(2)(a)–(b) … 379 s. 188A … 312 s. 226A(2)(c) … 280 s. 189 … 318 ss 226A(2A)–(2C) … 380 s. 189(1) … 315 s. 226A(2F) … 380 Table of statutes | xxv ss 226A(2G) … 380 s. 239(1) … 390 s. 226A(4) … 380 s. 239(4)(a) … 391 s. 226B(1) … 381 s. 240 … 371 s. 226B(2) … 380 s. 241 … 371 s. 226B(4) … 381 s. 244 … 376 s. 226C … 381 s. 244(1) … 374 s. 227 … 381 s. 244(5) … 374 s. 228 … 381 s ss 228A(1)–(4) … 381 s. 246 … 382 s. 228A(5) … 381 ss 254–255 … 7 s. 229 … 383 s. 256 … 7 s. 229(1) … 382 ss 259–265 … 7 s. 229(2) … 382 s. 295(1) … 13 s. 229(2A) … 382 s. 296(2) … 13 s. 229(3) … 383 s. 297 … 15 s. 229(4) … 383 s. 298 … 349 s. 230(l) … 383 Sch. A1 … 358, 359, 364 s. 230(2) … 383 Part I … 360 s. 230(4)(a) … 383 para. 3 … 358 s. 230(4)(b) … 384 para. 4 … 359 ss 231 –231A … 384 para. 6 … 358 s. 231 … 384 para. 7 … 15, 359 s. 231A … 384 para. 8 … 359 s. 231B … 380, 384 para. 10(6) … 359 s. 232A … 382 para. 10(7) … 359 s. 232B … 382 paras 11(1)–(2) … 360 s. 233 … 384 paras 12(1)–(4) … 360 s. 234A … 385 paras 12(5) … 360 s. 234A(1) … 384 paras 13–15 … 360 ss 234A(3)–(3C) … 385 para. 13(5) … 358 s. 234A(3)(b) … 385 para. 14(5) … 360 s. 234A(5A) … 385 paras 18–19F … 359, 360 s. 234A(6) … 385 para. 18(2) … 361 s. 234A(7) … 385 paras 18(3)–(7) … 361 s. 234A(7A) … 385 para. 18A … 361 s. 234A(7B) … 385 para. 19(2) … 361 s. 235 … 379 para. 19(4) … 361 s. 235A … 379, 385 para. 19A(2) … 361 s. 236 … 387 para. 19A(4) … 361 s. 237 … 378 paras 19B(2)–(3) … 361 s. 237(1) … 389 paras 20–29 … 361 s. 237(1A) … 389 para. 22(4) … 362 s. 237(2) … 389 para. 25 … 362 s. 238(1) … 390 para. 26 … 362 s. 238(2)(b) … 390 para. 27 … 363 s. 238(3) … 389 para. 27A … 362 s. 238(4) … 390 para. 29 … 359 s. 238A(2) … 114 paras 30–32 … 363 ss 238A(4)–(5) … 390 para. 35 … 359 s. 238A(6) … 391 para. 37 … 359 ss 238A(7A)–(7C) … 390 para. 40 … 363 s. 238B … 391 para. 121 … 363 xxvi | Table of statutes

Part II … 363 para. 157 … 364 Part III … 363 para. 159 … 364 Parts IV–VI … 359 para. 160 … 364 Part IV … 359 para. 161 … 364 para. 121 … 363 para. 162 … 364 Part VIII … 364 Trade Union Reform and Employment para. 156(2) … 364 Rights Act 1993 … 336 para. 156(3) … 364 ss 23–25 … 275 para. 156(5) … 364 Wages Act 1986 … 5 para. 156(6) … 364 Work and Families Act 2006 … 293 Table of cases

AB v CD [2001] IRLR 808 … 323 Adeneler v EUinikos Organismos Galaktos, ACAS v United Kingdom Association of Case C-21/204 [2006] IRLR 716 … 46 Professional Engineers [1980] IRLR 124 Adeshina v St George’ University Hospitals HL … 358 Trust [2015] IRLR 704 … 131 ASLEF v Brady [2006] IRLR 76 … 115 Adesokan v Sainsbury’s Supermarkets Ltd ASLEF v UK [2007] IRLR 361 [2017] IRLR 346 … 96 ECHR … 336 Adlam v Salisbury and Wells Theological ASTMS v Parkin [1983] IRLR 448 … 343 College [1985] ICR 786 … 348 A Links & Co Ltd v Rose [1991] IRLR Adlington v British Bakeries [1989] IRLR 353 … 119 218 CA … 255 Abercrombie v Aga Rangemaster Ltd [2013] Advisory Conciliation and Arbitration Service IRLR 953 … 262 (ACAS) v Public and Commercial Services Abertawe University Health Board v Union (PCS) [2018] IRLR 1110 … 305 Ferguson (2014) IRLR 14 … 82 Aegon UK Corp Services Ltd v Roberts Abbey Life Assurance Co Ltd v Tansell [2009] IRLR 1042 … 140 [2000] IRLR 387 CA … 15, 200 Agarwal v Cardiff University [2019] IRLR Abbey National plc v Formoso [1999] IRLR 657 … 259 222 … 282 Ahmad v ILEA [1977] ICR 490 CA … 219 Abdel-Khalek v Ali [2016] IRLR 358 … 75 Ainsworth v Commissioners of Inland Abdoulaye v Régie Nationale des Usines Revenue see HM Revenue & Customs v Renault SA, Case C-218/98 [1998] IRLR Stringer 811 CJEU … 291 Ainsworth v Glass Tubes and Components Abels v The Administrative Board of the Ltd [1977] IRLR 74 … 184 Bedrijfsvereniging voor de Metaal Industrie Airbus Ltd v Webb [2008] IRLR en de Electrotechnische Industrie, Case 309 … 117 135/83 [1987] 2 CMLR 406 … 326 Airlie v City of Edinburgh District Council Abernethy v Mott, Hay & Anderson [1974] [1996] IRLR 516 … 85, 355 IRLR 213 … 115 Ajayi v Abu [2018] IRLR 1028 … 270 Abrahall v Nottingham City Council [2018] Akavan Erityisalojen Keskusliitto AEK RY v IRLR 628 … 85 Fujitsu Siemens, Case C-44/08 [2009] Abrahams v Performing Rights Society IRLR 944 … 310 [1995] IRLR 486 CA … 100 Akinosun v Certification Officer [2013] IRLR Abrahamsson and Anderson v Fogelqvist, 937 … 332 Case 407/98 [2000] IRLR 732 Al Jumard v Clwyd Leisure Ltd [2008] IRLR CJEU … 178 345 … 158 Adams v Hackney LBC [2003] IRLR Alabaster v Woolwich plc and Secretary of 402 … 349 State for Social Security [2000] IRLR Adamson v B & L Cleaning Services Ltd 754 … 280 [1995] IRLR 193 … 77, 122 Albion Automotove Ltd v Walker [2002] All Addis v Gramophone Company Ltd [1909] ER (D) 170 (Jun) … 354 AC 488 HL … 68, 99 Albron Catering BV v FNV Bondgenoten Addison v Ashby [2003] IRLR 211 … 235 [2011] IRLR 76 … 324 xxviii | Table of cases

Alcan Extrusions v Yates [1996] IRLR Aspden v Webb Poultry & Meat Group 327 … 106 (Holdings) Ltd [1996] IRLR 521 … 66 Alemo-Herron v Parkwood Leisure Ltd Case Asociacion Nacional de Grandes Empresas C-426/11 [2013] ICR 1116 … 325 de Distribucion (ANGED) v Federacion Alexander v Standard Telephones & Cables de Asociaciones Sindicales (FASGA) Case Ltd [1991] IRLR 286 … 83, 95, 354 C-78/11 [2012] IRLR 779 … 243 Ali v Christian Salvesen Food Services Ltd Associated British Ports v TGWU [1989] [1997] IRLR 17 CA … 59, 65, 356 IRLR 399 HL … 373, 388 Ali v Petroleum Company of Trinidad and Association of HSD (Hatfield) Employees Tobago [2017] IRLR 432 … 65 v Certification Officer [1977] IRLR Allders International Ltd v Parkins [1981] 261 … 333 IRLR 68 … 91, 97 Athinaiki v Chartopoiia AE v Panagiotidis, Allen v National Australia Group Ltd [2004] Case C-270/05 [2007] IRLR 286 … 311 IRLR 847 … 44 Atkins v Coyle Personnel plc [2008] IRLR Allma Construction Ltd v Bonner [2011] 420 … 293 IRLR 204 … 134 Atkinson v Community Gateway Association Alonso (Del Cerro) v Osakidetza-Servicio [2014] IRLR 834 … 106 Vasco de Salud, Case C-307/05 [2007] Autoclenz Ltd v Belcher [2011] IRLR 820 IRLR 911 … 46 SC … 11, 26 American Cyanamid Co v Ethicon Ltd [1975] B v A [2010] IRLR 400 … 224 AC 396 HL … 388 BALPA v Jet2.com [2017] IRLR 233 … 358 Amicus v Macmillan Publishers Ltd [2007] BMK Ltd and BMK Holdings Ltd v Logue IRLR 378 … 306 [1993] IRLR 477 … 109 Anderson v Pringle of Scotland Ltd [1998] BS v Dundee City Council [2014] IRLR IRLR 64 … 98, 356 131 … 118 Angestelltenbetriebsrat der Wiener BSC Sports & Social Club v Morgan [1987] Gebietskrankenkasse v Wiener IRLR 391 … 97 Gebietskrankenkasse, Case C- 309/97 BT Managed Services Ltd v Edwards [2015] [1999] IRLR 804 CJEU … 185 IRLR 994 … 323 Annandale Engineering v Samson [1994] Babula v Waltham Forest College [2007] IRLR 59 … 103 IRLR 346 … 81 Anyanwu and Ebuzoeme v South Bank Badeck, Application by, Case 158/97 [2000] Students Union and South Bank University IRLR 432 CJEU … 178 [2001] IRLR 305 Bahl v The Law Society [2004] IRLR HL … 176 799 … 158 Aparau v Iceland Frozen Foods plc [1996] Baker v Abellio Ltd [2018] IRLR IRLR 119 EAT; [2000] IRLR 196 186. … 125 CA … 62, 85, 108 Baker v Kaye [1997] IRLR 219 … 73 Arch Initiatives v Greater Manchester West Bakers’ Union v Clarks of Hove Ltd [1978] Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust IRLR 366 CA … 314 [2016] IRLR 406 … 322 Balamoody v UK Central Council for Nursing Archibald v Fife Council [2004] IRLR 651 [2002] IRLR 288 CA … 160 CA … 208 Balfour Beatty Engineering Services Ltd v Arie Botzen v Rotterdamsche Droogdok Unite the Union [2012] IRLR 452 … 382 Maatschappij BV, Case 186/83 [1986] 2 Balfron Trustees Ltd v Peterson [2001] IRLR CMLR 50 CJEU … 323 758 … 18 Arnold Clark Automobiles Ltd v Spoor Balkayav. Kiesel Abbruch- und Recycling [2017] IRLR 500 … 127 Technik GmbH [2015] IRLR 771 … 312 Asda Stores Ltd v Brierley [2019] IRLR Banaszczyk v Booker [2016] IRLR 335 … 185 273 … 203 Ashley v Ministry of Defence [1984] IRLR Bank of Credit and Commerce International 57 … 255 v Ali [2001] IRLR 292 HL … 67 Table of cases | xxix

Bank of Credit and Commerce International Binfield Schoolv Roll [2016] IRLR v Ali (No 3) [2002] IRLR 460 CA … 67 670 … 267 Barber v Guardian Royal Exchange Assurance Birch and Humber v The University of Group, Case C-262/88 [1990] ECR Liverpool [1985] IRLR 165 CA … I-1889 CJEU … 182 92, 144 Barber v RJB Mining (UK) Ltd [1999] IRLR Blackman v The Post Office [1974] IRLR 46 308 … 60, 236 NIRC … 119 Barber v Somerset County Council [2004] Blackpool and Fylde College v NATFHE IRLR 475 … 73 [1994] IRLR 227 … 380, 385 Barclay v City of Glasgow District Council Bliss v South East Thames Regional Health [1983] IRLR 313 … 92 Authority [1985] IRLR 308 CA … 67, 99 Barratt Developments (Bradford) Ltd v Bloomfieldv Springfield Hosiery Finishing UCATT [1977] IRLR 403 … 311 Co Ltd [1972] ICR 91 … 33 Barrets & Baird (Wholesale) Ltd v IPCS Blue Chip Ltd v Helebawi [2009] IRLR [1987] IRLR 3 … 373 128 … 104 Barry Print v (1) The Showmen’s Guild of Blue Circle Staff Association v The Certification Great Britain; (2) Bob Wilson & Sons Officer [1977] IRLR 20 … 333 (Leisure) Ltd (unreported) QBD 27 Boardman v Nugent Care Society [2013] October 1999 … 13 ICR 927 … 129 Bartholomew v London Borough of Hackney Bolton School v Evans [2007] IRLR IRLR 246 CA … 74 140 … 82 Bartholomews Ltd v Thornton [2016] IRLR Bolwell v (1) Redcliffe Homes Ltd; (2) 432 … 79 O’Connor [1999] IRLR 485 CA … 57 Bass Taverns v Burgess [1995] IRLR Bonsor v Musicians Union [1956] AC 596 … 350 104 … 334 Batchelor v British Railways Board [1987] Booth v United States of America [1999] IRLR 136 CA … 109 IRLR 16 … 33, 44 Bateman v ASM Stores [2010] IRLR Borders Regional Council v Maule [1993] 370 … 86 IRLR 199 … 248 Bates Van Winkelhof v Clyde & Co. LLP Boyle v Equal Opportunities Commission, Case [2014] IRLR 641 … 13, 181 411/96 [1998] IRLR 717 CJEU … 277 Beal v Beecham Group Ltd [1982] IRLR 192 Boyo v London Borough of Lambeth [1995] CA … 255 IRLR 50 CA … 95 Beatt v Croydon Health Services NHS Trust Boys and Girls Welfare Society v McDonald [2017] IRLR 748 … 82 IRLR 129 … 127 Beaumont v Amicus [2007] ICR 341 … 339 Bradford NHS Trust v Al-Shahib [2003] Bellman v Northampton Recruitment Ltd IRLR 4 … 212 [2019] IRLR 66 … 19 Bradley v NALGO [1991] IRLR 159 … 339 Beloff v Pressdram Ltd [1973] 1 All ER Brandeaux Advisers Ltd v Chadwick [2011] 241 … 22 IRLR 224 … 81 Benton v Sanderson Kayser Ltd [1989] IRLR Brassington v Cauldon Wholesale Ltd [1977] 19 CA … 147 IRLR 479 … 349 Bent’s Brewery Co Ltd v Luke Hogan [1945] Breach v Epsylon Industries Ltd [1976] 2 All ER 570 … 375 IRLR 180 … 71 Berwick Salmon Fisheries Co Ltd v Briscoe v Lubrizol Ltd [2002] IRLR Rutherford IRLR 203 … 32 607 … 66 Beveridge v KLM UK Ltd [2000] IRLR British Airways (Engine Overhaul) Ltd v 765 … 70 Francis [1981] ICR 278, [1981] IRLR Bigham and Keogh v GKN Quickform Ltd 9 … 348 IRLR 4 … 390 British Airways (European Operations at Bilka-Kaufhaus v Weber von Harz, Case Gatwick) Ltd v Moore and Botterill [2000] 170/84 IRLR 317 CJEU … 40, 189 IRLR 296 … 214, 279 xxx | Table of cases

British Airways plc v Unite the Union [2010] Brunnhofer v Bank der Österreichischen IRLR 809 … 384 Postsparkasse AG, Case 381/99 [2001] British Airways plc v Valencia [2016] IRLR IRLR 571 CJEU … 183 633 … 137 Buchan v Secretary of State for Employment British Airways plc v Williams [2011] IRLR IRLR 80 … 14 948; [2012] IRLR 1014 … 241, 242 Buchanan-Smith v Schleicher & Co British Broadcasting Corporation v DA Hearn International Ltd [1996] IRLR 547 … 324 [1977] IRLR 273 … 375 Buckland v Bournemouth University Higher British Coal Corporation v Cheesebrough Education Corporation [2010] IRLR 445 [1990] IRLR 148 HL … 261 CA … 106 British Fuels v Baxendale see Wilson v St Bull Information Systems Ltd v Stedman Helens Borough Council [1999] IRLR 299 … 69 British Home Stores Ltd v Burchell [1978] Bullimore v Pothecary Witham Weld (No 2) IRLR 379 … 120, 128 [2011] IRLR 18 … 168 British Leyland (UK) Ltd v Swift [1981] Burlo v Langley [2007] IRLR 145 … 96 IRLR 91 CA … 120, 128 Burns v Santander UK plc [2011] IRLR British Motor Trade Association v Salvadori 639 … 258 [1949] Ch 556 … 369 Burrett v West Birmingham Health Authority British Nursing Association v Inland Revenue IRLR 7 … 226 [2002] IRLR 480 CA … 266 Byrne v City of Birmingham District Council British Railways Board v Jackson [1994] IRLR 191 CA … 32 IRLR 235 CA … 120 Byrne Brothers (Formwork) Ltd v Baird British Railways Board v NURMTW [1989] [2002] IRLR 96 … 16, 25 IRLR 349 CA … 382 CPS Recruitment Ltd v Bowen [1982] IRLR British Sugar plc v Kirker [1998] IRLR 54 … 146 624 … 200 Cable & Wireless plc v Muscat [2006] IRLR British Telecom v CWU [2004] IRLR 355 … 50 58 … 380 Cadman v Health and Safety Executive, Case British Telecom plc v Reid [2004] IRLR C-17/05 [2006] IRLR 969 CJEU … 189 327 … 181 Cadoux v Central Regional Council [1986] British Telecommunications v Roberts and IRLR 131 … 355 Longstaffe [1996] IRLR 601 … 285 Caisse Nationale d’Assurance Vieillesse British Telecommunications plc v Williams des Travailleurs Salariés v Thibault, IRLR 668 … 166 Case C-136/95 [1998] IRLR 399 Britool Ltd v Roberts [1993] IRLR CJEU … 213, 280 481 … 141 Cambridge & District Co-operative Society Broaders v Kalkare Property Maintenance Ltd Ltd v Ruse [1993] IRLR 156 … 147 [1990] IRLR 421 … 102 Camelot Group plc v Centaur Bromley v H & J Quick Ltd [1988] IRLR Communications Ltd [1998] IRLR 80 249 CA … 187 CA … 81 Brooks v Olyslager Oms (UK) Ltd [1998] Canadian Pacific Railway Cov Lockhart IRLR 590 CA … 81 [1942] AC 591 PC … 18 Brown v AUEW [1976] ICR 147 … 341 Canniffe v East Riding of Yorkshire Council Brown v JBD Engineering Ltd [1993] IRLR IRLR 555 … 175 568 … 106 Caparo Industries plc v Dickman [1990] 2 Brown v LB of Croydon [2007] IRLR AC 605 HL … 74 259 … 174 Capek v Lincolnshire County Council [2000] Brown v Rentokil Ltd, Case C-394/96 IRLR 590 … 101 [1998] IRLR 445 CJEU … 213, Capita Hartshead Ltd v Byard [2012] IRLR 273, 284 814 … 123 Bruce v Wiggins Teape (Stationery) Ltd Capita Health Solutions Ltd v McLean [1994] IRLR 536 … 260 [2008] IRLR 597 … 324 Table of cases | xxxi

Capital plc v Darch [2017] IRLR 718 … 77 Church v West Lancashire NHS Trust (No 2) Carl v University of Sheffield [2009] IRLR IRLR 492 … 146 616 … 41, 43 Civil Service Union v CAC [1980] IRLR Carlson v Post Office [1981] IRLR 253 … 367 158 … 348 CJD v Royal Bank of Scotland [2014] IRLR Carmichael v National Power plc [2000] 25 … 121 IRLR 43 HL; reversing [1998] IRLR 301 Clancy v Cannock Chase Technical College CA … 24, 26 [2001] IRLR 331 … 138 Carrington v Harwich Dock Co Ltd [1998] Clark v BET plc [1997] IRLR 348 … 94 IRLR 567 … 31 Clark v Clark Construction Ltd [2008] IRLR Cassidy v Ministry of Health [1951] 2 KB 364 … 15 343 CA … 21 Clark v Oxfordshire Health Authority [1998] Catamaran Cruisers Ltd v Williams [1994] IRLR 125 CA … 24 IRLR 386 … 86, 126 Clark Ltd v Spoor [2017] IRLR 500 … 122 Catherine Haigh Harlequin Hair Design v Clarke v Redcar Borough Council [2006] Seed [1990] IRLR 175 … 112 IRLR 324 … 134 Caulfieldv Marshalls Products [2004] IRLR Cleeve Ltd v Bryla [2014] IRLR 86 … 258 564 … 242 Cleveland County Council v Springett [1985] Centrum voor Gelijkheid van Kansen en voor IRLR 131 … 357 Racismebestrijding v Firma Feryn NV, Case Clifford v Union of Democratic Mineworkers C-54/07 [2008] IRLR 732 … 156, 170 IRLR 518 CA … 21, 58 Cerberus Software Ltd v Rowley [2001] Clyde & Co LLP v Bates Van Winkelhof IRLR 160 CA … 96, 99 [2011] IRLR 467 … 13, 181 Certification Officerv Squibb UK Staff Cobley v Forward Technology [2003] IRLR Association [1979] IRLR 75 CA … 333 706 … 126 Chapman v Letherby & Christopher Ltd Coleman v Attridge Law, Case C-303/06 [1981] IRLR 440 … 110 [2008] IRLR 722 … 159 Cheall v APEX [1983] IRLR 215 HL … 336 Coleman v Post Office Engineering Union Chessington World of Adventures Ltd v Reed [1981] IRLR 427 … 344 IRLR 556 … 211 Coleman v Sky Oceanic Ltd [1981] IRLR Chesterton Global Limited v Nurmohammed 398 CA … 212 (2017) IRLR 837 … 81 Colen v Cebrian Ltd [2004] IRLR 210 … 102 Chief Constable of Dumfries and Galloway Colino Sigüenza v Ayuntamiento de Constabulary v Adams [2009] IRLR Valladolid [2018] IRLR 1056 … 322 612 … 203 Collier v Sunday Referee Publishing Co Ltd Chief Constable of the Bedfordshire [1940] 2 KB 647 … 71 Constabulary v Graham [2002] IRLR Commission v France, Case 312/86 [1998] 239 … 212 ECR 6315 CJEU … 178 Chief Constable of the Lincolnshire Police v Commission v United Kingdom, Case Stubbs [1999] IRLR 81 … 174 165/82 [1984] IRLR 29 CJEU … 163 Chief Constable of South Yorkshire Police v Commission v United Kingdom Case 382/92 Jelic [2010] IRLR 744 … 208 [1994] IRLR 392 CJEU … 301 Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police v Commission v United Kingdom Case 383/92 Khan [2001] IRLR 830 HL … 167 [1994] IRLR 412 CJEU … 301, 312 Child Support Agency v Truman [2009] Commotion Ltd v Rutty [2006] IRLR IRLR 277 … 206 171 … 286 Chiltern House Ltd v Chambers [1990] Community Dental Centre v Sultan Damon IRLR 88 … 259 [2011] IRLR 124 … 16 Chilton v HM Prison Service (No 1) Compass Group v Morgan [2016] IRLR (unreported) EAT 23 July 1999 … 103 924 … 134 Christou v Haringey LBC [2013] IRLR Conlin v United Distillers [1994] IRLR 169 379 … 127 CA … 120 xxxii | Table of cases

Connex South Eastern Ltd v NURMTW Dacas v Brook Street Bureau (UK) Ltd [1999] IRLR 249 CA … 382 [2004] IRLR 358 … 50, 57 Connolly v Western Health Social Care Trust Dance v Dorothy Perkins Ltd [1978] ICR [2018] IRLR 239 … 127 760 EAT … 186 Consistent Group Ltd v Kalwak [2007] IRLR Darnton v Bournemouth University [2010] 560; IRLR 505 CA … 25 IRLR 294; [2009] IRLR 4 … 305, 307 Converform (Darwen) Ltd v Bell [1981] Davies Contractors Ltd v Fareham Urban IRLR 195 … 90 District Council [1956] AC 696 Conway v Wade [1909] AC 506 HL … 375 HL … 89 Coote v Granada Hospitality Ltd (No 2), Davies v MJ Wyatt (Decorators) Ltd [2000] Case C-185/97 [1999] IRLR IRLR 759 … 242 452 … 167 Davies v Neath Port Talbot Borough Council Coppage v Safety Net Security Ltd [2013] IRLR 769 … 256 IRLR 970 … 78 Dawkins v Department of the Environment Corner v Buckinghamshire County Council sub nom Crown Suppliers PSA [1993] [1978] IRLR 320 … 248 IRLR 284 CA … 218 Corps of Commissionaires Management Ltd v Day v Health Education England [2017] Hughes [2009] IRLR 122 … 241, 244 IRLR 623 … 82 Corr v IBC Ltd [2008] ICR 372 … 73 Day v SOGAT 1982 [1986] ICR 640 … 337 Costain Building & Civil Engineering Ltd v Day v T Pickles Farms Ltd [1999] IRLR Smith [2000] ICR 215 … 17 217 … 278 Cotswold Developments Construction Ltd v DC Thomson & Co v Deakin [1952] 2 All Williams [2006] IRLR 181 … 25 ER 361 CA … 369, 370 Council of the City of Newcastle upon Tyne v De Brito v Standard Chartered Bank [1978] Allan [2005] IRLR 504 … 190 ICR 650 … 185 Courtaulds Northern Spinning Ltd v Sibson Deadman v Bristol City Council [2007] IRLR 276 CA … 65 IRLR 888 … 64 Cox v Ministry of Justice [2016] IRLR Deeley v British Rail Engineering Ltd [1980] 370 … 19 IRLR 147 … 62 Cox v Sun Alliance Life Ltd [2001] IRLR Dekker v Stichting Vormingscentrum voor 448 CA … 75 Jonge Volwassen, Case C-177/88 [1991] Crawford v Network Rail Ltd [2019] IRLR IRLR 27 CJEU … 213, 273 538 … 244 Delaney v Staples t/a De Montfort Crawford v Suffolk Mental Health Recruitment [1992] IRLR 191 Partnership NHS Trust [2012] IRLR HL … 260 402 … 131 Dench v Flynn & Partners [1998] IRLR Cresswell v Board of the Inland Revenue 653 … 140 [1984] IRLR 190 … 75 Denco Ltd v Joinson [1991] IRLR 63 … 97 Crofter Hand Woven Harris Tweed Co Ltd v Denmir v Turkey [2009] IRLR 766 … 331 Veitch [1942] 1 All ER 142 HL … 372 Department of Employment and Learning v Crosville Wales Ltd v Tracey [1993] IRLR Morgan [2016] IRLR 350 … 14 60 … 390 Department of Work and Pensions v Webley Crowson Fabrics Ltd v Rider [2008] IRLR [2005] IRLR 288 … 45 288 … 81 Depledge v Pye Telecommunications Ltd Cumbria County Council v Dow (No 2) [1981] ICR 82 … 255 [2008] IRLR 109 … 86 Derby Specialist Fabrication Ltd v Burton Curling v Securicor Ltd [1992] IRLR [2001] IRLR 69 … 180 548 … 147 Devonshire v Trico-Folberth [1989] IRLR Curr v Marks and Spencer plc [2003] IRLR 396 … 119, 120, 139 74 … 33 Dickins v O2 plc [2009] IRLR 58 … 73 Da Rosa v Arzim Sol [2018] IRLR Diego Porras v Ministerio De Defensa [2016] 470 … 241 IRLR 964 … 46 Table of cases | xxxiii

Dietman v London Borough of Brent [1988] Dynamex Friction Ltd v AMICUS [2008] IRLR CA … 96, 98 IRLR 515 … 114 Dimbleby & Sons Ltd v NUJ [1984] IRLR EDF Energy Powerlink Ltd v National Union 161 HL … 388 of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers Dimskal Shipping Co v ITWF [1992] IRLR [2010] IRLR … 114 … 379 78 HL … 373 E Green & Sons Ltd v ASTMS [1984] IRLR Dines v Initial Health Care Services and Pall 134 … 312, 315 Mall Services Group Ltd [1994] IRLR 336 E Ivor Hughes Educational Foundation v CA … 321 Morris [2015] IRLR 696 … 314 Doble v Firestone Tyre Company [1981] E Worsley & Co Ltd v Cooper [1939] 1 All IRLR 300 … 105 ER 290 … 80 Donnelly v Kelvin International Services Eagland v British Telecommunications plc [1992] IRLR 496 … 32 [1992] IRLR 323 CA … 64 Dorma UK Ltd v Bateman [2016] IRLR East of England Ambulance Service NHS 616 … 77 Trust v Flowers [2019] EWCA Civ Douglas v Graphical, Paper and Media Union 947 … 242 IRLR 426 … 341 East Lindsey District Council v GE Daubney Drage v Governors of Greenford High School [1977] IRLR 181 … 118, 119 [2000] IRLR 315 CA … 110 Eastern and Costal Kent Primary Care Trust v Drake v Ipsos Mori UK Ltd [2012] IRLR Grant [2009] IRLR 429 … 207 973 … 23 Eastwood v Magnox Electric plc [2004] Drake v Morgan [1978] ICR 56 … 387 IRLR 733 HL … 68 Driver v Cleveland Structural Engineering Co Eaton v Nuttall [1977] IRLR 71 … 185 Ltd [1994] IRLR 636 … 350 Ecclestone v National Union of Journalists Dryden v Greater Glasgow Health Board [1999] IRLR 166 … 340 [1992] IRLR 469 … 73, 108 Eclipse Blinds Ltd v Wright [1992] IRLR Dryden v Johnson Matthey [2018] IRLR 133 … 118 963 … 73 Edinburgh Council v Brown [1999] IRLR Dubai Aluminium v Salaam [2003] IRLR 208 … 353 608 … 19 Edmunds v Lawson QC [2000] IRLR 391 Duffy v Yeomans & Partners Ltd [1994] CA … 28 IRLR 642 CA … 127 Edwards v ENCIRC Ltd [2015] IRLR Duke v Reliance Systems Ltd [1982] IRLR 528 … 235 347 … 83, 354 Edwards v Chesterfield Royal Hospital NHS Dumfries and Galloway Council v North Foundation Trust [2012] IRLR 129 … 99 [2009] IRLR 915 … 184 Edwards v SOGAT [1971] Ch 354 … 336 Duncan Web Offset (Maidstone) Ltd v Efobi v Royal Mail Group Ltd [2019] IRLR Cooper IRLR 633 … 323 35 … 173 Duncombe v Secretary of State for Children, Egg Stores (Stamford Hill) v Leibovici Schools and Families [2011] IRLR 498 SC; [1976] IRLR 376 … 90 [2010] IRLR 331 CA … 46 Eiger Securities LLP v Korshunova [2017] Dunn v AAH Ltd [2010] IRLR 709 … 97 IRLR 115 … 81 Dunn v Institute of Cemetery and Ekpe v Commissioner of Police [2001] IRLR Crematorium Management [2012] All ER 605 … 203 (D) 173 (Feb) Elkouil v Coney Island Ltd [2002] IRLR EAT … 212 174 … 125 Dunn v Secretary of State for Justice [2019] Elliot v Richard Stump Ltd [1987] IRLR IRLR 298 … 160 215 … 147 Dunnachie v Kingston upon Hull Elsevier Ltd v Munro [2014] IRLR City Council [2004] IRLR 727 … 766 … 108 142, 143 Ely v YKK Fasteners [1993] IRLR 500 Dutton v Jones [2013] ICR 559 … 148 CA … 91 xxxiv | Table of cases

Enfield Technical Services v Payne [2008] Falkirk City Council v White [1997] IRLR IRLR 500 CA; affirming [2007] IRLR 840 560 … 162 EAT … 104 Farnan v Sunderland F.C. [2016] IRLR Engineers’ and Managers’ Association v 185 … 97 ACAS [1980] ICR 215 HL … 358 Farrant v Woodroffe School [1998] IRLR English v Thomas Sanderson Blinds Ltd 176 … 75, 85, 126 [2009] IRLR 206 … 228 Farrell Matthews and Weir v Hansen [2005] Enterprise Management Services Ltd v IRLR 160 … 258 Connect-up Ltd [2012] IRLR Faust v Power Packing Casemakers Ltd 190 … 323 [1983] IRLR 117 CA … 262 Esparon v Slavikovska [2014] IRLR Fecitt v NHS Manchester [2012] IRLR 64 598 … 266 CA … 82 Essa v Laing Ltd [2004] IRLR 313 … 181 Federacion de Servicios de Comisiones Esterman v NALGO [1974] ICR 625 … 337 Obreras v Deutsche Bank[2019] IRLR Euro-Diam Ltd v Bathurst [1988] 2 All ER 753 … 236, 243 23 CA … 102 Ferguson v Dawson & Partners [1976] 1 Eversheds Legal Services Ltd v De Belin WLR 1213 CA … 27 [2011] IRLR 448 … 226, 283 Ferguson v Prestwick Circuits Ltd [1992] Everson and Barrass v Secretary of State for IRLR 266 … 127 Trade and Industry and Bell Lines Ltd, Fidessa v Lancaster [2017] UKEAT Case 198/98 [2000] IRLR 202 0093_16_1601 … 42 CJEU … 317 Firma FerynNV see Centrum voor Gelijkheid Evesham v North Hertfordshire Health van Kansen en voor Racismebestrijding v Authority [2000] IRLR 257 … 183 Firma Feryn NV Eweida v British Airways plc [2010] IRLR First West Yorkshire Ltd v Haigh [2008] 322 … 221 IRLR 182 … 118 Eweida v United Kingdom [2013] IRLR Fitzpatrick v British Railways Board [1991] 231 … 164, 22125 223 IRLR 376 CA … 345, 350 Express and Echo Publications Ltd v Tanton Flack v Kodak Ltd [1986] IRLR 255 [1999] IRLR 367 CA … 25 CA … 32 Express & Star Ltd v NGA [1985] IRLR Fleming v Secretary of State for Trade 455 … 386, 387 and Industry [1997] IRLR 682 … Ezsias v North Glamorgan NHS Trust [2011] 14, 319 IRLR 550 … 125 Focus Care Agency Ltd v Roberts [2017] F & G Cleaners Ltd v Saddington [2012] IRLR 588 … 266 IRLR 892 … 140 Ford Motor Co Ltd v Amalgamated Union of FN v SDN [2006] IRLR 561 … 242 Engineering and Foundry Workers [1969] FSPSO v Tyco Security [2015] IRLR 2 QB 303 … 353 935 … 235 Ford v Warwickshire County Council [1983] FSS Travel and Leisure Systems Ltd v IRLR 126 HL … 32 Johnson [1998] IRLR 382 CA … 81 Foster v Cartwright Black [2004] IRLR FW Farnsworth Ltd v McCoid [1999] IRLR 781 … 250 626 CA … 347 Four Seasons Healthcare Ltd v Maughan Faccenda Chicken Ltd v Fowler [1986] IRLR [2005] IRLR 324 … 89 69 CA … 80 Franks v Reuters Ltd [2003] IRLR FAG OG ARBEJDE, acting on behalf of 423 … 22 Karsten Kaltoft v KOMMUNERNES Fraser v Southwest London St George’s LANDSFORENING, acting on behalf of Mental Health Trust [2012] IRLR the Municipality of Billund [2015] IRLR 100 … 69 146 … 193 French v Barclays Bank plc [1998] IRLR 646 Falconer v ASLEF and NUR [1986] IRLR CA … 68, 99 331 … 370 Frith Ltd v Law [2014] IRLR 510 … 140 Table of cases | xxxv

Fullarton Computer Industries Ltd v Central Gayle v Sandwell NHS Trust [2011] IRLR Arbitration Committee [2001] IRLR 810 … 347 752 … 362 Genc v Land Berlin [2010] IRLR 1108 Fuller v Lloyds Bank plc [1991] IRLR CJEU … 17 336 … 122 General of the Salvation Army v Dewsbury Fuss v Stadt Halle [2010] IRLR 1080 … 246 [1984] IRLR 222 … 30, 58 Fuss v Stadt Halle (No. 2) [2011] IRLR Gibb v Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells NHS 177 … 236 Trust [2010] IRLR 786 … 135 Fyfe v Scientific Furnishings Ltd [1989] Gibbons v Associated British Ports [1985] IRLR 331 … 140 IRLR 376 … 355 G4S Gas Solutions v Powell [2016] IRLR Gibson v East Riding of Yorkshire Council 820 … 208 [2000] IRLR 598 CA … 234 GC Allen v Amalgamated Construction Co Gilbank v Miles [2006] IRLR 538 … 176 Ltd, Case C-234/98 [2000] IRLR 119 Gilham v Kent County Council (No 1) CJEU … 15 [1985] IRLR 16 CA 107 … 111 GF Sharp & Co Ltd v McMillan [1998] Glasgow City Council v Marshall [2000] IRLR 632 … 96 IRLR 272 HL … 188 GISDA Cyf v Barrett [2010] IRLR 1073 Gloystarne & Co Ltd v Martin [2001] IRLR SC … 111 15 … 135 GMB v Corrigan [2008] ICR 197 … 340 Gogay v Hertfordshire County Council GMB v Man Truck & Bus UK Ltd [2000] [2000] IRLR 703 CA … 69 IRLR 636 … 84, 309 Gold v Essex County Council [1942] 2 KB GMB v Rankin and Harrison [1992] IRLR 293 … 21 514 … 314, 327 Goodwin v Patent Office [1999] IRLR GW Stephens & Son v Fish [1989] ICR 4 … 201, 203 324 … 32 Goold (WA) (Pearmak) Ltd v McConnell GWK Ltd v Dunlop Rubber Co Ltd (1926) [1995] IRLR 516 … 63 42 TLR 376 … 370 Government Communications Staff Gair v Bevan Harris Ltd [1983] IRLR Federation v Certification Officer [1993] 368 … 117 IRLR 260 … 333 Gallagher v Alpha Catering Services Ltd Grainger plc v Nicholson [2010] IRLR [2005] IRLR 102 … 240 4 … 221 Gallagher v Department of Transport [1994] Grange v Abellio Ltd [2017] IRLR IRLR 231 CA … 347 108 … 240 Gan Menachem Hendon Ltd v de Groen Grant v HM Land Registry [2012] IRLR [2019] IRLR 410 … 222 748 … 228 Garamukanwa v Solent NHS Trust [2016] Gray v Mulberry Company IRLR 476 … 127 (Design) Ltd [2018] IRLR 893… 221 Gardner Ltd v Beresford [1978] IRLR Gray Dunn & Co v Edwards [1980] IRLR 63 … 108 23 … 130, 355 Garland v British Rail Engineering Ltd, Case Green v Broxtowe District Council [1977] 12/81 [1982] IRLR 111 CJEU … 182 ICR 241 … 187 Garratt v Mirror Group Newspapers Ltd Greenaway Harrison Ltd v Wiles [1994] [2011] IRLR 591 … 66, 354 IRLR 380 … 106 Garside and Laycock v Booth [2011] IRLR Greenhof v Barnsley Metropolitan Borough 735 … 126 Council [2006] IRLR 99 … 209 Gascol Conversions v JW Mercer [1974] Greenwood v British Airways plc [1999] IRLR 155 CA … 56, 355 IRLR 600 … 201 Gate Gourmet Ltd v TGWU [2005] IRLR Grewals Ltd v Koo Seen Li [2016] IRLR 881 … 385 638 … 106 Gaviero v Xunte de Galicia [2011] IRLR 504 Griffin v South West Water Services Ltd CJEU … 45 [1995] IRLR 15 … 309 xxxvi | Table of cases

Grootcon (UK) Ltd v Keld [1984] IRLR Harding v London Underground [2003] 302 … 119 IRLR 252 … 132 Group 4 Nightspeed Ltd v Gilbert [1997] Hardman v Mallon [2002] IRLR 516; IRLR 398 … 259 [2002] ICR 510 … 272 Grunwick Processing Laboratories Hare Wines Ltd v Kaur [2019] IRLR Ltd v ACAS [1978] 1 All ER 338 555 … 114 HL … 357, 358 Harlow v Artemis Ltd [2008] IRLR Gunton v London Borough of Richmond 629 … 85 upon Thames [1980] IRLR 321 Harper v Virgin Net Ltd [2004] IRLR CA … 94 390 … 64, 99 Gus Home Shopping Ltd v Green and Harrison v Kent County Council [1995] ICR McLaughlin [2001] IRLR 75 … 283 434 … 345 Gwynedd County Council v Jones [1986] Hart v RN Marshall & Sons (Bulwell) Ltd ICR 833 … 219 [1977] IRLR 50 … 90 HM Prison Service v Ibimidun [2008] IRLR Hartiebury Printers Ltd, Re [1992] ICR 940 … 167 704 … 310 HM Revenue & Customs v Stringer sub nom Hartlepool Borough Council v Dolphin Ainsworth v Commissioners of Inland [2009] IRLR 169 … 183 Revenue [2009] IRLR 677 HL … Hartley v King Edward VI College [2017] 246, 258 763 … 259 HSBC Bank plc v Madden see Midland Bank Harvard Securities plc v Younghusband plc v Madden; Post Office v Foley [1990] IRLR 17 … 112 Haddon v Van den Bergh Foods Ltd [1999] Hawkins v Atex Group Ltd [2012] IRLR IRLR 672 … 129 807 … 211 Hairsine v Kingston-upon-Hull City Council Hay v George Hanson (Building Contractors) [1992] IRLR 211 … 256 Ltd [1996] IRLR 427 … 324 Halawi v World Duty Free [2015] IRLR Heathmill Ltd v Jones [2003] IRLR 50 … 21 856 … 132 Hall v Woolston Hall Leisure Ltd [2000] Heatons Transport (St Helens) Ltd v IRLR 578 CA … 103 TGWU [1972] IRLR 25 HL … 334, Hall (HM Inspector of Taxes) v Lorimer 356, 386 [1994] IRLR 171 CA … 18, 23 Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v Heller & Partners Hallam v Cheltenham Borough Council Ltd [1964] AC 465 HL … 74 [2001] IRLR 312 HL … 176 Henderson v Connect Ltd [2010] IRLR Hamilton v Argyll and Clyde Health Board 466 … 126 [1993] IRLR 99 … 97 Hendricks v Commissioner of Police for the Hamilton v Futura Floors Ltd [1990] IRLR Metropolis [2003] IRLR 96 … 180 478… 84 Henry v London General Transport Services Hamlet v GMBATU [1986] IRLR Ltd [2002] IRLR 472 CA … 83, 354 293 … 338 Hertz see Handels og Kontorfunktionærernes Hancill v Marcon Engineering Ltd [1990] Forbund i Danmark (acting for Hertz) IRLR 51…34 Hewcastle Catering Ltd v Ahmed and Handels og Kontorfunktionærernes Forbund Elkamah [1991] IRLR 473 CA … 102 i Danmark (acting for Hertz) v Dansk Hewett v Motorola Ltd [2004] IRLR Arbejdsgiverforening (acting for Aldi 545 … 203 Marked A/S), Case C-179/88 [1991] Hewlett-Packard Ltd v O’Murphy [2002] IRLR 31 CJEU … 213, 272 IRLR 4 … 48 Handels og Kontorfunktionærernes Forbund Hibbins v Hesters Way Project [2009] IRLR i Danmark (acting for Høj Pedersen) 198 … 81 v Fællesforeningen for Danmarks High Table Ltd v Horst [1997] IRLR 513 Brugsforeninger (acting for Kvickly CA … 144 Skive), Case 66/96 [1999] IRLR 55 Hill v CA Parsons Ltd [1972] 1 Ch 305 CJEU … 249, 279 CA … 388 Table of cases | xxxvii

Hill v Governing Body of Great Tey Primary Hussain v Acorn Independent College Ltd School [2013] IRLR 274 … 139 [2011] IRLR 126 … 32 Hilton v Shiner Ltd [2001] IRLR Hussain v Elonex [1999] IRLR 727 … 69 420 … 122 Hilton International Hotels (UK) Ltd v Hussman Manufacturing Ltd v Weir [1998] Protopapa [1990] IRLR 316 … 108 IRLR 288 … 260 Hincks v Sense Network [2018] IRLR Hutchings v Coinseed Ltd [1998] IRLR 190 614 … 75 CA … 109 Hivac Ltd v Park Royal Scientific Instruments Hyland v JH Barker (North West) Ltd [1985] Ltd [1946] Ch 169 … 77 IRLR 403 … 31, 103 HM Chief Inspector of Education, Children’s INPS v Bruno [2010] IRLR 890 … 40 Services and Skills v Interim Executive Iceland Frozen Foods v Jones [1982] IRLR Board of Al-Hijrah School [2018] IRLR 439 … 128, 129 334 … 160 Ideal Casements Ltd v Shamsi [1972] ICR Holmes v Qinetic Ltd [2016] IRLR 408 … 357 664 … 130 Igbo v Johnson Matthey Chemicals Ltd Hogan v Minister for Social and Family [1986] IRLR 215 CA … 92 Affairs Case C-398/11 [2013] IRLR Igen Ltd v Wong [2005] IRLR 258 … 668 … 319 173, 225 Hogg v Dover College [1990] ICR Impact v Ministry for Agriculture and Food 39 … 105 [2008] IRLR 552 … 46 Hollister v National Farmers’ Union [1979] Industrials Ltd v Horizon Ltd [2010] IRLR IRLR 238 CA … 126 204 … 135 Homer v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Inland Revenue v Post Office Ltd [2003] Police [2012] IRLR 601 … 196 IRLR 199 … 16 Hone v Six Continents Ltd [2006] IRLR Institution of Professional and Civil Servants 49 … 73 v Secretary of State for Defence [1987] Hopkins v National Union of Seamen [1984] IRLR 373 … 327 ICR 268 … 332 Inter City West Coast v NURMTW [1996] Horgan v Minister for Education & Skills IRLR 583 … 381 [2019] IRLR 597 … 162 Intel Corporation v Daw [2007] IRLR 355 Horkulak v Cantor Fitzgerald [2003] IRLR CA … 73 756 … 69 International Computers Ltd v Kennedy Hospital Medical Group v Westwood [2012] [1981] IRLR 28 … 91 IRLR 834 … 16 International Consulting Services (UK) Ltd v Hough v Leyland DAF Ltd [1991] IRLR Hart [2000] IRLR 227 … 79 194 … 309 International Paint Co v Cameron [1979] Hounslow London Borough Council v IRLR 62… 123 Klusova [2008] ICR 396 … 125 Irani v Southampton and South West Howard v NGA [1985] ICR 101 … 337 Hampshire Health Authority [1985] IRLR Howitt Transport Ltd v TGWU [1973] IRLR 203 … 98 25 … 387 Ishaq v Royal Mail Group Ltd [2017] IRLR Howlett Marine Services Ltd v Bowlam 208 … 107 [2001] IRLR 201 … 316 Item Software Ltd v Fassihi [2004] IRLR Huet v Universite de Bretagne Occidentale 928 … 77 Case C-251/11 [2012] IRLR 703 … 46 Iwanuszezak v GMBATU [1988] IRLR 219 Hughes v Corp of Commissionaires CA … 335 Management Ltd (No 2) [2011] IRLR 915 JH Walker Ltd v Hussain [1996] IRLR CA … 241, 244 11 … 163 Hunter v McCarrick [2013] IRLR JT Stratford & Sons Ltd v Lindley [1965] AC 26 … 322 269 HL … 370, 272 Huntley v Thornton [1957] 1 WLR Jackson v Liverpool City Council [2011] 321 … 372, 373 IRLR 1009 CA … 75 xxxviii | Table of cases

Jacques v AUEW (Engineering Section) Kapfunde v Abbey National plc [1998] IRLR [1986] ICR 683 … 334 583 CA … 74 Jakowlew v Nestor Primecare Services Ltd Katsikas v Konstantidis, Case 132/91 [1993] (T/A Saga Care) [2015] IRLR 813 … 323 IRLR 179 CJEU … 324 James v Eastleigh Borough Council [1990] Kaur v Leeds Teaching Hospitals [2018] IRLR 288 HL … 159 IRLR 833 … 107 James v London Borough of Greenwich Kaur v MG Rover Ltd [2005] IRLR [2008] IRLR 302 CA … 51 40 … 355 James v Redcats (Brands) Ltd [2007] IRLR Keeley v Fosroc Ltd [2006] IRLR 296 … 16, 26 961 … 355 Jmstlldhetsombudsmannen v Örebro Lns Kenny v Hampshire Constabulary [1999] Landsting, Case 236/98 [2000] IRLR 421 IRLR 76 … 207 CJEU … 184 Kenny v South Manchester College [1993] Janciuk v Winerite Ltd [1998] IRLR IRLR 265 … 321 63 … 99 Kent County Council v Mingo [2000] IRLR Jeffery v British Council [2019] IRLR 90 … 118, 200 123 … 63, 101 Kent Free Press v NGA [1987] IRLR Jenkins v Kingsgate (Clothing Production) 267 … 388 Ltd, Case 96/80 [1981] IRLR 228 Kent Management Services Ltd v Butterfield CJEU … 189 [1992] IRLR 394 … 258 Jet2 Ltd v Denby [2018] IRLR 417 … Kerr v The Sweater Shop (Scotland) Ltd 345, 347 [1996] IRLR 424 … 258 Jiménez Melgar v Ayuntamiento De Los Key2Law (Surrey) LLP v De’Antiquis [2012] Barrios, Case 438/99 [2001] IRLR 848 IRLR 212 … 326 CJEU … 214 Khatri v Co-op Centrale [2010] IRLR John Brown Engineering Ltd v Brown 715 … 85 [1997] IRLR 90 … 123 Kidd v Axa Equity and Law Life Assurance John Lewis plc v Coyne [2001] IRLR Society plc [2000] IRLR 301 … 74 139 … 121 King v Eaton Ltd [1996] IRLR 199 Johnson v Unisys Ltd [2001] IRLR 279 CS … 124 HL … 67, 99 King v Eaton Ltd (No 2) [1998] IRLR Jones v Associated Tunnelling Co Ltd [1981] 686 … 123 IRLR 477 … 62, 65, 85 King v Great Britain-China Centre [1991] Jones v F Sirl & Son (Furnishers) Ltd [1997] IRLR 513 CA … 172 IRLR 493 EAT … 107 King v Scottish & Newcastle, IDS Brief 641, Jones v Mid-Glamorgan County Council 10 May 1999 … 236 [1997] IRLR 685 CA; [1997] ICR 815 King v University Court of the University of CA … 91 St Andrews [2002] IRLR 252 … 69 Jones v Tower Boot Co Ltd [1997] IRLR Kingston upon Hull City Council v 168 CA … 174 Dunnachie (No 3) [2003] IRLR Junk v Kühnel, Case C-188/03 [2005] IRLR 843 … 142, 143 310 CJEU … 311 Kirklees MBC v Radecki [2009] IRLR KHS AG v Schulte Case C-214/10 [2012] 555 … 109 IRLR 156 … 243 Knowles v Fire Brigades Union [1996] IRLR Kalanke v Freie Hansestadt Bremen, Case 617 CA … 338 450/93 [1995] IRLR 660 CJEU … 178 Kuzel v Roche Ltd [2008] IRLR Kampelmann v Landschaftsverband 530 … 82 WestfalenLippe, Joined Cases C-253/96 to Kwik-Fit (GB) Ltd v Lineham [1992] IRLR 258/96 [1998] IRLR 334 CJEU … 156 … 91 56, 61 Ladele v London Borough of Islington Kapadia v London Borough of Lambeth [2010] IRLR 211 … 223 [2000] IRLR 14 EAT; [2000] IRLR 699 Ladele and McFarlane v United Kingdom CA … 203 [2011] ECHR 737 … 223 Table of cases | xxxix

Laing v Manchester City Council [2006] List Design Ltd v Douglas & Catley [2003] IRLR 748 … 161 IRLR 14 … 259 Lancashire Fires Ltd v SA Lyons & Co Ltd Lister v Hesley Hall Ltd [2001] IRLR 472 [1997] IRLR 113 CA … 77, 80 HL … 18, 175 Lancaster & Duke Ltd v Wileman [2019] Litster v Forth Dry Dock and Engineering IRLR 112. … 104 Ltd [1989] IRLR 161 HL … 324 Lancaster University v University and College Lloyd v Brassey [1969] ITR 199 … 34 Union [2011] IRLR 4 … 313 Lloyd v Taylor Woodrow Construction Land Tirol case see Zentralbetriebsrat der [1999] IRLR 782 … 123 Landeskrankenhauser Tirols v Land Tirol Lock v British Gas (No.2) [2016] IRLR Landeshaupstadt Kiel v Jaeger [2003] IRLR 946 … 242 804 … 236 Lock v Cardiff Railway Co Ltd [1998] IRLR Lane v Shire Roofing Co (Oxford) Ltd 358 … 120 [1995] IRLR 493 CA … 19, 21, 27 Locke v Candy & Candy Ltd [2011] Langston v Cranfield University [1998] IRLR IRLR163 … 96 172 … 123 Logan Salton v Durham County Council Lanton Leisure Ltd v White and Gibson [1989] IRLR 99 … 93 [1987] IRLR 119 … 110 London Borough of Hackney v Adams see Laughton and Hawley v Bapp Industrial Adams v Hackney LBC Supplies Ltd [1986] IRLR 245 … 77, 122 London Borough of Hammersmith & Lavarack v Woods of Colchester Ltd [1967] 1 Fulham v Farnsworth [2000] IRLR QB 278 CA … 99 691 … 74 Law Hospital NHS Trust v Rush [2001] London Borough of Lewisham v Malcolm IRLR 611 … 203 [2008] IRLR 700 … 205 Laws v London Chronicle (Indicator London Borough of Newham v NALGO Newspapers) Ltd [1959] 2 All ER 285 [1993] IRLR 83 CA … 383 CA … 75, 97 London Borough of Southwark v O’Brien Lee v Ashers Baking Co Ltd [2018] IRLR [1996] IRLR 420 … 259 1116 … 223 London Borough of Waltham Forest v Lee v Chung and Shun Shing Construction & Omilaju [2005] IRLR 35 … 107 Engineering Co Ltd [1990] IRLR London City Airport Ltd v Chacko [2013] 236 … 23 IRLR 610 … 351 Lee v GEC Plessey Plessey London Underground v Associated Telecommunications [1993] IRLR Society of Locomotive Engineers 383 … 355 and firemen (ASLEF) [2012] IRLR Lee v Showmen’s Guild [1952] QB 196 … 381 329 … 338 London Underground v Edwards [1998] Lee v Lee’s Air Farming Ltd [1961] AC IRLR 364 CA … 162 12 … 14, 319 London Underground v NURMTW [1995] Legal and General Assurance Ltd v Kirk IRLR 636 CA … 382 [2002] IRLR 124 CA … 74 Lonhro plc v Fayed [1991] 3 All ER 303 Leighton v Michael [1995] ICR 1091 … 103 HL … 373 Leonard v Southern Derbyshire Chamber of Losinska v CPSA [1976] ICR 473 … 338 Commerce [2001] IRLR 19 … 204 Lotus Cars Ltd v Sutcliffe and Stratton Lewen v Denda, Case C-333/97 [2000] [1982] IRLR 381 CA … 261 IRLR 67 CJEU … 280 Lovie Ltd v Anderson [1999] IRLR LIDL v GMB [2017] EWCA 328 … 361 164 … 121 Lightfoot v D & J Sporting Ltd [1996] IRLR Loxley v BAE Systems (Munitions and 64 … 103 Ordnance) Ltd [2008] IRLR 853 … 197 Lincolnshire County Council v Lupton Luce v London Borough of Bexley [1990] [2016] IRLR 576 … 137 IRLR 422 … 256 Linfood Cash & Carry Ltd v Thomson Luke v Stoke City Council [2007] IRLR 305; [1989] IRLR 235 … 128 [2007] IRLR 777 CA … 75 xl | Table of cases

Lumley v Gye (1853) 2 E & B 216 … McPherson v Drumpark House [1997] IRLR 369, 370 277 … 279 Luxor (Eastbourne) Ltd v Cooper [1941] AC McPherson v Rathgael Centre for Children 108 … 65 and Young People [1991] IRLR 206 Lyddon v Englefield Ltd [2008] IRLR CA … 189 198 … 242 McWilliam v Glasgow City Council [2011] Lynock v Cereal Packaging [1988] IRLR IRLR 568 … 135 510 … 119 Madarassy v Nomura International plc [2007] Lyons v Mitie Security Ltd [2010] IRLR IRLR 246 … 174 288 … 243 Mahlberg v Land Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, MSF v GEC Ferranti (Defence Systems) Ltd Case C-207/98 [2000] IRLR 276 [1994] IRLR 113 … 313 CJEU … 213, 279 MSF v Refuge Assurance plc [2002] IRLR Mainstream Properties v Young [2007] IRLR 324 … 312 608 … 370 McAdie v Royal Bank of Scotland [2007] Makepeace v Evans Brothers (Reading) IRLR 895 CA … 118 [2001] ICR 241 CA … 19 Macari v Celtic and Athletic Football Club Malik v Bank of Credit and Commerce [1999] IRLR 787 … 70, 75 International SA (In Liquidation) sub nom McBride v Falkirk Football and Athletic Club Mahmud v Bank of Credit and Commerce [2012] IRLR 22 … 69 International SA (In Liquidation) [1997] McBride v Strathclyde Police [2016] IRLR IRLR 462 HL … 67 633 … 137 Mandla v Dowell Lee [1983] IRLR 209 McCartney v Overley House Management HL … 218, 220 [2006] IRLR 514 … 240 Mangold v Helm, Case C-144/04 [2006] McClelland v Northern Ireland Health IRLR 143 … 155, 197 Services Board [1957] 2 All ER 129 Manifold Industries v Sims [1991] IRLR HL … 95 242 … 389 McCormack v Hamilton Academical Football Mann v Secretary of State for Employment Club Ltd [2012] IRLR 108 … 97 [1999] IRLR 566 HL … 318 McCorry v McKeith [2017] IRLR Manor Bakeries v Nazir [1996] IRLR 253 … 174 604 … 256 McCree v London Borough of Tower Market Investigations Ltd v Minister of Social Hamlets [1992] IRLR 56 … 260 Security [1968] 3 All ER 732 … 21, 22, MacCulloch v ICI plc [2008] IRLR 23, 27 846 … 197 Marks & Spencer plc v Williams-Ryan [2005] MacFarlane v Glasgow City Council [2001] IRLR 562 … 133 IRLR 7 … 25 Marley Ltd v Anderson [1996] IRLR McGregor v GMBATU [1987] ICR 163 … 133 505 … 188 Marley Tiles Co Ltd v Shaw [1978] IRLR McKenzie v NUPE [1991] ICR 155 … 339 238 … 348 McKie v Swindon College [2011] IRLR Marschall v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen, 575 … 75 Case 409/95 [1998] IRLR 39 McLeod v Hellyer Brothers Ltd [1987] IRLR CJEU …177, 178 232 … 50 Marsh v National Autistic Society [1993] McMaster v Antrim Borough Council [2011] IRLR 453 … 99 IRLR 235 NICA … 110 Marshall v Industrial Cleaning Systems & McMaster v Manchester Airport [1998] IRLR Control Ltd [1992] IRLR 294 … 112 … 111 77, 122 McMeechan v Secretary of State for Martin v MBS Fastenings (Glynwed) Employment [1997] IRLR 353 CA … Distribution Ltd [1983] IRLR 198 50, 319 CA … 91 McMenemy v Capita Business Services Ltd Martin v Southern Health and Social Care [2007] IRLR 400 … 42 Trust [2010] IRLR 1048 … 241 Table of cases | xli

Martins v Marks & Spencer plc [1998] IRLR Middlebrook Mushrooms Ltd v TGWU 326 CA … 172, 175 [1993] IRLR 232 CA … 369, 370 Maruko v Versorgungsanstalt der Deutschen Middlesbrough Borough Council v Bühnen, Case C-267/06 [2008] IRLR TGWU [2002] IRLR 332 … 186, 405 … 155 313, 314 Masiak v City Restaurants (UK) Ltd [1999] Midland Bank plc v Madden [2000] IRLR IRLR 780 … 95 288 … 129 Massey v Crown Life Assurance [1978] 1 Miklaszewicz v Stolt Offshore Ltd [2002] WLR 676 CA … 27 IRLR 344 … 7982 Mathewson v RB Wilson Dental Laboratories Ministry of Defence v Armstrong [2004] Ltd [1988] IRLR 512 … 121 IRLR 672 … 188 Matthews v Kent Fire Authority [2006] IRLR Ministry of Defence v DeBique [2010] IRLR 367 … 41 471 … 225 Mattis v Pollock [2003] IRLR 603 … 19 Ministry of Justice v Burton [2016] IRLR Mattu v University Hospitals of Coventry and 100 … 42 Warwickshire NHS Trust [2012] IRLR Ministry of Justice v Sarfraz [2011] IRLR 661 CA … 4 562 … 136 Maxwell Fleet and Facilities Management Mirror Group Ltd v Gunning [1986] IRLR Ltd, In the matter of [2000] IRLR 27 CA … 171 368 … 316 Mohamud v Morrison Supermarkets [2016] May & Baker v Okerago [2010] IRLR IRLR 362 … 19 394 … 176 Monie v Coral Racing Ltd [1980] IRLR 464 Mayr v Bckerei und Konditorei Gerhard CA … 117 Flöckner OHG, Case C-506/06 [2008] Montgomery v Johnson Underwood Ltd IRLR 387 … 215, 273 [2001] IRLR 269 CA … 25 Meade-Hill and National Union of Civil and Moorcock, The (1889) 14 PD 64 … 65 Public Servants v British Council [1995] Moore v Duport Furniture [1982] IRLR IRLR 478 CA … 162 31 … 134 Mears v Safecar Security Ltd [1982] ICR 626 Moores v Bude-Stratton Town Council CA … 61, 64 [2000] IRLR 676 … 107 Melon v Hector Powe Ltd [1980] IRLR 477 Morgan v Middlesbrough Borough Council HL … 34 [2005] EWCA Civ 1432 … 186 Mercury Communications Ltd v Scott-Garner Morgan v Staffordshire University [2002] [1983] IRLR 494 CA … 375 IRLR 190 … 202 Merkur Island Shipping Corporation v Morgan v West Glamorgan County Council Laughton [1983] IRLR 218 HL … [1995] IRLR 68 … 260 369, 371 Morgan v Welsh RFU [2011] IRLR Mersey Docks v Verrinder [1982] IRLR 376 … 123 152 … 376 Morran v Glasgow Council of Tenants Messenger Group Newspapers Ltd v National Associations [1998] IRLR 67 ….99 Graphical Association [1984] IRLR Morris v London Iron and Steel Co Ltd 397 … 389 [1987] IRLR 182 CA … 105 Metrobus v Unite [2009] IRLR 851 … 384 Morrison v Amalgamated Transport and Metroline Travel Ltd v Unite the Union General Workers Union [1989] IRLR 361 [2012] IRLR 749 … 380 CA … 109 Metropolitan Borough of Solihull v NUT Mosbæk (Danmarks Aktive Handelsrejsende) [1985] IRLR 211 … 379 v Lonmodtagernes Garantifond, Case Michael Peters Ltd v (1) Farnfield; (2) 117/96 IRLR 150 CJEU … 317 Michael Peters Group plc [1995] IRLR Motorola Ltd v (1) Davidson; (2) 190 … 15, 323 Melville Craig Group Ltd [2001] IRLR Mid Staffordshire General Hospitals NHS 4 … 21 Trust v Cambridge [2003] IRLR Mowlem Northern Ltd v Watson [1990] 566 … 208 IRLR 500 … 144 xlii | Table of cases

Moyer-Lee v Cofely Workplaces Ltd [2015] Netjets Management Ltd v Central IRLR 879 … 306 Arbitration Committee and Skyshare Mugford v Midland Bank plc [1997] IRLR [2012] IRLR 986 … 361 208 … 124 Newbound v Thames Water Ltd [2015] Murco Petroleum v Forge [1987] IRLR IRLR 734 … 127 50 … 108 Newcastle upon Tyne NHS Foundation Trust Murphy v Epsom College [1984] IRLR 271 v Haywood [2018] IRLR 644 … 96 CA … 146 New Century Cleaning Co Ltd v Church Murray v Foyle Meats Ltd (Northern Ireland) [2000] IRLR 27 CA … 58 [1999] IRLR 562 HL … 145 New Southern Railway Ltd v Quinn [2006] Murray v Strathclyde Regional Council IRLR 267 … 279 [1992] IRLR 396 … 258, 259 News Group Newspapers Ltd v SOGAT ‘82 Muschett v HM Prison [2010] IRLR 210 [1986] IRLR 337 … 372, 376, 377 CA … 51 Nokes v Doncaster Amalgamated Collieries NACODS v Gluchowski [1996] IRLR [1940] AC 1014 HL … 11, 13, 34 252 … 335 Norman v National Audit Office [2015] NALGO v Courtney-Dunn [1992] IRLR IRLR 634 … 84 114 … 337 North Western Health Board v McKenna, NALGO v Killorn and Simm [1990] IRLR Case C-191/03 [2005] IRLR 895 … 273 464 … 338 Northamptonshire County Council v NHS Leeds v Larner [2012] IRLR Entwhistle [2010] IRLR 740 … 133 825 … 243 Northgate Ltd v Mercy [2008] IRLR NUM (Yorkshire Area) v Millward [1995] 222 … 123 IRLR 411 … 341 Nottcutt v Universal Equipment Co NWL Ltd v Nelson and Laughton [1979] (London) Ltd [1986] IRLR 218 CA … 90 IRLR 478 HL … 388 Nottingham University v Fishel [2000] IRLR Nagarajan v London Regional Transport 471 … 77 [1999] IRLR 572 HL … 169 Nottinghamshire County Council v Meikle Nambalat v Taher [2012] IRLR 1004 … 265 [2004] IRLR 703 … 209 National Coal Board v National Union of O’Brien v Bolton St Catherine’s Academy Mineworkers [1986] IRLR 439 … 353 [2017] IRLR 547 … 131 National Union of Gold, Silver & Allied O’Brien v Ministry of Justice [2013] IRLR Trades v Albury Bros Ltd [1978] IRLR 315 SC … 39, 42 504 CA … 356 O’Brien v Sim-Chem Ltd [1980] IRLR 373 National Union of Rail, Maritime and HL … 187 Transport Workers v London Underground O’Dea v ISC Chemicals Ltd [1995] IRLR Ltd [2001] IRLR 228 CA … 380 599 CA … 124 National Union of Rail, Maritime and O’Kelly v Trust House Forte plc [1983] Transport Workers (RMT) v Midland IRLR 369 CA … 23, 24, 26 Mainline Ltd [2001] IRLR 813 O’Neill v Buckinghamshire County Council CA … 381, 382 [2010] IRLR 384 … 279 National Union of Rail, Maritime and O’Neill v Governors of St Thomas More Transport Workers v Serco Ltd [2011] Roman Catholic Voluntary Aided Upper IRLR 399 … 368, 374, 380 School [1996] IRLR 372 … 173 Neary and Neary v Dean of Westminster Oakland v Wellswood (Yorkshire) Ltd [2009] [1999] IRLR 288 … 77, 97 IRLR 250 … -326 Nelson v Carillion Services Ltd [2003] IRLR Octavius Atkinson & Sons Ltd v Morris 428 … 188 [1989] IRLR 158 CA … 110 Nelson v Newry and Mourne DC [2009] Office Angels Ltd v Rainer-Thomas [1991] IRLR 548 … 226 IRLR 214 … 79 Nethermere (St Neots) Ltd v Gardiner Okedina v Chikale [2019] EWCA Civ [1984] ICR 612 CA … 24, 26, 50 1393 … 104 Table of cases | xliii

Onu v Akwiwu [2013] IRLR 523; [2016] Peace v City of Edinburgh Council [1999] IRLR 719 … 168, 217, 265 IRLR 417 … 64, 98 Onyango v Berkeley (t/a Berkeley Solicitors) Pearce v Governing Body of Mayfield [2013] IRLR 338 … 82 Secondary School [2001] IRLR 669 Orr v Milton Keynes Council [2011] IRLR CA … 228 317 … 128 Pearson v Kent County Council [1993] IRLR Oudahar v Esporta Ltd [2011] IRLR 165 … 32 730 … 112 Pederson v Kvickly Save see Handels og Outram v Academy Plastics [2000] IRLR 499 Kontorfunktionærernes Forbund i CA … 70 Danmark (acting for Høj Pedersen) P v National Association of Schoolmasters/ v Fællesforeningen for Danmarks Union of Women Teachers [2003] IRLR Brugsforeninger (acting for Kvickly 307 CA … 375 Skive) P v Nottinghamshire County Council [1992] Pendleton v Derbyshire County Council IRLR 362 CA … 121 [2016] IRLR 580 … 164 P v S and Cornwall County Council, Case Peninsula Ltd v Sweeney [2004] IRLR 13/94 [1996] IRLR 347 CJEU … 210 49 … 100 P & O European Ferries (Dover) Ltd v Byrne Pennwell Publishing Ltd v Ornstien [2007] [1989] IRLR 254 CA … 389 IRLR 700 … 77 P & O Ferries Ltd v Iverson [1999] ICR Percy v Church of Scotland [2006] IRLR 1088 … 213 195 … 171 Paal Wilson & Co v Partenreederei Hannah Pereda v Madrid Movilidad SA [2009] IRLR Blumenthal [1983] 1 AC 854 HL … 89 959 … 243 Pagetti v Cobb [2002] IRLR 861 … 142 Pérez López v Servicio Madrileño De Salud Palfrey v Transco plc [2004] IRLR (Comunidad De Madrid) [2016] IRLR 916 … 109 970 … 46 Palmer v Southend Borough Council [1984] Peters Ltd v Bell [2009] IRLR 941 … 142 IRLR 119 … 133 Pfaffinger v City of Liverpool Community Palomo Sanchez v Spain [2011] IRLR College [1996] IRLR 508 … 145 234 … 350 Pfeiffer v Deutsches Rotes Kreuz [2005] Parkins v Sodexho Ltd [2002] IRLR IRLR 137 … 236 109 … 81 Pharmacists Defence Association Union v Parkinson v March Consulting Ltd [1997] Boots Management Services Ltd [2017] IRLR 308 CA … 115 IRLR 355 … 359 Parkwood Leisure Ltd v Alemo-Herron Phillips v Xtera Communications Ltd [2011] [2010] IRLR 298 … 354 IRLR 724 … 312 Parliamentary Commissioner for Phoenix Group v Asoyag [2010] IRLR Administration v Fernandez [2004] IRLR 594 … 77 22 … 188 Phoenix House Ltd v Stockman [2016] IRLR Patel v Folkestone Nursing Ltd [2018] IRLR 848 … 126, 130 924 … 106 Photostatic Copiers (Southern) Ltd v Okuda Patel v Marquette Ltd [2009] IRLR [1995] IRLR 12 … 13 425 … 259 Pickwell v Procam Ltd [2016] IRLR Patel v Mirza (2016) UKSC 42 … 104 761 … 79 Patel v Oldham Metropolitan Borough Pimlico Plumbers Ltd v Smith [2018] IRLR Council [2010] IRLR 280 … 204 872…25 Patsystems v Neilly [2012] IRLR Pinewood Repro Ltd v Page [2011] ICR 979 … 79 508 … 124 Paul v NALGO [1987] IRLR 43 CO … 340, Plumb v Duncan Print Group [2015] IRLR 341, 383 711 … 243 Payne v Secretary of State for Employment Polkey v AE Dayton Services [1987] IRLR [1989] IRLR 352 … 29 503 HL … 127 xliv | Table of cases

Porras Guisado v Bankia SA [2018] IRLR R v Central Arbitration Committee, ex parte 563 … 284 BTP Oxide Ltd [1992] IRLR 60 … 365 Port of London Authority v Payne [1994] R v Central Arbitration Committee, ex parte IRLR 9 CA … 137 Kwik-Fit Ltd [2002] IRLR 395 … 361 Port of Sheerness Ltd and Medway Ports Ltd R v CO, ex parte Electrical Power v Brachers [1997] IRLR 214 … 85 Engineers’ Association [1990] IRLR 398 Port of Tilbury v Birch [2005] IRLR HL … 341 92 … 142 R v East Sussex Coroner, ex parte Healy Porter v National Union of Journalists [1980] [1988] 1 WLR 1194 … 377 IRLR 404 HL … 334 R v Gateway Foods Ltd [1997] IRLR 189 Post Office v Foley; HSBC plc (formerly CA … 72 Midland Bank) v Madden [2000] IRLR R v Governing Body of JFS and the 827 CA … 129 Admissions Appeal Panel of JFS [2010] Post Office v Union of Post Office Workers IRLR 136 … 219 [1974] IRLR 23 HL … 348 R v Governors of X School [2011] IRLR 756 Potter v Hunt Contracts [1992] IRLR SC … 132 108 … 259 R v Gwent County Council, ex parte Bryant Potter v North Cumbria Acute NHS Trust [1988] COD 19 … 309 [2009] IRLR 900 … 86 R v Nelson Group Services (Maintenance) Power v Panasonic UK Ltd [2003] IRLR Ltd [1999] IRLR 646 CA … 72 151 … 201 R v Secretary of State for Defence, ex parte Pratley v Surrey County Council [2003] Perkins (No. 2) [1998] IRLR 508 … 227 IRLR 794 … 73 R v Secretary of State for Employment, ex Prestcold Ltd v Irvine [1980] IRLR parte Equal Opportunities Commission 267 … 181 [1994] IRLR 176 HL … 39 Printers and Finishers Ltd v Holloway [1965] R v Secretary of State for Employment, ex RPC 253 … 80 parte Seymour-Smith and Perez (No 2), Protectacoat Ltd v Szilagyi [2009] IRLR Case C-167/97 [2000] IRLR 263 HL; 365 … 26 [1997] IRLR 315 HL; applying [1999] Provident Financial Group plc and Whitegates IRLR 253 CJEU … 30, 163, 189 Estate Agency Ltd v Hayward [1989] R (on the application of Age UK) v Secretary IRLR 84 CA … 71 of State for Business, Innovation and Skills Pujante Rivera v Gestora Clubs Dir SL [2009] IRLR 1017 … 198 [2016] IRLR 51 … 309 R v South Yorkshire Fire Authority [2018] Qua v John Ford Morrison Solicitors [2003] IRLR 717 … 246 IRLR 184 … 251, 274 R (on the application of Brown) v Secretary Quashie v Stringfellow Restaurants Ltd of State for Work and Pensions [2018] [2013] IRLR 99 CA … 23 EWHC 3158 (Admin) … 179 Quinn v Leathem [1901] AC 495 … R (on the application of the Incorporated 371, 372 Trustees of the National Council on R v Associated Octel Co Ltd [1997] IRLR Ageing) v Secretary of State for Business, 123 HL … 72 Enterprise and Regulatory Reform, Case R v Attorney General for Northern Ireland, C-388/07 [2009] IRLR 373 … 198 ex parte Burns [1999] IRLR 315 … R (on the application of Shoesmith) v Ofsted 234, 238 [2011] ICR 1195 CA … 98 R v British Coal Corporation and Secretary of RDF Group plc v Clements [2008] IRLR State for Trade and Industry, ex parte Price 208 … 69 [1994] IRLR 72 … 309 RJB Mining (UK) Ltd v NUM [1997] IRLR R v Central Arbitration Committee [2006] 621 … 381 IRLR 54 … 359 RMT v Midland Mainline Ltd see National R v CAC & Roofoods Ltd [2019] IRLR Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport 249…. 13 Workers v Midland Mainline Ltd Table of cases | xlv

RS Components Ltd v RE Irwin [1973] Ridout v TC Group [1998] IRLR IRLR 239 NIRC … 125 628 … 207 RSPCA v Cruden [1986] IRLR 83 … 117 Rigby v Ferodo Ltd [1987] IRLR 516 Rabess v London Fire and Emergency HL … 85, 95 Planning Authority [2017] IRLR Rinner-Kühn v FWW Spezial- 147 … 110 Gebudereinigung GmbH, Case 171/88 Radakouits v Abbey National [2010] IRLR [1989] ECR 2743 CJEU … 182 307 … 133 Robert Cort & Son Ltd v Charman [1981] Radford v National Society of Operative IRLR 437 … 109 Printers [1972] ICR 484 … 338 Robertson v Blackstone Franks Investment Rainey v Greater Glasgow Health Board Management [1998] IRLR 376 CA … 260 [1987] IRLR 26 HL … 189 Robertson and Jackson v British Gas Ramphal v Department for Transport [2015] Corporation [1983] IRLR 302 … 355 IRLR 985 … 130 Robins v Secretary of State for Work and Rao v Civil Aviation Authority [1994] IRLR Pensions, Case C-278/05 [2007] IRLR 240 CA; [1992] IRLR 303 EAT … 271 … 318 137, 140 Robins (UK) Ltd v Triggs [2008] IRLR 317 Raspin v United News Shops Ltd [1999] CA; reversing in part [2007] IRLR 857 IRLR 9 … 64 EAT … 108, 143 Rawlinson v Brightside Group Ltd [2018] Robinson v Post Office [2000] IRLR IRLR 180 … 68 804 … 180 Rayware Ltd v TGWU [1989] IRLR 134 Robinson v Tescom Corporation [2008] CA … 377 IRLR 408 … 120 Ready Mixed Concrete (South East) Robinson-Steele v RD Retail Ltd [2006] Ltd v Minister of Pensions and IRLR 386 … 242 National Insurance [1967] 2 QB Rock-It Cargo Ltd v Green [1997] IRLR 497 … 22, 23 581 … 100 Redfearn v SERCO Ltd t/a West Yorkshire Rock Refrigeration Ltd v Jones and Seward Transport Service [2006] IRLR Refrigeration Ltd [1996] IRLR 675 623 … 217 CA … 79 Redrow Homes Ltd v Wright [2004] IRLR Rockfon A/S v Specialarbejderforbundet i 720 … 234 Danmark, Case C-449/93 [1996] IRLR Reed v Stedman [1999] IRLR 299 … 69 168 CJEU … 311 Reilly v Sandwell MBC [2018] IRLR Roddis v Sheffield Hallam University [2018] 558 … 121, 129 IRLR 706 … 41 Renfrewshire Council v Educational Institute Rodway v South Central Trains [2005] IRLR of Scotland [2013] IRLR 76 … 311 583 … 290 Revenue and Customs Commissioners v Rolls Royce v Unite the Union [2009] IRLR Annabel’s Ltd [2008] ICR 1076 … 263 576 … 196 Rhondda CBC v Close [2008] IRLR Rookes v Barnard [1964] AC 1129 869 … 121 HL … 372, 389 Richard Read (Transport) Ltd v NUM (South Rose and Frank Company v JR Crompton Wales Area) [1985] IRLR 67 … 386 Brothers Ltd [1925] AC 445 … 28 Richards v IP Solutions Group Ltd [2017] Rothwell v APEX [1975] IRLR 375 IRLR 133 … 98 CA … 336 Richards v NUM [1981] IRLR 247 … 343 Rowstock Ltd v Jessemey [2013] IRLR Richmond v Selecta Systems Ltd [2019] 439 … 168 IRLR 18 … 72 Royal Bank of Scotland plc v Harrison [2009] Richmond Pharmacology Ltd v Dhaliwal IRLR 28 … 250 [2009] IRLR 336 … 166 Royal Mail Group Ltd v Communication Ridgway and Fairbrother v National Coal Workers Union [2009] IRLR Board [1987] IRLR 80 CA … 346, 347 1046 … 327 xlvi | Table of cases

Royal Mencap v Tomlinson -Blake [2018] Sash Window Company Ltd v King [2018] IRLR 932 … 266 IRLR 142 … 243 Rümmler v Dato Drück GmbH, Case Saunders v The Bakers, Food and Allied 237/85 [1987] IRLR 32 CJEU … 187 Workers Union [1986] IRLR 16 … 337 Russell v Transocean International Resources Savage v Saxena [1998] IRLR 102 … 140 Ltd [2012] IRLR 149 … 242 Scally v Southern Health and Social Services Rutherford v Secretary of State for Trade and Board [1991] IRLR 522 HL … 66, 69 Industry (No. 2) [2006] IRLR 551 HL; Schmidt v Spar- und Leihkasse der früheren affirming [2004] IRLR 892 … 163 mter Bordesholm, Case C-392/92 [1995] Ryford Ltd v Drinkwater [1996] IRLR ICR 237, [1994] IRLR 302 CJEU … 320 16 … 254 Scotch Premier Meat Ltd v Burns [2000] Rynda (UK) Ltd v Rhijnsburger [2015] IRLR 639 … 310 IRLR 394 … 322 Scott v Coalite Fuels and Chemicals Ltd S (A Minor) (Parental Responsibility), Re [1988] IRLR 131 … 92 [1995] 3 FCR 225 … 288 Scottbridge Construction Ltd v Wright SBJ Stephenson Ltd v Mandy [2000] IRLR [2003] IRLR 21 … 266 233 … 78, 79 Secretary of State for Business, Enterprise SCA Packaging Ltd v Boyle [2009] IRLR and Regulatory Reform v Neufeld [2009] 746 … 204 IRLR 475 … 14 SG & R Valuation Service v Boudrais [2008] Secretary of State for Business, Innovation IRLR 770 … 71 and Skills v McDonagh [2013] IRLR SNR Denton UK LLP v Kirwan [2012] 598 … 317 IRLR 966 … 323 Secretary of State v Lown [2016] IRLR Safeway Stores plc v Burrell [1997] IRLR 22 … 129 200 … 145 Secretary of State for Business, Innovation Sagar v Ridehalgh & Sons Ltd [1931] 1 Ch and Skills v Pengelly [2013] IRLR 310 CA … 82 598 … 317 Sainsbury’s Ltd v Hitt [2003] IRLR Secretary of State for Defence v MacDonald 23 … 128 [2001] IRLR 431 CS … 227 St Helens Metropolitan Borough Secretary of State for the Department for Council v Derbyshire [2007] IRLR 540 Work and Pensions v Alam [2010] IRLR HL … 168 283 … 207 St John of God (Care Services) Ltd v Brooks Secretary of State for Education and [1992] IRLR 546 … 126 Employment v Bearman [1998] IRLR Salford Royal NHS Trust v Roddam [2010] 431 … 57 IRLR 721 … 128 Secretary of State for Employment v Salvesen v Simmons [1994] IRLR 52 … 102 Cohen and Beaupress Ltd [1987] IRLR Sandhu v (1) Department of Education 169 … 31 and Science; (2) London Borough of Secretary of State for Scotland v Campbell Hillingdon [1978] IRLR 208 … 125 [1992] IRLR 263 … 122 Sandhu v Jan de Rijk Transport Ltd [2007] Secretary of State for Trade and Industry v IRLR 519 CA … 91 Bottrill [1999] IRLR 326 CA … 14, 319 Sandle v Adecco Ltd [2016] IRLR Secretary of State for Trade and Industry v 941 … 105 Cook [1997] IRLR 151 CA … 13 Santer v National Graphical Association Secretary of State for Trade and Industry v [1973] ICR 60 … 338 Lassman [2000] IRLR 411 CA … 318 Santos Gomes v Higher Level Care Ltd Secretary of State for Trade and Industry v [2018] IRLR 440 246 Walden [2000] IRLR 168 … 317 Sarkar see West London Mental Health Trust Securicor Guarding Ltd v R [1994] IRLR v Sarkar 633 … 121 Sarker v South Tees Acute Hospitals NHS Seldon v Clarkson, Wright and Jakes [2012] Trust [1997] IRLR 328 … 100 IRLR 590 … 195, 198 Table of cases | xlvii

Sellars Arenascene Ltd v Connolly [2001] Smith and Grady v United Kingdom [1999] IRLR 222 CA … 14 IRLR 734 ECHR … 227 Serco Ltd v Dahou [2017] IRLR Smith v United Kingdom [2017] IRLR 81 … 348 771 … 345 Seymour v British Airways Board [1983] Smithie’s case [1909] 1 KB 310 HL … 371 IRLR 55 … 118 Société Général (London Branch) v Geys Shamoon v Chief Constable of the RUC [2011] IRLR 482; [2013] IRLR 122 [2003] IRLR 285 … 162 SC … 94, 96 Shannon v Rampersad [2015] IRLR Software 2000 Ltd v Andrews [2007] IRLR 982 … 266 568 … 139 Sharma v Manchester City Council [2008] Somerset County Council v Pike [2009] IRLR 236 … 43 IRLR 870 … 185 Shaw v CCL Ltd [2008] IRLR 284 … 281 Soteriou v Ultrachem Ltd [2004] IRLR Sheffield v Oxford Controls Co Ltd [1979] 870 … 103 IRLR 133 … 91 Sothern v Franks Charlesly & Co [1981] Sheffield Forgemasters Ltd v Fox [2009] IRLR 278 CA … 92 IRLR 192 … 141 Southampton City College v Randall [2006] Sheriff v Klyne Tugs [1999] IRLR IRLR 18 … 208 481 … 181 Southern Cross Healthcare Ltd v Perkins Shirlaw v Southern Foundries [1939] 2 KB [2011] IRLR 247 … 57 206 CA … 65 Southwark London Borough Council v Shook v London Borough of Ealing [1986] Whillier [2001] ICR 142 … 347 IRLR 46 … 115, 119 Sovereign Distribution Services Ltd v TGWU Sidhu v Aerospace Composite Technology [1989] IRLR 334 … 313 Ltd [2000] IRLR 602 CA … 174 Sovereign House Security Services Ltd v Sillars v Charrington Fuels Ltd [1989] IRLR Savage [1989] IRLR 115 CA … 92 152 CA … 32 Spaceman v ISS Mediclean Ltd [2019] IRLR Silvey v Pendragon plc [2001] IRLR 685 512 … 113 CA … 94 Spaceright Europe Ltd v Baillavoine [2012] Sim v Rotherham Metropolitan Borough IRLR 111 … 325 Council [1986] IRLR 391 … 76 Sparks v Department of Transport [2016] Singh v British Steel Corporation [1974] IRLR 519 … 66, 86 IRLR 131 … 356 Spence v Department of Agriculture Skiggs v South West Trains Ltd [2005] IRLR and Rural Development [2011] IRLR 459 … 257 806 … 131 Slaughter v Brewer Ltd [1990] IRLR Spencer and Griffin v Gloucestershire County 426 … 140 Council [1985] IRLR 393 CA … 147 Small v Boots plc [2009] IRLR 328 … 258 Spijkers (JMA) v Gebroeders Benedik Small v Shrewsbury and Telford Hospitals Abattoir CV, Case 24/85 [1986] ECR NHS Trust [2017] EWCA Civ 882 … 82 1119 CJEU … 320 Smith v Carillion Ltd [2015] IRLR 169 Spring v Guardian Assurance plc [1994] CA … 17, 22 IRLR 460 HL … 74 Smith v Cherry Lewis Ltd [2005] IRLR Stack v Ajar-Tec [2015] IRLR 474 … 56 86 … 315 Staffordshire County Council v Donovan Smith v Gardner Merchant Ltd [1998] IRLR [1981] IRLR 108 … 91 510 CA … 227, 228 Stevedoring and Haulage Services Ltd v Smith v Safeway plc [1996] IRLR 457 Fuller [2001] IRLR 627 … 25 CA … 225 Stevens v Bower [2004] IRLR 957 … 34 Smith v Secretary of State for Trade and Stevens v University of Birmingham [2015] Industry [2000] IRLR 6 … 4 IRLR 899 … 70 Smith v Trafford Housing Trust [2013] Stevenson, Jordan & Harrison v McDonald IRLR 86 … 94 and Evans [1952] 1 TLR 101 … 21, 22 xlviii | Table of cases

Stewart v Moray Council [2006] IRLR Taylor v NUM (Derbyshire Area) [1985] 592 … 306 IRLR 99 … 387 Stokes v GKN Ltd [1968] 1 WLR Tayside Regional Council v McIntosh [1982] 1776 … 73 IRLR 272 … 119 Strathclyde Regional Council v Wallace Tele Danmark A/S v Kontorfunktionærernes [1998] IRLR 146 HL … 189 Forbund i Danmark, Case 109/100 [2001] Stringer v Revenue and Customs IRLR 853 CJEU … 214 Commissioners Case C-520/06 [2009] Thames Cleaning v United Forces of the IRLR 214 … 243, 246, 258 World [2016] IRLR 695 … 376 Sumsion v BBC (Scotland) [2007] IRLR The Harpur Trust v Brazel [2019] EWCA 678 … 242 Civ 1402 … 242 Sun Printers Ltd v Westminster Press Ltd Theedom v Nourish Ltd [2016] IRLR [1982] IRLR 292 CA … 366 866 … 75 Susie Radin Ltd v GMB [2004] IRLR Thomas v Farr plc [2007] IRLR 419 … 79 400 … 315 Thomas v National Union of Mineworkers Sutherland v Network Appliance Ltd [2001] (South Wales Area) [1985] IRLR 136 372, IRLR 12 … 134 376, 377, 387 Süzen v Zehnacker Gebudereinigung GmbH Thomas Cook Airlines v BALPA [2017] Krankenhausservice, Case C-13/95 [1997] IRLR 1137 … 383 IRLR … 320, 321 Thompson v GEC Avionics Ltd [1991] IRLR Svenska Staten v Holmqvist, Case C-310/07 488 … 109 [2008] IRLR 970 … 317 Thomson Ecology v Apem Ltd [2014] IRLR Swallow Security Services Ltd v Millicent 184 … 76 [2009] Lawtel 25 March 2009 … 140 Thue v Norwegian Government [2018] Sweeney v J & S Henderson [1999] IRLR IRLR449 … 235 306 … 31, 46 Ticehurst v British Telecom [1992] IRLR Sweetin v Coral Racing [2006] IRLR 219 CA … 76 252 … 328 Tillman v Egon Zehnder Ltd [2019] UKSC Systems Floors (UK) Ltd v Daniel [1981] 32 … 79 IRLR 475 … 56, 58 Tilsom v Alstom Transport [2011] IRLR 169 T & K Home Improvements Ltd v Skilton CA … 51 [2000] IRLR 595 CA … 98 Timeplan Education Group Ltd v NUT TGWU v Brauer Coley Ltd [2007] IRLR [1997] IRLR 457 CA … 371 207 … 315 Timis v Osipov [2019] IRLR 52 … 82 TGWU v Webber [1990] IRLR 462 … 339 Titchener v Secretary of State for Trade and TSB Bank v Harris [2000] IRLR 157 … 68 Industry [2002] IRLR 195 … 319 TSC Europe (UK) Ltd v Massey [1999] Torquay Hotel Co Ltd v Cousins [1969] 2 IRLR 22 … 79 Ch 106 CA … 371 Taff Vale Railway Co v Amalgamated Tracey v Zest Equipment Co Ltd [1992] Society of Railway Servants [1901] AC IRLR 268 … 93 426 … 330, 368 Tradition Financial Services v Gamberoni Talon Engineering Ltd v Smith [2018] IRLR [2017] IRLR 698 … 76 1104 … 131 Transco v O’Brien [2002] IRLR 444 … 69 Tamer v DT Kean [1978] IRLR 110 … 93 Truelove v Safeway plc [2005] IRLR Tarbuck v Sainsburys Ltd [2006] IRLR 589 … 251 664 … 131 Tullett Prebon plc v BGC Brokers LP [2010] Tarmac Roadstone Holdings Ltd v Peacock IRLR 648; [2011] IRLR 420 CA … 69, [1973] IRLR 157 CA … 261 106, 107 Taylor Gordon Ltd v Timmons [2004] IRLR Turner v Commonwealth & British Minerals 180 … 258 Ltd [2000] IRLR 114 … 79 Taylor v Alidair Ltd [1978] IRLR 82 Turner v East Midland Trains Ltd [2013] CA … 116 IRLR 107 CA … 129 Table of cases | xlix

UBS Ltd v Vestra LLP [2008] IRLR Villella v MFI Furniture Centres Ltd [1999] 965 … 81 IRLR 468 … 90 UCATT v Brain [1981] IRLR 224 … 120 Villes de Nivelles v Matzak [2018] IRLR Uhr-Rehman v Ahmad [2013] ICR 457 … 235 28 … 142 Virgo Fidelis School v Boyle [2004] IRLR UNIFI v Union Bank of Nigeria plc [2001] 268 … 82 IRLR 712 CAC … 363 W Brooks & Son v Skinner [1984] IRLR UNISON v Bakhsh [2009] IRLR 379 … 130 418 … 340 W Devis & Sons Ltd v Atkins [1977] AC 931 UNISON v United Kingdom [2002] IRLR HL … 115 497 ECHR … 375 W A Goold (Pearmak) Ltd v McConnell Unison v Somerset County Council [2010] [1995] IRLR 516 … 63 IRLR 207 … 327 Waddington v Leicester Council for Voluntary Union Traffic Ltdv TGWU [1989] IRLR Service [1977] IRLR 32 … 186 127 CA … 371, 377 Walker v Crystal Palace Football Club [1910] United Bank Ltd v Akhtar [1989] IRLR 1 KB 87 … 20 507 … 67 Wallace v CA Roofing Services Ltd [1996] United Kingdom v Council of Ministers of IRLR 435 … 28 the European Union, Case 84/94 [1997] Wallace Bogan & Co Ltd v Cove [1997] IRLR 30 CJEU… ….231, 233 IRLR 453 CA … 77 UK Coal Mining Ltd v NUM [2008] IRLR Walton v Independent Living Organisation 4 … 351 [2003] IRLR 469 … 286 United States of America v Nolan [2011] Waltons & Morse v Dorrington [1997] IRLR IRLR 41 … 311 488 … 72, 75, 107 Universe Tanltships Inc of Monrovia v ITWF Wandsworth London Borough Council v [1983] AC 366 HL … 373 D’Silva [1988] IRLR 193 CA … 86 University College London Hospital v Wang v University of Keele [2011] IRLR UNISON [1999] IRLR 31 CA … 375, 542 … 95 376, 388 Wardle v Credit Agricole Corporate and University of Aston in Birmingham v Malik Investment Bank [2011] IRLR 604 [1984] ICR 492 … 32 CA … 143 University of Central England v NALGO Warm Zones Ltd v Thurley [2014] IRLR [1993] IRLR 81 … 381 791 … 80 University of London v Morrissy [2016] Warner v Adnet Ltd [1998] IRLR 394 IRLR 487 … 306 CA … 127 University of Nottingham v Eyett [1999] Warnes v The Trustees of Cheriton IRLR 87 … 70 Oddfellows Social Club [1993] IRLR University of Oxford v (1) Humphries; (2) 58 … 108 Associated Examining Board [2000] IRLR Wasteney v East London NHS Foundation 183 CA … 94 Trust [2016] IRLR 388 … 222 University of Stirling v University and College Waters v Commissioner of Police of the Union [2012] IRLR 266 … 314 Metropolis [2000] IRLR 720 HL … University of Sunderland v Drosson [2017] 19, 175 IRLR 1087 … 141 Watkins v Crouch [2011] IRLR 382 Urso (appellant) v Department for Work & EAT … 123 Pensions [2017] IRLR 204 … 201 Way v Spectrum Property [2015] IRLR Various Claimants v Barclays Bank [2017] 657 … 118 IRLR 124 … 18 Weathersfield v Sargent [1999] IRLR 94 Various Claimants v Morrisons plc [2019] CA … 107, 217 IRLR 73 … 19 Webb v EMO Air Cargo (UK) Ltd, Case Vestergaard Frandsen v Bestnet Ltd [2013] C-32/93 [1994] IRLR 482, [1994] ICR IRLR 654 … 81 770 CJEU 213, 272, 285 l | Table of cases

Weddall v Barchester Healthcare [2012] Wilson v Ethicon [2000] IRLR 4 … 129 IRLR 307 CA … 19 Wilson v Post Office [2001] IRLR Weddel v Tepper [1980] ICR 286 CA … 128 834 … 120 Welton v Deluxe Retail Ltd (t/a Madhouse Wilson v Racher [1974] ICR 428 CA … 97 (In Administration)) [2013] IRLR Wilson v St Helens Borough Council; British 166 … 32, 33 Fuels v Baxendale [1998] IRLR 706 West London Mental Health Trust v Sarkar HL … 325 [2010] IRLR 508 CA; reversing [2009] Wilsons and Clyde Coal Co Ltd v English IRLR 512 … 127 [1938] AC 57 HL … 72 West Midlands Co-operative Society Ltd v Wiltshire Police Authority v Wynn [1981] 1 Tipton [1986] IRLR 112 HL … 116, 131 QB 95 CA … 28 West Midlands Travel v TGWU [1994] IRLR Wiluszynski v London Borough of Tower 578 … 382 Hamlets [1989] IRLR 259 CA … 76 Western Excavations (ECC) Ltd v Sharp Wincanton Group Plc v Stone [2013] IRLR [1978] IRLR 27 CA … 106 178 … 118 Westminster City Council v UNISON [2001] Windle v Secretary of State for Justice [2016] IRLR 524 CA … 376 IRLR 628 … 21, 25 Westwood v Secretary of State [1984] IRLR Wippel v Peek & Cloppenburg GmbH 209 … 100 [2005] IRLR 211 … 41 Whent v T Cartledge [1997] IRLR Wise v Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied 153 … 354 Workers [1996] IRLR 609 … 334 Whiffen v Milham Ford Girls’ School [2001] Wood v Coverage Care Ltd [1996] IRLR IRLR 468 CA … 162 264 … 114 Whitbread & Co v Mills [1987] IRLR Wood Group Heavy Industrial Turbines Ltd v 18 … 116 Crossan [1998] IRLR 680 … 70, 138 Whitbread & Co v Thomas [1988] IRLR Woodrup v London Borough of Southwark 43 … 116, 120 [2003] IRLR 111 … 204 White v Reflecting Roadstuds Ltd [1991] Wren v Eastbourne District Council [1993] IRLR 331 … 62, 108 ICR 955, [1993] IRLR 425 … 321 White v Troutbeck SA [2013] IRLR Wright v North Ayrshire Council [2014] 949 … 21 IRLR 4 … 107 Whittlestone v BJP Home Support Ltd X v Mid Sussex Citizens Advice Bureau [2014] IRLR 176 … 266 [2011] IRLR 335; [2013] IRLR Wickens v Champion Employment [1984] 146 … 169 ICR 365 … 50 Yapp v Foreign and Commonwealth Office Wigan Borough Council v Davies [1979] [2013] IRLR 616 … 69 IRLR 127 … 20 Yemm v British Steel [1994] IRLR Wignall v British Gas Corporation [1984] 117 … 260 IRLR 493 … 257 Yewens v Noakes [1880] 6 QB 530 … 20 William Hill Organisation Ltd v Tucker Young v Post Office [2002] IRLR [1998] IRLR 313 CA … 71 660 … 73 Williams v Compair Maxam Ltd [1982] IRLR Young & Woods Ltd v West [1980] IRLR 83 … 122 201 CA … 27 Williams v Leeds United F;C. [2015] IRLR Young, James and Webster v United Kingdom 383 … 97 [1981] IRLR 408 ECHR … 331 Williams v Watson Luxury Coaches Ltd Z v A [2014] IRLR 244 … 126 [1990] IRLR 164 … 89 Zafar v Glasgow City Council [1998] IRLR Willoughby v CF Capital plc [2011] IRLR 36 HL … 160 198; [2011] IRLR 985 … 93, 95 Zentralbetriebsrat der Landeskrankenhauser Willow Oak Ltd v Silverwood [2006] IRLR Tirols v Land Tirol [2010] IRLR 631 607 … 125 CJEU … 44, 246 Wilson v Circular Distributors Ltd [2006] Zucker v Astrid Jewels Ltd [1978] IRLR IRLR 38 … 24 385 … 348 Table of statutory instruments

ACAS Arbitration Scheme (Great Britain) Employment Equality (Repeal of Order 2004 SI 2004/753…135 Retirement Age Provisions) Regulations Children (Protection at Work) Regulations 2011 SI 2011/1069 … 198 1998 SI 1998/276 … 231, 232 Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Collective Redundancies (Amendment) Regulations 2003 SI 2003/1661 … 156, Regulations 2006 SI 2006/2387 … 157, 227 311, 316 reg. 5 … 228 reg. 5(2A) … 323 Employment Protection (Continuity of Collective Redundancies and Transfers of Employment) Regulations 1996 SI Undertakings (Protection of Employment) 1996/3147 … 34 (Amendment) Regulations 1995 SI Employment Protection (Recoupment 1995/2587 … 301, 312 of Jobseeker’s Allowance and Income Collective Redundancies and Transfers of Support) Regulations 1996 SI Undertakings (Protection of Employment) 1996/2439 … 143 (Amendment) Regulations 1999 SI Employment Relations Act 1999 (Blacklists) 1999/1925 … 301, 312 Regulations 2010 SI 2010/493 … 345 Collective Redundancies and Transfers of reg. 3 … 345 Undertakings (Protection of Employment) reg. 8 … 345 (Amendment) Regulations 2013 … 307 Employment Relations Act 1999 Collective Redundancies and Transfers of (Commencement No 2 and Transitional Undertakings (Protection of Employment) and Savings Provisions) Order 1999 SI (Amendment) Regulations 2014 … 320, 1999/2830 … 44 322, 325 Employment Relations Act 1999 reg. 11 … 327 (Commencement No 6 and Conduct of Employment Agencies and Transitional Provisions) Order 2000 SI Employment Businesses Regulations 2003 2000/1338 … 358 SI 2003/3319 … 51, 52 Employment Tribunals (Extension of Conduct of Employment Agencies and Jurisdiction) Order 1994 SI 1994/1623 Employment Businesses (Amendment) art 3 … 100 Regulations 2014, SI 2014/3351 … 52 art 4 … 100 Conduct of Employment Agencies and art 5 … 100, 101 Employment Businesses (Amendment) art 7 … 101 Regulations 2016, SI 2016/510 … 52 art 9 … 90 Employment Appeal Tribunal Rules 1993, SI Equal Treatment in Employment 1993/2854 Equality (Age) Regulations 2006 SI r 3 … 4 2006/1031 … 156, 194, 195 Employment Code of Practice (Industrial Sch. 6 … 195 Action Ballots and Notice to Employers) Equality Act 2010 (Gender Pay Gap Order 2005 SI 2005/2420 … 379 Information) Regulations 2017 SI Employment Equality (Age) Regulations 2017/172 … 190, 224 2006, SI 2006/1031 … 156, 194, 195 reg. 2 … 190 Employment Equality (Religion or Belief) reg. 2(1) … 224 Regulations 2003 SI 2003/1660 … reg. 3 … 190 156, 220 reg. 4 … 190 lii | Table of statutory instruments

reg. 8 … 190, 224 reg. 3(a) … 301 reg. 9 … 190, 224 reg. 4(1) … 301 reg. 10 … 190, 224 Health and Safety (Young Persons) reg. 11 … 190, 224 Regulations 1997 SI 1997/135 … 231 reg. 12 … 190, 224 Immigration (Restrictions on Employment) reg. 13 … 190, 224 Order 2007 SI 2007/3290 … 169 reg. 14 … 224 Important Public Services (Border Security) reg. 15 … 224 Regulations 2017 SI 2017/136 … 383 Equal Opportunities (Employment Important Public Services (Education) Legislation) (Territorial Limits) Regulations Regulations 2017 SI 2017/133 … 383 1999 SI 1999/3163 … 63 Important Public Services (Fire) Regulations Equal Treatment in Employment (Age) 2017 SI 2017/134 … 383 Regulations 2006 Sch. 6 … 195 Important Public Services (Health) European Public-Liability Company Regulations 2017 SI 2017/132 … 383 (Employee Involvement) (Great Britain) Important Public Services (Transport) Regulations 2009 SI 2009/2401 … 300 Regulations 2017 SI 2017/135 … 383 regs 5–8 … 300 Information and Consultation of Sch. 1 Employment Regulations 2004 SI Part 2 … 300 2004/3426 … 7, 304 Exclusivity Terms in Zero Hours Contracts reg. 2 … 305 (Redress) Regulations 2015 SI 2015/ reg. 4 … 305 2021 … 54 reg. 5 … 305 Fishing Vessels (Health and Safety) reg. 6 … 305 (Employment of Children and reg. 7(1) … 306 Young Persons) Regulations 1998 SI reg. 7(2) … 306 1998/2411 … 231 reg. 7(3) … 306 Fixed-term Employees (Prevention of Less reg. 7(4) … 306 Favourable Treatment) Regulations 2002 regs 8–10 … 306 SI 2002/2034 … 44 reg. 8(1)(d) … 306 reg. 1(2) … 43 reg. 14 … 306 reg. 2 … 45 reg. 15 … 307 reg. 3 … 45 reg. 16(1) … 307 reg. 4 … 45 reg. 16(1)(g) … 307 reg. 5 … 46 reg. 16(2) … 307 reg. 6 … 46 reg. 18(1) … 307 reg. 8 … 46 reg. 20(1) … 307 reg. 9 … 47 reg. 21 … 305 Flexible Working (Eligibility Complaints reg. 22 … 308 and Remedies) Regulations 2002 SI reg. 23 … 308 2002/3236… 285 reg. 25 … 308 Flexible Working (Procedural Requirements) reg. 26 … 308 Regulations 2002 SI 2002/3207 regs 27–28 … 308 reg. 3 … 286 reg. 30 … 308 reg. 9 … 287 reg. 32 … 308 reg. 10 … 287 Sch. 2 … 307 reg. 12 … 286 Management of Health and Safety at Work reg. 14 … 286 Regulations 1999 SI 1999/3242 … 231 Flexible Working Regulations 2014 SI 2014/ reg. 1(2) … 231 1398 … 286 reg. 3 … 239 reg. 4 … 286 reg. 3(1) … 278 Health and Safety (Consultation with reg. 3(5) … 231 Employees) Regulations 1996 SI reg. 10(2) … 232 1996/1513 … 112, 301 reg. 14(2) … 72 Table of statutory instruments | liii

reg. 16(1) … 278 reg. 17 … 281 reg. 16(2) … 279 reg. 17(1) … 291 reg. 19(1) … 232 regs 18(1)–(3) … 292 Maternity Allowance and Statutory reg. 18(2) … 285 Maternity Pay Regulations 1994 SI reg. 18(5) … 285 1994/1230 … 275 reg. 19 … 251, 282, 284 Maternity and Parental Leave (Amendment) reg. 19(1) … 292 Regulations 2001 SI 2001/4010 … 288 reg. 19(6) … 282 Maternity and Parental Leave (Amendment) reg. 19(7) … 282 Regulations 2002 SI 2002/2789 … 276 reg. 20 … 284 Maternity and Parental Leave etc and reg. 20(1)(a) … 292 the Paternity and Adoption Leave reg. 20(2) … 283, 286 (Amendment) Regulations 2006 SI regs 20(7)–(8) … 286 2006/2014 … 293 reg. 20(7) … 292 Maternity and Parental Leave etc and reg. 20(8) … 292 the Paternity and Adoption Leave reg. 21(2) … 292 (Amendment) Regulations 2008 SI reg. 22 … 286, 293 2008/1966 … 293 Sch. 1 … 84, 301 Maternity and Parental Leave etc. Sch. 2 … 289 Regulations 1999 SI 1999/3312 … 29, Maternity Benefits and Statutory Sick Pay 59, 84, 112, 232, 275, 276, 301 (Amendment) Regulations 1994 SI reg. 2(1) … 276, 285 1994/1367 … 275 reg. 2(3) … 276 National Minimum Wage Regulations 1999 reg. 4(1)(a) … 276 SI 1999/584 … 59,65, 264 reg. 4(1A) … 277 reg. 2(2) … 265 reg. 4(2)(a) … 277 reg. 38(7) … 268 reg. 4(2)(b) … 277 reg. 38(8) … 268 reg. 4(4)(b) … 277 National Minimum Wage Regulations 2015 reg. 4(4)(b) … 277 SI 2015/621 … 264 reg. 6 … 277 reg. 4 … 264 reg. 6(3) … 278 reg. 4A … 264 reg. 7(1) … 277 reg. 5 … 264 regs 7(4)-(5) … 278 reg. 6 … 263 reg. 7(5) … 278 reg. 7 … 265 reg. 7(6) … 277 reg. 8 … 265 reg. 7(7) … 277 reg. 9 … 265 reg. 8 … 278 reg. 10 … 264 reg. 9 … 280, 281 reg. 14 … 265 regs 10(2)–(3) … 283 regs 21–29 … 267 reg. 11 … 285 reg. 22 … 267 reg. 12A … 284 reg. 23 … 267 reg. 12A(1) … 280 reg. 30 … 266 reg. 12A(2) … 280 reg. 32 … 267 reg. 12A(3) … 280 reg. 32(1) … 266 reg. 12A(5) … 280 reg. 32(2) … 266 reg. 12a(6) … 280 reg. 34 … 266 reg. 12A(7) … 280 reg. 35 … 266 reg. 13(1) … 17 reg. 36 … 267 reg. 13(2) … 288 reg. 37 … 267 reg. 14 … 290 reg. 39 … 267 reg. 14(1) … 288 reg. 40 … 267 reg. 14(1A) … 288 reg. 43 … 267 regs 14(2)–(3) … 289 reg. 44 … 268 liv | Table of statutory instruments

reg. 45 … 268 reg. 3 … 48 regs 49–50 … 268 reg. 4 … 48 reg. 51 … 264 reg. 5 … 48, 49 reg. 52(2) … 264 reg. 6 … 49 reg. 53 … 264 reg. 7 … 49 reg. 54(2) … 264 reg. 8 … 49 reg. 55 … 264 reg. 9 … 49 reg. 56(2) … 265 reg. 10 … 49 reg. 57 … 265 reg. 11 … 49 reg. 59 … 268 reg. 12 … 49 Part-time Workers (Prevention of Less reg. 13 … 49 Favourable Treatment) Regulations 2000 reg. 14 … 49 SI 2000/1551 … 40, 60, 114, 256, 285 reg. 15 … 49 reg. 2(1) … 41 reg. 16 … 49 reg. 2(2) … 41 reg. 17 … 49 reg. 3 … 42 reg. 18 … 49 reg. 4 … 42 reg. 20 … 49 reg. 5 … 42, 60 Trade Union Act 2016 (Political funds) reg. 7 … 114 (Transition period) Regulations Paternity and Adoption Leave Regulations 2017 … 342 2002 SI 2002/2788 … 293 Trade Union (Facility Time Publication reg. 15(2) … 294 Requirements) Regulations SI reg. 29 … 293 2017/328 … 257 Public Interest Disclosure (Compensation) Trade Union and Labour Relations Regulations 1999 SI 1999/1548 … 82 (Consolidation) Act 1992 (Amendment) Public Interest Disclosure (Prescribed Order 2013 SI 2013/763 … 309 Persons) Order 1999 SI 1999/1549 … 82 Trade Union Recognition (Method of Recognition and Derecognition Ballots Collective Bargaining) Order 2000 SI (Qualified Persons) Order 2000 SI 2000/1300 … 363 2000/1306 … 362 Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of Right to Time Off for Study or Training Employment) Regulations 1981 SI Regulations 2001 SI 2001/2801 1981/1794 … 316, 376 reg. 3 … 253 reg. 6 … 354 reg. 4 … 253 reg. 10 … 252 Safety Representatives and Safety Committees reg. 11 … 252 Regulations 1977 SI 1977/500 … 301 Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of reg. 3(1) … 18 Employment) Regulations 2006 SI Shared Parental Leave Regulations 2014 SI 2006/246 … 13, 33, 58, 113, 255, 320 2014/3050 … 281 reg. 3(1)(a) … 321 reg. 2 … 282 reg. 3(1)(b) … 321 reg. 35 … 282 reg. 3(2) … 321 reg. 36 … 282 reg. 3(3)(a) … 332 Smoke-free (Premises and Enforcement) reg. 4(1) … 320, 323 Regulations 2006 SI 2006/3368 … 82 reg. 4(3) … 324 Social Security Maternity Benefits and reg. 4(4) … 324 Statutory Sick Pay (Amendment) reg. 4(7) … 324 Regulations 1994 SI 1994/1367 … 275 reg. 4(8) … 324 Statutory Maternity Pay (Compensation to reg. 4A … 325 Employers) (Amendment) Regulations reg. 5(2A) … 323 1999 SI 1999/363 … 275 reg. 6 … 357 Temporary Agency Workers Regulations 2010 reg. 7(1) … 114, 324 SI 2010/93 reg. 7(2) … 114, 324 Table of statutory instruments | lv

reg. 9(1) … 326 reg. 6 … 238, 245 reg. 9(7) … 326 reg. 6(1) …, 238, 240 reg. 11 … 327, 328 reg. 6(2) … 238, 245 reg. 12 … 328 reg. 6(3) … 238 regs 13–16 … 326 reg. 6(4) … 238 reg. 13(2) … 326 reg. 6(5) … 238 reg. 13(3) … 327 reg. 6(7) … 239 reg. 13(7) … 327 reg. 6(8) … 239 reg. 13(11) … 328 reg. 6A … 238 reg. 15(2) … 327 reg. 7 … 238, 240, 245 Transnational Information and Consultation reg. 7(1) … 239, 240, 245 of Employees (Amendment) Regulations reg. 7(2) … 239, 240, 245 2010 SI 2010/1088 … 297 reg. 7(2)(a) … 239 reg. 18A … 298 reg. 7(3) … 239 reg. 24(1) … 299 reg. 7(5) … 239 Transnational Information and Consultation reg. 7(6) … 240, 245 of Employees Regulations 1999 SI reg. 8 … 241, 245 1999/3323 … 252, 297 reg. 9 … 240, 245 Part IV … 298 regs 10–17 … 240 reg. 2 … 297 reg. 10 … 245 reg. 5 … 297 reg. 10(1) … 240, 241 regs 6–8 … 298 reg. 10(2) … 240, 244 regs 9–10 … 298 reg. 10(3) … 240 reg. 11 … 298 reg. 11 … 238, 239, 245 regs 12–15 … 298 regs 11(1)–(3) … 241 reg. 17(1) … 298 reg. 11(4) … 241 reg. 17(3) … 298 reg. 11(5) … 241 reg. 17(4) … 298 reg. 11(6) … 241 reg. 23 … 299 reg. 11(7) … 241 regs 25–26 … 299 reg. 12 … 241, 245 regs 25–27 … 252 reg. 12(4) … 244 reg. 25(2) … 253 reg. 13 … 60 reg. 26 … 253 reg. 13A … 243 reg. 27 … 253 reg. 13A(7) … 243 reg. 42 … 297 reg. 14 … 60 Working Time (Amendment) Regulations reg. 15(1) … 242 2001 SI 2001/3256 … 234 reg. 15(2) … 242 Working Time (Amendment) Regulations reg. 15(3) … 242 2003 SI 2003/1684 … 234 reg. 15(4) … 243 Working Time (Amendment) Regulations reg. 15(5) … 243 2007 SI 2007/2079 … 242 reg. 15(6) … 243 Working Time Regulations 1998 SI reg. 15A … 242 1998/18333, 17, 60, 65, 84, 113, 136, reg. 16 … 60, 241 231, 233, 234, 242, 244 reg. 17 … 243 reg. 2(1) … 16, 234, 235, 236, reg. 18 … 235 238, 245 reg. 19 … 243 reg. 4 … 236, 245 reg. 20 … 244 reg. 4(1) … 17, 236, 240 reg. 21 … 244 reg. 4(2) … 236, 238, 245 reg. 21(c) … 244 reg. 4(4) … 236 reg. 22 … 244 reg. 4(7) … 237 reg. 22(1)(c) … 244 reg. 5 … 236 reg. 23 … 245 lvi | Table of statutory instruments

reg. 23(b) … 236 reg. 35 … 246 reg. 24 … 244, 245 reg. 36 … 235 reg. 24(a) … 244 reg. 36(2) … 235 reg. 25 … 240 regs 37–43 … 235 reg. 25(2) … 244 Sch. 1 … 113, 245, 301 reg. 25(3) … 244 Sch. 1 reg. 27 … 244 para. 2 … 302 reg. 28(2) … 245 Sch. 1 reg. 29 … 245 para. 3 … 302 reg. 30 … 246 Working Time Regulations 1999 SI regs 30(3)–(5) … 246 1999/3372 … 60, 234, 237 Table of European legislation

Treaties and conventions European Convention on Human Rights 1950 �� 103, 127 Art. 6(1) �� 4 Art. 8 �� 212, 227 Art. 9 �� 164, 221, 222, 223 Art. 9(2) �� 220, 222 Art. 10 �� 350 Art. 11 �� 331, 350, 375 Art. 11(1) �� 374 Art. 13 �� 227 Art. 14 �� 193, 212 Treaty of Amsterdam 1997, OJ C 340 �� 156 Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union 2009 [2010] OJ C 83 (Consolidated Text) [TFEU] �� 3, 30, 154 Article numbers are the current numbers; previous numbers in the Treaty Establishing the European Community [EC] and the Treaty of Rome follow in brackets. Art. 115 [100] ��.233 Art. 153 [118a, 137] �� 231, 232, 233 Art. 157 [119, 141] �� 30, 154, 163, 181, 280 Art. 157(3) �� 154 Art. 157(4) �� 178 Art. [189c] �� 233 Art. 263 [173] �� 233 Art. 352 [235] �� 233 Treaty on European Union 1992 [2010] OJ C 83 (Consolidated Text) [TEU] �� 3 Treaty of Rome 1957 see also Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union �� 3

Directives Directive 75/117/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the application of the principle of equal pay for men and women, OJ [1975] L45/19 ��154, 181 Art. 1 �� 181 Directive 75/129/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to collective redundancies, OJ [1975] L48/29; amended by Directive 92/56, OJ [1992] L245/3; consolidated by Directive 98/ 59/EC, OJ [1998] L225/16 �� 308 lviii | Table of European legislation

Directive 76/207/EEC on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and working conditions, OJ [1976] L39/40; amended by Directive 2002/73/EC, OJ [2002] L269/15 ��30, 154, 178, 227, 272, 273, 279 Art. 2(1) �� 213 Art. 2(3) �� 213 Art. 2(4) ��178 Art. 5 ��214, 279 Art. 5(1) ��210, 213 Directive 77/187/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the safeguarding of employees’ rights in the event of transfers of undertakings, businesses or parts of undertakings or businesses, OJ [1977] L61/26; amended by Directive 98/50/EC, OJ [1998] L201/88; consolidated by Directive 2001/23/EC, OJ [2001] L82/16 �� 320 Directive 80/987/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the protection of employees in the event of the insolvency of their employer, OJ [1980] L283/23; amended by Directive 2002/74/EC, OJ [2002] L270/10 ��143, 316 Art. 3 ��317 Art. 4 �� 317 Art. 8 �� 319 Directive 89/391/EEC on the introduction of measures to encourage improvements in the safety and health of workers at work, OJ [1989] L183/1 ��233 Directive 91/383/EEC supplementing the measures to encourage improvements in the safety and health at work of workers with a fixed duration employment relationship or a temporary employment relationship, OJ [1991] L206 ��43 Directive 91/533/EEC on an employer’s obligation to inform employees of the conditions applicable to the contract or employment relationship, OJ [1991] L288/32 ��56 Art. 2(1) ��56 Art. 2(2)(c) �� 56 Directive 92/56/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to collective redundancies, OJ [1992] L245/3 �� 308 Directive 92/85/EEC on the introduction of measures to encourage improvements in the safety and health of pregnant workers and workers who have recently given birth or are breastfeeding, OJ [1992] L348/1 �� 272, 275, 277 Art. 2(a) �� 272 Art. 4 ��272 Art. 10 �� 214, 215, 272, 273, 284 Art. 10(1) �� 213, 284 Art. 11(1) �� 273 Art. 11(2) ��273 Directive 93/104/EC concerning certain aspects of the organisation of working time, OJ [1993] L307/18 �� 213, 231, 232 Art. 1 ��233 Art. 2(4) �� 238 Art. 4 �� 233 Art. 5 �� 233 Art. 6 �� 233 Art. 6(6) �� 236 Art. 7 �� 233, 234, 241 Art. 17 �� 233 Table of European legislation | lix

Directive 94/33/EC on the protection of young people at work, OJ [1994] L216/12 �� 231, 234 Arts 4–5 �� 231 Art. 6 �� 231 Art. 7 �� 231 Directive 94/45/EC on the establishment of a European Works Council or a procedured in Community-scale undertakings and Community-scale groups of undertakings for the purpose of informing and consulting employees, OJ [1994] L254/64 �� 296, 297, 304 Art. 1(1) �� 296 Art. 2(a) �� 297 Art. 2(b) �� 297 Art. 2(c) �� 297 Art. 6 �� 297, 298 Art. 6(1) �� 298 Art. 13 �� 297 Directive 96/34/EC on the Framework Agreement on parental leave, OJ [1996] L145/4 ��273 Directive 96/71/EC concerning the posting of workers in the framework of the provision of services, OJ [1996] L18/1 �� 63 Directive 97/74/EC extending to the United Kingdom Directive 94/45/EC on the establishment of a European Works Council or a procedure in Community-scale undertakings and Communityscale groups of undertakings for the purposes of informing and consulting employees, OJ [1997] L10/22 �� 296 Directive 97/75/EC amending and extending Directive 96/34/EC on the framework agreement on parental leave concluded by UNICE, CEEP and ETUC, OJ [1998] L10/24 ��273 Directive 97/80/EC on the burden of proof in cases of discrimination based on sex, OJ [1997] L14/6 ��154, 171 Art. 1 �� 171 Directive 97/81/EC concerning the Framework Agreement on part-time work concluded by UNICE, CEEP and ETUC, OJ [1997] L14/920.1.98 ��38, 189 Clause 1 �� 39 Clause 2(2�� 39 Clause 3(1) �� 39 Clause 4 �� 40 Directive 98/50/EC amending Directive 77/187/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the safeguarding of employees’ rights in the event of transfers of undertakings, businesses or parts of businesses, OJ [1998] L225/161 �� 320 Directive 98/52/EC on the extension of Directive 97/80/EC on the burden of proof in cases of discrimination based on sex to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, OJ [1998] L205/ 6622.7.98 �� 171 Directive 98/59/EC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to collective redundancies, OJ [1998] L225/16 ��308 Art. 1(1)(a) �� 311 Art. 2 �� 311 Art. 2(1) �� 310 Art. 3 �� 316 Art. 4 �� 316 Directive 99/63/EC concerning the Agreement on the Organisation of working time of seafarers, concluded by the European Community Shipowners Association lx | Table of European legislation

and the Federation of Transport Workers’ Union in the European Union, OJ [1999] L244/64 �� 235 Directive 99/70/EC concerning the Framework Agreement on fixed-term work, OJ [1999] L175/43 �� 38, 39, 43 Clause 1 �� 39 Clause 3 ��44 Clause 4 ��44 Clause 4(1) ��45 Directive 2000/43/EC on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of racial or ethnic origin, OJ [2000] L180/22 �� 156, 216 Art. 1 �� 156 Art. 2 �� 156 Art. 2(2)(a) �� 156 Art. 13 �� 156 Directive 2000/78/EC establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation, OJ [2000] L303/16147 ��154, 169, 199, 227 Preamble para 14 �� 198 Art. 1 �� 193 Art. 3 �� 154 Art. 4 �� 193 Art. 5 �� 154 Art. 6 ��154, 155 Art. 6(2) ��198 Art. 8(2) ��198 Art. 18 �� 194 Directive 2000/79 on mobile staff in civil aviation, OJ [2000] L302/57 �� 236 Directive 2001/23/EC on the approximation of the laws of the member states relating to the safeguarding of employee’s rights in the event of transfers of undertakings, businesses or parts of businesses, OJ [2001] L201/88 �� 320 Art. 5(1) �� 326 Art. 5(2) �� 326 Directive 2001/86/EC supplementing the Statute for a European company with regard to the involvement of employees, OJ [2001] L294/22 �� 296, 299 Art. 2(i) �� 299 Art. 2(j) �� 299 Directive 2002/14/EC establishing a general framework for informing and consulting employees in the European Community, OJ [2002] L80/29 �� 302 Preamble para. (6) �� 302 para. (7) �� 302 para. (9) �� 302 para. (13) �� 302 para. (18) �� 303 para. (19) �� 303 Art. 8 �� 304 Art. 11 �� 304 Directive 2002/15/EC on the organisation of the working time of persons performing mobile road transport activities, OJ [2002] L80/35 �� 236 Directive 2002/73/EC on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and working conditions, OJ [2002] L269/15 ��154 Table of European legislation | lxi

Directive 2002/74/EC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the protection of employees in the event of the insolvency of their employer ��316 Directive 2003/72/EC supplementing the Statute for a European Co-operative Society with regard to the involvement of employees, OJ [2003] L207/25 ��296 Directive 2003/88/EC concerning certain aspects of the organisation of working time, OJ [2003] L299/9 �� 231 Art. 6(b) ��246 Directive 2006/54/EC on the implementation of the principle of equal opportunities and equal treatment of men and women in matters of employment and occupation, OJ [2006] L204/23 ��154 Art. 1 ��154, 193 Art. 2(1) ��154 Art. 3 ��178 Directive 2008/94/EC on the protection of employees in the event of the insolvency of their employer ��316 Directive 2008/104/EC on temporary agency work ��47 Art. 1(1) ��48 Art. 2 ��47, 48 Art. 3(2) ��48 Art. 5 ��48 Art. 6 ��48 Directive 2009/38/EC on the establishment of a European Works Council or a procedure in Community-scale undertakings and Community-scale groups of undertakings for the purpose of informing and consulting employees, OJ [2009] L122/28 �� 296 Art. 1(1) ��296 Art. 2(a) ��297 Art. 2(b) ��297 Art. 2(c) ��297 Art. 6 ��298 Art. 6(1) ��298 Directive 2010/18/EU implementing the revised Framework Agreement on parental leave; repealing Directive 96/34/EC, OJ [2010] L68/13 ��273 Clause 2(1) ��274 Clause 2(2) ��274 Clause 3 ��249 Clause 5(5) ��274 Clause 7(1) ��274

Preface

The book is intended to be a comprehensive and supportive text for those studying employment law, whether law students or others. We have tried to reflect the significant changes that are happening in the workplace, particularly the consideration of new forms of flexible working. The big imponderable in the writing of this edition has been the effect of the decision by the UK to leave the EU. Much of our employment law has its derivation in legislation enacted by the EU and we have reflected this in our writing. The government has stated that these employment rights will be incorporated into national law when we leave, but we must wait on developments.

Malcolm Sargeant David Lewis

Publisher’s acknowledgements

We are grateful to the following for permission to reproduce copyright material: Tables 6.1 and 6.2 from Discrimination in the European Union, Special Eurobarom- eter Survey (2007), European Commission, © European Union, 1995–2013. http://ec. europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_263_sum_en.pdf. In some instances we have been unable to trace the owners of copyright material, and we would appreciate any information that would enable us to do so.

Abbreviations

AC Appeal Cases ACAS Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service All ER All England Law Reports ASTMS Association of Supervisory, Technical and Managerial Staffs AUEW Amalgamated Union of Engineering Workers CA Court of Appeal CAC Central Arbitration Committee CBI Confederation of British Industry CEEP European Centre of Employers and Enterprises providing Public Services CIPD Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development CJEU Court of Justice of the European Union CMLR Common Market Law Reports CO Certification Officer CPSA Civil and Public Services Association CRE Commission for Racial Equality CRTUPE Collective Redundancies and Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of Employment) Regulations 2014 CVA Creditor’s Voluntary Arrangement DDA Disability Discrimination Act 1995 DBEIS Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy DBIS Department for Business, Innovation and Skills DRC Disability Rights Commission DRCA Disability Rights Commission Act 1999 DTI Department of Trade and Industry EA Equality Act 2010 EAT Employment Appeal Tribunal EC European Community ECHR European Convention on Human Rights ECtHR European Court of Human Rights ECR European Court Reports EEA European Economic Area EEC European Economic Community EES European Employment Strategy EFTA European Free Trade Association EHRC Equality and Human Rights Commission EHRR European Human Rights Reports EOC Equal Opportunities Commission EPA Equal Pay Act 1970 ERA Employment Rights Act 1996 lxviii | Abbreviations

ERelA Employment Relations Act 1999 ERRA Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 ETA Employment Tribunals Act 1996 ETEJO Employment Tribunals (Extension of Jurisdiction) Order 1994 ETUC European Trade Union Confederation ETUI European Trade Union Institute EU European Union EWC European Works Council GCHQ Government Communications Headquarters GLA Gangmasters Licensing Authority GLAA Gangmasters and Labour Abuse Authority GMBATU General, Municipal, Boilermakers and Allied Trades Union HASAWA Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 HC House of Commons HL House of Lords HRA Human Rights Act 1998 HSCE Health and Safety (Consultation with Employees) Regulations 1996 IANA Immigration, Asylum and Nationality Act 2006 ICE Information and Consultation of Employees Regulations 2004 ICR Industrial Cases Reports IRLR Industrial Relations Law Reports LGB Lesbian, Gay or Bisexual MHSW Management of Health and Safety at Work MP Member of Parliament MPL Maternity and Parental Leave etc. Regulations NALGO National Association of Local Government Officers NEC National Executive Committee NGA National Graphical Association NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NIRC National Industrial Relations Court NMW National minimum wage NMWA National Minimum Wage Act 1998 NUM National Union of Mineworkers NURMTW National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers OADR Old-age dependency ratio ODI Office for Disability Issues OJ Official Journal ONS Office for National Statistics OPSI Office of Public Sector Information PNLD Police National Legal Database PTW Part-time Workers (Prevention of Less Favourable Treatment) Regulations QB Queen’s Bench RRA Race Relations Act 1976 SC Supreme Court SDA Sex Discrimination Act 1975 SE Societas Europaea SI Statutory Instrument SNB Special Negotiating Body SOGAT Society of Graphical and Allied Trades Abbreviations | lxix

SPA State Pension Age SPL Shared parental leave SRA Standard retirement age TFEU Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union TGWU Transport and General Workers Union TICE Transnational Information and Consultation of Employees TUC Trades Union Congress TULRCA Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992 TUPE Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of Employment) Regulations 1981 and 2006 ULR Union learning representative WHOICD World Health Organisation International Classification of Diseases WLR Weekly Law Reports WT Working time

Chapter 1

The study of employment law

Chapter Contents

1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Primary and secondary legislation 2 1.3 The EU Treaties and legislation 3 1.4 The courts 4 1.5 Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service 6 1.6 Central Arbitration Committee 7 1.7 Certification Officer 7 1.8 Information Commissioner 8 1.9 Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) 8 1.10 Other useful websites 9 Further reading 9 2 | THE STUDY OF EMPLOYMENT LAW

1.1 Introduction The subject of employment law is the regulation of the relationship between employer and worker or, put in another way, the relationship between the user of labour and the supplier of labour. This regulation takes place at an individual level and at a collective level. At an individual level, the law takes the view that the contract of employment is like any other contract, namely a legally binding agreement that two equal parties have voluntarily entered into. At a collective level, workers and employers have banded together into trade unions and employers’ associations in order, partly, to give themselves greater bargaining power with each other. The sources of this regulation are diverse and include:

1. primary and secondary legislation initiated or supported by government; 2. the EU Treaties and legislation, usually, but not always, in the form of Directives; 3. the decisions of the courts, including the High Court, employment tribunals and the Employment Appeal Tribunal, but especially, as in other fields of law, decisions of the Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court; 4. the decisions of international courts, currently the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR); 5. codes of practice and guidance issued by Ministers of the Crown and by individual bodies authorised by statute to do so. These latter include the Health and Safety Executive and the Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC); 6. the Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service (ACAS) and the Central Arbitra- tion Committee (CAC), which have been given a special role by governments in the field of dispute resolution between workers and employers, both individually and collectively.

A concern for students of employment law is how to access the large amount of information available in the most efficient and effective way. Books are one source of information but further study means accessing the law and its sources directly. The purpose of this chapter is to provide some information on accessing employment law and to show that a large amount of information is available free from the organisations mentioned previously and others, much of which is accessible via the internet.

1.2 Primary and secondary legislation The Acts of Parliament most often referred to in this book are the Employment Rights Act (ERA) 1996 and the Equality Act (EA) 2010. Both of these have been much amended by other statutes. There are other important Acts, such as the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act (TULRCA) 1992 and the National Minimum Wage Act (NMWA) 1998. There are also a large number of statutory instruments that form an important source of employment law. For example, much EU legislation has been introduced via regulations under s. 2(2) European Communities Act 1972. Study sources for both Acts of Parliament and secondary legislation are:

1. All current legislation is available at: www.legislation.gov.uk. Here you can click on ‘Browse Legislation’, ‘New Legislation’ or ‘Changes to Legislation’ and you will be able to access all Acts of the UK Parliament adopted since 1988 together with draft legislation. If you click on ‘Statutory Instruments’, you will be able to access subordinate THE STUDY OF EMPLOYMENT LAW | 3

legislation. Bear in mind that there are several thousand statutory instruments adopted each year so it will help you if you know the year and the number that you are looking for. Thus SI 1998/1833 will lead you to statutory instrument number 1833 adopted in 1998, which will take you to the Working Time Regulations 1998. 2. Houses of Parliament – Hansard is the full verbatim report of debates in the Houses of Parliament and is kept by many libraries in microfiche format. There is also a large amount of information available on Parliament’s website at: www.parliament.uk. If you click on this, you will be able to choose between the House of Commons and the House of Lords and explore at your leisure. Click on ‘House of Commons’ and then ‘Publications & records’, and you will see a section on ‘Research publications’. If you click on these, you will be able to explore all the recent research papers written by House of Commons research staff. This will include papers on employment law issues and Bills before Parliament. Alternatively, the Parliament Home Page will give you access to the entire work of Parliament, including copies of Bills before Parliament and the current work of the House of Commons and the House of Lords. It will usefully give you access to the Committee System and the reports that Select Committees of both Houses have made. For example, you might follow this through to the Business, Energy and Indus- trial Strategy Committee. The government department that has the most relevance to the study of employment law is the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. Its website can be found at: www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-business- energy-and-industrial-strategy. The site has copies of all the consultations that have taken place about the introduction of many measures in the field of employment law and provides guidance on current legislation. 3. Other sources of statutes will be the same as for other law subjects studied, such as Halsbury’s Statutes, Lexis Library and Lawtel.

1.3 The EU Treaties and legislation At the time of writing it is still unclear what the future role of the historic decisions of the CJEU will be in the future decion making of the British courts. Six countries adopted the Treaty of Rome in 1957 but the European Community (EC) has grown to 28 Member States but now 27 states after the UK’s withdrawal. From December 2009 the two principal sources of EU law have been the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union and the Treaty on European Union. The scope of the EU’s activities has also grown from being concerned with a number of primarily economic objectives to a Union that has an important social dimension as well as an economic one. As a result of this, there is a large amount of EU material available and it seemed to increase at a rate that alarmed even specialist students of EU law. Some of this material may still be relevant if the UK were to leave the EU so it is worth noting how it may be accessed:

1. European Documentation Centres – a large number of libraries contain European Documentation Centres, which will normally have a specialist librarian in charge. These keep paper copies of both current and historical EU material. They are most useful if you know what you are looking for rather than starting a cold search. 2. The EU has a website with an enormous amount of material. It is not the easiest site to navigate but will reward those who know which document they are looking for or those with patience. It can be found at: http://europa.eu. 4 | THE STUDY OF EMPLOYMENT LAW

Once you have clicked on the language you require, the next page provides a subject list of what the European Union does. Click on ‘EU by topic’ and the relevant area to choose is ‘Employment and social affairs’. Here you will find useful summaries of legislation and policy as well as full texts of legislation and case law. You might also try the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions (at www.eurofound.europa.eu). This site has extensive information about what is go- ing on in the EU and individual Member States. 3. A good library will have other sources, such as those contained on various CDs, as well as access to relevant information via other commercial bodies.

1.4 The courts 1.4.1 Employment tribunals and the EAT Section 1(1) Employment Rights (Dispute Resolution) Act 1998 renamed industrial tribunals as employment tribunals, so this is how they are referred to in this book. Unlike many other courts, employment tribunals and the Employment Appeal Tribunal (EAT) are cre- ated by statute1 as is the subject matter in which they deal.2 The composition of employment tribunals is set out in the Employment Tribunals Act (ETA) 1996 and provision has recently been made for legal officers to determine certain claims if the parties have given their written consent.3 An interesting issue with regard to tribunals and the Human Rights Act 1998 was raised in Smith v Secretary of State for Trade and Industry.4 Article 6(1) of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) gives everyone the right to an ‘independent and impartial’ tribunal.5 The question raised was whether employment tribunals which were appointed by the Secretary of State could adjudicate in claims against the Secretary of State and still be independent and impartial tribunals. Following evidence that employers were failing to pay sums awarded by tribunals, sections 37A–37Q ERA 1996 were introduced in 2016 to enable enforcement officers to issue a warning notice specifying a date by which an outstanding tribunal award and interest must be paid. An employer not complying with the notice may incur a financial penalty (payable to the Secretary of State) of 50 per cent of the sum owed, subject to a minimum of £100 and a maximum of £5,000. However, employers qualify for a reduction of 50 per cent of the penalty if they pay the reduced penalty and the whole unpaid amount within 14 days after the day on which notice of the decision to impose the penalty was sent. Appeals from employment tribunals are normally to the EAT, which sits in Edinburgh and London. Proceedings are to be heard by a judge alone unless a judge directs otherwise.6 Apart from challenges to the decision of the Certification Officer (CO), an appeal to the EAT can only be made on a point of law and must be lodged within 42 days.7 Table 1.1 provides a breakdown of the employment tribunal cases sent to ACAS for conciliation in 2018/19.8

1 See ss 1 and 20 Employment Tribunals Act (ETA) 1996. 2 Sections 2–3 and 21 ETA 1996. 3 Sections 4 and 22–25 ETA 1996 (as amended). 4 [2000] IRLR 6. 5 On the application of Article 6 to disciplinary proceedings, see Mattu v University Hospitals of Coventry and NHS Trust [2012] IRLR 661 CA. 6 Section 28(2)–(8) ETA 1996. 7 Rule 3 Employment Appeal Tribunal Rules 1993, SI 1993/2854. 8 See ACAS Annual Report 2018/19. THE STUDY OF EMPLOYMENT LAW | 5

TABLE 1.1 Employment tribunal cases sent to ACAS for conciliation in 2018/19

Subject matter Number and percentage of applications

Unfair dismissal 18,571 51% Breach of contract 12,200 33% Wages Act 14,809 41% Working time (annual leave) 9,490 26% Disability discrimination 7,119 19% Sex discrimination 3,841 11% Race discrimination 3,514 10% Redundancy pay 3,168 10% Public interest disclosure 2,543 7% Maternity detriment 1,633 4% Other 9,041 Total jurisdictions 86,379

1.4.2 Case reports Paper reports of proceedings at the EAT, the Court of Appeal (CA) and the Supreme Court are published in:

●● Industrial Cases Reports (ICR); ●● Industrial Relations Law Reports (IRLR).

Wherever possible, these are the sources used in this book. Both carry good summaries of the cases in question. Cases may also be reported in non-specialist law reports, such as the All England Law Reports (All ER), the Weekly Law Reports (WLR) or in Appeal Cases (AC). Other, more comprehensive, sources are:

●● www.gov.uk/employment-appeal-tribunal-decisions (the EAT); ●● www.judiciary.uk/court/high-court (the High Court); ●● www.judiciary.uk/court/court-of-appeal/(the Court of Appeal); ●● www.supremecourt.uk/decided-cases (the Supreme Court).

Apart from the EAT, these sources are not restricted to employment law cases only and can be found via a number of other links. The advantage of all these sites over the paper reports is that the judgment of the court is reported in full in all cases. The Employment Tribunals Service website also contains a lot of useful information and statistics. It can be found at: www.gov.uk/government/organisations/hm-courts-and-tribunals-service. For employment law purposes, currently the two most important courts are the Court of Justice of the European Union (Court of Justice) and the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). Significant and relevant cases in both are reported in the ICR and IRLR but they both have their own paper and electronic reports. These are:

●● European Court Reports (ECR) for the Court of Justice; ●● European Human Rights Reports (EHRR) for the European Court of Human Rights. 6 | THE STUDY OF EMPLOYMENT LAW

Again, these reports cover all the work of the courts and will include a large number of cases that are not directly relevant to the study of employment law. In addition, both courts have websites that will provide access to the judgments of the court. These sites are:

●● https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/institutions-bodies/court-justice_en (the Court of Justice); ●● www.echr.coe.int (the ECtHR).

1.5 advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service The Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service (ACAS) was established by statute in 1975 to promote the improvement of industrial relations.9 It operates as an independent publicly funded body and is not subject to direct ministerial control. It is run by a council of 12 individuals, which is made up of leading figures from business, unions, independent sectors and academics. ACAS operates in four key areas of activities. These are:

1. preventing and resolving disputes by means of collective conciliation and advisory mediation; 2. conciliating in actual and potential complaints to employment tribunals; 3. providing information and advice; 4. promoting good practice and training.

Examples of its success are:

●● In 2016/17,10 670 collective disputes were closed by outcome and another 253 were withdrawn; 615 cases were successfully completed and 55 unsuccessfully. ●● In the same period, 124,000 individual conciliation case outcomes were explained. Of these, only around 9,000 made it to a tribunal hearing.

The ACAS annual report is a good source of statistical information and is free from the website. It also produces a wide range of publications that focus on good practice and explain the legal obligations of practitioners. Of considerable importance are its codes of practice on:

●● disclosure of information to trade unions for collective bargaining purposes 2003; ●● time off for trade union duties and activities 2010; ●● disciplinary and grievance procedures 2015; ●● settlement agreements 2013; and ●● handling in a reasonable manner requests to work flexibly 2014.

ACAS has authority to issue these codes of practice under ss 199–202 TULRCA 1992. Sections 207 and 207A TULRCA 1992 provide that the contents of these codes will be taken into account at hearings before employment tribunals, courts or the Central Arbitra- tion Committee (CAC). ACAS has a very useful website, which contains consultation and proposals on matters such as new codes of practice. It can be found at: www.acas.org.uk.

9 See now s. 209 TULRCA 1992. 10 See the latest annual report available at: www.gov.uk/government/publications/cac-annual-reports. THE STUDY OF EMPLOYMENT LAW | 7

1.6 Central Arbitration Committee The Central Arbitration Committee (CAC) is a permanent independent body with a number of roles:11

1. to adjudicate on applications relating to the statutory recognition of trade unions for collective bargaining purposes (see Chapter 12); 2. to determine disputes between employers and trade unions over the disclosure of information for collective bargaining purposes (see Chapter 12); 3. to determine claims and complaints regarding the establishment and operation of Eu- ropean Works Councils (EWCs) in Great Britain (see Chapter 10); 4. to provide voluntary arbitration in trade disputes, in certain circumstances.

In the period 2017/18 the CAC received four applications under the Information and Consultation of Employees Regulations 2004 and two under the Transnational Informa- tion and Consultation Regulations 1999. It also received 11 applications concerning disclosure of information and 35 concerning trade union recognition. The Committee consists of a chair and nine deputy chairs, together with 41 members experienced as representatives of employers or workers. Any determinations of the Commit- tee are made by the chair, or deputy chair, plus two members. The CAC has a useful website at: www.gov.uk/government/organisations/central- arbitration-committee. This website contains information about the CAC and its statutory powers. It also contains information about decisions of the CAC and details about individual cases.

1.7 Certification Officer The Certification Officer is appointed12 to carry out particular functions13 (see Chapter 11). He or she is responsible for maintaining a list of trade unions and employers’ associations and, if an application is submitted, has to determine whether or not a listed union qualifies for a certificate of independence. The CO also:

●● handles disputes which arise from trade union amalgamations and mergers and the administration of political funds; ●● enforces the annual return requirements and the provisions of Chapter IV TULRCA 1992 concerning trade union elections;14 ●● investigates breaches of a trade union’s own rules relating to a union office, disciplinary proceedings, ballots (on any issue other than industrial action) and the constitution and proceedings of the executive committee or of any decision-making meeting.15

Under Sch. A3 of the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992, the CO has investigatory powers and can make enforcement orders, and Sch. A4 enables her or

11 See ss 259–265 TULRCA 1992. 12 Sections 254–255 TULRCA 1992. 13 Part I TULRCA 1992 as amended. 14 See ss 256 and 32ZC TULRCA 1992. 15 Section 108A TULRCA 1992. 8 | THE STUDY OF EMPLOYMENT LAW him to impose financial penalties. Schedule 2 of the Trade Union Act 2016 allows him or her to exercise certain powers without an application or complaint being made. In relation to all these jurisdictions, an appeal can be lodged on a question of fact or law.16 The CO produces a detailed and useful annual report that contains information on employers’ associations and trade unions and on the work of the CO. The report and other material can be seen on the website at: www.gov.uk/government/organisations/ certification-officer.

1.8 information Commissioner The Office of the Information Commissioner was established by the Data Protection Act 1998, much of which came into effect on 1 March 2000.17 The Commissioner oversees and enforces compliance with the Data Protection Act 1998 and the Freedom of Information Act 2000. It does this by, amongst other means:

●● publishing guidance to assist with compliance; ●● providing a general inquiry service; ●● encouraging the development of codes of practice; ●● maintaining the public register of data controllers under the Data Protection Act 1998 and the list of public authorities with approved publication schemes under the Freedom of Information Act 2000; ●● prosecuting persons in respect of offences under the legislation.

There is an excellent website at: www.ico.org.uk. This provides legal guidance and compliance advice as well as links to the Data Protection Act 1998, codes of practice and consultation documents, including the code of practice on the use of personal data in employer/ employee relationships.

1.9 Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) The Equality and Human Rights Commission was established by s. 1 Equality Act 2006. In addition to assuming responsibility for the work of the previous anti-discrimination Com- missions (i.e. the Equal Opportunities Commission (EOC), the Commission for Racial Equality (CRE) and the Disability Rights Commission (DRC)), it has the duty to combat unlawful discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation, religion or belief, and age. Section 8 Equality Act 2006 provides that the EHRC must:

(a) promote understanding of the importance of equality and diversity; (b) encourage good practice in relation to equality and diversity; (c) promote equality of opportunity; (d) promote awareness and understanding of rights under the Equality Act 2010; (e) enforce the equality enactments; (f) work towards the elimination of unlawful discrimination; and (g) work towards the elimination of unlawful harassment.

16 See s. 21 Trade Union Act 2016. 17 Section 6(1) Data Protection Act 1998. THE STUDY OF EMPLOYMENT LAW | 9

It must also monitor the effectiveness of equality and human rights legislation and report on progress made every three years.18 As part of its general powers, the EHRC can provide advice and information, produce codes of practice, conduct inquiries, carry out investigations and issue unlawful act notices.19 The EHRC website is located at: www.equalityhumanrights.com.

1.10 other useful websites Some sites are useful because they provide good links to other legal sites, such as: University of Kent www.kent.ac.uk/lawlinks Industrial Law Society www.industriallawsociety org.uk Other useful sites include: Business Europe www.businesseurope.eu Cabinet Office www.gov.uk/government/ organisations/cabinet-office Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development www.cipd.co.uk Confederation of British Industry www.cbi.org.uk Emplaw Online www.emplaw.co.uk Employers Forum on Age www.efa.org.uk European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions www.eurofound.europa.eu European Trade Union Confederation www.etuc.org European Trade Union Institute www.etui.org Federation of Small Businesses www.fsb.org.uk Health and Safety Executive www.hse.gov.uk Incomes Data Services www.incomesdata.co.uk International Labour Organization www.ilo.org Labour Research Department www.lrd.org.uk Low Pay Commission www.gov.uk/government/ organisations/low-pay-commission Office for National Statistics www.ons.gov.uk Trades Union Congress www.tuc.org.uk UK Official Documents www.official-documents.gov.uk Unison www.unison.org.uk Unite the Union https://unitetheunion.org/ XpertHR www.xperthr.co.uk

Further reading Cabrelli, D. Employment Law in Context: Text and Materials, 2018, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3rd edition. Chapters 1 and 2. Smith, I., Baker, A. and Warnock, O. Smith and Wood’s Employment Law, 2019, Oxford: Oxford Univer- sity Press. 14th edition. Chapter 1. Cabrelli, D. Employment Law in Context: Text and Materials, 2018, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3rd edition. Chapters 3 and 4. Kountouris, N. ‘The Concept of “Worker” in European Labour Law: Fragmentation, Autonomy and Scope’ (July 2018) 47(2) Industrial Law Journal 192–225. Langstaff, B. ‘Changing Times, Changing Relationships At Work … Changing Law?’ (July 2016) 45(2) Industrial Law Journal 131–143. Smith, I., Baker, A. and Warnock, O. Smith and Wood’s Employment Law, 2019, Oxford: Oxford Univer- sity Press. 14th edition. Chapter 2. www.direct.gov.uk/en/Employment/Employees/EmploymentContractsAndConditions/index.htm – official page on employment contracts, including employment status. www.gov.uk/employee–shareholders – government guidance on employee shareholders. www.hmrc.gov.uk/employment-status/index.htm – HM Revenue and Customs’ view on employment status: employed or self-employed. Trades Union Congress Living on the Edge: The rise of job insecurity in modern Britain (December 2016), www.tuc.org.uk/sites/defauLt/fiLes/Living%20on%20the%20Edge%202016.pdf www.gla.gov.uk – the Gangmasters and Labour Abuse Authority website. www.gov.uk – Contract types and employer responsibilities Personnel Today The Gig Economy – www.personneltoday.com/economics-government-business/ gig-economy/ ACAS Policy Discussion Paper: Ain’t that typical? Everyday challenges for an atypical workforce http://m. acas.org.uk/media/pdf/1/1/Everyday-challenges-for-an-atypical-workforce.pdf July 2017. Ashton, J. ‘15 Years of Whistleblowing Protection under PIDA 1998: Are We Still Shooting the Mes- senger?’ (2015) Industrial Law Journal 29. Cabrelli, D. Employment Law in Context: Text and Materials, 2018, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3rd edition. Chapters 5–7. Smith, I., Baker, A. and Warnock, O. Smith and Wood’s Employment Law, 2019, Oxford: Oxford Univer- sity Press. 14th edition. Chapters 2–3. Cabrelli, D. Employment Law in Context: Text and Materials, 2018, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3rd edition. Chapters 15–18. Smith, I., Baker, A. and Warnock, O. Smith and Wood’s Employment Law, 2019, Oxford: Oxford Univer- sity Press. 14th edition. Chapters 6–8. www.acas.org.uk – Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service. www.bis.gov.uk – Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. www.tuc.org.uk – Trades Union Congress. Fredman, S. Discrimination Law, 2011, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2nd edition. Hepple, B. Equality: The New Legal Framework, 2011, Oxford: Hart Publishing. Sargeant, M. Discrimination and the Law, 2018, Abingdon: Routledge. 2nd edition. www.gov.uk/government/policies/equality – Government Equalities Office. www.equalityhumanrights.com/en – Equality and Human Rights Commission. Bisom-Rapp, S. and Sargeant, M. Lifetime Disadvantage, Discrimination and the Gendered Workforce, 2016, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Colgan, F. and Wright, T. ‘Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Equality in a Modernizing Public Sector 1997– 2010: Opportunities and Threats’ (2011) 18(5) Gender, Work and Organization 548. Hepple, B. ‘Enforcing Equality Law: Two Steps Forward and Two Steps Backwards for Reflexive Regulation’ (2011) 40(4) Industrial Law Journal 315. Lawson, A. ‘Disability and Employment in the Equality Act 2010: Opportunities Seized, Lost and Generated’ (2011) 40(4) Industrial Law Journal 359. Sargeant, M. Age Discrimination and Diversity, 2011, Cambridge: Gower Publishing. Sargeant, M. Discrimination and the Law, 2018, Abingdon: Routledge. 2nd edition. www.edf.org.uk – Equality and Diversity Forum. www.equalityhumanrights.com – Equality and Human Rights Commission. www.homeofflce.gov.uk/parities – Government Equalities Office. Cabrelli, D. Employment Law in Context: Text and Materials, 2018, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3rd edition. Chapter 8. Davies, A. ‘Getting More Than You Bargained For? Rethinking the Meaning of “Work” in Employment Law’ (2017) Industrial Law Journal, https://doi.org/10.1093/indlaw/dwx006 Smith, I., Baker, A. and Warnock, O. Smith and Wood’s Employment Law, 2019, Oxford: Oxford Univer- sity Press. 14th edition. Chapter 5. www.acas.org.uk – Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service. www.lowpay.gov.uk – Low Pay Commission. www.tuc.org.uk – Trades Union Congress. Bisom-Rapp, S. and Sargeant, M. Lifetime Disadvantage, Discrimination and the Gendered Workforce, 2016, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Fawcett Society, Parents, Work and Care: Striking the Balance, www.fawcettsociety.org.uk/ parents-work-and-care-striking-the-balance Smith, I. and Baker, R. Smith and Wood’s Employment Law, 2017, Oxford: Oxford University Press. www.gov.uk/shared-parentaL-Leave-and-pay – Shared Maternity Leave and Pay. McMullen, J. ‘Service Provision Change under TUPE: Not Quite What We Thought’ (2012) 41(4) Industrial Law Journal 471. Smith, I., Baker, A. and Warnock, O. Smith and Wood’s Employment Law, 2019, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 14th edition. www.acas.org.uk – ACAS, for guidance on redundancies and transfers. Cabrelli, D. Employment Law in Context: Text and Materials, 2018, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3rd edition. Part VIII. Smith, I., Baker, A. and Warnock, O. Smith and Wood’s Employment Law, 2019, Oxford: Oxford Univer- sity Press. 14th edition. Chapter 9. www.ilo.org – International Labour Organization. www.tuc.org.uk – Trades Union Congress. Cabrelli, D. Employment Law in Context: Text and Materials, 2018, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3rd edition. Part VIII. Elgar, J. and Simpson, B. ‘The Impact of the Law on Industrial Disputes Revisited: A Perspective on Developments over the Last Two Decades’ (2016) 46(1) Industrial Law Journal 6. Ewing, K. and Hendy, J. ‘New Perspectives on Collective Labour Law: Trade Union Recognition and Collective Bargaining’ (2017) 46(1) Industrial Law Journal 23. Smith, I., Baker, A. and Warnock, O. Smith and Wood’s Employment Law, 2019, Oxford: Oxford Univer- sity Press. 14th edition. Chapter 10. www.acas.org.uk – Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service. www.cac.gov.uk – Central Arbitration Committee. www.ilo.org.uk – International Labour Organization. www.tuc.org.uk – Trades Union Congress.