DOCSLIB.ORG

Download Download

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Download Download Journal of Coastal Research Charlottesville. Virginia Old and New Observations on Coastal Changes of Jakarta Bay: An Example of Trends in Urban Stress on Coastal Environments Herman Th, Verstappen International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences Post Office Box 6 7500 AA Enschede, The Netherlands ABSTRACT _ VERSTAPPEN, H. Th., 1988. Old and new observations on coastal changes of Jakarta Bay: an ~""" example of trends in urban stress on coastal environments. Journal of Coastal Research, 4(4), •.. , 573-587. Charlottesville (Virginia). ISSN 0749-0208. •• • • Since the author surveyed the coastal environment of Jakarta Bay in the 19508, rapid urban­ ization has affected both the alluvial plain that borders the bay and the cora] reefs in it. The ~ ~ mJ1f urban stress factors are diverse and include baywater pollution, the use of beach sand and coral debris for construction, the implementation of major engineering works (harbour extension, --+ S-- storage lake), intensified fishing and tourism and, within the Jakarta connurbation, ground­ water extraction resulting in land subsidence of as much as 4-5 em/year. Natural stress factors also have occurred and relate to an anomalous behavior of the InterTropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), resulting in very low precipitation and relatively strong northerly and easterly winds during the 1960s and 1970s. The coastal environment was unable to absorb the combined stress factors and substantial change and deterioration thus resulted. The causative factors are weighed and an outlook for the future is given. ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS, Coastal development, groundwater withdrawal, land subsi­ dize, erosion, Intertropical Convergence Zone, water pollution. INTRODUCTION delta of the Citarum River (Figure 1) which is quite unaffected by the fan. The alluvial plain bordering Jakarta Bay Coastal accretion and abrasion since the turn started to grow seaward approximately 5,000 of the century was studied by the author in the years ago at the foot of the Pleistocene fluvio­ early 1950s, using aerial photographs and old volcanic Bogor fan. Fluvial deposition, repeated and new topographic maps (VERSTAPPEN, changes in position of river courses, delta for­ 1953). In this context, the turbidity conditions mation, and intermittent build-up of cheniers of the baywater were also recorded using a Sec­ along parts of the coastline occurred simulta­ chi's disc during the dry (NE), wet (SW) and neously with a 5-m sealevel drop. transitional monsoon periods. The coral cays in The present location of the bay can be partly the bay were also subject of study. Their explained from the radial (divergent) drainage changes with time were studied using 1:20,000 pattern on the fan that favoured fluvial depo­ topographic maps dating from 1874/1901, sition to the west and east at the expense of the 1:5,000 maps from 1927 prepared by sedimentation directly north of it. This is where UMBGROVE (1928) and maps at the same scale present-day Jakarta is situated. Much more prepared under supervision of the author in important in this context, however, is the pres­ 1950/51. The changes in the coral cays can be ence of an almost northward stretching struc­ accounted for by recorded climatic fluctuations. tural ridge in the west where Miocene rocks Fluctuations in the average seasonal position of outcrop or occur at shallow depth under the the InterTropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) Holocene deposits of the Cisadane River. The result in changing relative intensities of the eastern shore of the bay is formed by the large dry and wet monsoons which in turn result in 85003 received 24 September 1985; accepted in revision S September precipitation fluctuations and in frequency and 1986. force changes of the winds from the eight main 574 Verstappen cluster of coral cays in the western side of the bay, black-&-white aerial photographs of some -- \--- ~ Tg K,.w.ng of the islands, selected field observations of the alluvial plain and terrestrial mapping of a number of coral cays in 1983/1985. The results Jakarta Bay are given below. Tg.Pri4t THE URBAN STRESS FACTORS The urban stress factors are diverse. At least eight major and minor factors can be listed and grouped under three headings. Generalized Factors Affecting Large Parts of the Bay or the Hinterland Water pollution in the bay is attributed to the growing Jakarta connurbation and the ship­ ping activities associated with its harbour Tan­ jung Priok. This has been seriously studied by the National Oceanographic Institute (L.O.N.) using measurements carried out by the author in the early 1950s as representing the "clean, pre-pollution" situation (A. SOEGIARTO, 1975, 1976; BIRD and ONGKOSONGO, 1980). The biotope distribution in the bay has been studied by HEHUWAT (1977). The increasing pollution of the baywater, especially near Ja­ Figure 1. Jakarta Bay and surroundings; scale 1:1,000,000. karta and Tg. Priok, has a strong negative effect on coral growth and thus on the evolution directions. The changing wind regime is impor­ of the bay's coral reefs and cays. Pollution is in tant in explaining the changes of the coral cays part related to oil spilled by ships and in part since they govern the wave and current pat­ to urban waste. The recent coral debris ridges terns around them (VERSTAPPEN, 1954). around the cays show a high proportion of float­ The research undertaken in the early 1980s ing plastics. aimed at assessing how the environment has Land subsidence is caused by the extraction responded to the heavy stress of rapid urbani­ of groundwater. The rapid growth of the Jak­ zation and industrialization during the last arta connurbation has resulted in a sharp rise three decades, when the population increased in both domestic and industrial water require­ from approximately 1 million to 6 million. This ments. Most of this water is derived from the urbanization has resulted in excavation of four major aquifers of the Jakarta artesian building materials (mainly beach sand and basin. They occur at less than 60 m, 6-150 m, coral debris), pollution of the baywater, land 150-225 m and more than 225 m depth respec­ subsidence caused by groundwater extraction, tively, and plunge northward (SOEKARDI & etc. The human factors were unprecedented, HADIWIDJOJO, 1979). The pumping of large but the climatic factors were rather extreme as quantities of groundwater has resulted in land well. The period includes the years of the ill­ subsidence, the magnitude and spatial distri­ famed Sahelian drought which, in the humid bution of which is still largely unknown. An tropical realm, are also characterized by a cli­ indication of the importance of this phenome­ matic fluctuation of rather unusual amplitude. non is the 50 ern subsidence of the ground sur­ The data on which this study was based con­ rounding the Sarinah Department Store in sist of meteorological data, 1982 false colour Jalan Thamrin during a 12-year period, or aerial photographs of the coastal zone and a approximately 4 ern/yr. Study of the spatial dis- Journal of Coastal Research, Vol. 4, No.4, 1988 Coastal Changes of Jakarta Bay, Indonesia 575 (1) The excavation of sand for construction from beaches and nearby beach ridges border­ ing the bay. Excavation is concentrated in the Cilincing area to the east of Tg. Priok. Strong abrasion, first mentioned by PARDJAMAN (1977), and saline water intrusion have taken place and will be discussed below. Excavation of beach sand may also have contributed to the coastal abrasion of the coast at the NW of the bay. Sand is also excavated from inland beach ridges, but this has only limited direct adverse effects. These ridges are of the chenier type and form shallow sandy lenses in the otherwise clayey material of the plain. Excavation thus does not affect the salinization of aquifers. Only the shallow groundwater in the cheniers will ,.6.;1<' disappear, but the small quantities of water concerned, though important in a rural context, would hardly be of importance in a densely pop­ Figure 2. Fluctuations in annual precipitation (dashed line) ulated, urbanized area. The excavated areas and number of rainy days (full line) in Jakarta since about 1880 (ll-years running averages). become more susceptible to flooding. (2) The excavation of coral sand and shingle for construction from the reefs and cays. Mining tribution is hampered by the absence of of coral boulders and the extrication of the shin­ repeated precise levelling. Observations can be gle accumulated in ridges at the windward side made only at buildings with deep pile founda­ of the reefs obviously have an adverse impact tions and at artesian wells that gradually on the islands. Mining the boulders destroys the "rise" above the sinking ground. Houses with­ Ii ving reef. Lowering the reef flat, by mining out deep foundations subside at the same rates the coral, results in increased wave activity and as the ground surface and become more suscep­ consequently in abrasion of the islands. Where tible to inundation, without visible traces of the the shingle ridges have disappeared, the waves amount of subsidence. Since especially the are dissipated on the primary shores of the northern part of Jakarta that borders the bay is cays. The excavation of coral sand from the cays only a few metres above mean sea level, it is adds to the abrasion, even ifthe mined material obvious that abrasion of the coast and invasion comes from accumulations on the relatively by the sea are realistic dangers. The extracted protected leeward side of the coral cays. If the groundwater is, at least in the northern parts climatic conditions were constant, which of the town, in part replaced by saline water obviously they are not, this sand would have and the subsidence is thus reduced to some reached its ultimate position and could not con­ extent.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Solomon Islands Marine Life Information on Biology and Management of Marine Resources
    Solomon Islands Marine Life Information on biology and management of marine resources Simon Albert Ian Tibbetts, James Udy Solomon Islands Marine Life Introduction . 1 Marine life . .3 . Marine plants ................................................................................... 4 Thank you to the many people that have contributed to this book and motivated its production. It Seagrass . 5 is a collaborative effort drawing on the experience and knowledge of many individuals. This book Marine algae . .7 was completed as part of a project funded by the John D and Catherine T MacArthur Foundation Mangroves . 10 in Marovo Lagoon from 2004 to 2013 with additional support through an AusAID funded community based adaptation project led by The Nature Conservancy. Marine invertebrates ....................................................................... 13 Corals . 18 Photographs: Simon Albert, Fred Olivier, Chris Roelfsema, Anthony Plummer (www.anthonyplummer. Bêche-de-mer . 21 com), Grant Kelly, Norm Duke, Corey Howell, Morgan Jimuru, Kate Moore, Joelle Albert, John Read, Katherine Moseby, Lisa Choquette, Simon Foale, Uepi Island Resort and Nate Henry. Crown of thorns starfish . 24 Cover art: Steven Daefoni (artist), funded by GEF/IWP Fish ............................................................................................ 26 Cover photos: Anthony Plummer (www.anthonyplummer.com) and Fred Olivier (far right). Turtles ........................................................................................... 30 Text: Simon Albert,
    [Show full text]
  • Trade in Stony Corals (Rev
    Conf. 11.10 Trade in stony corals * (Rev. CoP15) AWARE that stony corals (in the orders Helioporacea, Milleporina, Scleractinia, Stolonifera, and Stylasterina) are in international trade as intact specimens for aquaria and as curios; RECOGNIZING that coral rock, fragments, sand and other coral products are also traded; NOTING the unique nature of corals, namely that their skeletons are persistent, that they may become mineralized in time and that they are the foundation of reefs, and that, following erosion, fragments of coral may form part of mineral and sedimentary deposits; NOTING also that coral rock may act as an important substrate for the attachment of live corals and that the removal of rock may have a detrimental impact on reef ecosystems; AWARE, however, that coral rock cannot be readily identified other than to the order Scleractinia and that accordingly non-detriment findings under Article IV, paragraph 2 (a), of the Convention cannot be readily applied; NOTING that Article IV, paragraph 3, requires the monitoring of exports of specimens of each species in Appendix II, in order to assess whether the species is being maintained at a level consistent with its role in the ecosystem; NOTING that assessments under Article IV, paragraph 3, of the impacts of harvesting corals on the ecosystems from which they are derived cannot be adequately made by monitoring exports alone; ACCEPTING that coral fragments and coral sand cannot be readily recognized; RECOGNIZING also that it is frequently difficult to identify live or dead corals to the species level owing to the lack of a standard nomenclature and the lack of comprehensive and accessible identification guides for the non-specialist; RECOGNIZING that stony corals that are fossilized are not subject to the provisions of the Convention; NOTING that it has been difficult to apply and enforce the provisions of the Convention to trade in corals; THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES TO THE CONVENTION 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Sipunculans Associated with Coral Communities
    Sipunculans Associated with Coral Communities MARY E. RICE Reprinted from MICRONESICA, Vol. 12, No. 1, 1976 I'riiilc'd in Japan Sipunculans Associated with Coral Communities' MARY E. RICE Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Ins^litution, Washington, D.C. 20560 INTRODUCTION Sipunculans occupy several habitats within the coral-reef community, often occurring in great densities. They may be found in burrows of their own formation within dead coral rock, wedged into crevices of rock and rubble, under rocks, or within algal mats covering the surfaces of rocks. In addition, sand-burrowing species commonly occur in the sand around coral heads and on the sand flats of lagoons. Only one species of sipunculan is known to be associated with a living coral. This is Aspidosiphon jukesi Baird 1873 which lives commensally in the base of two genera of solitary corals, Heteropsammia and Heterocyatlnis. This review will consider first the mutualistic association of the sipunculan and solitary coral and then the association, more broadly defined, of the rock-boring and sand-burrowing sipun- culans as members of the coral reef community. MUTUALISM OF SIPUNCULAN AND SOLITARY CORAL The rather remarkable mutualistic association between the sipunculan Aspi- dosiphon jukesi and two genera of ahermatypic corals, Heteropsammia and Hetero- cyathus, is a classical example of commensalism (Edwards and Haime, 1848a, b; Bouvier, 1895; Sluiter, 1902; Schindewolf, 1958; Feustel, 1965; Goreau and Yonge, 1968; Yonge, 1975). The Aspidosiphon inhabits a spiral cavity in the base of the coral and, through an opening of the cavity on the under surface of the coral, the sipunculan extends its introvert into the surrounding substratum pulling the coral about as it probes and feeds in the sand (Figs.
    [Show full text]
  • Experience Paradise
    PORT DOUGLAS STEP into our WORLD Great Barrier Reef 50+ FOOD | TOURS | STAYS BECOME A VIP & win #stepintoourworld E X H I L I R AT E nautilusaviation.com.au | 1800 88 HELI (4354) PORT DOUGLAS MAGAZINE 3 Experience Paradise /sheratongrandmirageportdouglas @sheratongrandportdouglas 4 tourismportdouglas.com.au Experience Paradise /sheratongrandmirageportdouglas @sheratongrandportdouglas PORT DOUGLAS MAGAZINE 5 15 Wharf St Port Douglas For reservations visit15ws.com.au or call 0417 242 946 ...thetourismportdouglas.com.au ic ic beach h e 6 15 Wharf St Port Douglas ...the ic ic beach h e For reservations visit15ws.com.au or call 0417 242 946 PORT DOUGLAS MAGAZINE 7 Editor’s LETTER ne of my first experiences in Port Douglas certainly inspired my love of this seaside town. A majestic lighthouse, my first ever sighting of a turtle in its natural environment and a flock of gleaming white birds overhead to welcome me as I stepped off a boat onto a tropical island, known as Low Isles. As the new caretakers of this island, Peter and Jane Nolan have the pleasure of calling this island their home for the next year. They share with us how they intend to help this little piece of paradise stay just that! (See page 34) Since that day at Low Isles I have fallen in love with many of the attributes offered by Port Douglas, the weather, the food, the landscape and, to be honest, the people. The slower pace of life means people do have time to engage; a friendly smile, a beach stroll hello or sharing a conversation over your morning cup of coffee or with the local boutique owner.
    [Show full text]
  • The Aquaculture of Live Rock, Live Sand, Coral and Associated Products
    AQUACULTURE OF LIVE ROCKS, LIVE SAND, CORAL AND ASSOCIATED PRODUCTS A DISCUSSION AND DRAFT POLICY PAPER FISHERIES MANAGEMENT PAPER NO. 196 Department of Fisheries 168 St. Georges Terrace Perth WA 6000 April 2006 ISSN 0819-4327 The Aquaculture of Live Rock, Live Sand, Coral and Associated Products A Discussion and Draft Policy Paper Project Managed by Andrew Beer April 2006 Fisheries Management Paper No. 196 ISSN 0819-4327 Fisheries Management Paper No. 196 CONTENTS OPPORTUNITY FOR PUBLIC COMMENT...............................................................IV DISCLAIMER V ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..................................................................................................V SECTION 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY & PROPOSED POLICY OPTIONS ....... 1 SECTION 2 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................... 5 2.1 BACKGROUND ............................................................................................. 5 2.2 OBJECTIVES................................................................................................. 5 2.3 WHY LIVE ROCK, SAND AND CORAL AQUACULTURE? ............................... 6 2.4 MARKET...................................................................................................... 6 SECTION 3 THE TAXONOMY AND BIOLOGY OF LIVE ROCK, SAND AND CORAL ..................................................................................................... 9 3.1 LIVE ROCK .................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • No. 102 the PACIFIC SCIENCE BOARD
    --------------- No. 102 Notes on reef habitats and gastropod molluscs of a lagoon island at North Ma.le Atoll, Maldives by Alan J. Kohn Issued by THE PACIFIC SCIENCE BOARD National Academy of Sciences-4ational Resarch Council Washington, D. C. September 30, 1864 Notes on reef habitats and gastropod molluscs of a lagoon island at North Atoll, Maldives Eortn iwhleh.to1-1 evinces most of tho peculiarities characteristic of sever21 Waldivian atolls but not found elsewhere. Its rim, with maximum dimensions ol 5i x 37 km, is formed. minly by about 25 faros, small atolls within the larger convlex. Also included in the rim are a few single islands partially surrounded by fringing reefs; the largest of these is Nale Islrid, the seat of government. In addition, more than 80 faros md si;~~llislands occur wit'nin the lagoon. The faros and islands of the rim are separated by about 30 large channels around its entire circunference. The channels are 30 - 150 m deep, i.e. much deeper than typical Pacific atoll channels. The large size of the channels results from meteorological and hydrographic conditions associated with the regdlar alternati~nof northeast and southv~estmonsooos. The resulting increased oceanic circulation in and through the lapon is the proximate cause of the faros and inner or lagoon islands. The term com~ositeztoll applies to North Hale and some other Maldive atolls because of these features. Origifi of Maldive Atolls Although I have held elsewhere (Kchn, 1961: that Dwrwints subsid- ence theory is the best general explanation of the origin of atolls, other processes hme probably been more important in determining the present features of the Maldive atolls.
    [Show full text]
  • Aquaculture of Coral, Live Rocks and Associated Products
    AQUACULTURE OF CORAL, LIVE ROCKS AND ASSOCIATED PRODUCTS Aquaculture Policy FISHERIES MANAGEMENT PAPER NO. 245 Published by Department of Fisheries 168 St. Georges Terrace Perth WA 6000 August 2009 ISSN 0819-4327 The Aquaculture of Coral, Live Rocks and Associated Products Aquaculture Policy August 2009 Fisheries Management Paper No. 245 ISSN 0819-4327 ii Fisheries Management Paper No.245 CONTENTS DISCLAIMER...................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................... iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................. 1 SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 2 SECTION 2 BACKGROUND .......................................................................................... 3 2.1 What is Coral? ...................................................................................................... 3 2.1.1 Stony Corals .......................................................................................... 3 2.1.2 Soft Corals ............................................................................................. 5 2.1.3 False Corals and Coral Anemones – the Coralliomorphs ...................... 6 2.1.4 Button Polyps – the Zoanthids ............................................................... 6 2.2 What are Live Rock and
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Corals from Fiji, Haiti, Solomon Islands and Tonga
    UNEP-WCMC technical report Review of corals from Fiji, Haiti, Solomon Islands and Tonga (Coral species subject to EU decisions where identification to genus level is acceptable for trade purposes) (Version edited for public release) Review of corals from Fiji, Haiti, Solomon Islands and Tonga (coral 2 species subject to EU decisions where identification to genus level is acceptable for trade purposes) Prepared for The European Commission, Directorate General Environment, Directorate E - Global & Regional Challenges, LIFE ENV.E.2. – Global Sustainability, Trade & Multilateral Agreements, Brussels, Belgium Prepared March 2015 Copyright European Commission 2015 Citation UNEP-WCMC. 2015. Review of corals from Fiji, Haiti, Solomon Islands and Tonga (coral species subject to EU decisions where identification to genus level is acceptable for trade purposes). UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge. The UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) is the specialist biodiversity assessment of the United Nations Environment Programme, the world’s foremost intergovernmental environmental organization. The Centre has been in operation for over 30 years, combining scientific research with policy advice and the development of decision tools. We are able to provide objective, scientifically rigorous products and services to help decision- makers recognize the value of biodiversity and apply this knowledge to all that they do. To do this, we collate and verify data on biodiversity and ecosystem services that we analyze and interpret in comprehensive assessments, making the results available in appropriate forms for national and international level decision-makers and businesses. To ensure that our work is both sustainable and equitable we seek to build the capacity of partners where needed, so that they can provide the same services at national and regional scales.
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Impact Assessment, Cultivation of Corals – Kosrae
    Environmental Impact Assessment Cultivation of Corals – Kosrae, FSM Prepared for: Micronesia Management and Marketing Enterprises for the Kosrae State Government Funded by: Secretariat of the Pacific Communities (SPC) Prepared by: Stephen Lindsay, Marine Consultant 71 Walsh Street, Cairns, QLD, Australia Email: [email protected] CONTENT ACRONYMS and ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................3 1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................4 2.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................5 2.1 BACKGROUND - AQUACULTURE ............................................................5 2.2 LEGISLATION.............................................................................................6 2.3 SCOPE OF THIS REPORT.........................................................................6 2.4 LIMITATIONS OF THIS REPORT...............................................................7 3.0 THE PROPONENT .........................................................................................8 3.1 MMME BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT PLAN – THE PROJECT...................8 3.2 CITES REQUIREMENTS..........................................................................10 4.0 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT ............................................................12 4.1 LOCATION & FARM DESCRIPTION ........................................................12 4.2 GENERAL SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES
    [Show full text]
  • Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission
    THE STONY CORALS OE THE PORTO RICAN WATERS. BY T: WAYLAND VAUGHAN. CONTENTS. Page. Page. Introduction 291 Discussion of Species—Continued. Table of Species 291 Class Anthozoa—Continued. Discussion of Species 292-318 Order Actiniae—Continued. Class Anthozoa 292 Family Favidae—Continued. Order Actiniae 292 Genus Manicina 305 Family Caryophyllidae 292 Manieina areolata 305 Genus Caryophyllia 292 Genus Platygyra 305,306 Caryophyllia berteriana? 292 Platygyra viridis 306-308 Genus Paracyathus 292 Family Agaricidse 309 Paracyathus de filippii 292 Genus Siderastrea 309 Genus Oyathoceras 293 Siderastrea radians 309 Cyathoceras portoricensis 293 Siderastrea siderea 309, 310 Genus Deltocyathus 293 Genus Agaricia 310 Deltocyathus italicus 293 Agaricia elephantotus 310 Agaricia sp 310, 311 Family Oculinidae 294 Agaricia cailleti 311 Genus Oculina 294 Genus Diaseris 311 Oculina diffusa? var 294 “ Diaseris ” crispa 311 Family Stylophoridse 294 Family Isoporidae 312 Genus Axhelia 294 Genus Isopora 312 Axhelia asperula 294 Isopora muricata 312, 313 Axhelia mirabilis 295 Isopora muricata ss. (== cervicornis) 313 Family Eusmilidae 295 Isopora muricata forma prolifera 313 Genus Meandrina 295 Isopora muricata forma palmata 313, 314 Meandrina maeandrites 296,297 Family Poritidae 314 Family Astrangidae 298 Genus Porites 314 Genus Cladocora 298 Porites porites 314-316 Cladocora arbuscula 298 Porites porites forma clavaria 316 Cladocora debilis 298 Porites porites forma furcata 316 Genus Astrangia 298 Porites porites forma divaricata 316 Astrangia solitaria? var. portoricensis 298,299 Porites astreoides 317 Astrangia astreiformis 300 Porites astreoides forma a 317 Family Orbicellidae 300 Porites astreoides forma /3 318 Genus Orbicella 300 Class Hydrozoa 318 Orbicella acropora var 301 Order Hydrocoral linse 318 Family Favidae 302 Family Milleporidae 318 Genus Favia 303 Genus Millepora 318 Favia fragum 303, 304 Millepora alcicornis 318 290 .
    [Show full text]
  • P. 1 Doc. 11.37 CONVENTION on INTERNATIONAL TRADE
    Doc. 11.37 CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES OF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA ____________________ Eleventh meeting of the Conference of the Parties Gigiri (Kenya), 10-20 April 2000 Interpretation and implementation of the Convention IDENTIFICATION AND REPORTING REQUIREMENTS FOR TRADE IN SPECIMENS OF HARD CORAL 1. This document was prepared by the Animals Committee and is submitted by the Secretariat on behalf of the Chairman of the Animals Committee. (Comments and recommendations by the Secretariat are presented in paragraph 17.) Background 2. CITES regulates all international trade in specimens of hard coral species listed in the appendices (with the exception of fossilized specimens). However, there is a need for the Parties to agree on the level of identification required on permits and certificates for different types of specimens of hard corals in trade. A number of products derived from coral, such as coral sand, coral gravel, and coral base rock, including live rock (fragments of base rock to which are attached live specimens of invertebrate species not included in the appendices) may only be readily recognizable at the level of Order (Scleractinia). In some cases, they may not include any specimens of hard coral. Nevertheless, the use of the term Scleractinia for reporting coral sand and gravel has been endorsed through Notification to the Parties No. 1999/85 of 5 November 1999 on Annual Reports. 3. An additional problem that requires resolution relates to the use of standardized units for annual reporting to enable meaningful analyses of reported trade to be undertaken. 4. At its fifteenth meeting (Antananarivo, June 1999), the Animals Committee considered these issues and established a working group to examine in more detail problems associated with identifying hard coral to the species level and the unit of measurement that should be recorded on permits and certificates.
    [Show full text]
  • Coral Reefs of Carriacou Island, Grenadines, Grenada 2005
    Coral Reefs of Carriacou Island, Grenadines, Grenada: Assessment of Condition and Key Threats September 2005 Carriacou Environmental Committee Executive Summary This report summarizes the results of a coral reef monitoring training course and coral reef assessment conducted in the Carriacou Island of the Grenadines in the southern end of the Lesser Antilles between September 18th and 25th, 2005. The goal of this activity was to strengthen the capacity for co-management of the Sandy Island Oyster Bed Marine Protected Area (SIOB-MPA) in the subjects of resource management and zoning and provide a baseline assessment of the condition of coral reefs within and outside the park. Fifteen sites around Carriacou Island were assessed using the benthic and fish surveying methods of the Atlantic and Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment (AGRRA) program. Results indicate that Carriacou reefs are currently is fair shape-characterized by moderate live coral cover (~17%), low macroalgae (~13%), high coral recruitment (~7/m2), and moderately high black long-spine sea urchin (Diadema antillarum) densities (~4/m2). Of particular note during the surveys was the prevalence of physical damage caused by hurricanes Ivan (2004) and Emily (2005) to many of the reefs along the eastern side of Carriacou. In addition, substantial coral bleaching associated with an anomalously warm water temperatures documented in the eastern Caribbean during the fall of 2005 was observed on nearly all the reefs surveyed (Bleaching Index ~1.0). We estimate that the bleaching event (and associated coral diseases) caused fairly widespread mortality of stony corals (measured at approximately 11% loss in coral cover during a six month period from September, 2005 to January, 2006).
    [Show full text]