Chapter 3—Royalty, the Reich and its States and Provinces 19 Royalty 19 Genetic Legacy 21 The Reich 22 The Four Kingdoms 25 Prussia 25 Bavaria 27 Saxony 30 Wiirttemberg 31 The Sonderrechte Grand Duchy of Baden 33 The Thuringian Duchies and Principalities 34 Reufi Junior Line 34 Reufi Senior Line 34 Saxe-Altenburg 35

VII

http://d-nb.info/1044425253 Saxe-Coburg-Gotha 35 Saxe-Meiningen 36 Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 37 Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt 38 Schwarzburg-Sondershausen 39 The Hanseatic Cities of the North German Confederation 39 Bremen 39 Hamburg 40 Liibeck 41 The Other North German Confederation States 41 Anhalt 41 Brunswick 42 Hesse-Darmstadt 43 Lippe-Detmold 44 Mecklenburg-Schvverin 45 Mecklenburg-Strelitz 46 Oldenburg 47 Schaumburg-Lippe 48 Waldeck-Pvrmont 49 States That Ceased to Exist Prior to 1871 50 Frankfurt am Main 50 Hanover 50 Hesse-Cassel 52 Hesse-Homburg 52 Hohenzollern-Hechingen 53 Ilohenzollern-Sigmaringen 53 Holstein 53 Lauenburg 53 Limburg 54 Nassau 54 Saxe-Gotha 54 Saxe-IIildburghausen 55 Schleswig 55 The Reichslande-Imperial Territory 55 Alsace-Lorraine 55 Colonies 58

Chapter 4—The Social, Political, and Economic Structure of the Reich 61 Linguistic Anomalies 61 The Population 62 Glass Structure 62 Working Women 68 The Importance of Social Insurance 69 Population Migration 70 Religion 72 The Education System 76 Schools 76 University Student Societies 79

VIII Internal Political Parties 81 Newspapers 84 Militarism and other groups 85 The Economy 86 Industrialization, Trade and Railroads 86 Finances 87

Chapter 5—National Service 91 The One Percent Rule and the Army (Quinqennat Budgets) 91 Tvvo or Three Years of Service? 93 Musterung 93 The Quality of Recruits: Rural vs. Urban 96 Dienstpflicht 96

Chapter 6—The Peacetime Military 99 The Higher Leadership 99 The War Ministry 102 Peacetime Organization of the War Ministry as of 6 May 1914 104 The General Staff and General Staff Officers 107 Peacetime Organization of the Great General Staff as of 1 May 1914 108 The Military Cabinet 115 The Oberkommando in den Marken 118 Military Conventions 119

Chapter 7—Army Organization 125 Command Authorities in Peacetime and after Mobilization 125 Army Commands (.Armee-Oberkommandos) 126 Army Groups (Heeresgruppen) 127 Army Corps and Their Districts 128 Cavalry Corps (Iloherer Kavallerie-Kommandeur: HKK) 133 Divisions 136 Cavalry Divisions 137 Brigades 138 The Arms 139 Infantry 139 Machinegun Formations 141 Jager and Schiitzen (Light Infantry) 142 Cavalry 143 Field Artillery 145 Foot Artillery 147 Engineers and Pioneers 148 Supply and Train Formations 149 Gendarmerie 151 Railroad Formations 152 Telegraph and Communications Formations 152

IX Aircraft, Zeppelin and Automobile Formations 153 Zeppelin and Airship Formations 153 Aircraft Formations 154 Automobile Formations 155 Personnel Replacements 155 The Feldzeugmeisterei 157 Artillery Depots 158 Garment Departments and Garment Depots 159 Special functions 160

Chapter 8—Army Reserve, Landwehr, Landsturm, and Ersatz-Reserve 161 Reserve Units 161 The Landwehr 162 The Development of Landwehr Regiments, Reserve Regiments. Reserve Divisions, and Reserve Corps Prior to 1914 162 Foundation of the Landwehr in 1813 163 Value Under Fire 163 Development after 1814 164 Reorganization and the Unification Wars 166 Landwehr and Reserve Units between 1888 and 1914 168 Landsturm 174 Ersatz Reserve 175

Chapter 9—The Officer Corps 177 Cadet Schools 180 The Steps to Becoming an Active Officer 182 The Officer Corps: Its Spirit and Social Life 186 The Code of Honor 188 One-Year Volunteers 189 Reserve and Landwehr Officers 193 Wartime Officers 194 Retirement 194

Chapter 10—Military Life and Training 197 Military Life 197 The Non-Commissioned Officer 199 Military officials 200 Training 201 Marksmanship 202 Army Corps Training Centers (Truppeniibungsplatze) and Firing Ranges 205

Chapter 11—Doctrine in General 209 Leadership Doctrine 211 The Combined Arms Battle 215 Attack 216

X Communications 217 Reserve Forces Limitations 218 Reconnaissance 219 Francs-tireurs 219

Chapter 12—Infantry Doctrine 221

Chapter 13—Cavalry Doctrine 233

Chapter 14—Artillery Doctrine 243

Chapter 15—Logistics 253 Organization of Logistics and Supply at the Beginning of the War 254 Top Ranks of the Logistical Organization 254 Management of Supply on Army and Army Corps Level 255 Mobile Supply Formations of the Communications Zone 256 Logistical Installations of the Communications Zone 259 Railway Infrastructure in the Communications Zone 261 Mobile Supply Formations of the Army Corps and the Combat Formations 263 Supplies for the Cavalry 268 The Supply Process 271 Ammunition Supply 271 Subsistence and Rations 272

Chapter 16—War and Mobilization 275 State of War 275 The Total Requirement 277 Planning 279 The Schlieffen Plan 280 Mobilization of Reserve Units in 1914 282 Mobilization of Logistic Units 291 Railroads During Mobilization 291 War volunteers 295 Falkenhavn Mobilizations 296 December 1914 Mobilizations 298 Mobilization of Landwehr Units in 1914 298 Recruit Classes 304 The Spirit of 1914 305

Chapter 17—Execution Issues 307 Leadership Cracks 307 The Auftragstaktik Problem 307 The Reverse Side of Auftragstaktik 309 Timeline 320 Logistical Problems 330

XI The Railhead Problem 331 The Motor Transportation Problem 334 The Artillery Ammunition Problem 338 Cavalry Cracks 343 The Command Problem 343 The Staff Problem 348 The Logistics Problem 349 The Culture/Doctrine Problem 353 Timeline 355 The Force Distribution Problem 362 Conclusion 365

APPENDICES

Appendix A—The Imperial Constitution 371 I. Federal Territory 371 II. Imperial Legislation 371 III. The Bundesrat 373 IV. The Presidium 374 V. The Reichstag 375 VI. Customs and Commerce 377 VII. Railway Matters 379 VIII. Post and Telegraph 380 IX. Marine and Navigation 381 X. Consular Affairs 382 XI. Military Affairs of the Empire 383 XII. Imperial Finance 385 XIII. Settlement of Disputes and Penal Provisions 386

Appendix B—The German Army in early 1914 388 Ranglisten, Militarhandbiicher 388 Glossary 388 General Remarks 390 Headquarters of His Majesty the Emperor and King (aides-de-camp) 390 Military Cabinet (Berlin) 391 Ministry of War (Berlin) 391 General Staff of the Army (Berlin) 397 Grofier Generalstab 397 Leibgendarmerie (Potsdam) 400 Schlofigarde-Kompanie (Berlin, Potsdam and Cassel) 400 Organizational Structure of the Army (Armee-Einteilung) 401 Army Inspections 401 First Army Inspection (Danzig) 401 Second Army Inspection (Berlin) 401 Third Army Inspection (Hannover) 401 Fourth Army Inspection (Munich) 401

XII Fifth Army Inspection (Karlsruhe) 401 Sixth Army Inspection (Stuttgart) 401 Seventh Army Inspection (Saarbriicken) 401 Eighth Army Inspection (Berlin) 402 Oberkommando in den Marken (Berlin, incl. fortress Berlin) 402 Gardekorps (Berlin) 402 I. Armeekorps (Konigsberg) 403 II. Armeekorps (Stettin) 405 III. Armeekorps (Berlin) 405 IV. Armeekorps (Magdeburg) 406 V. Armeekorps (Posen) 407 VI. Armeekorps (Breslau) 409 VII. Armeekorps (Miinster) 410 VIII. Armeekorps (Coblenz) 411 IX. Armeekorps (Altona) 413 X. Armeekorps (Hannover) 414 XI. Armeekorps (Gassel) 415 XIV. Armeekorps (Karlsruhe) 416 XV. Armeekorps (Strafiburg i. Elsafi) 417 XVI. Armeekorps (Metz) 419 XVII. Armeekorps (Danzig) 420 XVIII. Armeekorps (Frankfurt a. M.) 422 XX. Armeekorps (Allenstein) 423 XXI. Armeekorps (Saarbriicken) 424 Royal Bavarian Army 425 His Majesty's Adjutants (aides-de-camp) 425 Ministry of War (Munich) 425 Leibgarde der Hartschiere (Munich) 428 General Staff (Munich) 429 I. bayer. Armeekorps (Munich) 430 II. bayer. Armeekorps (Wiirzburg) 431 III. bayer. Armeekorps (Niirnberg) 432 Royal Saxon Army 433 Military Entourage of His Majesty the King (aides-de-camp) 433 Ministry of War (Dresden) 434 General Staff (Dresden) 435 XII. (I. K.S.) Armeekorps (Dresden) 435 XIX. (II. K.S.) Armeekorps (Leipzig) 437 Royal Wiirttemberg Army 438 Military Entourage of His Majesty the King (aides-de-camp) 438 Ministry of War (Stuttgart) 438 Schlofigarde-Kompanie (Stuttgart) 439 General Staff (Stuttgart) 439 XIII. (K.W.) Armeekorps (Stuttgart) 440

XIII Appendix C—The Rank Structure 441

Appendix D—Militar Beamte 444 Grades of Officials 444

Appendix E—Pay Charts 447

Appendix F—The German Army after Mobilization 449 General Remarks: 449 Grofies Hauptquartier (Koblenz) 450 "Strategic Reserve" 451 IX. Reservekorps (covering force for Schleswig-Ilolstein, so called "Nord-Armee" Army of the North) 451 Gen.Kdo. Mobile Landw. Truppen (covering force for Silesia, under comm. AOK 8) . 452 Six new Reserve Corps (ordered by War Minister on 16 August 1914) 453 XXII. Reservekorps (Berlin) 453 XXIII. Reservekorps (Stettin) 454 XXIV. Reservekorps (Magdeburg) 454 XXV. Reservekorps (Posen) 455 XXVI. Reservekorps (Cassel) 455 XXVII. Reservekorps (Dresden) 455 1. Armee (A.lI.Qu.: Grevenbroieh) 456 II. Armeekorps 456 III. Armeekorps 457 IV. Armeekorps 458 III. Reservekorps 458 IV. Reservekorps 459 2. Armee (A.H.Qu.: Monsehau [Montjoie]) 459 Garde-Korps 460 VII. Armeekorps 461 IX. Armeekorps 461 X. Armeekorps 462 Garde-Reservekorps 463 VII. Reservekorps 463 X. Reservekorps 464 H.K.K. 2 464 3. Armee (A.H.Qu.: Prtim) 465 XI. Armeekorps 466 XII. Armeekorps (1. K.S.) 466 XIX. Armeekorps (2. K.S.) 467 XII. Reservekorps (K.S.) 467 4. Armee (A.H.Qu.: Trier) 468 VI. Armeekorps 468 VIII. Armeekorps 469 XVIII. Armeekorps 470 VIII. Reservekorps 470

XIV XVIII. Reservekorps 471 H.K.K. 1 472 H.K.K. 4 472 5. Armee (A.H.Qu.: Saarbriicken) 473 V. Armeekorps 473 XIII. Armeekorps (K.W.) 474 XVI. Armeekorps 475 V. Reservekorps 475 VI. Reservekorps 476 6. Armee (A.H.Qu.: St. Avoid) 476 I. baver. Armeekorps 478 II. bayer. Armeekorps 479 III. bayer. Armeekorps 479 XXI. Armeekorps 480 I. bayer. Reservekorps 481 H.K.K. 3 481 7. Armee (A.H.Qu.: Straftburg) 482 Garde Ersatz Division 482 XIV. Armeekorps 483 XV. Armeekorps 484 XIV. Reservekorps 484 8. Armee (A.H.Qu.: Marienburg) 485 I. Armeekorps 486 XVII. Armeekorps 486 XX. Armeekorps 487 I. Reservekorps 488 Festungs-Gouvernement-Stabe (Fortress Commands) 488 Festung Konigsberg (including Feste Boven, Lotzen) 488 Festung Thorn 489 Festung Graudenz 490 Festung Posen 490 Festung Breslau 490 Festung Coin 490 Festung Mainz 490 Festung Germersheim 491 Festung Strafiburg i. E. (including Feste Kaiser Wilhelm II, Mutzig) 491 Oberrhein-Befestigungen 491 Festung Metz 492 Festung Diedenhofen (Thionville) 492 Festung Ulm 492 Festung Berlin 492

Appendix G—Biographical Notes 493

Bibliography 523

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