4. As Mulheres Nas Forças Armadas Da Argentina 99 4.1 Contexto Nacional

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4. As Mulheres Nas Forças Armadas Da Argentina 99 4.1 Contexto Nacional AGORA É QUE SÃO ELAS: Desvendando o processo de incorporação das mulheres nas Forças Armadas de Brasil e Argentina We now know that man is not the measure of that which is human, but men and women are. Men are not the center of the world, but men and women are. (Gerda Lerner, 1986) RESUMO Estudo acerca da incorporação feminina nas Forças Armadas de Brasil e Argentina. A organização militar fechada e fiel aos seus valores prezou ao longo dos séculos por preservar sua dinâmica e homogeneidade. As mudanças do mundo pós-Guerra Fria criaram novas condições que tornaram incontestável a necessidade de uma modernização institucional e reordenamento da atuação das forças, entre elas enfatiza-se a possibilidade de participação das mulheres. A pesquisa tem o intuito de identificar o processo que permeou a incorporação feminina na instituição, para tanto, se propõe a realizar um recorrido histórico do processo, com o auxílio das ações e resultados obtidos nos Estados Unidos, uma vez que é o país que mais antecedentes proporciona sobre a temática. Com vistas a responder o questionamento: como ocorreu o processo de incorporação das mulheres nas Forças Armadas de Brasil e Argentina? Realiza-se uma análise do contexto nacional de ambos os países, permeado pela transição democrática e a reformulação das relações civis-militares, da mesma forma que à atuação dos movimentos de mulheres e às mudanças no contexto internacional. Em suma, a pesquisa se desenvolve em bases qualitativas, por meio da análise de bibliografia pertinente, recorre-se, também, a fontes primárias como atas de reuniões e entrevista. Palavras-chave: Defesa, Forças Armadas, Mulheres, Brasil, Argentina. ABSTRACT Study on the incorporation of women in the armed forces of Brazil and Argentina. Over the centuries, the closed military organization faithful to their values preferred to preserve its homogeneity and dynamic. However, the changes of the Post-cold war era created new conditions that made an uncontested need for an institutional modernization and improvement on the performance of the forces, among them emphasizes the possibility of women’s participation. The research aims to identify the process that permeated the female incorporation into the institution; therefore, it proposes to perform an examination into the historic process, with the aid of the actions and results obtained in the United States, since it is the country that provides more background on the subject. In order to answer the question: how was the process of incorporation of women in the armed forces of Brazil and Argentina? Is carried out a national context analysis of both countries, permeated by the democratic transition and the recasting of civil-military relations, in the same way as the action of women's movements and changes in the international context. In short, the research is developed in qualitative basis, through the analysis of texts produced on the subject, and also resorts to primary sources such as minutes of meetings and interview. Keywords: Defense, Military Forces, Women, Brazil, Argentina. LISTA DE QUADROS Quadro 1 – Forças armadas nas três eras..................................................................................26 Quadro 2 – Expansão das missões das Forças Armadas sul-americanas, 2002-2013..............34 Quadro 3 – Encorajamento feminino para o trabalho nas indústrias de defesa........................60 Quadro 4 – Retrospectiva histórica mulheres nas Forças Armadas dos Estados Unidos.........65 Quadro 5 – Admissão das mulheres nas Forças Armadas brasileiras.......................................90 Quadro 6 – Admissão das mulheres nas Academias Militares das forças................................90 Quadro 7 – Normas relevantes para a equidade de gênero na Argentina...............................109 Quadro 8 – Ano do ingresso das mulheres nas Forças Armadas argentinas...........................116 Quadro 9 - Dados comparativos sobre as ditaduras e transições na Argentina e Brasil.......................................................................................................................................129 LISTA DE GRÁFICOS Gráfico 1 – A confiança na América Latina.............................................................................32 Gráfico 2 – Mulheres nas Forças Armadas dos Estados Unidos 1970-2010............................64 Gráfico 3 – Tolerância social à violência contra às mulheres...................................................83 Gráfico 4 – Participação de mulheres no efetivo das forças armadas, 2001-2014...................92 Gráfico 5 – Comparação mulheres e homens nas forças armadas e nas operações de paz.....123 LISTA DE TABELAS Tabela 1 – Estatísticas sobre gênero nas missões.....................................................................50 Tabela 2 – Panorame geral das mulheres nas forças armadas .................................................58 Tabela 3 – Funções das forças armadas (por região)................................................................76 Tabela 4 – Argentina PIB x Gasto Militar, 1988-2014...........................................................106 Tabela 5 – Mulheres no poder Legislativo: a Argentina e o mundo.......................................112 Tabela 6– Contabilização das denúncias relativas ao gênero.................................................119 LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS E SIGLAS AFA Academia da Força Aérea ALCOPAZ Asociación Latinoamericana de Centros de Entrenamiento para Operaciones de Paz ASCOM Assessoria de Comunicação CAFRM Corpo Auxiliar Feminino da Reserva da Marinha CFEMEA Centro Feminista de Estudos e Assessoria CGMD Comissão de Gênero do Ministério da Defesa DACOWITS Defense Advisory Committee on Women in the Services END Estratégia Nacional de Defesa IBGE Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística IPEA Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada MD Ministério da Defesa ONG Organização Não Governamental ONU Organização das Nações Unidas OTAN Organização do Tratado do Atlântico Norte PDN Política de Defesa Nacional PIB Produto Interno Bruto PND Política Nacional de Defesa SNI Sistema Nacional de Informação UNASUL União de Nações Sul-Americanas SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO ..................................... ...............................14 1 A INSTITUIÇÃO MILITAR........................................... 20 1.1 O ETHOS MILITAR ................................................... 21 1.2 A ESTRUTURA DAS FORÇAS ARMADAS AO LONGO DAS ERAS 24 1.3 O NOVO PAPEL DAS FORÇAS ARMADAS ............ 29 1.4 CIVIS E MILITARES ................................................. 35 1.5 CONCLUSÕES PARCIAIS ........................................ 41 2. AS MULHERES NA INSTITUIÇÃO MILITAR .......... 43 2.1 CONCEITUANDO GÊNERO ..................................... 44 2.2 O GÊNERO NAS FORÇAS ARMADAS .................... 46 2.3 PANORAMA GERAL: AS MULHERES NAS FORÇAS ARMADAS 53 2.3.1 As mulheres nas Forças Armadas dos Estados Unidos 59 2.4. CONCLUSÕES PARCIAIS ....................................... 67 3. AS MULHERES NAS FORÇAS ARMADAS DO BRASIL 69 3.1 CONTEXTO NACIONAL .......................................... 69 3.2 AS MULHERES E A POLÍTICA ................................ 80 3.3 ELAS NAS FORÇAS ARMADAS .............................. 84 3.3.1 A Comissão de Gênero do Ministério da Defesa 94 3.4 CONCLUSÕES PARCIAIS ........................................ 97 4. AS MULHERES NAS FORÇAS ARMADAS DA ARGENTINA 99 4.1 CONTEXTO NACIONAL ........................................ 100 4.2 AS MULHERES E A POLÍTICA .............................. 110 4.3 ELAS NAS FORÇAS ARMADAS ............................ 113 4.4 CONCLUSÕES PARCIAIS ...................................... 125 CONCLUSÃO ................................................................... 127 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ............................. 133 APÊNDICES ..................................................................... 147 ANEXOS ........................................................................... 150 14 INTRODUÇÃO As relações de gênero representam, no âmbito internacional, uma questão ainda tensionada e com vários desafios a serem superados. Os questionamentos evocados na sociedade atingem também o espaço das forças armadas, tornando o futuro da presença militar feminina uma das principais questões a serem resolvidas por esta instituição. Assente na concepção de gênero como uma categoria social e histórica, acredita-se que para uma profícua compreensão da incorporação1 feminina nas forças armadas, deve-se partir de uma análise abrangente, que retome as instituições políticas da sociedade, a dimensão internacional, a participação da mulher nos espaços sociais, entre outros elementos que colaborem para identificar o pano de fundo que envolveu este fato. De antemão, por se tratar de uma instituição que possui em suas origens a masculinidade como elemento central de sua identidade (JANOWITZ, 1967), não seria viável crer que medidas com o viés de gênero tenham sido tomadas, sem, no entanto, um contexto social favorável que as demandasse, não olvidando dos fatores estritamente militares, que enxergaram nesta incorporação interessantes benefícios. Outrossim, a incorporação das mulheres no âmbito militar reflete um importante passo no que tange a modernização das instituições e, sobretudo, atua diretamente no processo de democratização da sociedade e na consolidação dos direitos (LOPES, 2005), ao mesmo tempo que está em consonância com a reformulação das relações civis-militares. Um emaranhado de temas que deverão ser abordados ao longo desta dissertação.
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