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DEMOCRATIC and POPULAR REPUBLIC of ALGERIA The DEMOCRATIC AND POPULAR REPUBLIC OF ALGERIA Faculty of Foreign Languages Department of English A Thesis Submitted in Candidacy for a Doctoral Degree in Civilization The Ashanti’s and Zulu’s Political, Military and Economic Institutions - A Comparative Study- (1824-1920) Presented by Mrs Fazilet ALACHAHER In front of a Jury Composed of President: Ghania OUAHMICHE Professor University of Oran 2 Supervisor: Faiza MEBERBECHE Professor University of Tlemcen Examiner: Belkacem BELMEKKI Professor University of Oran 2 Examiner: Farouk BENABDI MCA University of Mascara Academic Year: 2019 - 2020 Declaration I hereby declare that this thesis is the result of my original research and that all sources used have been fully acknowledged. This thesis is presented for the degree of Doctor at the University of Mohamed Ben Ahmed Oran II, Algeria. It has not been submitted before for any other degree or at any other university. Fazilet ALACHAHER Dedication This work is dedicated to the memory of my father Belkacem ALACHAHER. I hope I have made you proud and become the person you wanted me to be. May your soul rest in peace. To my beloved mother Radia DIB and sister Maliha. Your support, encouragement and constant love have sustained me throughout my life. To my devoted husband Reda BENZERDJEB. There is no one who can compare to you. You inspired me to continue and complete my work, in face of all odds. Without this , I could not have had the peace of mind to complete this work. A thank- you is just not enough. To my daughters LYDIA, ALAA and DALLAL. You have all put up with so many inconveniences for my sake. You will ever be my source of INSPIRATION. II Acknowledgments I wish to acknowledge with full gratitude the assistance and encouragement that I received from a number of people- freely. Prof. Faiza MEBERBECHE (SENOUCI) , my supervisor. She painstakingly went through the draft, gave excellent suggestions and raised important questions and observations about some of my arguments. She allowed me to take the challenge of researching and writing my thesis. It will actually be hard to forget the kindness and understanding that she showed towards my effort to complete this work. I am deeply indebted to her in many ways. My gratitude is due to my previous supervisor, Prof. Zoulikha BOUHADIBA. She “pruned” the thesis of most of its errors drew my attention to some important secondary sources. I am also grateful to Prof. Fouzi BORSALI my teacher during my magister studies who helped to panel-beat the topic of the thesis into shape, provided the essential Ashanti primary sources on the Gold Coast office reports, and taught me a lot in terms of methodology and research field. I am most grateful to the committee board members. Endless thanks for dedicating their precious time and effort to merge both talent and expertise throughout this research work. For the completion of the work, I am indebted to all teachers of the history of the Zulus and the Ashanties whose work helped to chart the way of my research. Thanks also to Mrs Killie Campbell from the Africana Library, the Zulu Archives in Pietermaritzburg. Prof. Elizabeth Barber at Birmingham University and Maureen Davis at Aberdeen Library for the Ashanti books. Their cooperation and assistance helped greatly. I wish to add the staff of the local libraries at Oran, Tlemcen and Algiers who played their part. VERY BIG THANKS to my colleagues at Relizane, Oran II and Adrar Universities who never got tired of being "called" to help. At last but not least, I wish to say a hearty thank you for the precious help offered by our director of the Langue-Parole laboratory Prof. Benabdellah MEFLAH. III Abstract While recent historical scholars have attempted to read back the existence of nations in medieval Europe, a similar revisionism has yet to take place among the scholars of Africa. This doctoral thesis represents an attempt to study African history. It deals with the identification of the African political, economic and military institutions which emerged and evolved among the Ashanti of West African and the Zulu of South Africa in the period stretching from 1824 to 1920. It argues that the existence of institutions in the pre-colonial and colonial periods that should not be dismissed and is based on Eurocentric ideas about the formation of institutions that make up a state. Additionally, the thesis asserts that the formation of institutions in pre-colonial era compared with the colonial Western and Southern Africa is compulsory for a clear understanding of the root causes of problems that abound in the continent today. In order to substantiate these claims, the innovation and achievements made by the Ashanties’ and Zulus’ kings within the political, economic and military institutions from the1820s to 1920s are first traced for the identification of numerous successful ways of state maintenance and recent trends are in second position cleared up to show how African states turn to the past to find solutions to present problems. Thus, both case study states experienced surprisingly similar paths to statehood and at the same time witnessed differences in the formation of some of their institutions. The enclosed thesis examines the specificity in the formation of both empires. A preliminary description of a typical West and South African state is presented for the benefit of future research. IV Résumé Alors que de récents spécialistes de l'histoire ont tenté de relire l'existence des nations dans l'Europe médiévale, un révisionnisme similaire n'a pas encore eu lieu parmi les spécialistes de l'Afrique. Cette thèse de doctorat représente une tentative d'étudier l'histoire de l'Afrique. Elle traite de l'identification des institutions politiques, économiques et militaires africaines qui ont émergé et évolué parmi les Ashanti d'Afrique de l'Ouest et les Zoulous d'Afrique du Sud au cours de la période allant de 1824 à 1920. Il soutient que l'existence d'institutions dans les périodes précoloniales et coloniales ne doivent pas être écartées et qui sont basées sur des idées euro centriques sur la formation des institutions qui composent un État. En outre, la thèse affirme que la formation d'institutions à l'ère précoloniale par rapport à l'Afrique occidentale et australe coloniale est obligatoire pour une compréhension claire des causes profondes des problèmes qui abondent sur le continent aujourd'hui. Afin d'étayer ces affirmations, l'innovation et les réalisations des rois Ashanties et Zoulous au sein des institutions politiques, économiques et militaires des années 1820 aux années 1920 ont d'abord été traitées pour l'identification de nombreux moyens efficaces de maintien en état et les tendances récentes sont en deuxième position éclaircies pour montrer comment les États africains se tournent vers le passé pour trouver des solutions aux problèmes actuels. Ainsi, les deux États étudiés ont connu des parcours étonnamment similaires vers le statut d'État et ont en même temps constaté des différences dans la formation de certaines de leurs institutions. La thèse jointe examine la spécificité de la formation des deux empires. Une description préliminaire d'un état typique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest et de l'Afrique du Sud est présentée au profit de recherches futures. V ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﺣﺎول ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻟﺘﺎرﯾﺦ اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺜﯿﻦ إﻋﺎدة ﻗﺮاءة وﺟﻮد اﻷﻣﻢ ﻓﻲ أوروﺑﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺼﻮر اﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ، إﻻ أن ھﻨﺎك ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﺔ ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻟﻢ ﺗﺤﺪث ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء إﻓﺮﯾﻘﯿﺎ. ﺗﻤﺜﻞ رﺳﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮراه ھﺬه ﻣﺤﺎوﻟﺔ ﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﺎرﯾﺦ اﻷﻓﺮﯾﻘﻲ. ﯾﺘﻨﺎول ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺴﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ واﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﯾﺔ اﻹﻓﺮﯾﻘﯿﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺸﺄت وﺗﻄﻮرت ﺑﯿﻦ أﺷﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺮب إﻓﺮﯾﻘﯿﺎ وزوﻟﻮ ﺟﻨﻮب إﻓﺮﯾﻘﯿﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺘﺮة اﻟﻤﻤﺘﺪة ﻣﻦ 1824 إﻟﻰ 1920. وﺗﺆﻛﺪ أن وﺟﻮد اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘﺮة ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻔﺘﺮات اﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎرﯾﺔ واﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎرﯾﺔ ﻻ ﯾﻨﺒﻐﻲ رﻓﻀﮭﺎ وﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ إﻟﻰ أﻓﻜﺎر ﻣﺮﻛﺰﯾﺔ ﺣﻮل ﺗﺸﻜﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ. ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ذﻟﻚ، ﺗﺆﻛﺪ اﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ أن ﺗﺸﻜﯿﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎر ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ً ﺑﺄﻓﺮﯾﻘﯿﺎ اﻟﻐﺮﺑﯿﺔ واﻟﺠﻨﻮﺑﯿﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎرﯾﺔ أﻣﺮ إﻟﺰاﻣﻲ ﻟﻔﮭﻢ واﺿﺢ ﻟﻸﺳﺒﺎب اﻟﺠﺬرﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺎرة اﻟﯿﻮم. ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ إﺛﺒﺎت ھﺬه اﻻدﻋﺎءات، ﯾﺘﻢ أوﻻ ً ﺗﺘﺒﻊ اﺑﺘﻜﺎرات أﺷﺎﻧﺘﻲ وزوﻟﻮ واﻹﻧﺠﺎزات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻘﺖ داﺧﻞ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎت اﻟﺴﯿﺎﺳﯿﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﯾﺔ واﻟﻌﺴﻜﺮﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ 1820 إﻟﻰ 1920 ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﯾﺪ اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﻨﺎﺟﺤﺔ اﻟﻌﺪﯾﺪة ﻟﺼﯿﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ واﻟﺘﻮﺟﮭﺎت اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺜﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ. ﻛﯿﻒ ﺗﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﺪول اﻷﻓﺮﯾﻘﯿﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﻹﯾﺠﺎد ﺣﻠﻮل ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﯿﺔ. وھﻜﺬا، ﺷﮭﺪت ﻛﻠﺘﺎ اﻟﺪوﻟﺘﯿﻦ دراﺳﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺴﺎرات ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﮭﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺪھﺶ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺪوﻟﺔ وﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﻧﻔﺴﮫ ﺷﮭﺪت اﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﯾﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺗﮭﺎ. اﻷطﺮوﺣﺔ ﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﯿﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻹﻣﺒﺮاطﻮرﯾﺎت. ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ وﺻﻒ أوﻟﻲ ﻟﺪوﻟﺔ ﻧﻤﻮذﺟﯿﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺮب وﺟﻨﻮب إﻓﺮﯾﻘﯿﺎ ﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ اﻷﺑﺤﺎث اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﯿﺔ. VI TABLE OF CONTENTS Declaration..............................................................................................III Dedication.............................................................................................. IV Acknowledgment.......................................................................................V Abstract...................................................................................................VI Abstract in French...................................................................................VII Abstract in Arabic.................................................................................VIIII Table of Contents.....................................................................................IX List of Abbreviations............................................................................. XIV List of Maps ...........................................................................................XV List of Tables and Diagrams....................................................................XVI
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