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Introduction Could Restore the Church’S Unity Between 1350 and 1650 the church in Western Europe experienced significant administrative, moral, and doctrinal reform that brought major changes to the church. These reforms were accompanied by conflict between those committed to the beliefs and practices of the medieval church and those persuaded that major doctrinal and moral reform was necessary. Conflict also arose between those committed to different approaches to reform and to different theologies. This Reformation resulted in a lasting through much of Germany and Scandinavia, schism in the church in Western Europe and new urban movements appeared in that had essentially remained unified for Switzerland and Germany. Radical reform more than one thousand years. The existence movements sprang up throughout Europe, of more than one Christian church was led by people who rejected the ‘Magisterial difficult to accept after a millennium of Reformers’ who worked with the magistrates religious unity, and only reluctantly was it or rulers. In Geneva, John Calvin led a acknowledged when it became increasingly reform movement that was soon imitated clear that neither dialogue nor suppression in much of Europe. Henry VIII initiated a Introduction could restore the church’s unity. Religious Reformation in England for reasons that divisions – together with political, social, had little to do with church reform, but the and economic factors – led to military English church also experienced a Protestant conflict that plagued Europe between 1550 Reformation which reached fruition in and 1648. the reign of Henry’s daughter, Elizabeth. The first section of this atlas surveys A Protestant Reformation was also firmly the pre-Reformation period: the setting in established in Scotland. which the events took place, late medieval The Roman Catholic Church was society, the role of the church in that society, stimulated to reform itself – and also and the various reform movements of the to respond to the rapid growth of late Middle Ages. Although the late medieval Protestantism – movements which are church met the religious needs of society covered in section three. When attempts more adequately than many historians to heal the breach between the Church of have been willing to concede, people were Rome and the growing Protestant movement sufficiently alienated from the church to failed, the papacy called the reforming support the Protestant Reformation. Council of Trent, which defined the theology The second section of this book of the medieval church in opposition to examines the outbreak of the sixteenth- Protestantism and encouraged moral and century Reformation. Martin Luther was spiritual reform within the Roman Catholic of course the primary protagonist in the Church. The discovery of the Americas led events that resulted in this lasting schism to a new interest in spreading the gospel in the church, believing that the teachings abroad. The Society of Jesus – the Jesuits, of the church had been distorted during founded by Ignatius Loyola – took the the Middle Ages and needed to be brought lead within the Catholic Church and sent back into line with Scripture. There soon missionaries to the Americas, India, China, appeared a number of different reform and Japan. Protestants attempted to bring movements and a great expansion of the the gospel to Native Americans in the Reformation churches. Lutheranism spread English colonies. 20 ATLAS OF THE EUROPEAN REFORMATIONS One result of the competing reform the Netherlands, and England were all movements was theological and military convulsed by religious wars. When neither conflict, dealt with in the final section side was able to overcome the other, they of this atlas. In addition to theological had eventually to agree to compromise conflicts between Protestants and Catholics, settlements, dividing the respective areas Lutherans, Zwinglians, and Calvinists between the competing confessions. Only engaged in ferocious debates, and there were the English Civil War, fought between also deep divisions within both Lutheranism Protestants, had a different result. The Peace and Calvinism, while all parties were critical of Westphalia of 1648, which ended the of the Anabaptists and persecuted them. For Thirty Years’ War, is a clear concluding point their part, Anabaptists were divided among for the Reformation era on the European themselves and on occasion resorted to continent; in England it comes ten years violence in pursuing their objectives. later, as the Civil War was followed by the During the second century of the restoration of the Stuart dynasty in 1660. Reformation era, Germany, France, INTRODUCTION 21 Part 2 Reformation I am bound by the Scriptures I have quoted and my conscience is captive to the Word of God. I cannot and I will not recant anything, since it is neither safe nor right to go against conscience. May God help me. MartIN LUTHER Early sixteenth-century Western Europe was dominated by a trio of powerful and ambitious monarchs. Henry VIII (r. 1509–¬47), the first English king to be addressed as ‘majesty’, was courted by both the French king and the Holy Roman Emperor, and famously broke with the pope. Francis I (r. 1515–47) reinforced the absolutist claims of his immediate predecessors as King of France and unsuccessfully challenged Charles V for the title of Holy Roman Emperor. Meanwhile the Ottoman Turks under Suleiman the Magnificent (r. 1520–66) were looking enviously at the Christian north. The Sultan’s armies took Belgrade in 1521 and defeated the Hungarian army at Mohács in 1526. However, Suleiman’s siege of Vienna in 1529 was eventually raised, while his foray into Austria in 1532 was successfully resisted at Güns. Charles V The third in this trio, the Holy Roman Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia. In 1519 Emperor Charles V (r. 1519–56), attempted Charles was elected Holy Roman Emperor to maintain order, repel the Turks, heal becoming, at least in name, sovereign of the the schism in the church caused by the central lands of Europe too. Reformers, and defend and increase his However Charles’ extensive holdings hereditary holdings. As a descendant and ambitions did not allow him an easy of Ferdinand of Aragon (r. 1479–1516) rule. Charles and Francis I both laid claim and Isabella of Castile (r. 1474–1504), he to the Kingdom of Naples, Milan, Burgundy, inherited the Spanish crown in 1516, taking Flanders, and Artois. There was also rivalry the title Charles I. With the fall of Granada between the Pope and Charles, and it was in 1492, the last of the Muslim Moors had papal policy that no power should control been driven from the Iberian peninsula. both Naples and Milan. The pope often Through Ferdinand and Isabella, Charles backed Francis rather than Charles: Pope also received Sardinia, Sicily, the Kingdom Leo X supported Francis over Charles in the of Naples, and the Balearic Islands. In imperial elections, and Pope Clement VII addition, the newly colonized Spanish allied himself with the French king at a time territories in North, Central, and South when concerted action with Charles might America poured wealth from the New otherwise have crushed the Reformation. World into his treasury. During the 1550s Charles gradually Charles also inherited from his paternal abdicated from parts of his empire. He gave grandmother, Mary of Burgundy (r. 1477– Sicily, Naples, and Milan to his son Philip in 82), much of the Netherlands, Franche- 1554; he abdicated from the Netherlands in Comté, and Luxembourg; and from his 1555; and from his Spanish Empire in 1556. paternal grandfather, Maximilian I (r. 1508– Finally his brother Ferdinand succeeded as 16), the Habsburg lands of Germany. Shortly Holy Roman Emperor in 1558, shortly before afterwards the Habsburgs also claimed Charles’ death. the eastern flank of the Empire: Hungary, 52 ATLAS OF THE EUROPEAN REFORMATIONS 014 EMPIRE CHARLES V 06 THE EMPIRE OF CHARLES V map 14 Edinburgh DENMARK N ORTH S EA Copenhagen Danzig IRELAND Francis I and Charles V both claim Artois and Flanders ENGLAND HOLY POLAND London ROMAN E lb e LUSATIA O R d S Cologne EMPIRE . e OI Ghent r R RT . A RS SILESIA DE AN FL Mainz 1530; Lutherans present Charles V with BOHEMIA . Augsburg Confession S R e e MORAVIA in n D e i a R. Paris h nu R be Y R. Vienna R Duchy of Burgundy Augsburg A claimed by Vienna 1529 G Francis and Charles DUCHY COUNTY N OF OF Budapest Nantes BURGUNDY BURGUNDY AUSTRIA U A TLANTIC H CHAROLAIS Trent O CEAN VENICE Mohacs 1526 FRANCE Milan Venice 1516 Charles proclaimed Ottoman King Charles I of Spain Genoa Turks Toulouse Avignon Francis I and Florence A Charles V both PAPAL D OTTOMAN claim Milan STATES R I A EMPIRE NAVARRE T I C CORSICA Rome S E ARAGON A SPAIN Barcelona NAPLES 1519: Charles V crowned Naples A Holy Roman Emperor L Madrid I by the Pope N A I D G R A U Tagus R. Toledo S Francis I and Charles V T Balearic Is. both claim Naples Lisbon R O P E R R A N E A N D I T S S Seville M E E A ICILY Granada Algiers Tunis Inherited by Charles V Miles 0 100 200 Oran Gained by Charles V Holy Roman Empire boundary 0 100 200 300 N.B. This does not include Charles V’s overseas empire. Kilometers CHARLES V 53 Martin Luther (1483–1546) was born in Eisleben, a small mining town in north-east Germany, grew up in Mansfeld, and was educated in Eisenach, Magdeburg, and the University of Erfurt, where he studied law. In 1505 he joined a closed Augustinian friary in Erfurt, after having made a dramatic vow during a thunderstorm. Ordained in 1507, he studied theology and rose through the academic ranks at the university. Transferring to the new University of Wittenberg in 1511, he was linked with that institution for the rest of his life.
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