DOCSLIB.ORG

Small Sugar Farmer Agency in the Tropics 1872-1914 and the Anomalous Herbert River Farmers' Association

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Small Sugar Farmer Agency in the Tropics 1872-1914 and the Anomalous Herbert River Farmers' Association ResearchOnline@JCU This file is part of the following work: Vidonja Balanzategui, Bianka (2019) Small sugar farmer agency in the tropics 1872-1914 and the anomalous Herbert River Farmers' Association. PhD Thesis, James Cook University. Access to this file is available from: https://doi.org/10.25903/5e461faf4ed40 Copyright © 2019 Bianka Vidonja Balanzategui. The author has certified to JCU that they have made a reasonable effort to gain permission and acknowledge the owners of any third party copyright material included in this document. If you believe that this is not the case, please email [email protected] Small sugar farmer agency in the tropics 1872— 1914 and the anomalous Herbert River Farmers’ Association Thesis submitted by Bianka Vidonja Balanzategui B.Ed, B.A (Hons), M.A (Material Culture), Dip. Modern Languages James Cook University 2019 For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (History) In the College of Arts, Society and Education James Cook University Submitted February 2019 i STATEMENT OF ACCESS I, the undersigned, the author of this thesis, understand that James Cook University will make it available for use within the Eddie Koiki Mabo Library and, by microfilm or other means, allow access to users in other approved libraries. All users consulting this thesis are required to sign the following statement: In consulting this thesis, I agree not to copy or closely paraphrase it is whole or in part without the written consent of the author; and to make proper public written acknowledgement for any assistance which I may have obtained from it. Beyond this, I do not want to place any restrictions on access to this thesis. _________________________________ ________________________________ Signature Date ii STATEMENT OF SOURCES Declaration I declare that this thesis is my own work and has not been submitted it any form for another degree or diploma at any university or other institution of tertiary education. Information derived from the published or unpublished work of others has been acknowledged in the text and a list of references is provided. I would be pleased to hear from any copyright owner who has been omitted or incorrectly acknowledged. ___________________________________ _________________________________ Signature Date iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of this thesis has only been possible because of the encouragement and support of a number of people. Firstly, I would like to acknowledge the belief in me shown many years ago by Dr Janice Wegner and Dr Diane Menghetti.1 At the time I was living on a sugar farm at Stone River, west of Ingham, raising a large family. Jan and Di encouraged my ambition to reenrol at James Cook University and complete a PhD thesis. They saw value in my proposed topic. Unfortunately, the demands of life, family and farm intervened and I did not enrol as a PhD candidate until 2014, forty years after first enrolling at James Cook University as an undergraduate. That I did so in 2014 was again because of the unstinting encouragement of Jan, as my secondary supervisor, and Dr Claire Brennan as my primary supervisor. I still live at Stone River and have completed the PhD remotely but also have been fortunate to have a dedicated office workplace at James Cook University. I have also been engaged as a tutor of History and Politics. Both the dedicated work space and the tutoring roles have provided me with a sense of collegiality. Claire has been unflagging in her efforts to ensure that we meet regularly for appointments and share regular email updates. She has been accommodating of my writing method and generous with her advice and encouragement. During my candidature, Claire has had extended periods of maternity and sabbatical leave but neither these, nor her own professional and family commitments, have impacted adversely on my candidature. Jan has been a faithful secondary supervisor, along with Claire, ensuring I have completed milestones and stayed on track. I would like to acknowledge the volunteers and librarians of Eddie Koiki Mabo library, Hinchinbrook Shire Library, the Queensland State Library, Queensland State Archives and the National Archives of Australia. I am grateful for the tireless responses to my research queries by librarians Rita Bisley and Claire Ovaska, Bronwyn McBurnie and the encouragement and the professional input of my friend and librarian, Barbara Debono. I thank the Pearson family and the Herbert River Farmers’ League for allowing me access to league files and records. I also thank members of the Herbert River community who endeavoured, without success, to locate the Halifax Planters’ Club records. 1 Dr Diane Menghetti, now deceased, was then Associate Professor of History at James Cook University. iv Another valued opportunity for collegiality was the weekly morning teas where I was bolstered by the companionship of my fellow postgraduate history students and a number of academic JCU staff. I thank Claire for organizing those. I gratefully acknowledge professional editor Dr Hamish Clayton who provided copyediting and proofreading services, according to the guidelines laid out in the university-endorsed national ‘Guidelines for editing research theses’. I would also like to acknowledge the Njawaygi, the Wargamay and the Bandyin peoples on whose land the Europeans trespassed, and by whose labours that land was cleared and planted for the cultivation of sugar. My friends, especially the WWW (Wild Women of the ‘Wound’ Table) of which one of the ‘wildest’ and funniest is fellow PhD candidate Kerry Russo, Associate Dean, Learning and Teaching College of Business, Law and Governance JCU, have provided much valued regular lunch dates rich with laughter and encouragement. My children and their partners, my husband Mark and ‘sister of my heart’ Barbara Debono have been unwavering in their encouragement, support and love. That I weathered the tensions and doubts that are part and parcel of a PhD candidature and maintained joy in pursuit of the goal is a tribute to the constancy of their patience and interest. A great sorrow is that my darling little mother, my greatest supporter, died in 2015, a year into my candidature and will not get to see me wearing the ‘floppy hat’. v STATEMENT OF THE CONTRIBUTION OF OTHERS Nature of Contribution Contribution Contributor Intellectual Support Proposal writing Dr Claire Brennan Advice and professional Dr Janice Wegner development Adjunct Professor Russell Editorial assistance McGregor Financial Support Tuition Fee Waiver Australian Government Minimum Resource James Cook University Allocation PhD Student Competitive Funding Editorial Support Proofreading Dr Hamish Clayton vi ABSTRACT One hundred and thirty-six years ago six immigrant small selectors formed the Herbert River Farmers’ Association (HRFA). On the Herbert a plantation mode of sugar production began in 1872. The selectors there used the HRFA to actively participate in the transition of the tropical Australian sugar industry from plantation to small, family farms by 1914. Associations such as theirs formed the cornerstone of the institutional foundations of a globally unique and successful industry farmed by small, family farmers. Principal exponents of sugar industry organization history have consistently dismissed the small sugar cane farmers’ associations. Broader sugar industry scholarship however, identified them as having contributed to the demise of plantation production and the development of farm-based central milling. This assessment recognized that the HRFA and fellow small associations promoted small farming and that their members proved that white, small sugar farmers could farm in a tropical environment without detriment to their health and could provide a reliable supply of high-quality cane. Agricultural associations in sugar growing regions in the period 1872 to 1914 were dominated by elite white planters, practising an exploitative mode of production that used unfree or indentured coloured labour. Furthermore, land was not distributed equally to planters and small farmers alike, denying the small farmers, white or otherwise, the type of independence that came to characterise Australian white, small, sugar farmers. Land ownership and the freedom to form associations allowed the small selectors of the Herbert River Valley in tropical north Queensland in the late nineteenth century to negotiate with the planters in a way that the tenant farmers and share-croppers in other sugar growing regions could not. Accounts of the origins and nature of the sugar industry agricultural association movement focus exclusively on the planter associations while small sugar farmer associations are virtually invisible in the scholarship. Agricultural associations were vehicles both planters and farmers used to access rural extension, promote agricultural skills and innovation, and lobby with one voice. A top-down approach has made for a void in the understanding and appreciation of the development and role of small sugar industry agricultural associations in Australia. The Australian small sugar farmers’ association was unique in the global sugar industry association movement and the HRFA was the first of its kind in the plantation era in tropical Australia. vii CONTENTS Statement of Access…………………………………………………………………….ii Statement of Sources…………………………………………………………………..iii Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………….iv Statement of Contribution of Others…………………………………………………vi Abstract……………………………………………………………………………......vii Contents………………………………………………………………………………viii
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Economic History of the United States Sugar Program
    AN ECONOMIC HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES SUGAR PROGRAM by Tyler James Wiltgen A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Applied Economics MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY Bozeman, Montana August 2007 © COPYRIGHT by Tyler James Wiltgen 2007 All Rights Reserved ii APPROVAL of a thesis submitted by Tyler James Wiltgen This thesis has been read by each member of the thesis committee and has been found to be satisfactory regarding content, English usage, format, citations, bibliographic style, and consistency, and is ready for submission to the Division of Graduate Education. Chair Vincent H. Smith Approved for the Department of Agricultural Economics and Economics Myles J. Watts Approved for the Division of Graduate Education Carl A. Fox iii STATEMENT OF PERMISSION TO USE In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a master’s degree at Montana State University, I agree that the Library shall make it available to borrowers under rules of the Library. If I have indicated my intention to copyright this thesis by including a copyright notice page, copy is allowed for scholarly purposes, consistent with “fair use” as prescribed in U.S. Copyright Law. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this thesis in whole or in parts may be granted only by the copyright holder. Tyler James Wiltgen August 2007 iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am greatly indebted to Dr. Vincent Smith, my thesis committee chairman, for his guidance throughout the development of this thesis; I appreciate all of his help and support. In addition, I would like to thank the other members of the committee, Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • ROYAL HISTORICAL SOCIETY of QUEENSLAND JOURNAL Arthur
    41 ROYAL HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND JOURNAL Volume XIV, No.l May 1990 Arthur Hodgson The Centaur Who Left His Sheep by J.CH. Gill (All Rights Reserved) Read at a meeting of the Society on 27 Julyl989 Arthur Hodgson was the first born of the Rev. Edward Hodgson's third marriage. Edward Hodgson's first wife had died after childbirth in 1809 and though the child survived it lived for eight months only. His second wife died in similar circumstances in 1813, but this time the child, Edward Franks, survived. His third wife, whom he married in 1815, was Charlotte Pemberton of Trumpington, Cambridge and in addition to Arthur she produced five other sons and three daughters. Arthur was born at Rickmansworth vicarage on 29 June 1818 and was to enjoy a long and rewarding life although marred by tragedy in his final years.' Sent to Eton as an oppidan in 1828 he passed into college in 1830. At the age of 15 he entered the Royal Navy as a Volunteer first class and reported for duty on 21 March 1834. His first posting was to HMS Canopus which proceeded to the Mediterranean station for a three year tour of duty. On 1 February 1836 he was promoted to midshipman. Canopus returned to England in February 1837, was decommissioned and her crew paid off. Hodgson then left the Royal Navy to go up to Cambridge University.^ He was admitted as a pensioner at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge on 11 May 1837. After matriculating at Michaelmas 1837 Hodgson remained at Cambridge for four terms and then went down without graduating in 1838.^ Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • An Assessment of Agricultural Potential of Soils in the Gulf Region, North Queensland
    REPORT TO DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES REGIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT (RID), NORTH REGION ON An Assessment of Agricultural Potential of Soils in the Gulf Region, North Queensland Volume 1 February 1999 Peter Wilson (Land Resource Officer, Land Information Management) Seonaid Philip (Senior GIS Technician) Department of Natural Resources Resource Management GIS Unit Centre for Tropical Agriculture 28 Peters Street, Mareeba Queensland 4880 DNRQ990076 Queensland Government Technical Report This report is intended to provide information only on the subject under review. There are limitations inherent in land resource studies, such as accuracy in relation to map scale and assumptions regarding socio-economic factors for land evaluation. Before acting on the information conveyed in this report, readers should ensure that they have received adequate professional information and advice specific to their enquiry. While all care has been taken in the preparation of this report neither the Queensland Government nor its officers or staff accepts any responsibility for any loss or damage that may result from any inaccuracy or omission in the information contained herein. © State of Queensland 1999 For information about this report contact [email protected] ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors thank the input of staff of the Department of Natural Resources GIS Unit Mareeba. Also that of DNR water resources staff, particularly Mr Jeff Benjamin. Mr Steve Ockerby, Queensland Department of Primary Industries provided invaluable expertise and advice for the development of the agricultural suitability assessment. Mr Phil Bierwirth of the Australian Geological Survey Organisation (AGSO) provided an introduction to and knowledge of Airborne Gamma Spectrometry. Assistance with the interpretation of AGS data was provided through the Department of Natural Resources Enhanced Resource Assessment project.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography
    Works Cited PRIMARY Articles Aubrey, Allison. “Sweet Tooth Gone Bad: Why 22 Teaspoons of Sugar per Day is Risky.” Npr.com. NPR: ​ ​ Wisconsin Public Radio, 4 Feb 2014. Web. This source is an NPR article on the health risks of sugar. It details how much sugar Americans eat and how easy it is for people to consume more than the recommended amount of sugar by eating processed foods. It contains a helpful image that highlights the large amounts of sugar in typical products. It is a primary source because it describes modern sugar consumption and it discusses studies conducted recently. Books Austin, Harry A. History and Development of the Beet Sugar Industry. Washington, D.C.: 1180 National ​ ​ Press Building, 1928. Digital Collections of Colorado, University of Colorado. Web. 4 April 2016. ​ ​ This source is a book on the beet sugar industry written by Harry A. Austin, the Secretary of the U.S Sugar Beet Association. I used this source to understand the sugar beet industry and the role of sugar in the early 20th century. While this source had some scientific inaccuracies due to a lack of understanding of organic chemistry and had little information on sugar in Asia, I used the descriptions of beet sugar in the 1920’s in my documentary. This source describes how integral sugar had become to American and European households by the 1920’s and how beet sugar was used. While I primarily used this source as a primary source to gain insight into sugar in the early 20th century, I read some secondary material from this source on sugar beets in the 1800’s.
    [Show full text]
  • Submission DR130
    To: Commissioner Dr Jane Doolan, Associate Commissioner Drew Collins Productivity Commission National Water Reform 2020 Submission by John F Kell BE (SYD), M App Sc (UNSW), MIEAust, MICE Date: 25 March 2021 Revision: 3 Summary of Contents 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Current Situation / Problem Solution 3.0 The Solution 4.0 Dam Location 5.0 Water channel design 6.0 Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act – Section 100 7.0 Federal and State Responses 8.0 Conclusion 9.0 Acknowledgements Attachments 1 Referenced Data 2A Preliminary Design of Gravity Flow Channel Summary 2B Preliminary Design of Gravity Flow Channel Summary 3 Effectiveness of Dam Size Design Units L litres KL kilolitres ML Megalitres GL Gigalitres (Sydney Harbour ~ 500GL) GL/a Gigalitres / annum RL Relative Level - above sea level (m) m metre TEL Townsville Enterprise Limited SMEC Snowy Mountains Engineering Corporation MDBA Murray Darling Basin Authority 1.0 Introduction This submission is to present a practical solution to restore balance in the Murray Daring Basin (MDB) with a significant regular inflow of water from the Burdekin and Herbert Rivers in Queensland. My background is civil/structural engineering (BE Sydney Uni - 1973). As a fresh graduate, I worked in South Africa and UK for ~6 years, including a stint with a water consulting practice in Johannesburg, including relieving Mafeking as a site engineer on a water canal project. Attained the MICE (UK) in Manchester in 1979. In 1980 returning to Sydney, I joined Connell Wagner (now Aurecon), designing large scale industrial projects. Since 1990, I have headed a manufacturing company in the specialised field of investment casting (www.hycast.com.au) at Smithfield, NSW.
    [Show full text]
  • The Early Brazilian Sugar Industry, 1550-1670
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Revista de Indias Revista de Indias, 2005, vol. LXV, núm. 233 Págs. 79-116, ISSN: 0034-8341 «A COMMONWEALTH WITHIN ITSELF». THE EARLY BRAZILIAN SUGAR INDUSTRY, 1550-1670 POR STUART B. SCHWARTZ Yale University Este ensayo examina los contornos básicos de la economía del azúcar en Brasil entre 1550 y 1660, cuando se convirtió en la principal productora de dicho artículo en el mundo atlántico. Comienza analizando el amplio espectro que situó al país en el contexto del sistema comercial euro-americano, para estudiar luego las condiciones locales y los desafíos específicos de la tierra, el trabajo y el capital a los que hizo frente la industria cañera brasileña temprana y que le confi- rieron un carácter y unos contornos peculiares. Finalmente investiga la rápida expansión del sec- tor hasta 1620 y las razones por las que su crecimiento se estancó, incluso antes del ascenso de nuevos competidores en el Caribe después de 1650. PALABRAS CLAVES: Brasil, Portugal, Holanda, siglos XVI-XVII, azúcar, mercado, factores de producción. The first contacts with Brazil did not generate much interest in Portugal so long as that distant shore was seen only as a place to obtain dyewood or tropical curiosities. By the 1530s, however, the introduction of sugar cane and the begin- nings of a sugar industry had begun to transform Brazil, especially its northeas- tern coast, into a colony of settlement. The sugar estates, by their nature and by their socially and «racially» segmented populations, eventually determined much of the structure of the colony and of its society.
    [Show full text]
  • Cowley Brothers Booklet
    Booklet Number 76 COWLEY BROTHERS CAMPBELL 1881 - 1919 WILLIAM ROY 1889 - 1942 This booklet remains the property of Saint Andrew’s Uniting Church. Please see a Guide if you would like a copy. ©Saint Andrew’s Uniting Church Corner Ann and Creek Streets Brisbane QLD 4000 2015 2 Trooper Campbell Cowley (1881-1919) Gunner William Roy Cowley (1889-1942) Campbell and William Roy (‘Roy’) Cowley were the eldest and the youngest sons respectively of a prominent Queensland family, but they had quite different experiences when serving in the First World War, and lived different lives. Campbell was a Kiplingesque figure who was a Lieutenant in the Boer War, did intelligence work and hunted elephants in Africa, had a coconut plantation in Papua, and fought in the 11th Light Horse Regiment in Palestine. In that arid country the terrain and lack of water were a great strain on the troops, and conditions were often primitive with medical evacuation difficult. Campbell died in an apparent suicide in a remote part of Papua in 1919. Roy served as a gunner in the 7th Field Artillery Brigade. In France and Belgium he faced dangers such as quagmires of mud, gas attacks, and thunderous barrages from massed artillery firing huge numbers of shells (with opposition artillery a desirable target). He was wounded twice. Roy made a successful return to civilian life, but without any apparent warning or reason, he committed suicide in 1942 when aged 53. Family background Their parents – Sir Alfred Sandlings Cowley and Lady Maria (‘Marie’) nee Campbell - were prominent in Queensland public affairs.
    [Show full text]
  • Mary River Environmental Values and Water Quality Objectives Basin No
    ATTACHMENT 4 Attachment 4, Item 3, Planning & Organisation Committee Agenda, 2 February 2016 Environmental Protection (Water) Policy 2009 Mary River environmental values and water quality objectives Basin No. 138, including all tributaries of the Mary River July 2010 Document Set ID: 20002123 Version: 1, Version Date: 21/12/2015 Prepared by: Water Quality & Ecosystem Health Policy Unit Department of Environment and Resource Management © State of Queensland (Department of Environment and Resource Management) 2010 This publication is available in alternative formats (including large print and audiotape) on request. Contact (07) 322 48412 or email <[email protected]> July 2010 Document Ref Number Document Set ID: 20002123 Version: 1, Version Date: 21/12/2015 Main parts of this document and what they contain • Scope of waters covered Introduction • Key terms / how to use document (section 1) • Links to WQ plan (map) • Mapping / water type information • Further contact details • Amendment provisions • Source of EVs for this document Environmental Values • Table of EVs by waterway (EVs - section 2) - aquatic ecosystem - human use • Any applicable management goals to support EVs • How to establish WQOs to protect Water Quality Objectives all selected EVs (WQOs - section 3) • WQOs in this document, for - aquatic ecosystem EV - human use EVs • List of plans, reports etc containing Ways to improve management actions relevant to the water quality waterways in this area (section 4) • Definitions of key terms including an Dictionary explanation table of all (section 5) environmental values • An accompanying map that shows Accompanying WQ Plan water types, levels of protection and (map) other information contained in this document iii Document Set ID: 20002123 Version: 1, Version Date: 21/12/2015 CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A Short History of Thuringowa
    its 0#4, Wdkri Xdor# of fhurrngoraa Published by Thuringowa City Council P.O. Box 86, Thuringowa Central Queensland, 4817 Published October, 2000 Copyright The City of Thuringowa This book is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act no part may be reproduced by any process without written permission. Inquiries should be addressed to the Publishers. All rights reserved. ISBN: 0 9577 305 3 5 kk THE CITY of Centenary of Federation i HURINGOWA Queensland This publication is a project initiated and funded by the City of Thuringowa This project is financially assisted by the Queensland Government, through the Queensland Community Assistance Program of the Centenary of Federation Queensland Cover photograph: Ted Gleeson crossing the Bohle. Gleeson Collection, Thuringowa Conienis Forward 5 Setting the Scene 7 Making the Land 8 The First People 10 People from the Sea 12 James Morrill 15 Farmers 17 Taking the Land 20 A Port for Thuringowa 21 Travellers 23 Miners 25 The Great Northern Railway 28 Growth of a Community 30 Closer Settlement 32 Towns 34 Sugar 36 New Industries 39 Empires 43 We can be our country 45 Federation 46 War in Europe 48 Depression 51 War in the North 55 The Americans Arrive 57 Prosperous Times 63 A great city 65 Bibliography 69 Index 74 Photograph Index 78 gOrtvard To celebrate our nations Centenary, and the various Thuringowan communities' contribution to our sense of nation, this book was commissioned. Two previous council publications, Thuringowa Past and Present and It Was a Different Town have been modest, yet tantalising introductions to facets of our past.
    [Show full text]
  • Mary River Environmental Values and Water Quality Objectives (Plan)
    ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! M A R Y R I V E R , I N C L U D I N G A L L T R I B U T A R I E S O F T H E R I V E! R ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Basin 138 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 152°E 152°20'E ! 152°40'E 153°E ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! H E R V E Y B AY ! ! ! B ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Grego R ! ! ry i ! ! v u er ! ! ! ! ! ! ! r ! ! ! ! CORDALBA ! n ! ! ! ! ! WALKERS ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! e ! ! ! POINT ! Environmental Protection (Water) Policy 2009 S ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! t ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! t t ! ! ! o ! ! Users must refer to plans WQ1372 k c ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! k ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! e ! y ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! R ! r e a and WQ1402 for information on South-east Queensland Map Series ! r ! i d ! ! C v BURRUM
    [Show full text]
  • The Making of White Australia
    The making of White Australia: Ruling class agendas, 1876-1888 Philip Gavin Griffiths A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of The Australian National University December 2006 I declare that the material contained in this thesis is entirely my own work, except where due and accurate acknowledgement of another source has been made. Philip Gavin Griffiths Page v Contents Acknowledgements ix Abbreviations xiii Abstract xv Chapter 1 Introduction 1 A review of the literature 4 A ruling class policy? 27 Methodology 35 Summary of thesis argument 41 Organisation of the thesis 47 A note on words and comparisons 50 Chapter 2 Class analysis and colonial Australia 53 Marxism and class analysis 54 An Australian ruling class? 61 Challenges to Marxism 76 A Marxist theory of racism 87 Chapter 3 Chinese people as a strategic threat 97 Gold as a lever for colonisation 105 The Queensland anti-Chinese laws of 1876-77 110 The ‘dangers’ of a relatively unsettled colonial settler state 126 The Queensland ruling class galvanised behind restrictive legislation 131 Conclusion 135 Page vi Chapter 4 The spectre of slavery, or, who will do ‘our’ work in the tropics? 137 The political economy of anti-slavery 142 Indentured labour: The new slavery? 149 The controversy over Pacific Islander ‘slavery’ 152 A racially-divided working class: The real spectre of slavery 166 Chinese people as carriers of slavery 171 The ruling class dilemma: Who will do ‘our’ work in the tropics? 176 A divided continent? Parkes proposes to unite the south 183 Conclusion
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 2: the Mackay Setting
    CHAPTER 2: THE MACKAY SETTING Ken Granger and Trevor Jones Introduction Mackay, in Central Queensland, is one of the State’s larger regional cities. It lies, roughly mid way between Brisbane and Cairns, being some 800 km in a direct line, or 970 km by road, from Brisbane. The 2890 km2 area administered by Mackay City Council has a resident population of approximately 71 400. The Mackay urban area which is the focus of this study, occupies around 240 km2 and is home to around 59 000 people. The city is predominantly a transport, education and service centre for a large sugar and grain growing district, with a major coal export terminal at Dalrymple Bay/Hay Point. Mackay is also the gateway to the tourist resorts on the southern islands of the Whitsunday Group. For the neighbouring council areas of Mirani (about 5100 people) to the west, Sarina (9400 people) to the south, and Whitsunday (18 300 people) to the north, Mackay is the major centre. These jurisdictional boundaries are shown in Figure 2.1. 11 Figure 2.1: Mackay study area location The Physical Setting Topography: The entire study area is low-lying, with an average elevation of less than 10 m above the Australian Height Datum (AHD), with the low hills of Mount Bassett (approximately 30 m above AHD) and Mount Pleasant (about 60 m above AHD) as the main features of relief. In the original area of urban development, south of the Pioneer River, the average elevation is around 6 m above AHD and ranges from less than 4 m above AHD at the airport to a little over 11 m above AHD at the Mackay Base Hospital.
    [Show full text]