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University Microfilms International 300 N. Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 8318428 Schoonmaker, Linda Lee THE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROGRAMS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS, INTRAMURALS AND RECREATIONAL SPORTS FOR WOMEN AT THE UNITED STATES MILITARY SERVICE ACADEMIES The Ohio State University Ph.D. 1983 University Microfilms International300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106 Copyright 1983 by Schoonmaker, Linda Lee All Rights Reserved THE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROGRAMS OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS, INTRAMURALS AND RECREATIONAL SPORTS FOR WOMEN AT THE UNITED STATES MILITARY SERVICE ACADEMIES DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Linda Lee Schoonmaker, B.S., M.S. ***** The Ohio State University 1983 Reading Committee: Approved By Dr. Bruce L. Bennett Dr. Lewis Hess Dr. Barbara Nelson Dr. Bruce L. Bennett Department of Physical Education ' Dedication . to my Mother and Father, DuBois and Jean Schoonmaker, for all their love and encouragement throughout the years. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express ray sincere appreciation to Dr. Bennett, Dr. Hess and Dr. Nelson, for their professional guidance, encourage­ ment and patience throughout the researching and writing of this dis­ sertation. I would also like to thank Susan Ash for her friendship, en­ couragement and assistance during the time of the research and writing of this dissertation. VITA July 1, 1948 ......... B o m - Newburgh, New York 1968 ................. Associate of Arts Degree, Orange County Canmunity College, Middleton, New York 1970 ................. Bachelor of Science, State University of New York, Brockport, New York 1970-197 1........... Physical Education Instructor, New­ burgh, New York 1971-197 2............. Graduate Administrative Assistant, Department of Physical Education, State University of New York, Brockport, New York 1972 ................. Master of Science, State University of New York, Brockport, New York 1972-1976 ............. Instructor of Basic Military Training, United States Air Force 1978-1980............. Graduate Administrative Assistant, Department of University Recreation and Intramural Sports, The Ohio State Univer­ sity, Columbus, Ohio 1980-present ......... Assistant Program Director, Department of Intramural-Recreation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin FIELD OF STUDY Major Field: Physical Education Major Emphasis: Recreational Sports Administration iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DEDICATION............................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................... iii VITA ................................... iv Chapter I. INTRODUCTION...................................... 1 Statanent of the Problem........................ 5 Need for the S t u d y .............................. 6 Scope of the S t u d y .............................. 6 Definition of Terms ............................ 6 Procedure ..................................... 7 II. HISTORY OF WOMEN IN THE UNITED STATES MILITARY .... 10 III. HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES MILITARY SERVICE ACADEMIES......................................... 50 IV. THE MANDATE, THE PLANNING, THE B E G I N N I N G .............. 101 The M a n d a t e ......................................101 The Planning......................................115 The B e g i n n i n g .................................... 125 V. THE ACADEMIC AND MILITARY TRAINING PROGRAMS AT THE ACADEMIES....................................... 131 The United States Military Acadeny................ 131 The United States Naval A c a d e n y .................. 135 The United States Air Force Academy ............ 138 VI. THE PHYSICAL EDUCATION PROGRAMS AT THE MILITARY SERVICE ACADEMIES.................................... 141 The United States Military Acadeny................ 141 The United States Naval A c a d a y .................. 179 The United States Air Force A c a d e n y .............. 199 v TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Chapter Page VII. INTRAMURAL SPORTS PROGRAMS AT THE SERVICE ACADEMIES........................................... 221 The United States Military A c a d e n y ............ 221 The United States Naval Acadeny .............. 229 The United States Air Force Acadeny............ 236 VIII. INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETIC PROGRAMS FOR WOMEN AT THE MILITARY SERVICE A C A D E M I E S ........................242 The United States Military A c a d e n y ............ 242 The United States Naval Acadeny................252 The United States Air Force Acadeny............ 258 IX. APPRAISAL........................................... 262 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................... 268 vi LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. West Point Indoor Obstacle Course Test ................. 167 2. West Point Advanced Physical Fitness Examination ........ 172 3. Physical Fitness Examination Grade Comparison .......... 177 4. Required/Average P.A.E. Scores for the Class of 1980, U S N A ....................................185 5. Annapolis Test Procedure "W" C o u r s e ..................... 188 6. Annapolis Obstacle Course ............................ 190 7. USNA Physical Fitness Test Minimum Grade Requirements for Female Midshipmen.......................197 8. USNA Physical Fitness Test Minimum Grade Requirements for Male and Female M i d s h i p m e n ............. 198 9. USNA Applied Strength Test Minimum Grade Requirements for First Class Male and Female Midshipmen............................................. 198 10. Average P.A.E. for Women in Class of 1980, U S N A .......... 206 11. United States Air Force Academy Obstacle Course ........ 210 12. Comparison of Summer P.F.T. Scores, U S A F A ................214 13. Minimum Requirements on Physical Fitness Tests, USAFA .................................................219 vii Chapter I. INTRODUCTION On October 7, 1975, President Gerald R. Ford signed into law the Department of Defense (DOD) Appropriation Authorization Act of 1976. Section 803(a) of that act stated: . the Secretary of the military department concerned shall take such action as may be necessary and appropriate to insure that (1) female individuals shall be eligible for appointment and admission to the service acadeny con­ cerned, beginning with appointments to such acadeny for the class beginning in calendar year 1976, . 1 and thus ended the long standing tradition of the male only United States military service academies. The involvement of wcxnen in the American military has been on a rather "as needed basis" for a majority of the history of the United States. This is due to the traditional, deeply rooted feel­ ings in the American culture that the defense of the nation is the responsibility of men. It was not until 1948 that women served in the American military as a total full-time component. In the twenty-five years following 1948, the number of women in the Amy, Navy, Air Force and Marines was limited to 2% of the total uniformed force and this involvement was limited almost entirely to two of ^DOD Appropriation Authorization Act, 1976, Sec 803(a,b,c,), 89 Stat. 537 (1975), 10 U.S.C. Sections 4342, 6954, 9342 (1976). 1 2 traditional female occupations— clerical and health care. In ad­ dition, women were refused acceptance to the three military service academies. It was the belief that the purpose of these academies was to produce officers who could, if need be, fill combat positions and since Federal laws and military regulations forbid women from filling such positions,

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