DOCSLIB.ORG

Natural Interspecific Hybridization in Gunnera (Gunneraceae) of the Juan Fernandez Islands, Chile!

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Natural Interspecific Hybridization in Gunnera (Gunneraceae) of the Juan Fernandez Islands, Chile! Pacific Science (1991), vol. 45, no. 4: 389-399 © 1991 by University of Hawaii Press. All rights reserved Natural Interspecific Hybridization in Gunnera (Gunneraceae) of the Juan Fernandez Islands, Chile! PATRICIA PACHECO/,3 Too F. STUESSY,2 AND DANIEL J. CRAWFORD2 ABSTRACT: Natural interspecific hybridization between Gunnera bracteata and G. peltata (Gunneraceae) in the Juan Fernandez Islands, Chile, is analyzed morphologically and chemically. Parental types from isolated populations were compared with parents and intermediates occurring together in Quebrada Villagra on Masatierra. Two transects were made in that area, one in a relatively undisturbed site, and another along a disturbed path. Hybrid indexes and distance diagrams were used to analyze morphological relationships, and leafflavonoids revealed chemical affinities. Minor flavonoid divergence between parental species precluded detailed analysis of dynamics of hybridization. Morphological analysis revealed intermediacy in both transects, with intergrada­ tion back toward both parents. It is suggested that introgressive hybridization is occurring in Quebrada Villagra between these two wind-pollinated species, with more hybridization taking place in disturbed regions. Reduction in surface area and changes in the ecology ofMasatierra during the past four million years may have brought the two species into closer contact and aided hybridization. NATURAL HYBRIDIZATION IS A frequent phe­ tion can have an evolutionarily significant nomenon among flowering plants (Knobloch effect if it is followed by establishment of 1972, Grant 1981). Although hybrids and advanced hybrid generations, with or without hybrid swarms have been detected in nature in polyploid y, or by introgression (Grant 1981). man y plant groups (Tanowitz and Adams Although the breakdown of isolating mecha­ 1986, Do yle and Doyle 1988, Grant and nisms is often the first factor in the appearance Wilken 1988, Tortosa 1988), the role of of natural interspecific hybrids, the environ­ hybridization in plant evolut ion is still con­ ment determines whether these hybrids, ad­ troversial (Levin 1979). Hybridization on one vanced generation hybrids , or introgressants hand may be rejected as an evolutionarily may become established successfully (Stebbins important process because of low fitness and 1950). In a stable environment, hybrid s are at sterility ofthe hybrid derivatives. On the other a disad vantage with respect to parental popu­ hand , hybridization may be seen as an impor­ lations because all niches are filled and no tant process in the evolution of plant groups " hybrid" habitats exist where the hybrids can because it can be a source of recombination survive (Anderson 1948). Disturbance of the and therefore its importance can be as great environment disrupts stable habitats, creating as mutation and recombination (Grant 1981 ). new open areas and new ecological niches that A more realistic perspective is that hybridiza- can be exploited by hybrid derivatives. In these new niches, hybrid individuals, with an enriched gene pool (Crins et al. 1988), have 1 This paper represents a portion of a thesis submitted by the senior auth or in part ial fulfillment of the require­ higher fitness than the parental populations ments for the Ph.D. degree at Ohio State University. and can compete successfully with them. Dissertation support provided by NSF grant INT­ Oceanic islands, because of their recent 8317088. Manuscript accepted I August 1990. origin, offer new habitats within a restricted 2 Department of Plant Biology, Ohio State University, 1735 Neil Avenue, Columbus , Ohio 43210. geographical area. Hybridization might be 3 Present address: Departamento de Biologia, Univer­ favored in insular areas where segregates can sidad de Taka, Taka, Chile. exploit these new habitats and therefore con- 389 390 PACIFIC SCIENCE, Volume 45, October 1991 KILOMETERS r-r-l o 200 400 Masafuera Masatierra 80 0 W \\Santa Clara +33 05 FIGURE I. Map showing the location of the Juan Fernandez Archipelago in southern South America. tribute to the evolutionary success of the a 69% endemism at the specific level (Skotts­ group. Speciation on islands apparently has berg 1956). been accompanied by little genetic divergence The most conspicuous example of natural at enzyme loci (Helenurm and Ganders 1985, interspecific hybridization in the Juan Fer­ Lowrey and Crawford 1985, Witter and Carr nandez Archipelago occurs in Gunnera (Gun­ 1988), and congeneric species are usually neraceae). This genus is represented by three highly interfertile (Gillett and Lim 1970,Gan­ endemic species: G. bracteata Steud. ex. J. ders and Nagata 1984, Lowrey and Crawford Benn., G. masafuerae Skottsb., and G. peltata 1985, Carr and Kyhos 1981, 1986). Hence the Phil. All three species belong to subgenus potential for natural interspecific hybridiza­ Panke (Schindler, 1905), which is the largest tion in floras of oceanic islands is great. group in the genus, with ca. 45 species distrib­ One set of oceanic islands, the Juan uted in South America and Hawaii (Schindler Fernandez Archipelago (Figure 1), is a small 1905, St. John 1946, Biloni 1959, Mora-Osejo group ofthree islands (Masatierra, Masafuera, 1978, 1984, Gomez 1983). Gunnera peltata is and Santa Clara), located at 33° S latitude endemic to Masatierra, where it grows from and 580 km west of the coast of Chile. Al­ 350 to 500 m. Gunnera bracteata is endemic to though its geographical position is not as the same island, but is found at slightly higher dramatically isolated as that of the Hawaiian elevations, from 400 m to the highest ridges Archipelago, the angiosperm flora does show at 600 m. Gunnera masafuerae is found on the Hybridization of Gunnera-PACHECO, STUESSY, AND CRAWFORD 391 younger island (Masafuera), where it grows Ninety-four individual plants ofG.bracteata from 100 m to 1400 m along streams and and G. peltata and intermediates were ana­ on the walls of canyons. Skottsberg (1922) lyzed from eight populations (Figure 2). Seven commented on a highly variable population specimens ofG.peltata are from three isolated of Gunnera growing in Quebrada Villagra pure populations: (1) a population in Plazoleta on Masatierra. He hypothesized that inter­ del Yunque (Stuessy et al. 66I6A); (2) a mediacy was due to hybridization between G. population in Quebrada El Pangal (Stuessy et bracteata and G. peltata but did not investi­ al. 6314);and (3) a population in a ravine from gate the situation further. Cordon Chifladores down toward Puerto There are other reports of hybridization in Frances (Stuessy et al. 6671). Four specimens Gunnera. Beutzenberg and Hair (1962) men­ of G. bracteata are from four isolated popula­ tioned a possible hybrid swarm between two tions: (1) Valle Colonial (Stuessy and Sanders species growing in New Zealand. Palkovic 5001H); (2) Cerro Damajuana (Stuessy (1978) suggested hybridization between G. and Sanders 5104); (3) Corrales de Molina insignis and G. talamancana in a disturbed (Stuessy, Crawford and Wiens 11306); and area in Costa Rica, and Mora-Osejo (1984) (4) Cerro Agudo (Stuessy and Garcia 11661). mentioned hybrids between three sympatric Eighty-three morphologically variable indi­ species of Gunnera in Colombia (G. atropur­ viduals are from an intermediate population purea, G. brephogea, and G. pilosa). in Quebrada Villagra. Two transects were set During an expedition to the Juan Fernandez in that locality (Figure 2). Transect 1 (24 Islands in 1984 we critically reexamined the individuals; Stuessy et al. 6494) ran from the highly morphologically variable population bottom of the ravine up through the forest of Gunnera in Quebrada Villagra that was from 430 m to 575 m. This habitat has mentioned by Skottsberg (1922). This vari­ remained almost unchanged and represents able population is ofconsiderable importance a relatively undisturbed environment. Tran­ because if it is the result of hybridization, it sect 2 (59 individuals; Stuessy et al 6481) would be the most conspicuous example of followed the trail up from the ravine at 145 m interspecific hybridization in the entire flora to Selkirk's Lookout at 555 m and represents of the archipelago. The objectives of this the disturbed habitat. Sampling was non­ paper, therefore, are to (1) use morphological random because an attempt was made to and flavonoid data to clarify whether hybrid­ cover variation seen. The largest leaf from ization does occur between G. bracteata and each plant was chosen for morphological G. peltata; (2) understand the nature and analysis. Samples for flavonoid analysis were dynamics ofthis hybridization; and (3) evalu­ taken at the same time from the same leaf. ate its evolutionary importance. Four to six scales (modified leaves that cover the apical meristem) were chosen for detailed study . MATERIALS AND METHODS Morphological Characters Sampling Fifteen characters that best discriminated Plant material and data were collected dur­ the two parental species were analyzed both ing expeditions to the Juan Fernandez Archi­ in the field and in herbarium material (Table pelago organized by the Departments of Bot­ 1). Only vegetative characters were utilized any of The Ohio State University (OS) and because no plant was in flower and only a Universidad de Concepcion (CONC), Chile, small proportion of individuals had fruits. during January-February 1980, 1984, and Each datum represents the mean value of 1990. Vouchers of the parental species are three or four individual measurements. Bio­ on deposit at OS, with
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Vegetation of Robinson Crusoe Island (Isla Masatierra), Juan
    The Vegetation ofRobinson Crusoe Island (Isla Masatierra), Juan Fernandez Archipelago, Chile1 Josef Greimler,2,3 Patricio Lopez 5., 4 Tod F. Stuessy, 2and Thomas Dirnbiick5 Abstract: Robinson Crusoe Island of the Juan Fernandez Archipelago, as is the case with many oceanic islands, has experienced strong human disturbances through exploitation ofresources and introduction of alien biota. To understand these impacts and for purposes of diversity and resource management, an accu­ rate assessment of the composition and structure of plant communities was made. We analyzed the vegetation with 106 releves (vegetation records) and subsequent Twinspan ordination and produced a detailed colored map at 1: 30,000. The resultant map units are (1) endemic upper montane forest, (2) endemic lower montane forest, (3) Ugni molinae shrubland, (4) Rubus ulmifolius­ Aristotelia chilensis shrubland, (5) fern assemblages, (6) Libertia chilensis assem­ blage, (7) Acaena argentea assemblage, (8) native grassland, (9) weed assemblages, (10) tall ruderals, and (11) cultivated Eucalyptus, Cupressus, and Pinus. Mosaic patterns consisting of several communities are recognized as mixed units: (12) combined upper and lower montane endemic forest with aliens, (13) scattered native vegetation among rocks at higher elevations, (14) scattered grassland and weeds among rocks at lower elevations, and (15) grassland with Acaena argentea. Two categories are included that are not vegetation units: (16) rocks and eroded areas, and (17) settlement and airfield. Endemic forests at lower elevations and in drier zones of the island are under strong pressure from three woody species, Aristotelia chilensis, Rubus ulmifolius, and Ugni molinae. The latter invades native forests by ascending dry slopes and ridges.
    [Show full text]
  • GIANT RHUBARB Gunnera Tinctoria
    GIANT RHUBARB Gunnera tinctoria Invasive Plant Information Note What is it? Giant rhubarb (Gunnera tinctoria) is a large perennial plant which is native to Chile and Argentina in South America. It was first introduced to Ireland in the 1800s as an ornamental garden plant because of its size and exotic appearance. Since then, it has escaped into the wild and is now particularly invasive along the western coast. Giant rhubarb has naturalised along the milder and wetter western seaboard because the climatic conditions are similar to that of its former range. Giant rhubarb grows well in constantly damp soil and is frequently found on disused agricultural land, damp fields, roadsides and hillsides. Please see link to its distribution across Ireland: http://maps.biodiversityireland.ie/#/Home. Fig. 1: Giant rhubarb (www.nonnativespecies.org) Fig. 2: Invading agricultural land in Co. Mayo (www.dnfc.net) Why should we be worried about it? Giant rhubarb threatens indigenous biodiversity. Once established, it can quickly develop large and dense colonies which prevent native plants from growing underneath them (See Fig. 1 & Fig. 7). The plant is shade tolerant so it may colonise in a variety of landscapes. The dense stands of Giant rhubarb can render large areas of land unsuitable for agricultural or amenity purposes (See Fig. 2). The species can invade native grassland and subsequently reduce the value of the land for grazing. The huge leaves are unpalatable to livestock because of the small spikes on the back of the leaves and along the stems. When Giant rhubarb dies-back during the winter the soil is left bare and more susceptible to erosion.
    [Show full text]
  • The Nitrogen-Fixing Symbiotic Cyanobacterium, Nostoc Punctiforme Can Regulate Plant Programmed Cell Death
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.13.249318; this version posted August 14, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. The nitrogen-fixing symbiotic cyanobacterium, Nostoc punctiforme can regulate plant programmed cell death Samuel P. Belton1,4, Paul F. McCabe1,2,3, Carl K. Y. Ng1,2,3* 1UCD School of Biology and Environmental Science, 2UCD Centre for Plant Science, 3UCD Earth Institute, O’Brien Centre for Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, DN04 E25, Republic of Ireland 4Present address: DBN Plant Molecular Laboratory, National Botanic Gardens of Ireland, Dublin, D09 E7F2, Republic of Ireland *email: [email protected] Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by a Government of Ireland Postgraduate Scholarship from the Irish Research Council (GOIPG/2015/2695) to SPB. Author contributions S.P.B., P.F.M, and C.K.Y.N conceived of the study and designed the experiments. S.B. performed all the experiments and analysed the data. S.B. prepared the draft of the manuscript with the help of P.F.M and C.K.Y.N. All authors read, edited, and approved the manuscript. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.13.249318; this version posted August 14, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Abstract Cyanobacteria such as Nostoc spp.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification Guide of Invasive Alien Species of Union Concern
    Identification guide of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern Support for customs on the identification of IAS of Union concern Project task ENV.D.2/SER/2016/0011 (v1.1) Text: Riccardo Scalera, Johan van Valkenburg, Sandro Bertolino, Elena Tricarico, Katharina Lapin Illustrations: Massimiliano Lipperi, Studio Wildart Date of completion: 6/11/2017 Comments which could support improvement of this document are welcome. Please send your comments by e-mail to [email protected] This technical note has been drafted by a team of experts under the supervision of IUCN within the framework of the contract No 07.0202/2016/739524/SER/ENV.D.2 “Technical and Scientific support in relation to the Implementation of Regulation 1143/2014 on Invasive Alien Species”. The information and views set out in this note do not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the Commission. The Commission does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this note. Neither the Commission nor any person acting on the Commission’s behalf may be held responsible for the use which may be made of the information contained therein. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Table of contents Gunnera tinctoria 2 Alternanthera philoxeroides 8 Procambarus fallax f. virginalis 13 Tamias sibiricus 18 Callosciurus erythraeus 23 Gunnera tinctoria Giant rhubarb, Chilean rhubarb, Chilean gunnera, Nalca, Panque General description: Synonyms Gunnera chilensis Lam., Gunnera scabra Ruiz. & Deep-green herbaceous, deciduous, Pav., Panke tinctoria Molina. clump-forming, perennial plant with thick, wholly rhizomatous stems Species ID producing umbrella-sized, orbicular or Kingdom: Plantae ovate leaves on stout petioles.
    [Show full text]
  • On the Homology of the Scales in Gunnera (Gunneraceae)
    Blackwell Science, LtdOxford, UKBOJBotanical Journal of the Linnean Society0024-4074The Linnean Society of London, 2003? 2003 142? 301308 Original Article SCALES IN GUNNERA L. WANNTORP Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2003, 142, 301–308. With 11 figures On the homology of the scales in Gunnera (Gunneraceae) LIVIA WANNTORP1,*, HANS-ERIK WANNTORP1 and ROLF RUTISHAUSER2 1Department of Botany, University of Stockholm, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden 2Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, CH-8008, Zurich, Switzerland Received October 2002; accepted for publication March 2003 In the genus Gunnera, the species of subgenus Panke are unique in having large, triangular scales between the leaves on the rhizomes. The morphological significance of these scales has been extensively debated in the past. They have been interpreted as stipules, ligules, or cataphylls, with attempts made to identify homologous structures in representatives of the other subgenera. In the stoloniferous subgenus Misandra, the shoot apex is covered by a hood- like structure, usually termed ochrea, generally considered homologous to the scales in Panke. Efforts to find similar structures in the remaining subgenera were unsuccessful. Due to the lack of a phylogenetic hypothesis, the homology of the scales has remained unresolved. In this study, the shoot apices of species from all subgenera were examined by light and scanning electron microscopy and the results interpreted in a phylogenetic context. The tip of the stolons in subgenera Pseudogunnera and Milligania carries two opposite cataphylls at the base of the new shoot. These are homologous to the ochrea in Misandra which is in turn homologous to the scales in Panke; the latter are thus neither stipules nor ligules but cataphylls.
    [Show full text]
  • Gunnera Herteri – Developmental Morphology of a Dwarf from Uruguay and S Brazil (Gunneraceae)
    Plant Syst. Evol. 248: 219–241 (2004) DOI 10.1007/s00606-004-0182-7 Gunnera herteri – developmental morphology of a dwarf from Uruguay and S Brazil (Gunneraceae) R. Rutishauser1, L. Wanntorp2, and E. Pfeifer1 1Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland 2Department of Botany, University of Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden Received January 26, 2004; accepted March 31, 2004 Published online: August 30, 2004 Ó Springer-Verlag 2004 Abstract. New morphological and developmental Key words: Gunnera, Ostenigunnera, Panke, Nostoc, observations are presented of Gunnera herteri axillary glands, basal eudicots, congenital fusion, (subgenus Ostenigunnera) which is, according to development, sympodial growth, unisexual flowers. molecular studies, sister to the other species of Gunnera. It is an annual dwarf (up to 4 cm long) whereas the other Gunnera spp. are perennial and slightly to extremely larger. External stem glands Developmental morphology of Gunnera herteri. are combined with channels into the stem cortex Gunnera is a genus of flowering plants that serving as entrance path for symbiotic Nostoc cells. includes 30–40 species with a mainly southern Young stem zones show globular regions of cyto- distribution. Schindler (1905) divided Gunnera plasm-rich cortex cells, prepared for invasion by into five subgenera based on the size of the Nostoc. The leaf axils contain 2–5 inconspicuous plants, their means of propagation and their colleters (glandular scales) which can be taken as geographical distribution. Mattfeld (1933) cre- homologous to the more prominent scales of ated the new subgenus Ostenigunnera to G. manicata (subg. Panke) and G. macrophylla include a new species of Gunnera, discovered (subg. Pseudogunnera).
    [Show full text]
  • On the Flora of Australia
    L'IBRARY'OF THE GRAY HERBARIUM HARVARD UNIVERSITY. BOUGHT. THE FLORA OF AUSTRALIA, ITS ORIGIN, AFFINITIES, AND DISTRIBUTION; BEING AN TO THE FLORA OF TASMANIA. BY JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M.D., F.R.S., L.S., & G.S.; LATE BOTANIST TO THE ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION. LONDON : LOVELL REEVE, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. r^/f'ORElGN&ENGLISH' <^ . 1859. i^\BOOKSELLERS^.- PR 2G 1.912 Gray Herbarium Harvard University ON THE FLORA OF AUSTRALIA ITS ORIGIN, AFFINITIES, AND DISTRIBUTION. I I / ON THE FLORA OF AUSTRALIA, ITS ORIGIN, AFFINITIES, AND DISTRIBUTION; BEIKG AN TO THE FLORA OF TASMANIA. BY JOSEPH DALTON HOOKER, M.D., F.R.S., L.S., & G.S.; LATE BOTANIST TO THE ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION. Reprinted from the JJotany of the Antarctic Expedition, Part III., Flora of Tasmania, Vol. I. LONDON : LOVELL REEVE, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN. 1859. PRINTED BY JOHN EDWARD TAYLOR, LITTLE QUEEN STREET, LINCOLN'S INN FIELDS. CONTENTS OF THE INTRODUCTORY ESSAY. § i. Preliminary Remarks. PAGE Sources of Information, published and unpublished, materials, collections, etc i Object of arranging them to discuss the Origin, Peculiarities, and Distribution of the Vegetation of Australia, and to regard them in relation to the views of Darwin and others, on the Creation of Species .... iii^ § 2. On the General Phenomena of Variation in the Vegetable Kingdom. All plants more or less variable ; rate, extent, and nature of variability ; differences of amount and degree in different natural groups of plants v Parallelism of features of variability in different groups of individuals (varieties, species, genera, etc.), and in wild and cultivated plants vii Variation a centrifugal force ; the tendency in the progeny of varieties being to depart further from their original types, not to revert to them viii Effects of cross-impregnation and hybridization ultimately favourable to permanence of specific character x Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection ; — its effects on variable organisms under varying conditions is to give a temporary stability to races, species, genera, etc xi § 3.
    [Show full text]
  • An Overview of the Biology of the Desiccation-Tolerant Resurrection Plant Myrothamnus flabellifolia
    Annals of Botany 99: 211–217, 2007 doi:10.1093/aob/mcl269, available online at www.aob.oxfordjournals.org BOTANICAL BRIEFING An Overview of the Biology of the Desiccation-tolerant Resurrection Plant Myrothamnus flabellifolia JOHN P. MOORE, GEORGE G. LINDSEY*, JILL M. FARRANT and WOLF F. BRANDT Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa Received: 21 August 2006 Returned for revision: 27 September 2006 Accepted: 11 November 2006 Published electronically: 11 January 2007 † Background Myrothamnus flabellifolia is unique as the only woody resurrection plant. It is an important plant in southern Africa because of its widespread occurrence and usage in African medicine and traditional culture. Many reports have investigated facets of its biology and the mechanisms associated with its desiccation tolerance. † Scope The general biology of the woody resurrection plant Myrothamnus flabellifolia is reviewed. The review focuses on the geography and ecology, systematic placement, evolution, morphology and reproductive ecology of M. flabellifolia as well as the wood anatomy and re-filling mechanism. In addition, the desiccation tolerance, eth- nobotanical importance and medicinal properties of the plant are reviewed. Also, future research avenues are suggested, in particular the necessity to research the biogeography and systematics of the species and the role of the polyphenols present, as well as the molecular basis of the plant’s desiccation tolerance. Key words: Myrothamnus flabellifolia, distribution, ecology, morphology, reproductive biology, wood anatomy, medicinal properties, desiccation tolerance, resurrection. INTRODUCTION published in the last decade, this review focuses on recent advances in the understanding of the physiology, biochem- Myrothamnus flabellifolia (Welw.) is a relatively large istry and chemistry of M.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mountain Tapir, Endangered 'Flagship' Species of the High Andes
    ORYX VOL 30 NO 1 JANUARY 1996 The mountain tapir, endangered 'flagship' species of the high Andes Craig C. Downer The mountain tapir has already disappeared from parts of its range in the high Andes of South America and remaining populations are severely threatened by hunting and habitat destruction. With an estimated population of fewer than 2500 individuals, urgent measures are necessary to secure a future for the species. This paper presents an overview of the species throughout its range as well as some of the main results of the author's studies on tapir ecology. Finally, a plea is made for conservation action in Sangay National Park, which is one of the species's main strongholds. The mountain tapir: an overview throughout its range. There is limited evi- dence to indicate that it may have occurred in The mountain tapir Tapirus pinchaque, was dis- western Venezuela about 20 years ago. covered by the French naturalist Roulin near However, Venezuelan authorities indicate a Sumapaz in the eastern Andes of Colombia total absence of mountain tapir remains from (Cuvier, 1829). The species is poorly known Venezuelan territory, either from the recent or and most information has come from oc- distant past (J. Paucar, F. Bisbal, O. Linares, casional observations or captures in the wild, pers. comms). Northern Peru contains only a reports from indigenous people in the small population (Grimwood, 1969). species's range, and observations and studies In common with many montane forests in zoological parks (Cuvier, 1829; Cabrera and world-wide, those of the Andes are being Yepes, 1940; Hershkovitz, 1954; Schauenberg, rapidly destroyed, causing the decline of the 1969; Bonney and Crotty, 1979).
    [Show full text]
  • Falkland Islands Species List
    Falkland Islands Species List Day Common Name Scientific Name x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 1 BIRDS* 2 DUCKS, GEESE, & WATERFOWL Anseriformes - Anatidae 3 Black-necked Swan Cygnus melancoryphus 4 Coscoroba Swan Coscoroba coscoroba 5 Upland Goose Chloephaga picta 6 Kelp Goose Chloephaga hybrida 7 Ruddy-headed Goose Chloephaga rubidiceps 8 Flying Steamer-Duck Tachyeres patachonicus 9 Falkland Steamer-Duck Tachyeres brachypterus 10 Crested Duck Lophonetta specularioides 11 Chiloe Wigeon Anas sibilatrix 12 Mallard Anas platyrhynchos 13 Cinnamon Teal Anas cyanoptera 14 Yellow-billed Pintail Anas georgica 15 Silver Teal Anas versicolor 16 Yellow-billed Teal Anas flavirostris 17 GREBES Podicipediformes - Podicipedidae 18 White-tufted Grebe Rollandia rolland 19 Silvery Grebe Podiceps occipitalis 20 PENGUINS Sphenisciformes - Spheniscidae 21 King Penguin Aptenodytes patagonicus 22 Gentoo Penguin Pygoscelis papua Cheesemans' Ecology Safaris Species List Updated: April 2017 Page 1 of 11 Day Common Name Scientific Name x 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 23 Magellanic Penguin Spheniscus magellanicus 24 Macaroni Penguin Eudyptes chrysolophus 25 Southern Rockhopper Penguin Eudyptes chrysocome chrysocome 26 ALBATROSSES Procellariiformes - Diomedeidae 27 Gray-headed Albatross Thalassarche chrysostoma 28 Black-browed Albatross Thalassarche melanophris 29 Royal Albatross (Southern) Diomedea epomophora epomophora 30 Royal Albatross (Northern) Diomedea epomophora sanfordi 31 Wandering Albatross (Snowy) Diomedea exulans exulans 32 Wandering
    [Show full text]
  • Systematics and Leaf Architecture of the Gunneraceae
    LEAF ARCHITECTURE OF THE GUNNERACEAE 295 The Botanical Review 71(3): 295–353 Systematics and Leaf Architecture of the Gunneraceae DORIAN Q FULLER Institute of Archaeology University College London London WC1H 0PY, England AND LEO J. HICKEY Department of Geology & Geophysics Yale University New Haven, CT 06520-8109, U.S.A. I. Abstract . 296 II. Introduction . 296 A. Overview of Gunnera Taxonomy . 296 B. Generic Circumscription and Subgenera . 301 III. Materials and Methods . 303 A. Cleared Leaf Preparation . 303 B. Leaf Architectural Analysis . 303 C. Phylogenetic Analysis . 308 IV. Results . 310 A. Systematic Leaf Architecture of Gunneraceae . 310 B. The Search for Sister Groups: Comparative Leaf Architecture . 320 C. Myrothamnaceae . 325 D. Saxifragaceae . 325 E. Cladistic Analyses . 327 F. Phylogenetic Analysis within the Gunneraceae . 331 V. Discussion . 334 A. Evolutionary Trends . 334 B. Implications for Historical Biogeography . 336 C. Ecological Trends . 338 D. Implications for Macrosystematics: A Herbaceous Radiation of Eudicots? . 339 VI. Conclusions . 340 VII. Acknowledgments . 340 VIII. Literature Cited . 340 IX. Appendix: Characters and Character States . 348 A. Foliar Morphology: Form . 348 B. Venation Characters . 349 C. Marginal Teeth, Glands, and Sinuses . 350 D. Epidermal Characters . 351 E. Pollen . 351 F. Miscellaneous, Reproductive, and Anatomical Characters . 352 Copies of this issue [71(3)] may be purchased from the NYBG Press, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458-5126, U.S.A.; [email protected]. Please inquire as to prices. Issued 30 September 2005 © 2005 The New York Botanical Garden 295 296 THE BOTANICAL REVIEW I. Abstract Cladistic and phenetic analyses of leaf and other morphological characters of Gunnera strongly support monophyly of the genus, with the Saxifragaceae s.str.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Conservation in the Juan Fernandez Archipelago, Chile Tod F
    Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Volume 16 | Issue 2 Article 4 1997 Plant Conservation in the Juan Fernandez Archipelago, Chile Tod F. Stuessy lnstitut fur Botanik Ulf Swenson Uppsala University Daniel J. Crawford Ohio State University Gregory Anderson The University of Connecticut, Storrs Mario Silva O. Universidad de Concepcion Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Stuessy, Tod F.; Swenson, Ulf; Crawford, Daniel J.; Anderson, Gregory; and O., Mario Silva (1997) "Plant Conservation in the Juan Fernandez Archipelago, Chile," Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany: Vol. 16: Iss. 2, Article 4. Available at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso/vol16/iss2/4 Aliso, 16(2), pp. 89-101 © 1998, by The Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont, CA 91711-3157 PLANT CONSERVATION IN THE JUAN FERNANDEZ ARCHIPELAGO, CHILE TOD F. STUESSY lnstitut for Botanik Universitiit Wien, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria ULF SWENSON Department of Systematic Botany Uppsala University, Uppsala 752 36, Sweden DANIEL J. CRAWFORD Department of Plant Biology Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 GREGORY ANDERSON Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology The University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 AND MARIO SILVA O. Departamento de Botanica Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile ABSTRACT Oceanic archipelagos often hold very specialized floras with high degrees of endemism. These floras are frequently highly vulnerable to disturbance by natural causes and human intervention. The Juan Fernandez Islands (Chile) in the Pacific Ocean are a small archipelago of only three islands. Since discovery in 1574 by Juan Fernandez, human activities have altered floristic composition and survival circumstances of the endemic species.
    [Show full text]