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The German North Sea Ports' Absorption Into Imperial Germany, 1866–1914
From Unification to Integration: The German North Sea Ports' absorption into Imperial Germany, 1866–1914 Henning Kuhlmann Submitted for the award of Master of Philosophy in History Cardiff University 2016 Summary This thesis concentrates on the economic integration of three principal German North Sea ports – Emden, Bremen and Hamburg – into the Bismarckian nation- state. Prior to the outbreak of the First World War, Emden, Hamburg and Bremen handled a major share of the German Empire’s total overseas trade. However, at the time of the foundation of the Kaiserreich, the cities’ roles within the Empire and the new German nation-state were not yet fully defined. Initially, Hamburg and Bremen insisted upon their traditional role as independent city-states and remained outside the Empire’s customs union. Emden, meanwhile, had welcomed outright annexation by Prussia in 1866. After centuries of economic stagnation, the city had great difficulties competing with Hamburg and Bremen and was hoping for Prussian support. This thesis examines how it was possible to integrate these port cities on an economic and on an underlying level of civic mentalities and local identities. Existing studies have often overlooked the importance that Bismarck attributed to the cultural or indeed the ideological re-alignment of Hamburg and Bremen. Therefore, this study will look at the way the people of Hamburg and Bremen traditionally defined their (liberal) identity and the way this changed during the 1870s and 1880s. It will also investigate the role of the acquisition of colonies during the process of Hamburg and Bremen’s accession. In Hamburg in particular, the agreement to join the customs union had a significant impact on the merchants’ stance on colonialism. -
Regiment of the Saxon Duchies – Chapter Six Part III
The Napoleon Series The Germans under the French Eagles: Volume IV The Regiment of the Saxon Duchies – Chapter Six Part III By Commandant Sauzey Translated by Greg Gorsuch THE REGIMENT OF THE SAXON DUCHIES ================================================================================== CHAPTER VI CAMPAIGN OF 1813 __________________ III. -- Defense of Magdeburg. During the first part of the siege, the Duchies regiment was actively employed in the service of garrison that were in the town. But the besieged were aware of the setbacks that hit the French army; since the successive failures of Marshal Oudinot and Marshal Ney at Großbeeren and Jüterbock, Saxony had to be evacuated and the great battle of Leipzig decided the general retreat of the army of the Emperor Napoleon. The Confederation of the Rhine cracked and dissolved: the Royal Saxon army had passed into the ranks of the Coalition, Bavaria separated from France, all Germany rising against the one she greeted the day before still calling him "Savior" and of "Protector" .... Also, desertion became considerable among the soldiers of the Duchies Regiment; at the end of October, the detachments sent to external work were reduced by half. General Le Marois, governor of Magdeburg, resolved to put an end to this disturbing state of affairs. On 12 November, the Duchies regiment received the order of to go, unarmed, in a capote and a garrison cap, in front of the governor's house: it then had 361 men, plus 164 soldiers in the hospitals. General Le Marois himself drove the regiment to the advanced works and, having arrived there, had the Saxons choose to return immediately to their homes, or return to the town to serve there now as a good and loyal soldiers; the first alternative is accepted unanimously. -
Sources for Genealogical Research at the Austrian War Archives in Vienna (Kriegsarchiv Wien)
SOURCES FOR GENEALOGICAL RESEARCH AT THE AUSTRIAN WAR ARCHIVES IN VIENNA (KRIEGSARCHIV WIEN) by Christoph Tepperberg Director of the Kriegsarchiv 1 Table of contents 1. The Vienna War Archives and its relevance for genealogical research 1.1. A short history of the War Archives 1.2. Conditions for doing genealogical research at the Kriegsarchiv 2. Sources for genealogical research at the Kriegsarchiv 2. 1. Documents of the military administration and commands 2. 2. Personnel records, and records pertaining to personnel 2.2.1. Sources for research on military personnel of all ranks 2.2.2. Sources for research on commissioned officers and military officials 3. Using the Archives 3.1. Regulations for using personnel records 3.2. Visiting the Archives 3.3. Written inquiries 3.4. Professional researchers 4. Relevant publications 5. Sources for genealogical research in other archives and institutions 5.1. Sources for genealogical research in other departments of the Austrian State Archives 5.2. Sources for genealogical research in other Austrian archives 5.3. Sources for genealogical research in archives outside of Austria 5.3.1. The provinces of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and its “successor states” 5.3.2. Sources for genealogical research in the “successor states” 5.4. Additional points of contact and practical hints for genealogical research 2 1. The Vienna War Archives and its relevance for genealogical research 1.1. A short history of the War Archives Today’s Austrian Republic is a small country, but from 1526 to 1918 Austria was a great power, we can say: the United States of Middle and Southeastern Europe. -
How Britain Unified Germany: Geography and the Rise of Prussia
— Early draft. Please do not quote, cite, or redistribute without written permission of the authors. — How Britain Unified Germany: Geography and the Rise of Prussia After 1815∗ Thilo R. Huningy and Nikolaus Wolfz Abstract We analyze the formation oft he German Zollverein as an example how geography can shape institutional change. We show how the redrawing of the European map at the Congress of Vienna—notably Prussia’s control over the Rhineland and Westphalia—affected the incentives for policymakers to cooperate. The new borders were not endogenous. They were at odds with the strategy of Prussia, but followed from Britain’s intervention at Vienna regarding the Polish-Saxon question. For many small German states, the resulting borders changed the trade-off between the benefits from cooperation with Prussia and the costs of losing political control. Based on GIS data on Central Europe for 1818–1854 we estimate a simple model of the incentives to join an existing customs union. The model can explain the sequence of states joining the Prussian Zollverein extremely well. Moreover we run a counterfactual exercise: if Prussia would have succeeded with her strategy to gain the entire Kingdom of Saxony instead of the western provinces, the Zollverein would not have formed. We conclude that geography can shape institutional change. To put it different, as collateral damage to her intervention at Vienna,”’Britain unified Germany”’. JEL Codes: C31, F13, N73 ∗We would like to thank Robert C. Allen, Nicholas Crafts, Theresa Gutberlet, Theocharis N. Grigoriadis, Ulas Karakoc, Daniel Kreßner, Stelios Michalopoulos, Klaus Desmet, Florian Ploeckl, Kevin H. -
Of Saxony's Decorations and Medals, Perhaps the Most Important
This book is the third volume in his series on the aviation awards of Imperial Germany during World War I, and like the two previous volumes (Bavaria and Prussia) is superb in all respects. Volume III explores the awards of the Kingdom of Saxony, a region that had long been embroiled in conflict and turmoil, and whose capital city (Dresden) was to become the site of the most fearsome bombing raids of World War I1. Of Saxony’s decorations and medals, perhaps the most important was the Military Order of St. Henry, which was founded on October 7, 1736 by Augustus III, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony. It predates many of the other pre- eminent German orders, including Prussia’s Pour le Merite (1740) and Bavaria’s Military Order of max Joseph (1797). It was originally instituted in one class for award to officers of the Royal saxon Army, but was later enlarged to three classes in 1768 (Grand Cross, Commander, and Knight). The Commander grade was divided into a First and Second class in 1829. During the First World War 2,717 awards of the order were made, of which 107 went to aviators. The lion’s share of O’Connor’s book is the chapter that discusses this order, which provides a wealth of information on the order itself and includes the citations of all 107 aviation recipients. Like the book as a whole, this chapter is liberally illustrated with photos of the recipients, their awards,and their aircraft. The other principal Saxon awards are also covered. -
Prussian Army of the Elbe Cinc
DeutscherKrieg Peter Riley Converting Polemos KDA FPW rules for the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 DeutscherKrieg Converting Polemos FPW KDA rules to the Austro-Prussian War, 1866 Published in pdf format by: Baccus 6mm Ltd, 2010. Text Copyright: Peter Riley Layout and Design: Baccus 6mm Ltd Photography: Peter Berry Maps: Sven Lugar Buildings and Scenics: Timecast Baccus 6mm figures painted by Peter Berry and Charles Kirke All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means without the express written consent of the authors. For more information about the figures and models used in this catalogue, extra sections and add-ons to these rules, as well as the other rules sets in the Polemos series, visit: www.baccus6mm.com A Yahoo group has been set up to allow for discussion of all aspects of playing games using Polemos rules. If you have any questions, are looking for tips and advice or just want to talk to other gamers, you can join by logging on to http://games.groups.yahoo.com/group/polemos Introduction Deutscherkrieg Part Four – Army Generators ii Introduction Prussian Army 19 Italian Army 20 Part One – Setting up the Game Austrian Army of the North 21 Troop Types 4 Austrian Army of the South 22 Allied Army 23 Tyrolean Theatre Armies 24 Part Two – Playing the Game Tempo Bidding 5 Bombardment Tables 5 Tempo Point Cost 6 Part Five – Scenario Ranged Attacks 6 The battle of Konniggratz - 1866 25-27 Combat 7 Army Morale 8 Part Three – Orders of Battle Prussian, Italian & Austrian Army Commands 9 Prussian -
The Social History of the Soča/Isonzo Region in the First World War
89 Petra Svoljšak The social history of the Soča/Isonzo region in the First World War The Slovene soldiers1 Slovenian participation in the Great War (1914–1918) is a classical case study of how an ethni- cally defined community experienced and survived this war. The inhabitants of the provinces of Carniola, Styria, Carinthia, and the Littoral served (mostly) in the Austro-Hungarian army and assumed various roles characteristic of life in uniform – on all four fronts they became prisoners of war, deserters, and rebels. The Slovenes from the Slavia Veneta, citizens of the Kingdom of Italy, were mobilised into the Italian army, which also brought them to the Soča/Isonzo battlefield. Slovenian soldiers for many reasons also joined so-called volun- teer forces: Austro-Hungarian citizens of Slovenian, Croatian and Serbian nationality joined the Serbian army during the Balkan Wars to support the Serbian cause, and later, during World War I, to prevail in the struggle for the creation of a new Yugoslav state. In order to undermine Austria-Hungary’s strength both militarily and as a state, volunteer military units were gathered on the Italian-Austrian front under the command of the Slovenian Reserve Lieutenant Ljudevit Pivko, and for the same reason Slovenian (Yugoslav) volunteer troops were organised in North America. With 7.800.000 to 8.000.000 drafted men during World War I, Austria-Hungary ranked fifth among the belligerent countries, which had conscripted a total of 70 million soldiers. In peacetime, the Austro-Hungarian army kept 36.000 officers and 414.000 soldiers on the active list. -
Country Coding Units
INSTITUTE Country Coding Units v11.1 - March 2021 Copyright © University of Gothenburg, V-Dem Institute All rights reserved Suggested citation: Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, and Lisa Gastaldi. 2021. ”V-Dem Country Coding Units v11.1” Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. Funders: We are very grateful for our funders’ support over the years, which has made this ven- ture possible. To learn more about our funders, please visit: https://www.v-dem.net/en/about/ funders/ For questions: [email protected] 1 Contents Suggested citation: . .1 1 Notes 7 1.1 ”Country” . .7 2 Africa 9 2.1 Central Africa . .9 2.1.1 Cameroon (108) . .9 2.1.2 Central African Republic (71) . .9 2.1.3 Chad (109) . .9 2.1.4 Democratic Republic of the Congo (111) . .9 2.1.5 Equatorial Guinea (160) . .9 2.1.6 Gabon (116) . .9 2.1.7 Republic of the Congo (112) . 10 2.1.8 Sao Tome and Principe (196) . 10 2.2 East/Horn of Africa . 10 2.2.1 Burundi (69) . 10 2.2.2 Comoros (153) . 10 2.2.3 Djibouti (113) . 10 2.2.4 Eritrea (115) . 10 2.2.5 Ethiopia (38) . 10 2.2.6 Kenya (40) . 11 2.2.7 Malawi (87) . 11 2.2.8 Mauritius (180) . 11 2.2.9 Rwanda (129) . 11 2.2.10 Seychelles (199) . 11 2.2.11 Somalia (130) . 11 2.2.12 Somaliland (139) . 11 2.2.13 South Sudan (32) . 11 2.2.14 Sudan (33) . -
O Du Mein Österreich: Patriotic Music and Multinational Identity in The
O du mein Österreich: Patriotic Music and Multinational Identity in the Austro-Hungarian Empire by Jason Stephen Heilman Department of Music Duke University Date: _______________________ Approved: ______________________________ Bryan R. Gilliam, Supervisor ______________________________ Scott Lindroth ______________________________ James Rolleston ______________________________ Malachi Hacohen Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Music in the Graduate School of Duke University 2009 ABSTRACT O du mein Österreich: Patriotic Music and Multinational Identity in the Austro-Hungarian Empire by Jason Stephen Heilman Department of Music Duke University Date: _______________________ Approved: ______________________________ Bryan R. Gilliam, Supervisor ______________________________ Scott Lindroth ______________________________ James Rolleston ______________________________ Malachi Hacohen An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Music in the Graduate School of Duke University 2009 Copyright by Jason Stephen Heilman 2009 Abstract As a multinational state with a population that spoke eleven different languages, the Austro-Hungarian Empire was considered an anachronism during the age of heightened nationalism leading up to the First World War. This situation has made the search for a single Austro-Hungarian identity so difficult that many historians have declared it impossible. Yet the Dual Monarchy possessed one potentially unifying cultural aspect that has long been critically neglected: the extensive repertoire of marches and patriotic music performed by the military bands of the Imperial and Royal Austro- Hungarian Army. This Militärmusik actively blended idioms representing the various nationalist musics from around the empire in an attempt to reflect and even celebrate its multinational makeup. -
A.J.P. Taylor:The Course of German History
The Course of German History A.J.P. Taylor July 27-30, 2015 Taylor does not suffer from as much as he enjoys Germophobia. The book was written just after the end of the War which he sees as the logical conclusion of German destiny. This rather tendentious survey makes for good reading and entertainment, the author generously drops his sarcasms as so many high-explosives and spreads his ’bon mots’ around as artillery fire. The nation of Germany is probably older than the nation of either England and France, due to the formation of the Holy Roman Empire. It can be traced back to Charlemagne, and was of course a feudal contraption of vassals under the nominal authority of the Emperor. The high point of Germany was during the Middle-Ages, according to Taylor. A time of prosperity and local self-government and a proud tradition of independent towns and cities. And also the high-point of the Hanseatic League monopolizing trade on the Baltic. But early on there were two Germanies, the author reminds the reader. The Germany of the West, and the Germany of the East. It is the former with which most westerners are familiar, it is the civilized country of culture and achievement, while the Germany of the East, whom the Slavs would encounter to their peril, was an expansive and brutal power intent on expansion and subjugation, relentlessly and inexorably driving the Slavs eastwards. This ’Drang nach Osten’ is hence something that Taylor identifies as a defining character of the German fate. Luther was a catastrophe for Germany, Taylor claims. -
Economic Geography and Its Effect on the Development of the German
Economic Geography and its Effect on the Development of the German States from the Holy Roman Empire to the German Zollverein (Wirtschaftsgeographie und ihr Einfluss auf die Entwicklung der deutschen Staaten vom Heiligen Romischen¨ Reich bis zum Deutschen Zollverein) DISSERTATION zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor rerum politicarum (Doktor der Wirtschaftswissenschaft) eingereicht an der WIRTSCHAFTSWISSENSCHAFTLICHEN FAKULTAT¨ DER HUMBOLDT-UNIVERSITAT¨ ZU BERLIN von THILO RENE´ HUNING M.SC. Pr¨asidentin der Humboldt-Universit¨at zu Berlin: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dr. Sabine Kunst Dekan der Wirtschaftwissenschaftlichen Fakult¨at: Prof. Dr. Daniel Klapper Gutachter: 1. Prof. Dr. Nikolaus Wolf 2. Prof. Barry Eichengreen, Ph.D. Tag des Kolloqiums: 02. Mai 2018 Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Dissertation setzt sich mit dem Einfluß okonomischer¨ Geographie auf die Geschichte des Heiligen Romischen¨ Reichs deutscher Nation bis zum Deutschen Zollverein auseinander. Die Dissertation besteht aus drei Kapiteln. Im ersten Kapitel werden die Effekte von Heterogenitat¨ in der Beobacht- barkeit der Bodenqualitat¨ auf Besteuerung und politischen Institutionen erlautert,¨ theoretisch betrachtet und empirisch anhand von Kartendaten analysiert. Es wird ein statistischer Zusammenhang zwischen Beobachtbarkeit der Bodenqualitat¨ und Große¨ und Uberlebenswahrschenlichkeit¨ von mittelalterlichen Staaten hergestelt. Das zweite Kapitel befasst sich mit dem Einfluß dieses Mechanismus auf die spezielle Geschichte Brandenburg-Preußens, und erlautert¨ die Rolle der Beobachtbarkeut der Bodenqualitat¨ auf die Entwicklung zentraler Institutionen nach dem Dreißigjahrigen¨ Krieg. Im empirischen Teil wird anhand von Daten zu Provinzkontributionen ein statistisch signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen Bodenqualitat¨ und Besteuerug erst im Laufe des siebzehnten Jahrhundert deutlich. Das dritte Kapitel befasst sich mit dem Einfluß relativer Geographie auf die Grundung¨ des Deutschen Zollvereins als Folge des Wiener Kongresses. -
Royal Saxon Army Corps, 20 June 1866
Royal Saxon Army Corps 20 June l866 Commanding General: General Erbprinz von Saxony Chief of Staff: Generalmajor von Fabrice Adjutant-General: Generalmaojr von Thielau Artillery Cmdr: Generalmajor Schmalz lst Division: Generalleutnant von Schimpff 2nd Brigade: Generalmajor von Carlowitz 5th Infantry Battalion (97l) 6th Infantry Battalion (943) 7th Infantry Battalion (958) 8th Infantry Battalion (955) 2nd Jäger Battalion (946) 3rd Brigade: Generalmajor Oberst von Hake 9th Infantry Battalion (953) l0th Infantry Battalion (979) llth Infantry Battalion (899) l2th Infantry Battalion (972) 3rd Jäger Battalion (932) Divisonal Cavalry: (326) 2nd Reiter Regiment (2 sqns) 3rd Reiter Regiment (2 sqns) Divisional Artillery: l2pdr Battery "von der Pforte" (l60)(6 guns) 6pdr Battery "Leonhardi" (l59)(6 guns) 2nd Division: Generalleutnant ovn Steiglitz Brigade: Oberst von Boxberg lst Infantry Battalion (930) 2nd Infantry Battalion (96l) 3rd Infantry Battalion (933) 4th Infantry Battalion (968) lst Jäger Battalion (969) Brigade: Oberst von Hausen l3th Infantry Battalion (983) l4th Infantry Battalion (939) l5th Infantry Battalion (946) l6th Infantry Battalion (968) 4th Jäger Battalion (904) Divisonal Cavalry: (326) Guard Cavarly Regiment (2 sqns) lst Reiter Regiment (2 sqns) Divisional Artillery: l2pdr Battery "Hering-Göppingen" (l56)(6 guns) 6pdr Battery "Richter" (l62)(6 guns) Cavarly Division: Generalleutnant von Fritsch lst Brigade: Generalleutnant Prinz Georg von Saxony l/,2/,3/Guard Reiter Regiment (453) l/,2/,3/lst Reiter Regiment (527) 2nd Brigade: