The Eucharistic Pamphlets of Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt Habent sua fata libelli

Early Modern Studies Series

General Editor Michael Wolfe St. John’s University

Editorial Board of Early Modern Studies Elaine Beilin Helen Nader Framingham State College University of Arizona

Christopher Celenza Charles G. Nauert Johns Hopkins University University of Missouri, Emeritus

Barbara B. Diefendorf Max Reinhart Boston University University of Georgia

Paula Findlen Sheryl E. Reiss Stanford University University of Southern California

Scott H. Hendrix Robert V. Schnucker Princeton Theological Seminary Truman State University, Emeritus

Jane Campbell Hutchison Nicholas Terpstra University of Wisconsin–Madison University of Toronto

Mary B. McKinley Margo Todd University of Virginia University of Pennsylvania

Raymond A. Mentzer James Tracy University of Iowa University of Minnesota

Merry Wiesner-Hanks University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee The

BURNETT Eucharistic Pamph lets of Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt NELSON AMY Translated and Edited by

Early Modern Studies 6 Truman State University Press Copyright © 2011 Truman State University Press, Kirksville, Missouri USA All rights reserved tsup.truman.edu

Cover: Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt, engraving, ca. , from broadsheet “Rever- endus … Christodan Andreas Botenstein Carolstadius.” [?, 154-]. Image courtesy of Öffentliche Bibliothek der Universität Basel.

Cover design: Teresa Wheeler

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Karlstadt, Andreas Rudolff-Bodenstein von, ca. 1480–1541. [Selections. English. 2010] The eucharistic pamphlets of Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt / translated and edited by Amy Nelson Burnett. p. cm. — (Early modern studies series ; 6) English translations from German originals. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-935503-16-3 (alk. paper) 1. Lord’s Supper—Early works to 1800. 2. —Doctrines—Early works to 1800. 3. Lutheran Church—Controversial literature—Early works to 1800. I. Burnett, Amy Nelson, 1957– II. Title. BV825.3.K37213 2010 264'.36—dc22 2010045562

No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any format by any means without written permission from the publisher.

The paper in this publication meets or exceeds the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Mate- rials, ANSI Z39.48–1992. Contents

Maps and Illustrations vii Chronology ix Introduction 1 1 On the Recipients, Signs, and Promise of the Holy Sacrament (June 1521) 21 2 On the Adoration and Veneration of the Signs of the New Testament (November 1521) 39 3 On Both Forms in the Holy (November 1521) 49 4 Sermon of Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt Given in on the Reception of the Holy Sacrament (January 1522) 78 5 On the Priesthood and Sacrifice of Christ (December 1523/January 1524) 89 6 Against the Old and New Papistic Masses (October 1524) 110 7 Whether One Can Prove from Holy Scripture That Christ Is in the Sacrament with Body, Blood, and Soul (October 1524) 116 8 Exegesis of This Word of Christ: “This Is My Body, Which Is Given for You. This Is My Blood, Which Is Shed for You,” Luke 22 (October 1524) 144 9 Dialogue, or a Discussion Booklet on the Horrible and Idolatrous Misuse of the Most Worthy Sacrament of Christ, 1524 (October 1524) 163 10 On the Anti-Christian Abuse of the Lord’s Bread and Cup (October 1524) 205 11 Explanation of 1 Corinthians 10: “The Bread That We Break, Is It Not a Fellowship of the Body of Christ?” Answer of Andreas Karlstadt to ’s Book, and How Karlstadt Recants (March 1525) 219 12 On the New and Old Testament. Answer to the Saying, “The cup, the new testament in my blood,” etc., Luke 22; 1 Cor. 11. How Karlstadt Recants. 1525 (April 1525) 238 13 A Declaration of How Karlstadt Regards His Teaching about the Venerable Sacrament et cetera and Wants It to Be Regarded (September 1525) 258 Bibliography 271 About the Author 279 Index 281 Maps and Illustrations

Map 1: The in the Sixteenth Century 2 Fig. 1: Title Page of On the Recipients, Signs, and Promise of the Holy Sacrament (: Oeglin, 1521). Herzog August Bibliothek, Wolfenbüttel [97.6 Theol. (6)]. 22 Fig. 2: Title Page of On the Recipients, Signs, and Promise of the Holy Sacrament (Augsburg: Otmar, 1521). Herzog August Bibliothek, Wolfenbüttel [96.14 Theol. (11)]. 27 Fig. 3: Title Page of On the Recipients, Signs, and Promise of the Holy Sacrament (Strasbourg: Prüss, 1521). Pitts Library, Candler School of Theology, Emory University, Atlanta GA. 33 Fig. 4: Title page of Karlstadt’s Christmas Sermon (Augsburg: Ramminger, 1524). Herzog August Bibliothek, Wolfenbüttel [127.6 Theol. (7)]. 79 Fig. 5: Title Page of Dialogue, or a Discussion Booklet on the Horrible and Idolatrous Misuse of the Most Worthy Sacrament of Jesus Christ (Bamberg: Erlinger, 1524). Herzog August Bibliothek, Wolfenbüttel [Yv 2178. 8° Helmst]. 164

vii Introduction

lthough Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt (1486–1541) played a key role in Athe debate over the Lord’s Supper, his eucharistic theology has not received the attention it deserves. In fact, in both the sixteenth century and the present, Karlstadt’s views have generally been misrepresented or caricatured by others. Modern histories of the Reformation, if they discuss Karlstadt at all, sum up his understanding of the sacrament by repeating the assertion in the Dia- logue on the Horrible and Idolatrous Misuse of the Most Worthy Sacrament that when Christ said, “This is my body,” he was pointing to himself and not to the bread.1 As Karlstadt’s biographer Hermann Barge pointed out, this claim was not original to Karlstadt, but had been used already by Cathar and Waldensian heretics in the thirteenth century.2 More importantly, the claim that Christ physically pointed to his body was only one of many arguments against Christ’s corporeal presence in the elements made in the Dialogue, and it did not hold a major place in Karlstadt’s understanding of the Lord’s Supper. His surmise about Christ’s gesture can better be understood as growing out of his understanding of the sacrament rather than as the basis for it. directed his criticism at another of Karlstadt’s arguments against Christ’s corporeal presence in the sacrament: his exegesis of Christ’s words instituting the sacrament. According to Karlstadt, Christ’s statement, “Take and eat; this is my body given for you; do this in remembrance of me,” fell into three parts, the first and last phrases applying to the bread and the central phrase apply- ing to the body. The pronoun “this” referred not to the bread that was the subject of the first phrase, but to Christ’s body that would be given as a sacrifice for sin, as stated in the second phrase. In his Dialogue, Karlstadt supported this exegesis by referring to the gender of the words “this” and “bread” in the original Greek and to

1 Karlstadt, Dialogue, b4r (p. 175 below); Greengrass, Longman Companion, 231; Lindberg, European , 140; and Hillerbrand, Division of Christendom, 150. The latter two have published articles with more sensitive presentations of Karlstadt’s eucharistic theology: Lindberg, “Concep- tion of the According to and Karlstadt,” 79–94; and Hillerbrand, “Andreas Bodenstein of Carlstadt,” 379–98. Euan Cameron more accurately describes Karlstadt’s position as arguing that Christ referred to (rather than pointed to) himself when he said, “This Is my body”; European Reformation, 163–64. Karlstadt’s inference concerning Christ’s gesture appears in English-language treatments of the eucharistic controversy as well; Barclay, Protestant Doctrine of the Lord’s Supper, 38; Sasse, This Is My Body, 125; and Heron, Table and Tradition, 116. 2 Barge, Karlstadt, 2:170–71. 1 2 Introduction

Map 1. The Holy Roman Empire in the Sixteenth Century. Drawn by Christopher Ladegard. Introduction 3 the punctuation separating the phrases of Christ’s statement.3 Luther’s mockery of this exegesis, expressed in part 2 of his treatise Against the Heavenly Prophets, would perpetuate the belief that Karlstadt’s rejection of Christ’s bodily presence in the elements was based on a wrongheaded and perverse interpretation of the original Greek.4 yB the mid-sixteenth century, when the eucharistic controversy began anew between Jean Calvin and Joachim Westphal, the memory of Karlstadt’s con- tribution to the debate over the Lord’s Supper would be reduced to his claim con- cerning Christ’s gesture and his exegesis of the .5 Ulrich Zwingli came closer to understanding Karlstadt’s central conviction that the sacrament was instituted so that Christians would remember Christ’s suffering and death as the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecy. Zwingli’s knowledge of Karlstadt’s position was based not on the Dialogue but on another pamphlet, On the Anti-Christian Abuse of the Lord’s Bread and Cup, where Karlstadt described this function.6 Nevertheless the Zurich reformer preferred the figurative interpretation of the words “this is my body” to that proposed by Karlstadt, and his criticism of Karlstadt’s exegesis has generally been interpreted as a rejection of Karlstadt’s eucharistic theology more broadly.7 This does not mean, however, that Karlstadt had no impact on the debate over the Lord’s Supper. Because Karlstadt developed his understanding of the sac- rament in a series of pamphlets, discussing various aspects in different works, it has until now been extremely difficult to trace the influence of his views. The translations contained in this volume are intended to make Karlstadt’s eucharistic theology better known in both its earlier and its later forms, so that readers can see how Karlstadt’s ideas changed over time and can form their own judgment about his understanding of the Lord’s Supper and its role in the eucharistic controversy. Karlstadt wrote his eucharistic pamphlets at two distinct points during his career as a reformer, and they therefore give insight into two crucial phases of the early Reformation. The first four pamphlets were published in the second half of 1521 and reflect the turmoil of the “Wittenberg troubles,” when Luther’s follow- ers in that city first began to introduce the concrete liturgical reforms that were the consequence of his evangelical theology. The translations of these pamphlets complement the existing editions of Luther and Melanchthon’s works as well as

3 Karlstadt, Prove, F1r–v (pp. 137–38 below); and Karlstadt, Dialogue, b3r–b4r (pp 173–74 below). 4 Luther, Das ander teyl wider die himlischen Propheten, in WA 18:145–57; and LW 40:155–68. 5 Westphal, Farrago confusanearum … opinionum, A4v, B3r–B4r. 6 Karlstadt, Abuse, a4r (pp. 208–9 below). 7 Zwingli, Sämtliche Werke, 3:335–56, 343–45; and Zwingli, Writings, 2:131, 137–38. In his classic work on the eucharistic controversy, Walther Köhler considered only Karlstadt’s travels in and south , and not the contents of his pamphlets, as an important influence on Zwingli; Zwingli und Luther, 1:67–69. For a reevaluation of Karlstadt’s influence on early Zwinglianism, see Burnett, Karlstadt and Origins, 91–114. 4 Introduction

the correspondence and other archival documents published a century ago,8 and so they give a more complete picture of the developments in Wittenberg during Luther’s absence from the city in the year after the . The remain- ing nine pamphlets shed light on the origins of the eucharistic controversy that broke out in the fall of 1524. With the exception of On the Priesthood and Sacrifice of Christ, published in the closing days of 1523, the remaining pamphlets were all printed between October 1524 and the fall of 1525. Their publication forced a public debate over the meaning and purpose of the Lord’s Supper within the evangelical movement. While there is some repetition of ideas between the pamphlets in this second group, Karlstadt wrote each one with a particular purpose in mind, and so each contains some aspect of his eucharistic theology not discussed in any of the other works.

Karlstadt’s Development as a Reformer Andreas Bodenstein (1486–1541), called Karlstadt after the town in Franconia where he was born, was by training both a theologian and a legal scholar.9 After obtaining his bachelor’s degree at the in 1502, he matriculated at the , where he was trained in the moderate realist philoso- phy of Thomas Aquinas and introduced to the ideas of John Duns Scotus. In 1505 he moved to the newly founded university of Wittenberg, where he was awarded a master’s degree, became a professor in the arts faculty, and began to study theology. He received his doctorate in theology in 1510 and a year later was appointed arch- deacon of the chapter of All Saints, which brought with it a chair in the theology faculty. At the same time he began the study of law and in May 1516, at the end of a six-month stay in Rome, he received the degree of doctor in both canon and civil law. In 1508 the Augustinian friar Martin Luther was sent by his order to teach theology at Wittenberg. Luther received his doctorate four years later and joined Karlstadt on the theology faculty. In his lectures given over the next several years, Luther developed a biblically based theology in opposition to the medieval scho- lasticism in which he had been trained. Initially opposed to Luther’s theology, Karlstadt was won over to it in 1517 as the result of his own intensified study of the works of St. Augustine. The two theologians worked together over the next year to introduce a humanistically influenced reform of the university curriculum, at the same time that Luther’s ideas first began to gain wider notice. Karlstadt’s defense of Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses, which were published in the fall of 1517,

8 Müller, “Die Wittenberger Bewegung 1521 und 1522.” 9 The most recent overview in English of Karlstadt’s life is Goertz, “Karlstadt,” esp. 5–20. See also Steinmetz, Reformers in the Wings, 123–30; Bubenheimer, “Karlstadt”; and Bubenheimer’s longer article in German, with bibliography, “Karlstadt.” Zorzin, “Karlstadt,” devotes more attention to Karlstadt’s theology. The most detailed discussion in English of Karlstadt’s early career is Sider, Karlstadt, 6–20. Introduction 5

drew the attention of the Ingolstadt theologian Johannes Eck. Their conflict led eventually to a public in Leipzig held at the end of June 1519. Dur- ing the course of the disputation, Luther replaced Karlstadt as Eck’s chief debat- ing partner and was pushed to the point of denying both papal primacy over the church and the inerrancy of church councils. From this point on, his break with the Roman church was virtually inevitable. By this time, Karlstadt had become closely identified with the evangelical theology advocated by Luther. The appointment of Philipp Melanchthon as pro- fessor of Greek in 1518 brought another leading figure to Wittenberg, and the publications of these three men were crucial for spreading Luther’s ideas beyond the confines of the university.10 Luther’s importance as the author of Reformation pamphlets is well known. Less recognized is the role played by both Melanchthon and Karlstadt. While Melanchthon published works almost exclusively in Latin, Karlstadt was second only to Luther in the publication of vernacular pamphlets.11 Produced in response to specific circumstances in Wittenberg, his earliest pam- phlets on the mass helped spread evangelical views especially to the cities of south Germany where they were reprinted. Karlstadt’s originality, as well as his profound debt to Luther, can only be appreciated when his pamphlets are read together with Luther’s discussions of the sacrament from this period, and especially his two pam- phlets published in 1520, the Treatise on the New Testament, That Is, the Holy Mass, and On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church.12

The “Wittenberg Troubles” and the Reformation of the Mass The first of Karlstadt’s pamphlets to address the sacrament of the Eucharist,On the Recipients, Signs, and Promise of the Holy Sacrament, was intended to help lay- men and women prepare for worthy reception of the sacrament.13 This was a topic common to sermons preached during the week before Easter, when all Christians were required to receive communion. Karlstadt’s pamphlet contains some of the same ideas as Luther’s sermon given in Wittenberg’s parish church on Maundy Thursday of 1521.14 Both sermons opposed the traditional view that those intend- ing to receive communion needed to prepare for it not only by making a full sacra- mental to a priest but also through prayer, meditation, and other ascetic

10 Although Melanchthon belonged to the faculty of arts rather than theology, he had matriculated in the theology faculty and gave lectures on the Greek text of the New Testament and so should be considered as one of the university’s theologians; Wengert, “Higher Education and Vocation,” 1–21. 11 Zorzin, Karlstadt als Flugschriftenautor, 19–37. 12 Luther, Ein Sermon von dem neuen Testament, in WA 6:353–78; and LW 35: 79-111; and the discus- sion of the mass in De captivitate Babylonica, in WA 6:502–26; and LW 36:19–57. On the formation of a common Wittenberg theology in the early years of the Reformation, see Kruse, Universitätsthe- ologie und Kirchenreform, 301–5, 315–17; and Wengert, “Higher Education.” 13 For a more detailed discussion of this and Karlstadt’s other pamphlets from 1521, see Burnett, Karlstadt and Origins, 13–15, 19–23, 27–28. 14 Luther, Sermon von der würdigen Empfahung ... gethan am Gründonnerstag, in WA 7:692–97. About the Author

my Nelson Burnett is professor of history at the University of Nebraska– ALincoln. She specializes in the Swiss/South German Reformation and is the author of The Yoke of Christ: and Christian Discipline and Teaching the Reformation: Ministers and Their Message in Basel, 1529–1629, which won the Gerald Strauss Prize, and Karlstadt and the Origins of the Eucharistic Controversy: A Study in the Circulation of Ideas.

279 Index of Scripture

Genesis 12:46...... 184 1:1...... 123 13 ...... 57 1:3...... 116 13:21...... 221 1:9...... 123 14:11–12...... 57 2 ...... 208 14:13...... 84 2:19...... 168 14:13–14...... 37, 83 3:15...... 208 17:1–7...... 81 3:19...... 74 19:7–8...... 193 6:4...... 109n 24:3–8...... 126 9 ...... 59 24:5–8...... 62 9:8–17...... 45 24:6–8...... 62, 242 9:9–17...... 34 29:22–28...... 112n 9:11...... 58 30:32–33 ...... 157 9:11–17...... 34 Leviticus 9:12–13...... 31, 53 4:5–7...... 243 9:12–16...... 59 4:13...... 57, 193 9:15...... 65 4:13–21...... 62, 66, 77 9:17...... 62 4:21–26...... 31 15:1–5...... 58 4:22...... 57 15:5...... 31, 77 4:27–35 ...... 53 15:8–9 ...... 62 7:28–36 ...... 112n 15:9–21 ...... 45 8:27–29 ...... 112 17:4–8 ...... 66 9:21...... 112 17:5–6 ...... 31 10:14–15...... 112 17:8...... 62 14:6–7 ...... 228 17:10–14...... 31 14:10–20 ...... 243 22:1–14...... 97 14:21–24...... 112 22:17–18...... 108 16:11–16...... 243 22:18...... 222 16:14...... 92n 26:3–5 ...... 66 16:14–15...... 228 28:13–15 ...... 35 22:2...... 157 32:9–12 ...... 35, 77 23:12–20 ...... 112 32:24–29 ...... 36 25...... 157 33:1–3...... 37 26:41...... 28 33:4...... 38 49:8...... 40 Numbers 8:11...... 112 Exodus 11 ...... 45 3:2...... 77 11:12...... 42 3:7–10...... 42 11:34...... 232n 6:5...... 66 11:34–35 ...... 262n 12:11...... 259n 281 282 The Eucharistic Pamphlets of Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt

Numbers, continued 7:7...... 57 12:1–6 ...... 42 13:2–14...... 58 13:31–32...... 100 16:17–21...... 58 13:32–33 ...... 190n 1 Samuel 14:11–12...... 60, 82 17:50–51 ...... 160 15:22–26...... 57 15:39...... 106 1 Kings 16:1–16...... 42 8:18–20 ...... 77 20:12...... 84 20:23–28...... 82 2 Kings 20:24 ...... 84, 87 18:4...... 63, 165 21 ...... 112 20:8–11 ...... 216 21:6–9 ...... 98 20:9–11 ...... 62 21:8–9 ...... 45, 66, 214 21:9...... 30, 31 1 Chronicles 22–24...... 50 29:15...... 66 Deuteronomy 2 Chronicles 1:17...... 267 14:8–12 ...... 57 2:28–29 ...... 80 20:15...... 37 4:1–2...... 158, 217 4:2...... 64, 145, 194 Job 4:5–6 ...... 264 9 ...... 29 4:10–13...... 125 13:15–16...... 29 6:89...... 60 13:16...... 29n 12:29–31 ...... 114 13:18...... 29 12:32...... 145 13:23...... 28 18:10–12...... 114 Psalms 18:18–19...... 52 1:2...... 170 18:20–22 ...... 58 3:2...... 261 19:15...... 267 17 ...... 261 19:16–19...... 267 20:8...... 261 21:23...... 96, 155 21:22...... 183n 27:15–26 ...... 68, 110 32:1...... 86 27:26...... 155 32:9...... 101, 158 28:1–6 ...... 68 39 ...... 211 28:1–35...... 108 40...... 25 31:24–26 ...... 265 40:7–8 ...... 211 39:29...... 264 41:4...... 25 Joshua 49...... 40 4:6–7 ...... 65 50...... 61 16:10...... 38 50:16...... 24, 40, 200 23:15...... 68 51:17...... 107 52:17...... 61 Judges 94...... 32 2–3...... 38 95:11...... 32 6:17–21...... 58 100...... 156 6:23–24...... 77 101:7...... 156 6:36–40...... 45, 65 103 ...... 26 Index 283

104:18...... 26 Jeremiah 111:4–5...... 154–55 5:3...... 208 111:5...... 155n 6:14...... 68 116:11...... 261 7:4...... 165 140 ...... 81 17:5...... 261 140:6...... 81n 23:2–3 ...... 80 141:6...... 81 23:3...... 52 23:5–6...... 266 Proverbs 23:12...... 114 1:20...... 263 23:16...... 170 3:5...... 114 23:16–17...... 68 30:6...... 217 31:31–34...... 243 Ecclesiastes 31:33...... 146 5:1...... 37 Ezekiel 7:20...... 28 10 ...... 75 Song of Solomon 13:6–7 ...... 52, 68 2:14...... 26 13:19–23 ...... 80 3:12...... 152 14:9–11...... 52 16:44–45...... 265 Isaiah 20:18...... 72 1:15...... 29, 40 34:10...... 80 1:22...... 52 34:14...... 40, 80 7:10–13...... 58 8:16...... 146 Daniel 9 ...... 224, 228 9:27...... 47 9:6–7 ...... 224 Hosea 11:2–5...... 224, 246 2:17...... 54 12:3...... 224, 227 4:1–2...... 68 29:13...... 158, 207 4:6...... 90 38:5–8...... 62 6:6...... 47, 61, 92 43:25...... 83, 243 13:14...... 84 51:7...... 146 52:13...... 224, 246 Joel 52:15...... 224 2:13...... 61 53:1–12...... 266 Jonah 53:2...... 224 4:2...... 83, 85 53:3–5 ...... 155 53:3–9 ...... 224 Habakkuk 53:4...... 137, 255 2:4...... 208 53:7...... 153 53:8–10...... 224 Haggai 53:11...... 143, 156, 231, 251 2:12...... 188 53:11–12...... 224 Malachi 53:12...... 137 1:14...... 157 55:8...... 114 2:8...... 90 55:13...... 30, 46 58:7...... 225 Zechariah 64:6...... 95 2:8...... 267 9:9...... 143 284 The Eucharistic Pamphlets of Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt

2 Esdras 18:19...... 87 16:40...... 54 20:17–19...... 130 20:22 ...... 153 Matthew 20:28 ...... 41 1:21...... 25, 83, 92, 254 21:13...... 106 3 ...... 254 21:32...... 25 3:7...... 200 22:1–14...... 69 4:10...... 160 22:11–14...... 215 5 ...... 28 22:13...... 83 5:15...... 45 23...... 87 5:21–22...... 106 23:27...... 262 5:22...... 267 24:23...... 221 6:6...... 223 24:23–27...... 197 6:12...... 28 26:14–15 ...... 152 7:6...... 86, 227, 262 26:17–18...... 74 7:14...... 172 26:23...... 152 8:8...... 43 26:24...... 136, 137, 212 8:8–10...... 23 26:26. . . 30, 53, 54, 55, 171, 192, 242 8:13...... 83 26:26–27...... 134 9:2–7...... 86 26:26–28...... 41, 63, 113 9:12...... 25 26:27...... 67 9:13...... 76, 83 26:27–28 ...... 127, 239 10:1...... 121 26:28...... 69, 129, 132, 244 10:16...... 266 26:39...... 241 10:37...... 188 26:65–67...... 106 11:6...... 75 28:18...... 121 11:12...... 109n 28:18–20 ...... 121 11:21–22...... 64 28:20...... 46, 217 11:25...... 171, 243, 262 11:28...... 29, 263 Mark 13:16...... 44 2:5–11...... 266 15:8...... 207 5:41...... 122, 123 15:8–9 ...... 158 6:41...... 135 15:13...... 114, 158 7:6...... 120 15:18...... 261 7:6–7...... 114 15:24...... 25 7:34...... 123 15:28...... 83 9:17–23...... 121 15:36...... 119 9:23...... 83 16:8...... 162 10:38...... 153 16:11–12...... 170 11:24...... 40 16:16–20 ...... 87 14:22...... 134, 171 16:17...... 104 14:22–24 ...... 63, 113 16:19...... 87 14:23...... 67, 134, 240 16:21...... 172 14:23–24 ...... 239 16:22–23 ...... 105 14:24...... 69, 127, 129, 132 16:23...... 104, 114 16:16...... 171 16:29...... 126 26...... 241 17:5...... 52 Luke 18:17...... 87, 87n 1:18–20...... 58 18:18...... 86 Index 285

1:45...... 236 2:21...... 226 1:70...... 65 3:14...... 31, 143, 154 2:7...... 226 3:14–15 . . . 30, 31, 45, 154, 182, 200, 209 2:19–20 ...... 138 3:14–16...... 214 2:30–32 ...... 266 3:15...... 98 2:34...... 45, 46 3:16...... 85–86, 172 5:31...... 25 3:18...... 37, 63, 84–85 7:6–9 ...... 23 3:18–21...... 156 7:37–50...... 41 4:14...... 165, 224 7:47...... 26 4:23...... 40 9:1–2...... 121 4:34...... 224 9:16...... 135, 225 5:24...... 84 9:22...... 235 5:32...... 262 10:1...... 121 5:46...... 128 10:38...... 42 6 ...... 154, 222, 236 12 ...... 53 6:9–11...... 196 15:4...... 25, 267 6:11...... 119, 135 15:8–9 ...... 25 6:15...... 193 17 ...... 235 6:27...... 251 17:15...... 135 6:29...... 223 17:19...... 63, 83 6:32–33 ...... 172 17:25...... 226 6:32–40...... 55 18:11...... 135 6:32–58 ...... 140 19:1–10...... 42 6:33...... 139 19:5–6 ...... 23 6:33–35 ...... 154 19:5–10 ...... 23 6:35...... 145, 223, 227, 235, 251 19:6...... 43 6:35–57 ...... 229 22:14–19 ...... 30 6:38–40...... 224 22:19...... 26, 53, 134, 136n, 147, 6:40...... 63, 94 171, 177–78, 192, 219, 231 6:44...... 94, 243, 251–52 22:19–20 ...... 32, 97, 113, 156, 208 6:47–51...... 156 22:20. . . . 69, 126, 220, 240, 249, 253 6:47–58 ...... 221 22:21–22 ...... 137 6:48...... 139 22:22...... 97, 136 6:49–51 ...... 139 22:37...... 137 6:51...... 45, 55, 139, 145, 22:44...... 241 147, 149, 154, 156, 251 22:63...... 226 6:52...... 183, 223 23:14–16...... 97 6:52–56 ...... 101 24:3...... 226 6:53...... 131, 132, 182 24:6–7 ...... 235 6:53–56 ...... 154, 213, 252 24:25...... 211 6:53–58 ...... 156, 237 24:26–27...... 209 6:54...... 94, 156, 246, 250–51 24:30...... 225 6:54–56...... 56 6:55...... 31, 55, 223, 250, 252 John 6:56...... 251 1:12...... 40 6:60–66...... 183 1:15...... 206 6:61...... 222 1:16...... 140 6:63...... 32, 61, 73, 140, 182, 209, 1:29...... 138, 152 220, 222, 227, 236, 237, 243, 264 1:29–30 ...... 147 286 The Eucharistic Pamphlets of Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt

John, continued 18:6...... 96 7:34...... 170 18:11...... 153 7:37–38...... 224 18:13...... 96n 7:39...... 224 18:20...... 141 8:12...... 65 20:28 ...... 43, 141 8:32...... 263 Acts 8:37...... 88 1 ...... 235 8:44...... 106 1:10–11...... 197 8:47...... 265 2:23...... 212 8:51...... 40, 84 2:23–24 ...... 235 8:58...... 222 2:38...... 105, 233 9:3...... 122 2:42...... 125, 186 9:4...... 251 2:46...... 113 9:6–7 ...... 122 3:20–21 ...... 198 9:41...... 75 3:23...... 40 10:4–5 ...... 265 3:25...... 257 10:8...... 216 4:29–30 ...... 121 10:27...... 52, 54, 170 10:47...... 177 11 ...... 75 13:28–39 ...... 147 11:41...... 134, 135 13:32–33 ...... 210 11:49–52 ...... 50 15:8–9 ...... 243 12 ...... 222 15:9–11...... 231 12:24...... 151, 224 17:11...... 73, 170n 12:32...... 151, 154 19:11–17...... 198 12:35...... 252 20:11...... 113, 186 12:44...... 44 20:28 ...... 243 12:45...... 44 27:35...... 113, 225 12:48...... 202 13:13–15 ...... 41 Romans 13:19...... 236 1:17...... 236 13:21...... 152 2:18...... 214 13:31–32...... 152 3 ...... 29 14:6...... 40, 52 3:20...... 80 14:12...... 136, 196 3:22–25 ...... 74, 231, 243 14:23...... 231 3:24–25 ...... 228, 243, 251 15:1–17...... 231 3:25...... 245 15:3...... 85, 88 3:26...... 46 15:13...... 132 4:5...... 29 15:15...... 235 4:9...... 36 15:16–17...... 217 4:10–11...... 61 15:25...... 97 4:11...... 31 15:26...... 176–77 4:18–19...... 36 16:7...... 182, 222 4:22–25 ...... 74 17:1–26...... 231 5 ...... 214 17:3...... 235 5:1...... 215, 251 17:8...... 136 5:6–8 ...... 155 17:17...... 85, 86, 226 5:15–17...... 74 17:19...... 85 5:19...... 209 18:4–6 ...... 88 5:20...... 26, 265 Index 287

6 ...... 265 10:16...... 117, 118, 124n, 126, 6:3–4 ...... 168, 231, 233 134, 221, 225, 225n, 226, 6:4...... 231 228, 230, 240 6:9...... 101 10:16–17...... 13, 42, 116, 124, 168, 7:7...... 265 229, 232 8:1...... 251 10:17...... 46, 228, 230, 234 8:7...... 76, 114 10:18...... 230 8:14–16...... 177 10:20–22 ...... 232 8:15...... 217 10:21...... 122, 125, 225, 232, 233 8:16...... 217 10:3–4 ...... 227 8:31–34...... 265 11 ...... 241n 8:32...... 92 11:18–22...... 42 10:10...... 207, 208 11:20–21 ...... 105, 120 10:11...... 146 11:20–22 ...... 214 10:17...... 40, 64, 206 11:21–22...... 136, 233 12:1...... 92, 107, 248 11:23–24 ...... 30, 136, 190 12:2...... 214 11:23–25 ...... 113, 208 12:3...... 114 11:23–26 ...... 136, 158 11:23ff ...... 121 1 Corinthians 11:24...... 26, 32, 63, 134, 136n, 1:6–7...... 217 172, 175, 219, 220, 231 1:9...... 167 11:24–25 ...... 124, 156, 184 1:20...... 57, 76 11:24–26 ...... 130 1:23–29 ...... 235 11:25...... 132, 194, 220, 243 1:31...... 274 11:26...... 26, 64, 118, 129, 130, 134, 1:31–2:2...... 211 151, 184, 185, 186, 189, 212, 235 2 ...... 76, 212 11:26–29 ...... 204n, 207 2:2...... 128, 161, 209 11:27–29...... 42, 69, 157, 178, 220 2:8...... 231 11:29. . . . . 118, 139, 156, 157, 179, 212 2:11...... 215 12–13...... 236 3 ...... 215 12:2–3 ...... 231 3:11...... 266 12:12–13 ...... 232 3:12–13...... 161 12:12–27 ...... 226 3:12–15...... 266 13:12...... 80, 138 3:18–19...... 52 14:5...... 110, 262 4:4...... 28 14:27...... 111 5:4...... 87, 87n 14:29–30 ...... 261 5:5...... 87 15:54–55...... 71 6:3...... 105, 136 15:56...... 74 6:9...... 225 9 ...... 134, 226 2 Corinthians 9:13...... 225 1:20...... 59 9:24–25 ...... 221 1:22...... 207 10 ...... 221, 222 6 ...... 243 10:1–4...... 13, 225, 227, 234 7:1...... 243 10:1–5...... 221 9:5...... 226 10:3–4 ...... 222, 223, 234, 236 10:5...... 194 10:6–11 ...... 232 11:14...... 105, 157 288 The Eucharistic Pamphlets of Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt

Galatians 1:21–22...... 231 1 ...... 210 1:22...... 210, 255 1:4...... 208 1:22–23 ...... 243 1:8–9...... 207 2 ...... 142 2:14...... 105 2:12...... 231 2:16...... 231 2:14...... 265 2:20–21 ...... 161, 235 3:1–2...... 142 2:21...... 103 3:3...... 52 3:6...... 257 1 Thessalonians 3:10...... 155 5:19...... 262 3:13...... 85, 96 5:21...... 214, 262 3:13–14...... 107 3:17–18...... 130 1 Timothy 3:27...... 231 1:15...... 26 4 ...... 210 4:3...... 118, 119 5:10–21...... 161 4:4–5 ...... 134–35, 193 6:4–5 ...... 226 6:14...... 52, 161 Titus 1:15...... 208 Ephesians 2:13–14...... 231 1:7...... 153, 228, 246 1:7–8...... 210, 243 Hebrews 1:13–14...... 207, 217 1:1–2...... 116 1:21...... 224 2:7–8...... 246 1:22–23 ...... 226 2:9...... 152 2 ...... 265 2:14–15...... 154 2:13...... 97, 228 4:2...... 32, 85 2:16...... 153, 231 4:2–3...... 82 3:4–5 ...... 224 4:14–16...... 111 3:14–19...... 231 5:1–6...... 111 3:16–17...... 222 5:5...... 152 3:17...... 235 5:5–6 ...... 94 3:18–19...... 231 5:9...... 154 4:4–6 ...... 236 6:19–20 ...... 210 4:4–7...... 232 8:1–7...... 111, 254 4:12...... 226 8:8–12 ...... 243 4:15–16...... 232 8:12–13...... 265 5:25–27 ...... 226, 228 8:13...... 242 5:30...... 226 9 ...... 228, 242, 265 5:32...... 167n 9:1–10...... 246 9:11...... 93, 102 Philippians 9:11–12...... 154, 228 2:4...... 268 9:11–14...... 111 2:8...... 202, 203 9:11–15...... 235 2:9...... 96, 151, 154 9:12...... 228 2:9–11...... 208 9:12–14...... 246 3:10–11...... 209 9:13–14...... 118, 228 9:14...... 98, 216, 228, 242, 243, Colossians 244, 248 1:15–20 ...... 246 9:15...... 246, 253 Index 289

9:15–28 ...... 248, 254 1 Peter 9:16...... 241 1:3–4 ...... 243 9:16–17...... 256 1:10–11...... 137, 141 9:17...... 241 1:12...... 137, 138, 140 9:18–22 ...... 242 1:18...... 117 9:22...... 76, 256 1:18–21...... 228 9:24...... 246 1:19–21...... 228 9:25–26 ...... 247, 256 1:23...... 88 10 ...... 40 2:6–8 ...... 45 10:1–4...... 246 2:9...... 247 10:5...... 226 2:21...... 107, 235 10:9...... 253 2:24...... 151–52, 255 10:10–14...... 210 3:3–4 ...... 61 10:11...... 256 3:21...... 231 10:11–14...... 111, 243 2 Peter 10:11–15...... 254 1 ...... 228 10:12–14...... 246 1:3...... 231 10:19–22 ...... 237 10:21...... 154 1 John 10:21–22 ...... 251 1:3...... 232, 236 10:22...... 228, 243, 244, 246, 248 1:6...... 252 10:26–31 ...... 247 1:7...... 231, 243, 251 11:6...... 40, 169 2:20...... 91 12:24...... 228, 243, 246, 253 2:27...... 259 13:11–12...... 228, 243 3:15...... 267 13:12...... 228, 246 3:20...... 83 13:12–13...... 228 4:1...... 214, 266 13:14...... 66 4:2...... 243 13:20...... 253 5:10...... 60 13:20–21 ...... 228 Revelation James 1:7...... 137 1:5...... 75 5:9...... 243, 244 1:7–8...... 76 5:10...... 94 1:18...... 88 5:19...... 247 2 ...... 76 7:14...... 244 13:8...... 106 22:18...... 145 22:18–19 ...... 64 Index

Aaron, 42, 80–81, 84, 87, 102, 247 Karlstadt’s view, 11 Abraham as ordinance, 158, 168 Canaan promised to, 62 Barge, Hermann, 1, 18–19 centurion as son of, 23 Basel, 12, 17–18 Christ as seed of, 108, 222 believers faith of, 143 freedom of, 83, 228 and Isaac, 97 as one body in Christ, 46, 124–25 signs of promise to, 31, 35–36, 45, priesthood of, 94, 247–57 61–63, 66, 256–57 as sheep, 80–81, 170, 265 A Declaration of How Karlstadt Regards benediction, eulogia as, 134 His Teaching … (1525), 15, 258–69 Bible. See allusions; scripture; Scripture affirmation vs. promise, 142–43 Index [281–89] Against the Old and New Papistic Masses biblical characters mentioned (1524), 110–15 Aaron (See individual entry) Albrecht von Brandenburg (cardinal), 47 Abraham (See individual entry) Ambrose (church father), 104 Adam, 168 Anabaptists, 15, 18 Ahaz, 58 angels, 140 Anakim, 190 animals, 91–92, 101–2, 242. See also Annas (See individual entry) sacrifices Balaam, 50 Annas, 42, 96, 106, 156 Belshazzar, 44 anointing oil, 91 Bereans/Thessalonians, 170 anxiety. See doubt/despair Caiaphas (See individual entry) apostles centurion, 23, 43 on Christ’s passion, 129–30, 142–43, Corinthians, 158–59 146–47, 150, 153 Cornelius, 177 did not go to confession, 87 David, 154–56 led by the Holy Spirit, 176–77 Esau, 77 on Old Testament prophecies, 137 Gideon, 63, 65–66, 77 powers given to by Christ, 196–97 Haggai, 188 Aquinas, Thomas, 4, 156 Herod, 137, 156 Aristotle, 57, 167n Hezekiah, 62–63 arrabo/arra, defined, 215n Isaac, 97 assurance Isaiah (See individual entry) and the Eucharist, 70–72, 75 Jacob, 35–37, 77 and prayer, 40 Jehosaphat, 84 and promise, 6–7, 32, 37 John the Baptist (See individual entry) of salvation, 74–75, 83–86, 156, 171, Jonah, 85 175–76 Judas Iscariot (See individual entry) through the Holy Spirit, 176–77, 206, Korah, Dathan, and Abiram, 42 215–17 Lazarus, 135 Augustine (church father), 104, 140–41 Luke, 129 Mark, 129, 132 Martha, 42 of Christ, 153 Mary Magdalene, 26 as a fellowship, 231–32 Matthew, 129, 132 290 Index 291

Melchizedek, 94 thieves on the cross, 213 Miriam, 42 water from the rock, 81 Moses (See individual entry) wedding clothes parable, 83 Nadab and Abihu, 157 where sins abound, grace overflows, Nehemiah, 168 26 Noah (See individual entry) wisdom of the flesh, 114 Paul (See individual entry) Billican, Theobald, 15, 239n, 245, 249–50 Peter, 87, 104 bishops. See papists/priests Pharisees, 106 blasphemy, of daily masses, 99–101 Pilate, 96–97, 137, 156 blessing recognized by signs, 58 as consecration, 119–20, 199–200 Scaeva’s sons, 198 eulogia as, 134 Simeon, 45–46 blood of animals, 92, 128, 228 Solomon, 77, 179 blood of Christ. See also Christ Thomas, 43 distinguished from the sacrament, women who ministered to Christ, 41 131–32, 228 Zacchaeus, 13, 42–43 as the new testament, 243, 249–57 Zechariah, 58 and salvation, 76, 97–98, 132–33, biblical concepts/events/sayings 248–49 athletes, 221 shed on the cross, not in the cup, burnt offerings, 93, 101–2 127–29, 241–42 cornerstone, 45 spiritual sprinkling of, 242–47 dogs and holy things, 86 bodily presence, 3, 6, 10, 10n, 23 Egyptians as metaphor for sin, 37 body of Christ. See also Christ; feeding of the multitudes, 119, 135, discernment 196 bread as, 41–43, 46, 53–54 fellowship of believers, 125 church as, 226, 228–29, 234 fleece of Gideon, 35 corporeal, 127, 137–38, 140 food offerings as figure of Christ, 93 natural and spiritual, 226, 228–29 Get behind me, Satan, 104 and promise/assurance, 32, 84 the Good Shepherd, 25 prophecies of, 10, 91, 98–100, 137–38, graves of craving, 232n 141, 146–47, 149, 156, 209 healing of demoniac, 121 as spiritual food, 222, 227 healthy do not need a physician, 25 touto as, 173–75 heavenly tabernacle, 102 wine as, 43 horse/mule, without understanding, Bohemian Brethren (Picards), 46, 146n 101 bread keys for binding/loosing, 87 to be honored, not worshiped, 41–42, leaven of the Pharisees, 170 44–46, 119, 188, 191 Lost Coin, 25 blessing of, 119 man born blind, 122 and bread of life; living bread, 44–45, manna, 156 55–56, 236 menstrual cloth, 95 breaking and distributing of, 225, pearls before swine, 86, 227, 262 234–35 the promised land, 100 characterized as: the body of Christ, rainbow, 31, 34, 45, 59–62, 66 41–43, 46, 53–54, 226; a raising of dead girl, 122–23 fellowship, 226–27, 232–34; sacrificial lamb, 103 a host in a ciborium, 198–99; scribes and Pharisees, 165n sign of promise, 30, 45–46, shadow reversed, 63 51–52, 62–63, 66, 159; sign of snake in the wilderness, 30–31, 45–46, resurrection, 70–71, 74, 84–85 66, 98 Christ not “in” or “under,” 145, spies sent to Canaan, 100 193–94 sprinkling of blood, 92, 242–43 vs. “form of bread,” 53, 169, 202 292 The Eucharistic Pamphlets of Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt

bread, continued prophecies about (See under body of gospel explanation of, 41, 43–44, 50–54 Christ) misuse of, 72–73, 100–101, 157–58, resurrection of, 70–71 180 sufficiency of, 98–100, 146–47, 237 mystery of, 70 on Supper in both kinds, 67–69, 73 remains bread, 43, 53, 119–20, 148– ubiquity of, 198 49, 156 visible return of, 197–98, 237 as temple for Christ, 198–99 wisdom of, 114 withheld from laity, 67, 113 and words of institution, 26, 30, Bubenheimer, Ulrich, 19 53–55, 67, 103, 113, 127–30 Bucer, Martin, 16, 18 (See also words of Christ) Bugenhagen, Johannes, 15 church, as body of Christ, 226, 228–29 church councils, 52–53 Caiaphas, 42, 50, 96, 106, 156, 268 church fathers, on Christ’s eternal Capito, Wolfgang, 16 sacrifice, 104–5, 261 Cathars, 1 circumcision, as sign of faith, 31 censorship, 8–10, 17, 238 clerical marriage, 47–48 Christ. See also blood of Christ; body of cloisters, misuse the sacrament, 99, 106 Christ; words of Christ communion. See Eucharist; Lord’s Supper ascension of, 102–3, 197, 237 confession characterized as: cursed, in the mass, auricular, 8, 62, 86–87 107–8; fulfillment of prophecy, as prayer, 29 34, 85, 92–93, 142–43, 154–56, unnecessary before communion, 80, 209, 222–23; high priest, 83, 86 93–97, 152, 247–48; model, of Zacchaeus, 23 131; murdered in the mass, conscience, 228–29, 242–43 106–9, 148, 178; obedient to consecration of elements God, 93, 96–103, 108–9, 118, as blessing, 19–120 126–27, 154, 203, 224–25; vs. “forms,” 7, 43, 53–54, 56, 202 Passover lamb, 203; perfect by priests, 169, 239 sacrifice, 93–97, 106; priest Scholastic understanding of, 45n of righteousness, 94; rock of should be vernacular, 6 refuge, 26; sign of promise, 30, corporeal presence 34, 45–46; spiritual rock, 221; criticized, in Dialogue (1524), 12 superior to councils, 52; tereph, Exegesis pamphlet on, 1, 10–16 154–56; true/living bread, Luther’s view of, 1, 119, 227, 236–37 44–45, 55, 154–59 Paul’s view of, 116–17, 233–34 despised/rejected, 224–25 covenant. See promise did nothing in secret, 137, 141–42, 197 Crucifixion. See passion of Christ distinguished from bread, 41, 43–45, cup. See wine/cup 50–55, 101 custom/tradition, 50–52, 72, 105 foreknowledge of passion, 152 in heaven, 142 David, prophecy about Christ, 154–56 humanity of, 56, 148, 169 death language of, 152–53 of Aaron and Moses, 82 at Last Supper, 1, 3, 12, 127–29, 151– bodily vs. eternal, 70–71, 74, 84 52, 192–93, 241 as confirming a testament, 126, new testament of, 129, 239–42 241–42 once-for-all sacrifice of, 96–111, 116– destroyed by Christ’s death, 74, 84–85 33, 143, 147, 155, 201, 265 and resurrection, 93 oral testament of, 126–27 Demuth, Nicolaus, 21, 23n passion of, 26, 86, 103–5, 142, 152–53, devil, 87, 89, 99 187–88, 200–201, 213–14 Dialogue, or a Discussion Booklet on the Horrible and Idolatrous Misuse of Index 293

the Most Holy Sacrament…, 1–2, and righteousness, 34 11–12, 163–204 sin as no bar to, 24–25, 28, 37, 236 discernment as symbolic, 12, 16, 46 Paul’s view of, 24, 42, 44, 46, 69, 117, terms used for, 30 158, 208–18 as thanksgiving, 191 and personal experience, 214 transubstantiation denied, 120–21, Peter’s view of, 147, 212 163–204 and remembrance, 211 worthy reception of, 178–84, 189, required, for Lord’s Supper, 69, 117– 212–16 33, 181, 189–90 eucharistisas (thanksgiving), 133–43 as right knowledge, 212–13 eulogia (blessing/benediction), 134 doubt/despair. See also unbelief evangelical movement, 8–10, 50–52, vs. assurance, 74, 86 77–78 quieted by Lord’s Supper, 26, 34, 45, in Strasbourg, 12 61, 64 exegesis, rules for, 64–65, 80–81 as sin, 60–61, 76, 87 Exegesis of This Word of Christ…, 1, 10, drunkenness, 118 144–62 Duns Scotus, John, 4 experience, and salvation, 214–15, Dürer, Albrecht, 39 223–24 Explanation of 1 Corinthians 10 (1525), Eck, Johannes, 5 13, 219–37 Egyptians, metaphor for sin, 37 elevation of the host. See under host faith Erasmianism, 14 and assurance, 29, 32, 59–60, 83, Erasmus, Desiderius, 10 85–86 essence based in scripture, 146 of Christ, 128 in Christ alone, 44, 89, 207 distinguished from form, 57 vs. fear/unbelief, 75, 82–83 sacramental, 211 and fellowship with Christ, 199, 231, eternal life. See also salvation 234–35 from Christ, the living bread, 55–56, and freedom of the believer, 83, 228 154 necessity of, 40, 83, 221–22 communion as reminder of, 61, as new birth, 88, 243–47 182–83 as righteousness, 70, 98, 209, 236, faith and, 31, 45–46, 84–85 250–51 through Christ’s once-for-all sacrifice, fasting, 80, 83 55–56, 96, 98–109, 111, 116– fear 33, 143, 147, 155 abolished by Christ’s blood, 74–75, Eucharist. See also Lord’s Supper 83, 224 bread/wine to be honored, not of papal lies, 68–69 worshiped, 41–44, 118 fellowship concomitance doctrine, 67n baptism as, 231–32 consecrated elements of, 46, 118–21, bread is not, 226–27 239 with Christ, 199, 231 desecration of, by papists, 67–69, between container and content, 123– 120–21 24, 199, 226–27, 231, 250 foreshadowed in Old Testament, 9, 13, koinonia as, 226 127–30 as “society,” 124, 226 “forms” as papistic, 44, 121, 169–70, two kinds of, 235–36 202 with the devil, 232–33 not a sacrament, 116 forgiveness not salvific, 69, 131–32, 150, 206–8 on the cross, not in the cup, 255–57 perversion of, 51, 67, 99–101, 120–21 as salvation, 74, 83–84, 97–98, 101–9, as promise and sign, 6, 23, 32 116–33, 228 294 The Eucharistic Pamphlets of Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt

forgiveness, continued idolatry, of the Eucharist, 6, 160–61, 225, wine/cup as sign of, 46, 62–63, 69–70, 232 74–75, 87, 245 images, 11, 19–20, 201 forms, of bread/wine , 187 distinguished from essence, 51–54, Isaiah, 24, 29–30, 46, 71, 128, 156, 209, 56–57, 211 224–25 papistic term, 44, 54, 139, 169–70, 176, 202 Jerome (saint), 167 as technical term, 49n Jews Frau Hulda (natural reason), 13, 220 awaiting promised messiah, 142, 147 Furcha, Edward J., 20, 39 and Christ’s passion, 109 definition of “sacrament,” 167 Gemser, in Dialog, 166–204 as metaphor for Christians, 47, 81 Gerlacher, Diebolt, 239n and Old Testament priesthood, 52, gestures. See also host; sign of the cross 62, 76 of Christ, at Last Supper, 1, 3, 12, 127, sayings of, about God, 65 178 wilderness sojourn of, 82 gluttony, 118 John the Baptist, 138, 146–47, 152, 189, God the Father 253 accessed through Christ, 44 Judas Iscariot, 9, 96, 106, 152, 156, 236, contradicted by the devil and priests, 252 98–101 justification, by faith alone, 29, 182, draws/binds sinners to Christ, 94 187–89, 225, 266 as faithful, 34 sacrifice of Christ, 96, 106 Karlstadt good works, 41–42. See also works ambivalence about his own writings, righteousness 239, 260, 262–63 gospel, 41, 43–44, 50–54, 73, 85 on baptism, 11 grace of God, 26, 52, 83, 232–33, 263 censorship of, 8–10, 17, 238 Greek language, 167 denies involvement in Peasants’ War, eucharistia/eucharistien, 119, 133–43, 258 195 , 5, 7, 11 future tense of, 146–47, 150, 153; eucharistic theology of, 8–14, 206 koinonia, 226n explanation of writings, 260–69 of the New Testament, 127, 137 invokes Golden Rule, 267 tuto as “my body,” 173–75 persecution of, 267–68 responds to Luther’s Against the Haden-Roy, Patrick, 20 Heavenly Prophets, 219–37 Hausmann, Nicolaus, 112 sermons at castle church, 6–8 heave offerings, 112n, 213n and Thomas Müntzer, 11n, 18 Hebrew language, 167 resides in/visits: Basel, 12, 17–18; Hertzsch, Erich, 19 Orlamünde, 9n, 11; Rothenburg, history/historiography, of Karlstadt’s 12, 238; Saxony, 12, 17–18; views, 18–19 Strasbourg, 12, 18; Zurich, 17 Hoen, Cornelis, 10–11, 16 Holy Spirit, 175–77, 182, 206, 215–16, 259 laity host. See also bread; wine/cup accept the cross of grace, 250 adoration of, as idolatry, 6–7, 14 as binding/absolving sins, 87 in a ciborium, 198 compelled to pay for masses, 107, 120, consecration of, 169 171 elevation of, 8, 51n, 112 disdained/misled by priests, 67–68, not Christ’s body, 171 73, 173–75, 187, 194, 201 , 6n, 11, 14, 146n prayers of, during mass, 111n hypocrisy, 29, 50–52, 72 Index 295

warned against priests’ masses, 103, as spiritual, not corporeal, 221–23, 164–203 227–28, 236–37 language words of institution initiated, 127 of Christ, 153 worthy reception of, 178–84, 189, Christ’s words in future tense, 146–47, 212–16 150, 153 Luther, Martin Greek, 127, 133–40, 146, 150, 153 ambivalence of, 245 Karlstadt’s apology for, 55 Against the Heavenly Prophets, 3, 13, Latin, 138, 146, 167, 172 219–37 misconstrual of Christ’s words, challenged by Karlstadt, 221, 223, 144–62 228–29, 234, 238–57 punctuation and, 177 on corporeal presence, 1, 112, 187, superfluous, 57 221, 238–57 translation difficulties of, 174–75 on external means of God, 175n usage of “sacraments,” 166–68 Formula for Mass and Communion, vernacular: for laity, 110–11, 167, 9–10 172–73; for liturgy, 6–7, 110–11 glosses Paul’s words, 229–30 Last Supper, and Christ’s last will and as hypocrite, 255 testament, 128–29, 151–52, 192– and Karlstadt, 1, 3–5, 9, 11, 13–14, 93, 241–42 162n, 165, 258–60 Laube, Adolph, 19 Leipzig disputation with Eck, 5 law of God on liturgical reforms, 8, 10 Christ as fulfillment of, 34, 85, 92–93 misuse of scripture by, 248 teaches what sin is, 80, 265 as Mosaic preacher, 244 law of men, and priesthood, 90–91 Open Letter to the Christians in Link, Wenceslaus, 39n Strasbourg…, 13 Lindberg, Carter, 163 as papist, 11, 144–45 liturgy preface to Teaching, 14, 258–60 of consecration, 240–41 errors in, 113 mass/masses reform of, 110–15 Christ not a sacrifice in, 99–101 vernacular demanded, 6–7, 110–11 daily, condemned, 99–109 Lord’s Supper. See also Eucharist endowed by laity, 99, 105, 107 in both kinds, 6–8, 67–69 etymology of, 107, 111 characterized as: an ordinance, 114– evangelical, 8–10, 66–67, 78–88 15, 130, 136, 157; proclamation, as human invention, 104 26, 28, 64, 103, 212, 235; liturgical reform of, 7–10, 110–15 sacramental, 23n; sanctified, as mockery and murder of Christ, 120; spiritual, 23n; symbolic, 106–9, 148, 178, 215–16 12, 16, 46, 63–64, 103–4, 113– perversion of, 51, 99–109 14, 124–33, 136–37 private, condemned, 6–7 discernment required, 69, 117–33, recitation of, 51n 178–84, 189–90 as sacrilege, 111–12, 140 instituted by Christ, 167 scriptural basis for, 50–51 is not: essential for salvation, 69, 131– as shaped by papists, 99–100, 110–15 32, 150, 256; a pledge, or God’s and simony, 99, 105 Penny, 215–18; a sacrament, Melanchthon, Philipp, 5, 7, 39n 116 miracles, to be public, 122 Paul’s instructions for, 207–8 mortification of the flesh, 93 perverted in the mass, 99–109, 111 Moses preparation for, 5–8, 69, 83, 180–82, and blood sacrifices, 92–94, 98–99, 186, 195, 209–10 126–27, 130, 242, 244 prerequisite for, 73–74, 83–84, 211–18 on ignorance of the law, 158 as leader/protector, 42, 108, 143, 157 296 The Eucharistic Pamphlets of Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt

Moses, continued pamphlets of Karlstadt and miracles of God, 81–82, 84 and evangelical movement, 3–4 promise to, 143 and Luther’s pamphlets, 5 prophesies of Christ, 91–92, 97–98, reactions to, 15 128, 137–38, 146, 208–9, 253 translations of, 19–20 signs given to, 30–31, 45–46, 61–62, papists/priests 130 attack Karlstadt’s teaching, 250 unbelief of, 81 on binding and absolution, 87 Müntzer, Thomas, 11 characterized as: Antichrist, 148, 162, , 8–9, 183n 180, 205–18; blasphemers, 98–109, 154, 161–62, 201, 217– natural reason (Frau Hulda), 13, 220 18, 244, 247; blind leaders, 215; new birth, as faith in the word of God, 88 faithless, 121–22, 139; heretics, new testament. See under testament 54, 71–72, 87; idolators, 225; Noah, 31, 34, 45, 59–62, 66 intoxicated, 201; jugglers, 201; Nuremberg, 15 lacking wisdom, 158; mediators of the new testament, 245, 250; obedience of Christ, 93, 108 murderers of Christ, 106–9, Oecolampadius, Johann, 13–14, 16 148, 178, 215–16; as pipes, 171; Oeglin, Erhard, 21 powerless, 121–23; scarecrows, offerings. See also sacrifices 195; sophists, 121, 144–45, Christ as perfect, 95–96, 213–14 148–49, 157, 161–62, 192; as gift, 91 unholy, 101, 122 by God the Father, 96 and clerical marriage, 47–48 heave/wave, 112n, 213n and custom/tradition, 50, 172 of Judas, Pilate, and priests, 96 on “form,” 41, 44, 54, 87 mass as, 111 misconstrue Christ’s words, 138–39, New Testament, 93–94 144–46, 152–54, 157, 190–91 Old Tesament sacrifices, 91–93 receives money for masses, 99–100, righteous and unrighteous, 96–97 173, 187 through priesthood of Christ, 95 on scripture reading, 170 varieties of, 91–92, 96–97 secret rituals of, 122 oil of anointing, 91 summoning/dismissing Christ in the Old Testament bread, 235 compared with new, 242 temporal power of, 47, 87 sacrificial system of, as figure of and transubstantiation, 120–21, 139 Christ, 9 use of “in” and “under,” 145, 193–94 old testament. See under testament withholding of cup, 67–68 On Both Forms in the Holy Mass (1521), Parisians (Sorbonne faculty), 56–57, 62 7, 49–77 passion of Christ, 26, 86, 103–5, 142, On the Adoration and Veneration of the 152–53, 187–88, 200–201, 213–14 Signs of the New Testment (1521), Paul (apostle) 7, 39–48, 57 admonishes the Corinthians, 136, On the Anti-Christian Abuse of the Lord’s 219–37 Bread and Cup (1524), 12, 205–18 on Christ’s words, 29, 32, 87, 129, On the New and Old Testament (1525), 189–90, 207–8, 253–54 13, 238–57 on circumcision, 31, 61 On the Priesthood and Sacrifice of Christ on corporeal presence, 116–17, (1523), 9, 89–109, 111 221–22 On the Recipients, Signs, and Promise of on cup of blessing, 118–19 the Holy Sacrament (1521), 5–6, on death, 74 21–38 on discernment, 24, 42, 44, 46, 69, Orlamünde, 9n, 11, 89 117, 178–79, 262–63 Otmar, Silvan, 21 on eternal life, 149 Index 297

on eucharistia/eucharistien, 135, 193 promise on faith, 46, 64, 209 and assurance, 32, 36, 59–60, 83–85 on fellowship, 124 distinguished from affirmation, on the grace of God, 80, 103, 161–62 142–43 on the Lord’s Supper, 26, 28–29, 116– Eucharist as, 6, 23, 32 30, 151, 232 grasped by Jacob, 77 on misuse of bread, 157–58 lost, because of unbelief, 82–83 rebukes Peter, 105 signs of, 31–32, 34, 59, 63 on sacrifices, 93 specificity of, 143 on signs and promises, 46, 63, 130 synonyms used for, 30 on suspended judgment, 261 prophets/prophecies on vernacular language, 110–11 of Christ, 91–92, 97–98, 137–38, words of, glossed by Luther, 229–30 146–49, 154–56, 209 on words of institution, 136 cited by the apostles, 137, 225 Peasants’ War, 13–14, 18, 258 Prove (1524), 10, 116–43 penance, as unnecessary, 76 Prüss, Johann, 21 Pentecost, 208, 242 punctuation, of Christ’s words, 177–78 perseverance, 36–37, 69, 126 purgatory, and the sacrament, 141–42 Peter (apostle), 61 on discernment, 147, 151–52, 212 rainbow. See also signs: as sign of on eternal life, 149 promise, 34, 45, 59–62 as holy vs. fleshly, 104–5, 114, 198 reconciliation and the keys, 87 and offering, 91 rebuked by: Christ, 104–5, 198; Paul, through Christ’s sacrifice, 97–98, 105 108–9, 152–53 as the rock, 162 redemption Peter (layman), in Dialogue, 166, 174–204 completed in Christ’s passion, 97–98, Picards (Bohemian Brethren), 46 107–9, 126, 143, 150 pipes, as metaphor for priests, 171 foundation of, 130–31 Pirckheimer, Willibald, 15 not through mass, 107 pope. See papists/priests Reich, Jorg, 41, 50 prayer Reinhart, Martin (pastor), 11, 263n, 268n cannot transform bread/wine, 119 remembrance. See also discernment as confession, 29 defined, 208–18 faith necessary for, 40 righteousness and, 63–64, 103–4, of the hypocrite condemned, 29 113–14, 208–18 Qui Pridie, 54n repentance and repentance, 28–29, 83 and discernment, 118 predestination, 224 necessity of, 28–29, 38 prerequisite, for Lord’s Supper, 73–74, vs. works righteousness, 25, 28 83–84, 211–18 resurrection priesthood and ascension of Christ, 102 of believers, 94, 247–57 signified by bread, 70–71, 74, 84–85 of Christ, 89–109, 111 Reuchlin, Johann, 155n of Melchizedek, 94 Reyss, Conrad, Answer to the HIghly priests. See also papists/priests: defined, Learned Doctor …, 16 90 Rhegius, Urbanus, Warning against the Old Testament, 62, 91–94, 97 New Error…, 15, 240n proclamation righteousness. See also works and the Eucharist, 32, 158–59 righteousness and the Lord’s Supper, 26, 28, 64, 103 faith as, 29 preaching as, 185–86 not in the cup, 245 and remembrance, 211 and remembrance, 63–64, 103–4, 113–14, 185–86, 208–18 298 The Eucharistic Pamphlets of Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt

righteousness, continued used by Christ, 151 spiritual, not fleshly, 61 scripture/s, and new birth, 88 through faith in Christ, 32, 71, 95–96, seals, signs as, 61–62 98, 103, 109, 189, 208 self-examination. See discernment and understanding divine wisdom, 92 senses (human), and signs, 31 Rode, Hinne, 43n Sermon …Given in Wittenberg on the Rupp, E. Gordon, 18 Reception of the Holy Sacrament (1522), 8, 78–88 sacrament/s. See also Eucharist; Lord’s sheep, believers as, 80–81 Supper sign of the cross, rejected by Karlstadt, 8 defined/questioned in Dialog, 166–204 signs sacrifices. See also offerings allegories for, 64–65 of animals, 91–92, 101–2, 242 apprehension of, by sinners, 31 Christ’s: as once for all, 76, 92, are not salvation, 61, 63 98–109, 116–33, 153–54, 201; and assurance, 34, 61, 64, 70, 75 as redemptive, 97–98 bread/wine as, 30–31, 43, 45–46, daily mass, as heretical, 99–109, 112–13 60–62 defined, 92–93 characteristics of, 62–63 of Gentiles, 114 Christ as, 30, 45–46 imperfect, in Old Testament, 31, 62, established by God, 58, 76 91–92 Eucharist as, 6–7, 45 and priesthood, 93 Gideon’s fleece, 63 salvation ineffective if not used, 30 assurance of, 75–76, 83–85, 94 misuse of, 71–73 certainty of, 224 natural and artificial, 58, 77 and discernment, 212–14 of the New Testament, 66–67 forgiveness as, 74, 97–98, 101–9, particularity of, 65 116–33, 251 and promise, 23, 32, 34, 45, 59, 65 and grace of God, 26 purposes of, 58–60 is not in: the sacrament, 69–70, 73, and sensation/perception, 31 131–32, 144–62, 187, 215–18; significance of, 64–65 signs, 61, 63 snake in the wilderness, 30–31, 45–46, necessity of blood sacrifice, 76, 66, 98–99 (See also Moses) 132–33 sought by patriarchs, 58 as personal experience, 214–15 simony, 99, 105 as prerequisite for the sacrament, sin/s. See also salvation 73–74, 83–84, 211–18 and death, 74 sanctification enumerated by Paul, 233 consecration as, 119–20 forgiven once for all, in Christ, 74, through the gospel, 85–86 97–98, 101–9, 116–33 Schürer, Matthias, 12 as no bar to communion, 24–25, 28, Schwenckfeld, Kaspar, 16 37–38, 83, 86–87, 236 scripture. See Scripture Index, [281–89] and salvation, 75, 86 as basis of faith, 146, 250 as sickness of spirit, 24–26 fulfilled in Christ, 34, 85, 92–93, unbelief as, 7–8, 86 142–43 spirituality Greek future tense usage, 146–47, distinguished from , 40 150–51, 153 faith necessary for, 40 as measure of exegesis, 65, 80–81, sprinkling, of blood, 92, 128, 228, 242–47 261–68 Strasbourg, 12 as the new testament, 254 sufficiency of Christ’s sacrifice, 98–100, proper exegesis of, 64–65 146–47, 237 right use of, 194–95 Supper of Christ. See Lord’s Supper superior to councils, 52–53 swords, metaphor for truth, 191–92 Index 299 testament to be honored, not worshiped, 41–42, and Christ’s blood, 128–29 44, 118 confirmed at death, 241–43 blessing of, 118–19 old vs. new, 126–27, 242–43 of blessing/thanksgiving, 118–20 oral, of Christ, 126, 129 and body of Christ, 43, 228 as promise, 30 consecration of, 239 wine/cup as, 128 distinguished from corporeal blood of words used to describe, 30, 128–29 Christ, 128–30 thanksgiving and Eucharist, 191, 195–96 distribution of, 255–56 Thomas Aquinas, 4, 156 exegesis on, 128–29, 238–57 toad, epithet for opponent, 42–43 fellowship argument, 123–24 touto, Greek pronoun, 173–75 instituted by Christ, 73, 168 tradition. See custom/tradition misuse of, 72–73, 100–101, 157–58, transubstantiation, 49n, 54n, 121, 239n 180 denied, 142–43 as mockery of blood of Christ, 244, not commanded, and not possible, 250–57 121–22 as new testament, 126–27, 194 technical term for, 202n new testament properties of, 249 truth as sign of forgiveness of sins, 46, vs. cunning, 179 62–63, 69–70, 74–75, 87, 245 vs. custom/tradition, 50–52 as special cup, 117 and Holy Spirit, 259 St. John’s cup, 119n as swords, 191–92 as a testament, 132–33 withheld from laity, 67, 113 ubiquity, of Christ, 198 wisdom, worldly vs. divine, 114, 260–69 unbelief. See also doubt/despair Wittenberg Christmas sermon, 78–88 of Ahaz and Zechariah, 58 Wittenberg Troubles, and reformation of as bar to the sacrament, 83, 88 the mass, 5–8 as grievous sin, 82–84 women, praised by Christ, 41–42 makes God a liar, 60 words condemned by Karlstadt of Moses and Aaron, 81 “form of …”, 41, 44, 55 punishment for, 34, 81–82 “mass,” 10, 110–15 as work of the devil, 89 “sacraments,” 166–68 words of Christ vernacular language as affirmation, not promise, 34–35, for the Bible, 171 142–43, 147 for liturgy, 6 “baptism,” 168 vestments confirmed in the Eucharist, 35–36 as fool’s cloak, 101 discernment of, 158–59 outward and inward, 90–91 exegesis of, 10, 12, 30, 84, 97–98, 128– rejected by Karlstadt, 8–9 33, 144–62, 196, 208–18 Victus, in Dialogue, 166–204 at feeding of the multitude, 196 in future tense, 146–47, 150, 153 Walch, Johann Georg, 19 at Last Supper, 26, 30, 83, 130–31, Waldensian Brethren, 146n 168, 175 , 1, 146, 232 omitted from verba consecrationis, 202 wave offerings, 112n, 213n and prayer, 40 Westerburg, Gerhard, 12, 263n, 268n summary of, 160–62 Whether One Can Prove from Holy Scripture “you are my friends,” 235 That Christ Is in the Sacrament … works righteousness, 5–6, 25, 28–29 (1524). See Prove (1524) Luther’s arguments on, 13 wine/cup worship, as fruit of faith, 40–41 accidentally spilling drop of, 67, 69 wrath of God, and repentance, 28–29 apostles’ use of, 239–40 Wyclif, John, 11, 114 300 The Eucharistic Pamphlets of Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt

Zeytlof, Andreas, 23 Zorzin, Alejandro, 268n Zwilling, Gabriel, 6–8, 43n, 50n Zwingli, Ulrich, 16 on Anabaptists, 15 Exposition of the Sixty-Seven Articles, 9 on Karlstadt’s exegesis, 3 mentioned, 14, 259n, 261, 264